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the city walls, with al-Muqtadir falling in the field. Triumphant, Mu'nis now installed al-Qahir as caliph, but the two quickly became estranged. The new caliph resumed contacts with the defeated court faction, and found himself soon under confinement in his palace. Nevertheless, in August 933 al-Qahir managed to lure Mu'nis and his main lieutenants to the palace, where they were executed.
605:. After attempts at mediation with the Caliph by the vizier Ibn al-Furat failed, Yusuf confronted Mu'nis in a pitched battle before Ardabil, where Mu'nis was defeated. In the next year, however, Mu'nis defeated Yusuf in a second battle before Ardabil and took him as a prisoner to Baghdad. Yusuf remained captive in Baghdad for three years, while in the meantime, Yusuf's
266:, after which his political influence grew enormously, to the point that he briefly deposed al-Muqtadir in 928. His rivalry with the caliph and with the civilian bureaucracy of the court finally resulted in an open confrontation in 931–932, that ended with Mu'nis's victory and al-Muqtadir's death in battle. Mu'nis installed a new caliph,
715:
in his place, but reneged after a few days. Mu'nis now possessed virtually dictatorial authority over the
Abbasid government. In 931, al-Muqtadir rallied enough support to force him to leave Baghdad, but in 932, after gathering troops, Mu'nis marched onto Baghdad and defeated the caliphal army before
728:
writes of him that he "kept the remnants of the army together and saved the caliphate on several occasions", while according to the
Orientalist Harold Bowen, "Mu'nis's influence was on the whole exerted for good", but he was "neither strong nor intelligent enough" to prevent the renewed decline of
683:
This marked the apogee of Mu'nis's career: he was now in virtual control of the government and a decisive voice in the appointment of Ibn al-Furat's successors as viziers. At the same time, however, his power created a widening rift between him and the Caliph, with al-Muqtadir even plotting to
614:
held power in
Adharbayjan, having secured the Caliph's recognition. It was Mu'nis who was responsible for persuading al-Muqtadir to release Yusuf in 922 and restore him to his old position, this time as a servant of the Abbasid government. In 920–922, Mu'nis was instrumental in defeating a
467:
invaded Fars, Sebük-eri called on the caliph for aid, and an army under Mu'nis was sent. Al-Layth was defeated and captured, while Sebük-eri was soon deposed as governor when he failed to gather the promised tribute. In the same year, 909/10, Mu'nis supervised a
270:, but in August 933 the latter had Mu'nis and his senior officers executed. Mu'nis's usurpation of power, just as his violent end, marked the beginning of a new period of turmoil for the declining Abbasid Caliphate, culminating in its takeover by the
623:, but their fleet was sunk and Alexandria retaken, trapping Abu'l-Qasim in the Fayyum, from which he was able to escape only with heavy losses. In July 922, he was recalled to Baghdad, where he was showered with honours, including the designation as
405:
Mu'nis rose to prominence early during the reign of al-Muqtadir: in
December 908, shortly after the caliph's accession, a faction of the bureaucracy and the army launched a coup to depose him and replace him with his brother
397:. Al-Muktafi was apparently also hostile to him, possibly because Mu'nis had been involved in harem intrigues in favour of al-Muqtadir. While at Mecca, he took into his entourage the son of the executed Badr, Hilal.
418:, and solidified his position among the grandees of the Abbasid court. Shaghab intended to give him Badr's old role as commander-in-chief, and as a first step, gave him command of the caliphal guard, the
558:
and deported its population. In retaliation, he led a major raid in late summer 916, capturing several fortresses in the vicinity of
Malatya, while ordering Abu'l-Qasim Ali to lead another raid from
629:('imperial guest') and a confirmation of his over-governorship over Egypt and Syria. In 923, he launched another raid into Byzantine territory, capturing a few forts and returning with much booty.
224:
in the 880s. He rose to high rank before his abrupt disgrace, likely the result of his participation court intrigues, in 901. He spent the next seven years in virtual exile as governor of
652:
and his faction. The conflict between the two came to a head during Ibn al-Furat's third vizierate, in 923–924. This was a troubled period, which saw Mu'nis sent to quasi-exile in
688:, which the Byzantines had sacked. The Byzantines managed to catch the Abbasid army by surprise and inflicted a defeat upon them, killing 400 men. In the same year Mu'nis, with
1470:
711:
In 928, following the dismissal of his favourite, Ali ibn Isa, from the vizierate, Mu'nis launched a coup and deposed al-Muqtadir and installed his half-brother
232:
in 908. He quickly distinguished himself by saving al-Muqtadir from a palace coup in
December 908. With the support of the caliph and the powerful queen-mother,
1465:
1445:
680:. All this culminated in a military coup, the deposition of Ibn al-Furat, the recall of Mu'nis, and the subsequent execution of the aged vizier and his son.
1348:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
555:
523:. In this capacity, in 915 he led Abbasid reinforcements to Egypt and drove them out of the country again, for which he earned the honorific
729:
the
Abbasid state. On the other hand, his seizure of power by military force and the killing of a caliph—the first such incident since the
700:—the government's chief source of revenue—but also diminished the prestige of the Caliph and the dynasty, especially after the Qarmatians
298:: areas under direct Abbasid control in dark green, areas under loose Abbasid suzerainty, but under autonomous governors, in light green
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two generations before—set a dangerous precedent and heralded a new period of anarchy; after his death, powerless caliphs became
616:
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141:
136:
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and the coup collapsed. This earned him the gratitude and support of the young caliph and his influential and powerful mother,
389:. The reason for the banishment is unclear, but was likely related to the power struggles between Badr and al-Mu'tadid's last
1332:
1233:
1130:
469:
1248:
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331:('the Stallion'). Despite being a harem eunuch, he soon entered a distinguished military career; he first appears as a
1406:
1382:
1308:
1166:
1104:
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and control of the
Abbasid government and its revenue until Baghdad, and the Abbasid Caliphate with it, fell to the
601:
without the Caliph's approval. In his first campaign in 918, Yusuf initially withdrew before Mu'nis to his capital,
1435:
385:) in 908. This is apparently corroborated by his complete absence from the sources during the intervening reign of
1401:. Translated and edited by Herbert Mason (Abridged ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
427:
263:
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assassinate his leading general in 927. In the summer of the same year, Mu'nis led an army to the border around
236:, he became commander-in-chief of the caliphal army, in which role he served in several expeditions against the
696:. The Qarmatian raids were particularly troublesome: not only did they devastate the fertile districts of the
1123:
The New
Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
545:
648:
At court, Mu'nis was an early and staunch opponent of Ibn al-Furat, and an ally of the latter's main rival,
637:
537:('the Victorious'). On his return from Egypt, he was ordered to suppress the revolt of his old protégé, the
1455:
504:
463:
and the former Saffarid general Sebük-eri, who had seized control of the province. When al-Layth's brother
1485:
597:, who withheld part of the taxes owed to Baghdad and had even seized provinces in northern Iran from the
472:
with the Byzantines. In December 912/January 913, he was named governor of the Byzantine frontier zone (
1374:
1158:
693:
421:
407:
390:
260:
1206:
1460:
1140:
394:
1324:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
327:('the Eunuch') in the sources to distinguish him from his contemporary colleague, the treasurer
125:
554:, where the Byzantines, taking advantage of the Hamdanid uprising, had captured the fortress of
451:
and returning with many prisoners. In the next year, he succeeded in recovering the province of
594:
147:
1360:
1257:
1475:
1144:
1092:
649:
1425:
1342:
364:
8:
1430:
665:
1210:
730:
1177:
1402:
1378:
1328:
1304:
1280:
1229:
1183:
1162:
1126:
1118:
1100:
708:, precipitating the power struggle in Baghdad between Mu'nis and the court faction.
541:
430:, who sought to remove him from Baghdad and sent him on campaigns in the frontiers.
328:
83:
1356:
1088:
737:
in the hands of a series of regional military strongmen, who vied for the title of
724:
The role of Mu'nis in the history of the Abbasid Caliphate is ambiguous. Historian
567:
440:
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217:
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In 924 he helped secure the dismissal and execution of his long-time rival, the
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519:(who was the nominal governor), Mu'nis assumed the governorship over Egypt and
500:
464:
374:, possibly as its governor, whence he was recalled only after the accession of
351:
340:
253:
221:
120:
1370:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1154:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
354:
in 880/1, and had risen to the position of chief of police of the field army (
1419:
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1243:
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701:
619:
sent to take Egypt. The Fatimids once again took Alexandria and occupied the
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375:
229:
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641:
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444:
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303:
245:
131:
872:
562:. In September/October 917, in response to a Byzantine embassy led by
661:
492:
456:
210:
370:
Al-Dhahabi, however, records that in 901 the caliph banished him to
291:
Map showing the result of al-Mu'tadid's campaigns of consolidation,
712:
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598:
538:
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eunuch slave, he entered military service under the future caliph
1097:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
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army from 908 to his death in 933 CE, and virtual dictator and
916:
914:
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In 918–919, Mu'nis campaigned against the rebellious ruler of
697:
677:
669:
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611:
526:
371:
225:
933:
931:
929:
1125:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359.
972:
911:
673:
459:, taking advantage of the strife between the Saffarid emir
306:, Mu'nis was 90 years old at his death, indicating a birth
72:
1345:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
1099:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119.
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926:
660:'s political opponents, as well as the resurgence of the
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of al-Muqtadir, struck during the last year of his reign
955:
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The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà, ‘The Good Vizier’
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help, successfully defended Baghdad itself against a
426:. Mu'nis' rise provoked the hostility of the vizier,
363:) by 900, and thus deputy to the commander-in-chief,
282:
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The Passion of Al-Hallaj: Mystic and Martyr of Islam
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1093:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969"
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205:; 'the Eunuch'), was the commander-in-chief of the
1247:
1196:
511:, but failed to capture the province's capital at
169:; 845/6–933), also commonly known by the surnames
1301:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
1417:
1297:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden
1471:10th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
400:
1466:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
487:, who had only a few years before taken over
433:In 909 Mu'nis led the customary summer raid (
1117:(2010). "The waning of empire, 861–945". In
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200:
174:
1351:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
180:
1271:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1220:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1446:Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
1391:
1279:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 126–131.
1182:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
866:
816:
302:According to the 14th-century account of
1355:
1139:
1087:
978:
966:
920:
905:
636:
286:
1317:
1303:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
1072:
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1036:
1002:
949:
843:
515:. In July 914, as deputy of the prince
1418:
1361:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
1242:
1113:
1060:
1019:
990:
937:
831:
507:. The Fatimids succeeded in capturing
339:(military slave) of the future caliph
1194:
1175:
791:
503:under Abu'l-Qasim, the future caliph
443:, launching an invasion of Byzantine
1327:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
1291:
1228:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 575.
579:, another prisoner exchange on the
201:
175:
166:
13:
283:Career under al-Mu'tadid and exile
228:, before being recalled by Caliph
16:Abbasid army commander (845/6–933)
14:
1502:
1491:Slaves from the Abbasid Caliphate
1441:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate
570:, the governor of Tarsus and the
1451:Eunuchs of the Abbasid Caliphate
1341:
893:
656:, the widespread torture of the
410:. Mu'nis led the defence of the
350:) during the suppression of the
142:Second Fatimid invasion of Egypt
380:
345:
137:First Fatimid invasion of Egypt
896:, Mu’nis al-Muẓaffar (#25449).
213:of the Caliphate from 928 on.
71:, Abbasid Empire (present-day
35:Abu'l-Hasan Mu'nis al-Qushuri
1:
752:
719:
694:determined Qarmatian invasion
307:
292:
159:Abū'l-Ḥasan Mu'nis al-Qushuri
103:
61:
46:
1145:"The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids"
566:, he supervised, along with
7:
1095:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
739:
704:in 930 and carried off the
672:and the destruction of the
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607:
575:
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548:. He then proceeded to the
533:
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401:Campaigns under al-Muqtadir
356:
333:
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321:slave, and is hence called
10:
1507:
1481:Abbasid governors of Mecca
1375:Cambridge University Press
1159:Cambridge University Press
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633:Court rivalries and coups
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99:
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491:by ousting the reigning
395:al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah
248:in 927 and defeated two
1436:10th-century executions
676:caravan returning from
408:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz
277:
1176:Bowen, Harold (1928).
645:
299:
167:أبو الحسن مؤنس القشوري
37:أبو الحسن مؤنس القشوري
1343:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
650:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
640:
505:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
480:) and of the Hejaz.
290:
100:Years of service
1377:. pp. 198–249.
1198:"Muʾnis al-Muẓaffar"
940:, pp. 339, 340.
923:, pp. 110, 111.
497:launched an invasion
1456:Commanders in chief
1161:. pp. 90–135.
1075:, pp. 193–197.
1051:, pp. 192–193.
1005:, pp. 191–192.
981:, pp. 111–112.
617:second Fatimid army
595:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
455:from the declining
256:, in 915 and 920.
148:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
126:Arab–Byzantine wars
23:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
1486:9th-century slaves
1195:Bowen, H. (1993).
1119:Robinson, Chase F.
731:Anarchy at Samarra
646:
300:
1334:978-0-582-40525-7
1235:978-90-04-09419-2
1132:978-0-521-83823-8
1089:Bianquis, Thierry
542:Husayn ibn Hamdan
470:prisoner exchange
365:Badr al-Mu'tadidi
317:origin, he was a
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1007:
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993:, p. 350.
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969:, p. 231.
954:
952:, p. 267.
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925:
910:
908:, p. 123.
898:
871:
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867:Massignon 1982
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846:, p. 191.
836:
834:, p. 126.
821:
819:, p. 196.
817:Massignon 1982
796:
794:, p. 575.
756:
754:
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726:Michael Bonner
721:
718:
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439:) against the
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383: 908–932
352:Zanj Rebellion
348: 892–902
329:Mu'nis al-Fahl
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190:the Victorious
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1033:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
980:
979:Bianquis 1998
975:
968:
967:Madelung 1975
963:
961:
959:
951:
946:
939:
934:
932:
930:
922:
921:Bianquis 1998
917:
915:
907:
906:Bosworth 1975
902:
895:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
868:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
845:
840:
833:
828:
826:
818:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
793:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
757:
750:
748:
743:
742:
741:amir al-umara
736:
732:
727:
717:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
639:
630:
627:
622:
618:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
584:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:John Rhadenos
561:
557:
552:
547:
543:
540:
535:
529:
528:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
477:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
431:
429:
424:
423:
417:
413:
412:Hasani Palace
409:
398:
396:
392:
388:
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
353:
342:
337:
336:
330:
325:
320:
316:
305:
289:
275:
273:
269:
265:
262:
257:
255:
252:invasions of
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
198:
172:
164:
160:
149:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
116:
112:
102:
98:
94:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
60:
56:
45:
41:
33:
29:
20:
1476:Greek slaves
1397:
1369:
1357:Madelung, W.
1347:
1323:
1300:
1296:
1276:
1269:
1225:
1218:
1178:
1153:
1122:
1096:
1073:Kennedy 2004
1068:
1056:
1049:Kennedy 2004
1044:
1037:Kennedy 2004
1003:Kennedy 2004
998:
986:
974:
950:Kennedy 2004
945:
901:
844:Kennedy 2004
839:
723:
710:
702:sacked Mecca
682:
658:Banu'l-Furat
647:
621:Fayyum Oasis
585:
483:In 914, the
482:
432:
428:Ibn al-Furat
404:
369:
311: 845/6
301:
264:Ibn al-Furat
258:
215:
196:
170:
158:
157:
114:Battles/wars
107: 880/1
95:Abbasid army
50: 845/6
1426:840s births
1293:Halm, Heinz
1275:Volume III:
1266:Schacht, J.
1262:Pellat, Ch.
1249:"Ḥamdānids"
1224:Volume VII:
1215:Pellat, Ch.
1061:Bonner 2010
1020:Bonner 2010
991:Bonner 2010
938:Bonner 2010
832:Canard 1971
706:Black Stone
588:Adharbayjan
581:Lamos River
556:Hisn Mansur
534:al-Muzaffar
465:al-Mu'addal
376:al-Muqtadir
341:al-Mu'tadid
230:al-Muqtadir
222:al-Mu'tadid
171:al-Muẓaffar
31:Native name
25:مؤنس المظفر
1431:933 deaths
1420:Categories
792:Bowen 1993
753:References
720:Assessment
642:Gold dinar
509:Alexandria
445:Asia Minor
387:al-Muktafi
304:al-Dhahabi
296: 900
246:Qarmatians
211:king-maker
146:Revolt of
132:Qarmatians
80:Allegiance
65: 933
1285:495469525
1254:Lewis, B.
662:Qarmatian
493:Aghlabids
457:Saffarids
422:Hujariyya
324:al-Khadim
244:from the
197:al-Khadim
1395:(1982).
1359:(1975).
1321:(2004).
1295:(1991).
1268:(eds.).
1246:(1971).
1217:(eds.).
1143:(1975).
1091:(1998).
749:in 946.
713:al-Qahir
690:Hamdanid
686:Samosata
599:Samanids
572:Cilician
539:Hamdanid
489:Ifriqiya
485:Fatimids
461:al-Layth
360:al-askar
274:in 946.
268:al-Qahir
240:, saved
90:Service/
1367:(ed.).
1226:Mif–Naz
1151:(ed.).
1121:(ed.).
1082:Sources
735:puppets
603:Ardabil
576:thughur
551:thughur
544:in the
517:al-Radi
476:thughur
449:Malatya
416:Shaghab
250:Fatimid
242:Baghdad
234:Shaghab
207:Abbasid
184:
69:Baghdad
1405:
1381:
1331:
1307:
1283:
1277:H–Iram
1264:&
1232:
1213:&
1188:386849
1186:
1165:
1129:
1103:
747:Buyids
608:ghulam
590:, the
560:Tarsus
546:Jazira
513:Fustat
436:sa'ifa
391:vizier
335:ghulam
319:eunuch
272:Buyids
261:vizier
202:ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺩﻡ
195:) and
176:المظفر
163:Arabic
92:branch
1363:. In
1299:[
1252:. In
1201:. In
1147:. In
698:Sawad
678:Mecca
670:Basra
654:Raqqa
626:nadim
612:Subuk
592:Sajid
527:laqab
521:Syria
501:Egypt
447:from
372:Mecca
313:. Of
254:Egypt
226:Mecca
109:– 933
1403:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1281:OCLC
1230:ISBN
1184:OCLC
1163:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1101:ISBN
894:PmbZ
674:Hajj
666:sack
453:Fars
278:Life
181:lit.
73:Iraq
58:Died
43:Born
668:of
531:of
499:of
367:.
1422::
1273:.
1260:;
1256:;
1222:.
1209:;
1205:;
1027:^
1010:^
957:^
928:^
913:^
874:^
851:^
824:^
799:^
760:^
583:.
495:,
393:,
381:r.
346:r.
308:c.
293:c.
216:A
179:;
165::
104:c.
62:c.
47:c.
1411:.
1387:.
1337:.
1313:.
1287:.
1238:.
1190:.
1171:.
1135:.
1109:.
378:(
343:(
199:(
193:'
187:'
173:(
161:(
75:)
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