112:. This resulted in such a productive fleece that it formed wrinkles on the animal. The popularity of Merino wool in the 20th century led Australian sheep breeders to continue selecting for the thickest possible fleeces on their sheep. This lucrative trait often meant that the thick, wrinkled wool on the sheep's rear readily attracted and held dirt and feces. This collection of unsanitary material as well as the skin ulcers it sometimes caused are very attractive to gravid female blowflies. Female blow flies seek out sheep with wounds and soiled wool to lay their eggs. Once the maggots hatch they gravitate to open wounds if any are present. This is
377:
cellular injury that prevents future hair growth but not so much that a 3rd degree cold burn is created. Pinching the skin is thought to mitigate the degree of the cold burn by removing it somewhat from the muscles and connective tissue beneath. The treated skin goes through the same stages of healing seen in the long method of freeze branding, terminating with permanent hairlessness. Studies show this method is at least as good at preventing flystrike as mulesing and carries few long-term consequences for the lamb's later growth and wool production.
381:
weeks. A 2018 study found behavioral markers indicating pain and distress in lamb who had been steined without analgesic treatment compared to those who had been given analgesics. In 2020 a
University of Melbourne researcher named Ellen Jongman was commissioned to study the issue by the company Steinfort formed to commercialize his technique, SteinfortAgVet. The name of Steinfort's company subsequently changed to AgVetInnovations. On December 22, 2020 Jongman released preliminary results from her study on the relative pain of mulesing and steining.
330:
criticized by animal welfare groups and led to criticism by some farmers. The AWI maintains that pursuing a deadline approach to eliminating mulesing was not based on "sound health and welfare science" and risked a serious deterioration in the welfare of sheep. Alternative methods of mulesing, such as using clips and intradermals, were "not sufficiently developed to support a wholesale cessation of the procedure in 2010", AWI said.
312:. This programme alleged that a lobbying consultant, Kevin Craig, acting on behalf of the Australian Wool and Sheep Industry Taskforce offered a Swedish activist a free trip to Australia if the activist agreed not to go on camera nor do an interview. As a consequence, all clothing manufacturers and retailers in Sweden banned the purchase of wool from sheep that have been mulesed. Since then, the
385:
undergoing either mulesing or steining. She called for further research using physiological data such heart rate and blood sampling in addition to behavioral observations. Jongman's final report was released on
January 25, 2021. In March of 2021 AWN cut ties with Steinfort and divested from this application of freeze branding.
401:
Merino sheep bred on selection principles may be more resistant to flystrike because they are plain bodied (lower skin wrinkling around the breech). Studies have shown that flystrike is lower in plain bodied sheep. However, mulesed animals had consistently lower flystrike than unmulesed regardless of
380:
Steinfort and others invested in the process have claimed it is less painful and distressing to the animals on which it is practiced. They argue that affected nerve endings are immediately numbed and that sensation does not return during healing, when a scab forms and is eventually sloughed in 6 to 8
333:
The AWI's approach is "The ultimate long-term aim of the program is to reduce the reliance on mulesing." and "supports all woolgrowers in their choice of best practice animal health and hygiene in flystrike control", but aims to provide animal welfare improvements such as pain relief and antiseptics.
144:
around 70%. Successful international boycotts of
Australian Merino wool in the early 2000s set those invested in Australian sheep rearing on the hunt for alternatives. The publicity generated intense interest in finding a replacement for mulesing that domestic and international consumers will accept.
405:
The resistance of plain-bodied Merino sheep to flystrike arose from field investigations by
Australian scientists, Drs H. R. Seddon and H. B. Belschner, in the early 1930s. Non-mulesed Merino ewe bodies were graded as plain (A class), wrinkly (B class) and very wrinkly (C class). The plain-bodied (A
329:
Australian Wool
Innovation (AWI) had pledged to phase out mulesing by 2010, but PETA accused the Australian wool industry of trying to extend this deadline. On 27 July 2009, the Australian wool industry dumped its long-standing pledge to phase out mulesing by the end of 2010, a move that was harshly
422:
Insecticides: Any number of insecticides are now available for prevention of fly strike, and even early reviews proclaimed the effectiveness of using dip across the whole animal, rather than cutting one small portion that left the rest of the animal still susceptible "dipping is still the most cost
159:
area) is cut away from the perianal region down to the top of the hindlimbs. Originally, the procedure was typically performed with modified wool-trimming metal shears, but now there are similar metal shears designed specifically for mulesing. In addition, the tail is docked and the remaining stump
139:
During this operation small strips of skin are peeled from a sheep's buttock using steel shears on either side of the anus and underside of the tail. This was formerly performed on mature sheep but it was later found that lambs recover more quickly and completely than older animals. For lambs older
135:
a ewe when he accidentally cut off a small patch of skin near the ewe's breech (buttocks). The ewe had suffered from flystrike before and Mules carefully watched her progress in case she developed another infestation in the wound he had accidentally caused. To Mules' surprise, once the wound healed
1467:
Welfare-improved surgery with analgesics and anaesthetics is rapidly replacing the practice of traditional mulesing without the use of analgesics or anaesthestics. .. In a 2017 survey of 1,200 merino breeders across
Australia, the results showed that 83% of Merino lambs mulesed received analgesics
304:
Australian interior furnishing wholesaler
Instyle Contract Textiles endorses the cessation of mulesing. In early 2008, the company signed an exclusive worldwide agreement with The SRS Company to source wool from non-mulesed Merino sheep that have been bred specifically to be naturally resistant to
179:
are not required by
Australian law during or after the procedure but are often applied, as the procedure is known to be painful to the animal. Products have been approved for pain relief during the procedure, including Tri-Solfen. The minor use permit for Tri-Solfen makes the product available for
384:
Jongman found that mulesing and steining were equally painful on the day of the procedure but that steined lambs appeared to be in less pain than mulesed lambs on subsequent days. Her study tracked and interpreted a series of lamb behaviors like the speed at which it returned to its mother after
409:
In these Merino flocks, the sheep are plainer than the plain-bodied (A class) Merino ewes and therefore more resistant to flystrike. The rams and semen from these studs are used in over 3,000 of the 45,000 Merino farms in
Australia. Using breeding principles, wrinkle-skinned Merino flocks which
143:
Mulesing reduces the likelihood of flystrike by about 13 times. The practice became nearly universal during the 20th century. The success of animal rights movements in agitating for the procedure's curtailment has brought the proportion of
Australian sheep ranchers who practice mulesing down to
376:
a set of clamping jaws designed by Steinfort is used to pinch up rolls of skin near the tail and anus of a lamb. Once sufficient skin is in the clamps liquid nitrogen is pumped through the jaws and onto the pinched skin. This rapidly freezes the lamb's skin. The goal is to achieve the level of
392:
is that Australian Merino sheep have not been ethically bred, as seen in their susceptibility to flystrike. They believe "any painful procedure to change the breech area should only be considered an interim, short-term solution that accompanies a breeding program that focusses on flystrike
289:(in which PETA is a shareholder), banned the use of Australian Merino wool in its products in opposition to the mulesing practice; at the time an Australian Wool Innovations spokesman said "the company did not purchase any Australian wool". In June 2009, British department store chain
136:
it replaced tangled and dirty breech wool with smooth scar tissue. Blowflies were no longer attracted to this area on the ewe as it could not collect dirt or feces. No relapse of flystrike occurred. Mules and others soon developed this into a technique now known as mulesing.
60:(AVA) "recognises the welfare implications of mulesing of sheep. However, in the absence of more humane alternatives for preventing breech strike, the AVA accepts that the practice of mulesing should continue as a sheep husbandry procedure". The AVA also supports the use of
320:, has said that "he was satisfied that Australia appeared to be responding to international concerns about mulesing and that bans or boycotts were not necessary". "But in the long run we hope there is going to be a final end to all sorts of mulesing."
36:). The wool around the buttocks can retain feces and urine, which attracts flies. The scar tissue that grows over the wound does not grow wool, so is less likely to attract the flies that cause flystrike. Mulesing is a common practice in
55:
of Australia says that "mulesing remains the most effective practical way to eliminate the risk of 'flystrike' in sheep" and that "without mulesing up to 3,000,000 sheep a year could die a slow and agonising death from flystrike". The
76:
strongly opposes mulesing, says the practice is cruel and painful, and that more humane alternatives exist, and claim that sheep can be spared maggot infestation through more humane methods, including special diets and spray washing.
368:
after its developer, John Steinfort, an Australian veterinary scientist. In 2019 Australian Wool Network (AWN), a private corporation servicing the Australian wool industry, provided Steinfort funding to commercialize the technique.
140:
than two months the period of greatest discomfort seems to last for approximately two weeks, by which time healing is almost complete. As of 2006, codes of practice ban mulesing for sheep over 12 months of age.
270:
activists consider unanesthetised mulesing to be inhumane and unnecessary. They have also argued that mulesing may mask genetic susceptibility to flystrike allowing for genetic weaknesses to be continued.
450:
as a 1% formulation dip where tests have shown a 100% kill rate of first-stage maggots and a strong repellent effect against adult flies, which prevented eggs being laid on the wool for up to six weeks.
1141:
955:
1072:
Morley, F.H.W. & Johnstone, I.L. (1983). "Mulesing operation-a review of development and adaptation". Proceedings of the Second National Symposium-Sheep Blowfly and FlyStrike in Sheep, Sydney.
323:
Some European retailers have agreed to lift their ban on Australian Merino wool if pain relief is used during mulesing. The retailers have not been named in an effort to avoid any backlash.
206:, lambs are normally mulesed a few weeks after birth. The operation usually takes less than a minute. Standard practice is to do this operation simultaneously with other procedures such as
152:
Mulesing is a procedure which, in Australia, is carried out by a person who has completed the mandatory accreditation and training programme, usually a professional mulesing contractor.
564:
258:
Crutching has to be repeated at regular intervals as the wool grows continuously. Frequent crutching of Merinos reduces the incidence of flystrike, but not as much as mulesing.
225:. The ewes and suckling lambs should receive minimal disturbance until all wounds are completely healed (about four weeks). Observation should be carried out from a distance.
1549:
218:. Because the procedure removes skin, not any underlying flesh or structure, there is little blood loss from the cut other than a minor oozing on the edges of the cut skin.
1734:
326:
In order to help comply with the 2010 deadline to phase out mulesing, Western Australia's governmental research stations ceased mulesing their sheep on 1 April 2008.
231:
Lambs that are slaughtered soon after weaning generally do not need mulesing because they can be protected by chemical treatment for the short time they are at risk.
1906:
849:
804:
1224:
470:
620:
389:
1894:
Heath (1994) quoted in CJC Phillips research in Animal Welfare 2009"A review of mulesing and other methods to control flystrike (cutaneous myiasis) in sheep"
642:
251:
in ewes) in breeds of sheep with woolly points where this is necessary. Mulesing is the removal of skin to provide permanent resistance to breech strike in
1850:
1138:
959:
1590:"A pen study evaluation of buccal meloxicam and topical anaesthetic at improving welfare of lambs undergoing surgical mulesing and hot knife tail docking"
1340:
199:. Most sheep have a light mules which does not leave the skin bare, but simply removes the skin wrinkle leaving a reduced area to grow wool and stain.
616:
1308:
228:
Mulesing should be completed well before the flystrike season, or else chemical protection should be provided to reduce risk to the lambs and ewes.
164:
167:
states in the Standard Operating Procedures that, "While the operation causes some pain, no pre or post operative pain relief measures are used".
1182:
1046:
1671:"The use of quantitative risk assessment to assess lifetime welfare outcomes for breech strike and mulesing management options in Merino sheep"
750:
1520:
568:
128:
108:) afflicts many sheep in Australia. In the late 19th century Merino sheep in Australia were crossbred with loose-skinned Merino sheep from
1158:
285:
responded by stating "Abercrombie and Fitch does not use Australian wool". Then, in December 2008, one of the world's largest retailers,
84:
industry scrapped an earlier promise, made in November 2004, to phase out the practice of mulesing in Australia by 31 December 2010. The
1031:
301:. PETA's campaign has hurt the Australian wool industry with several American and European clothing retailers agreeing to the boycott.
1776:
1253:
1104:
48:
task. Mulesing can only affect flystrike on the area cut out and has no effect on flystrike on any other part of the animal's body.
1479:
297:
also refuses to stock products made from Australian Merino wool. The campaign by PETA also seeks to draw attention to Australia's
1395:
1950:
1494:
68:
accepts mulesing when the risk of flystrike is very high, when it is done properly, and even then only as a last resort. The
719:
1925:
1735:"What is sheep freeze branding (or steining) and is it an acceptable alternative to mulesing sheep? – RSPCA Knowledgebase"
1644:
868:
823:
88:
industry began phasing out mulesing in 2007 and a ban of mulesing sheep officially came into effect from 1 October 2018.
1195:
1427:"AWI has in place a proactive, intensive and committed flystrike prevention program with long term and short term aims"
1232:
281:
responded to pressure from PETA to boycott Australian Merino wool due in part to the use of mulesing in Australia. The
905:
590:
1919:
999:
862:
817:
518:
57:
929:
1367:
1451:
1982:
650:
282:
1858:
1709:
255:
sheep. Other breeds tend to have less loose skin and wool so close to the tail, and may have less dense wool.
1758:
HERITABILITY AND PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS FOR BREECH STRIKE AND BREECH STRIKE RESISTANCE INDICATORS IN MERINOS
1344:
155:
While the lamb is under restraint (typically in a marking cradle), the wrinkled skin in the animal's breech (
1880:
956:"PETA claims another retailer joins wool boycott - National Rural News - Wool - General - Stock & Land"
313:
1318:
24:(also known as 'live lamb cutting') is the removal of strips of wool-bearing skin from around the breech (
1987:
777:
52:
1893:
406:
class) Merino ewes were much less susceptible to flystrike than wrinkly-bodied Merinos (B and C class).
278:
191:
in ewes) is pulled tight, the cut heals and results in smooth scar tissue that does not get fouled by
1400:
1050:
769:
704:
1090:
547:
274:
Proponents of mulesing are largely from Australia where severe and often fatal flystrike is common.
754:
460:
290:
180:
use by both veterinarians and sheep industry employees, such as mulesing contractors and graziers.
1588:
Small, Alison Holdhus; Marini, Danila; le Floch, Maxime; Paull, David; Lee, Caroline (June 2018).
676:
410:
require mulesing have been transformed into plain-bodied and mules-free flocks within five years.
1992:
426:
Topical protein-based treatments which kill wool follicles and tighten skin in the breech area (
1201:
1077:
360:
In response to intense consumer pressure for an alternative to mulesing an adaptation of the
207:
440:
Plastic clips on the sheep's skin folds which act like castration bands, removing the skin (
1784:
1108:
8:
393:
resistance, and is carried out only where absolutely necessary to manage at-risk sheep."
160:
is sometimes skinned. The cuts are executed to avoid affecting underlying muscle tissue.
1756:
1625:
1426:
535:
294:
1915:
1690:
1617:
1609:
1025:
858:
813:
514:
1281:
1682:
1629:
1601:
1129:
Land Newspaper, "PETA pulling Wool", p. 18, Rural Press, Richmond, 18 December 2008
906:"New developments in breech modifications of sheep for the prevention of flystrike"
465:
317:
211:
101:
504:
364:
branding process was hit upon in the 2010s. The new technique was soon christened
202:
When managed according to the standards, policies and procedures developed by the
1145:
727:
646:
361:
97:
65:
1589:
1997:
1670:
1605:
132:
1686:
1976:
1694:
1613:
286:
267:
156:
69:
341:
compiled a list of fashion brands who have taken a stance against mulesing.
1621:
594:
447:
355:
105:
1006:
1764:. 18. Association Advancement of Animal Breed Genetics. pp. 334–337.
1521:"Wool growers turn to freezing as retailers go cold on surgical mulesing"
298:
215:
176:
172:
85:
1313:
168:
983:
502:
1567:
338:
240:
61:
37:
1805:
Watts, J: "The Genetic Alternative to Mulesing Plain-Bodied Sheep",
1495:"Liquid nitrogen launched as sheep-friendly alternative to mulesing"
1444:
782:
New Zealand prohibits the practice of mulesing in sheep Farm Online
434:
45:
25:
567:. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Archived from
418:
Several non-surgical alternatives are currently being researched:
243:. Crutching is the mechanical removal of wool around the tail and
1372:
1258:
1247:
1245:
1243:
681:
222:
124:, often leads to systemic secondary infections and death.
117:
109:
66:
Australian Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
33:
308:
The controversy reignited after a television programme aired in
309:
252:
41:
1421:
1419:
1240:
1669:
Fisher, AD; Giraudo, A; Martin, PAJ; Paton, MW (1 May 2013).
1071:
510:
248:
203:
196:
192:
188:
29:
1294:
Staton, J: "Ethical Wool Emerging, but what is it?", p. 23,
293:
joined the wool boycott. The international fashion retailer
1831:
Watts, J: "Breeding Mules-Free Merinos Within Five Years",
1777:"New Zealand farmers on the ball with bare breech breeding"
1645:"Research finds sheep freeze branding is painful for lambs"
1416:
778:"New Zealand farmers on the ball with bare breech breeding"
244:
184:
81:
73:
1818:
Watts, J: "Fly Strike Resistance. Non-Mulesed Merinos",
1668:
1587:
471:
Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals
1225:"Helsinki protest against Australian cruelty to sheep"
44:
sheep. Mulesing is considered by some to be a skilled
1783:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
753:. Australian Wool Growers Association. Archived from
64:
and the accreditation of mulesing practitioners. The
1183:
New Look Animal Welfare and Animal Protection Policy
726:. West Australian Newspapers Pty Ltd. Archived from
423:
effective means of protecting sheep from flystrike".
1845:
1843:
1841:
1049:. Australian Veterinary Association. Archived from
619:. Australian Veterinary Association. Archived from
509:. Primary Industries Report Series (2nd ed.).
40:for this purpose, particularly on highly wrinkled
1097:
711:
643:"What is mulesing and what are the alternatives?"
1974:
1838:
1484:retrieved on 6. January 2021 in Four-paws.org.au
565:"Standard Operating Procedures – sheep Mulesing"
183:After a heavy mules, non-wooled skin around the
165:New South Wales Department of Primary Industries
80:In July 2009, representatives of the Australian
1710:"AWN exits sheep freeze branding joint venture"
1139:PETA claims another retailer joins wool boycott
984:Livestock & Grain Producers Assoc. (1978).
748:
503:Primary Industries Ministerial Council (2006).
127:In the early 1930s an Australian rancher named
1951:"Tea tree oil beats fly strike and sheep lice"
1205:. Australian Associated Press. 17 January 2007
670:
668:
32:to prevent the parasitic infection flystrike (
1904:
1774:
1251:
979:
977:
593:. National Farmers Federation. Archived from
1857:. Australian Wool Innovation. Archived from
1754:
1107:. Animal Liberation (WA) Inc. Archived from
1044:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
413:
221:Mulesed lambs should be released onto clean
1898:
1768:
717:
665:
277:In October 2004, American fashion retailer
1908:Battling the blowfly – plan for the future
1396:"Wool industry abandons mulesing deadline"
974:
851:Battling the blowfly – plan for the future
806:Battling the blowfly – plan for the future
234:
51:Mulesing is a controversial practice. The
559:
557:
483:
261:
1881:"Insecticide works better than mulesing"
1038:
388:As of July 22, 2021 the position of the
1755:Smith, J. L.; Brewer, H. G.; Dyall, T.
1282:"LIFE Textiles + Etheco Wool – Instyle"
1159:"UK retailer bans Aussie mulesing wool"
903:
847:
802:
742:
1975:
1883:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1030:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
554:
1775:de Landgrafft, Tara (24 April 2007).
1544:
1542:
1196:"Red-faced Pink's u-turn on wool ban"
1188:
1156:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
775:
674:
1554:The Land (North Richmond, Australia)
1365:
396:
1957:. Stock & Land. 24 January 2012
1707:
1642:
1388:
1359:
1047:"AVA welcomes mulesing pain relief"
776:Frost, Kristen (4 September 2018).
749:Peter Wilkinson (8 November 2004).
13:
1539:
1301:
904:Jongman, Ellen (2 December 2020).
886:
609:
583:
349:
14:
2009:
1309:"WA mulesing ends in three weeks"
58:Australian Veterinary Association
1254:"Wool industry granted reprieve"
958:. 6 January 2009. Archived from
675:Hogan, Jesse (15 October 2004).
1943:
1887:
1873:
1825:
1812:
1799:
1748:
1727:
1701:
1662:
1636:
1581:
1560:
1513:
1487:
1473:
1333:
1317:. 10 March 2008. Archived from
1288:
1274:
1252:Lorna Edwards (20 March 2008).
1217:
1176:
1157:Berry, Petrina (21 June 2010).
1150:
1132:
1123:
1065:
1045:Eddie Ripard (29 August 2005).
992:
948:
922:
841:
796:
705:"Mulesing by the Wool Industry"
649:. 30 April 2010. Archived from
344:
1914:. Australian Wool Innovation.
1594:Research in Veterinary Science
1341:"PETA warns on mulesing delay"
988:. Parramatta: Macarthur Press.
930:"Farmers ridicule US wool ban"
857:. Australian Wool Innovation.
848:Dorrain, Jules (3 June 2006).
812:. Australian Wool Innovation.
803:Dorrain, Jules (3 June 2006).
720:"AWI scraps mulesing deadline"
697:
677:"Farmers ridicule US wool ban"
635:
1:
1905:Jules Dorrian (3 June 2006).
1368:"Mulesing deadline abandoned"
1366:Gray, Darren (28 July 2009).
476:
91:
1708:Sim, Terry (18 March 2021).
1643:Sim, Terry (19 March 2021).
1452:"Welfare Improved Practices"
718:Bob Garnant (30 July 2009).
513:Publishing. pp. 17–23.
314:Swedish Agriculture Minister
283:National Farmers' Federation
7:
454:
279:Abercrombie & Fitch Co.
239:Mulesing is different from
53:National Farmers Federation
10:
2014:
1851:"Alternatives to mulesing"
1606:10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.02.011
353:
1835:, p. 45–47, October 2008.
1687:10.7120/09627286.22.2.267
1550:"Freeze brand given back"
1401:The Sydney Morning Herald
1163:The Sydney Morning Herald
414:Non-surgical alternatives
147:
120:. Flystrike, also called
98:Australian sheep blow fly
461:Agriculture in Australia
16:Sheep husbandry practice
1833:Australian Farm Journal
1820:Australian Farm Journal
1807:Australian Farm Journal
1568:"Steinfort AgVet | SFB"
1481:Brands against Mulesing
1296:Australian Farm Journal
299:live sheep-export trade
235:Comparison to crutching
1983:Livestock in Australia
1822:, p. 52–55, July 2008.
1144:6 January 2009 at the
1085:Cite journal requires
986:Sheep Production Guide
433:Biological control of
428:intradermal injections
262:Opposition to mulesing
1809:, p. 43–45, May 2008.
1202:Sydney Morning Herald
1556:: 77. 25 March 2021.
1053:on 27 September 2006
757:on 24 September 2006
1931:on 7 September 2008
1468:and/or anaesthesia.
1237:(ed. Thor Kottelin)
1111:on 21 November 2008
874:on 7 September 2008
829:on 7 September 2008
653:on 21 November 2017
591:"Mulesing of Sheep"
571:on 6 September 2007
1988:Cruelty to animals
730:on 18 October 2009
337:In December 2020,
1861:on 8 January 2007
1012:on 9 October 2007
962:on 6 January 2009
936:. 15 October 2004
597:on 29 August 2007
397:Breeding programs
2005:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1924:. Archived from
1913:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1847:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1787:on 16 March 2008
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1527:. 31 August 2019
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1347:on 15 March 2012
1343:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:on 15 March 2008
1305:
1299:
1298:, September 2008
1292:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1231:. Archived from
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
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