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elected unopposed as president three times under this system, with official figures showing an implausible 98 percent or more of voters approving his candidacy against at most 1.8 percent either voting "no," casting blank ballots or spoiling their ballot papers. Every five years, a single list of MPR candidates was returned to the legislature, with unanimous or near-unanimous support. All of these candidates were effectively handpicked by Mobutu.
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The MPR elected its president every seven years at its national convention (five years before 1978). At that time, the MPR's president was automatically nominated as the sole candidate for a seven-year term as president of the republic; he was confirmed in office by a national referendum. Mobutu was
492:
The single-party system lasted until 24 April 1990, the date of the proclamation of the Third
Republic. On that date, Mobutu said that three political parties would be allowed. The "moderate" and "hardline" factions of the MPR would form separate parties, while the third party would be the
497:(UDPS). Under the new multiparty system, Mobutu said that he would be above political parties, and accordingly he resigned as the president of the MPR on the same date, although he again accepted the post of party president a year later, on 21 April 1991.
1041:
1071:
494:
395:. Some historians, such as Michel Ugarte and Max Liniger-Goumaz, argue that Mobutu's Zaire was part of a phenomenon called "tropical fascism" due to its authoritarianism, anti-communism, and
450:
enshrined the MPR's status as the vanguard of the nation. It stated that "there exists a single institution, the MPR, incarnated by its
President," that the "President of the MPR is
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435:
the only legal party in the country. The 1967 constitution explicitly allowed the existence of two parties. However, the MPR was the only party allowed to nominate candidates in
667:
440:
549:
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elections held in
November 1970. A month later, on 23 December, the constitution was amended to formally declare the MPR to be the only legally permitted party.
17:
392:
458:" was constitutional doctrine. All citizens of Zaire became members of the MPR at birth. In effect, the government was a transmission belt for the MPR.
53:
1096:
933:
Michel Ugarte. Africans in Europe: the culture of exile and emigration from
Equatorial Guinea to Spain. University of Illinois Press, 2010. Pp. 25.
100:
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72:
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For all intents and purposes, the MPR and the government were one. This effectively gave Mobutu complete political control over the country.
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the text of article 4 of the constitution as follows: "The
Popular Movement of the Revolution is the only political party in the Republic" (
79:
500:
The party had no real ideology other than support for Mobutu. As such, it disappeared in short order when Mobutu was overthrown by
86:
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359:". Revolution was described as a "truly national revolution, essentially pragmatic," which called for "the repudiation of both
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Schmitz, David F. The United States and Right-wing
Dictatorships, 1965–1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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379:" in later years. Nevertheless, historians consider Mobutu's regime to be right-wing and there is evidence of
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469:; candidates were simply brought out at stadiums and other public places and cheered by the audiences.
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In 1975, formal elections were dispensed with altogether. Instead, the MPR list was approved by
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Le
Mouvement populaire de la révolution est le seul parti politique de la République.
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172:
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Thomas Turner, "Flying High Above the Toads: Mobutu and
Stalemated Democracy", in
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President of the
Republic, and holds the plenitude of power exercise," and that "
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POLITICAL REFORM IN THE 1990s – Proclamation of the Third
Republic
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Defunct political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1960s establishments in the Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
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331:
in the country. It was founded by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (later
320:
275:
224:
999:(1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, page 255.
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Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
944:"Congo ex-belge, Constitution de 1967, Digithèque MJP"
512:, the son of Mobutu Sese Seko, is the chairman of the
343:
The official ideology of the MPR, as laid down in the
905:"The U.S. And Mobutu Sese Seko: Waiting on Disaster"
516:(UDEMO), a Mobutist political party in parliament.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
876:
874:
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431:From its formation in 1967 to 1990, the MPR was
1057:African and Black nationalist parties in Africa
871:
633:
152:
882:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State
524:
411:Mobutu greets MPR politburo members near
367:." One of the MPR's slogans was "Neither
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1097:Political parties disestablished in 1997
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418:
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323:(known for part of its existence as the
495:Union for Democracy and Social Progress
27:Ruling party of Zaire from 1967 to 1997
14:
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997:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
960:. Third Edition, First Printing. 1979.
902:
1102:Political parties established in 1967
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383:during Mobutu's rule as he appointed
375:," to which would be added "nor even
327:). For most of its existence, it was
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306:Mouvement Populaire de la RĂ©volution
145:Mouvement populaire de la RĂ©volution
69:"Popular Movement of the Revolution"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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18:Mouvement Populaire de la RĂ©volution
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24:
880:Crawford Young and Thomas Turner,
298:Popular Movement of the Revolution
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325:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1052:1997 disestablishments in Zaire
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969:Law 70-001 of 23 December 1970
45:needs additional citations for
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909:Journal of Third World Studies
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1107:Syncretic political parties
514:Union of Mobutist Democrats
347:in May 1967, incorporated "
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10:
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1077:Right-wing anti-capitalism
387:, a prominent advocate of
1025:Inter-Parliamentary Union
903:Afoaku, Osita G. (1997).
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423:MPR propaganda poster in
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986:Young and Turner, p. 70
634:Parliamentary elections
381:economic liberalization
244:Political position
1062:Anti-communist parties
1010:Zaire: A Country Study
958:Zaire: A Country Study
956:Kaplan, Irving (ed.).
525:Presidential elections
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502:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
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205:16 May 1997
190:20 May 1967
504:in 1997, during the
54:improve this article
415:, 18 December 1970.
385:LĂ©on Kengo wa Dondo
345:Manifesto of N'sele
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476:Multi-party period
429:
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335:) on 20 May 1967.
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858:Sole legal party
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520:Electoral history
484:MPR party badge,
448:1974 constitution
427:, 16 August 1973.
397:Third Positionist
315:) was the ruling
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286:Politics of Zaire
141:of the Revolution
139:Popular Movement
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16:(Redirected from
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644:Party leader
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441:parliamentary
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413:Mount Stanley
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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915:(1): 65–90.
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716:Approved by
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437:presidential
432:
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357:authenticity
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217:Headquarters
161:Abbreviation
131:
116:
107:
97:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
755:10,180,685
718:acclamation
611:14,885,997
585:10,693,804
559:10,131,669
467:acclamation
391:reform, as
389:free market
349:nationalism
1036:Categories
865:References
677:9,691,132
452:ex officio
399:rhetoric.
361:capitalism
353:revolution
258:Right-wing
209:1997-05-16
194:1967-05-20
80:newspapers
837:210 / 210
800:310 / 310
763:289 / 289
724:244 / 244
685:420 / 420
659:Position
641:Election
532:Election
365:communism
249:Syncretic
202:Dissolved
169:President
110:June 2024
921:45193674
884:, p. 210
456:Mobutism
433:de facto
425:Kinshasa
355:", and "
339:Ideology
262:de facto
237:Mobutism
232:Ideology
221:Kinshasa
971:amended
662:Result
618:Elected
592:Elected
566:Elected
544:Result
253:de jure
207: (
192: (
187:Founded
179:Founder
94:scholar
919:
653:Seats
647:Votes
614:99.1%
588:98.2%
538:Votes
377:centre
302:French
273:
269:Colors
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1112:Zaire
1023:Zaire
917:JSTOR
758:100%
562:100%
373:right
321:Zaire
310:abbr.
276:Green
225:Zaire
101:JSTOR
87:books
855:1st
847:100
827:1987
818:1st
790:1982
781:1st
751:1977
742:1st
734:176
712:1975
703:1st
695:420
680:99%
668:1970
656:+/–
607:1984
581:1977
550:1970
488:1990
446:The
439:and
371:nor
369:left
363:and
351:", "
296:The
73:news
810:21
773:45
319:in
313:MPR
164:MPR
56:by
1038::
977:).
913:14
911:.
907:.
873:^
650:%
541:%
508:.
486:c.
308:,
304::
223:,
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923:.
626:Y
600:Y
574:Y
300:(
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108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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50:.
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