Mountaineering - Knowledge

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those staying overnight. The offering is surprisingly wide, given that most supplies, often including fresh water, must be flown in by helicopter, and may include glucose-based snacks (such as candy bars) on which climbers and walkers wish to stock up, cakes and pastries made at the hut, a variety of hot and cold drinks (including beer and wine), and high carbohydrate dinners in the evenings. Not all huts offer a catered service, though, and visitors may need to provide for themselves. Some huts offer facilities for both, enabling visitors wishing to keep costs down to bring their own food and cooking equipment and to cater using the facilities provided. Booking for overnight stays at huts is deemed obligatory, and in many cases is essential as some popular huts, even with more than 100 bed spaces, may be full during good weather and at weekends. Once made, the cancellation of a reservation is advised as a matter of courtesy – and, indeed, potentially of safety, as many huts keep a record of where climbers and walkers state they plan to walk to next. Most huts may be contacted by telephone and most take credit cards as a means of payment.

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Mountaineers who use this style are usually, but not always, part of a large team of climbers and support staff (such as porters and guides). To cover large distances with their massive amounts of gear, sleds and pack animals are commonly used. Climbers will set up multiple camps along the mountain, and will haul their gear up the mountain multiple times, returning to a lower camp after each haul until all the gear is at a higher camp; and repeating this procedure until they reach the summit. This technique is also helpful for acclimatization. While it is the original style in which high mountains were climbed, expedition style is rare these days as more mountains have become accessible to the general public with

908: 5865: 5877: 1531:. Alpine style ascents have been done throughout history on extreme altitude (above 5,000 m) peaks also, albeit in lower volume to expedition style ascents. Climbers generally carry their loads between camps without backtracking, in a single push for the summit. If the summit is reachable from the base camp or trailhead within one day, then alpine-style mountaineers will not change camps at all, and only carry the slightest of loads (necessary nourishment and equipment) up to the summit. "Light and fast" is the mantra of the alpine mountaineer. 501: 128:-recognized world organization for mountaineering and climbing. The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment can be seen in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and the location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking, or climbing zone). Mountaineering impacts communities on economic, political, social and cultural levels, often leading to changes in people's worldviews influenced by globalization, specifically foreign cultures and lifestyles. 1211:. The facilities are usually rudimentary, but, given their locations, huts offer vital shelter, make routes more widely accessible (by allowing journeys to be broken and reducing the weight of equipment needing to be carried), and offer good value. In Europe, all huts are staffed during the summer (mid-June to mid-September) and some are staffed in the spring (mid-March to mid-May). Elsewhere, huts may also be open in the fall. Huts also may have a part that is always open, but unstaffed, a so-called winter hut. 1313: 1141: 1006: 386: 339: 233: 1437: 4875: 4863: 732: 1185: 4899: 4887: 40: 1236:

temperature of a correctly made snow cave will hover around freezing, which relative to outside temperatures can be very warm. They can be dug anywhere where there is at least four feet of snow. The addition of a good quality bivouac bag and closed cell foam sleeping mat will also increase the warmth of the snow cave. Another shelter that works well is a

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Common symptoms of heat stroke can be an altered state of mind, rapid pulse and respiratory rate, headache, hot skin, loss of coordination, and possible seizures. This is a life-threatening illness that must be dealt with right away. While mountaineering, snow and ice can be used to cool the body and

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In remote locations, mountaineers will set up a "base camp," which is an area used for staging attempts at nearby summits. Base camps are positioned to be relatively safe from harsh terrain and weather. Where the summit cannot be reached from base camp in a single day, a mountain will have additional

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When open and staffed, the huts are generally run by full-time employees, but some are staffed on a voluntary basis by members of alpine clubs. The manager of the hut, termed a guardian or warden in Europe, will usually also sell refreshments and meals, both to those visiting only for the day and to

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help climbers build anchors and move up the ice, as well as traditional rock climbing equipment for anchoring in mixed terrain. Often, mountaineers climbing steep snow or mixed snowy rock terrain will not use a fixed belay. Instead, each climber on the team will climb at the same time while attached

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Once anchored, the leader will then belay the climber coming up from below. Once the follower reaches the leader, the leader will often transfer all necessary protection devices (known as a rack) to the follower. The follower then becomes the leader and will ascend the next pitch. This process will

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Mountaineering lacks formal rules – though appropriately empowered bodies make many pertaining to specific use of mountains and practices on them. In theory, any person may climb a mountain and call themself a mountaineer. In practice, the sport is defined by the safe and necessary use of

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The best treatment for hypothermia is to deal with it before it occurs, using preventative measures instead of waiting for symptoms to appear. Mountaineering requires a slower pace to avoid sweating and fatigue that could lead to these dangerous conditions. Other tips for preventing hypothermia

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are another way to shelter high on the mountain. Some climbers do not use tents at high altitudes unless the snow conditions do not allow for snow caving, since snow caves are silent and much warmer than tents. They can be built relatively easily, given sufficient time, using a snow shovel. The

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In the UK the term "hut" is used for any cottage or cabin used as a base for walkers or climbers. These are mostly owned by mountaineering clubs for use by members or visiting clubs and generally do not have wardens or permanent staff, but have cooking and washing facilities and heating. In the

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Alpine style, or informal variations of it, is the most common form of mountaineering today. It involves a single, straightforward climb of the mountain, with no backtracking. This style is most suited for medium-sized mountain areas close to civilization with elevations of 2,000–5,000 m

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The European alpine regions, in particular, have a large network of huts. Such huts exist at many different heights, including in the high mountains themselves – in extremely remote areas, more rudimentary shelters may exist. The mountain huts are of varying size and quality, but each is

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which involves proceeding on steep sections of blank ice with crampons and ice axes. This activity often requires progressing on steep and blank sections of ice. Most mountaineers have to rely on ice climbing skills to climb upon the higher peaks in the European Alps, Himalayas and Canadian

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The alpine style contrasts with "expedition style". With this style, climbers will carry large amounts of equipment and provisions up and down the mountain, slowly making upward progress. Climbing in an expedition style is preferred if the summit is very high or distant from civilization.

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Climbers use a few different forms of shelter depending on the situation and conditions; alpine shelters or arctic shelters. Shelter is a very important aspect of safety for the climber as weather in the mountains may be very unpredictable. Tall mountains may require many days of camping.

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Mountaineering techniques vary greatly depending on location, season, terrain, and route. Both techniques and hazards vary by terrain, spanning trails, rock, snow, and ice. Mountaineers must possess adequate food, water, information, equipment, stamina, and skill to complete their tasks.

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Long the domain of the wealthy elite and their agents, the emergence of the middle-class in the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in mass interest in mountaineering. It became a popular pastime and hobby of many people. Some have come to criticize the sport as becoming too much of a

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and is sometimes also used on ice, however, the risk of dropping frequently displaced ice on the lower team member(s) limits its usefulness on ice. Traditional belays are also used; in this case, this is sometimes necessary due to ice fall hazard, steepness, or other factors.

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Camping is not always an option, or may not be suitable if a mountain is close to civilization. Some regions may legally prohibit primitive camping due to concern for the environment, or due to issues with crowds. In lieu of camping, mountaineers may choose to stay in

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from the Dolomites mountain range (Italy) was then the first to climb all eight-thousanders up to 1986, in addition to being the first without supplemental oxygen. In 1978 he climbed Mount Everest with Peter Habeler without supplemental oxygen, the first men to do so.

1164:. The ability of these shelters to provide protection from the elements is dependent on their design. Mountaineers who climb in areas with cold weather or snow and ice will use more heavy-duty shelters than those who climb in more forgiving environments. 1080:. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches and may collapse from people walking over them. Should a climber fall, being protected by a rope greatly reduces the risk of injury or death. The other members of the rope team may proceed with a 1064:

It is not always wise for climbers to form a rope team, since one falling climber may pull the entire team off the mountain. However, the risks of individual, unprotected travel are often so great that groups have no choice but to form a rope team.

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or religious concepts. Nonetheless, there are many documented examples of people climbing mountains prior to the formal development of the sport in the 19th century, although many of these stories are sometimes considered fictional or legendary.

1049:. Teams of climbers may choose to attach everyone together with a rope, to form a rope team. The team may then secure themselves by attaching the rope to anchors. These anchors are sometimes unreliable and include snow stakes or pickets, 1541:

Rapid Alpine-style ascents do not leave the climber exposed to hazards (such as accidents, deteriorating health at altitude, and avalanches of snow or rock) as long as an expedition-style climb; however, they also leave less time for

1393:. Common symptoms of heat exhaustion include headaches, cool and clammy skin, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, thirst, and rapid pulse. The best treatment is resting with feet elevated, replenishing fluids, and removing excess clothing. 860:

technical skills in mountainous terrain: in particular, roped climbing and snow travel abilities. A variety of techniques have been developed to help people climb mountains that are widely applied among practitioners of the sport.

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to anchors, in groups of two. This allows for safety should the entire team be taken off their feet which also allows for greater speed than the traditional technique of belaying one climber at a time. This technique is known as

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Traditional mountaineering involves identifying a specific mountain and route to climb, and executing the plan by whatever means appropriate. A mountain summit is almost always the goal. This activity is strongly associated with

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From 1947 to 2018 in the United States "2,799 people were reported to be involved in mountaineering accidents and 43% of these accidents resulted in death." Climbers themselves are responsible for nearly all climbing accidents.

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and Beaupré. Because ropes, ladders and iron hooks were used, and because it was the first climb of any technical difficulty to be officially verified, this ascent is widely recognized as being the birth of mountaineering.

1328:. The best treatment is to descend immediately. The climber's motto at high altitude is "climb high, sleep low", referring to the regimen of climbing higher to acclimatise but returning to lower elevation to sleep. In the 1021:

are required to travel efficiently and safely over snow and ice. Crampons attach to the bottom of a mountaineer's boots and provide additional traction on hard snow and ice. For loose snow, crampons are less suitable, and

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When planning and preparing for a trip, safe climbers know what hazards to look for and how to recognize them. In situations where hazards are not able to be avoided, the climber must use their decision-making skills to

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Despite its lack of defined rules and non-competitive nature, certain aspects of mountaineering have much of the trappings of an organized sport, with recognition of specific climbing activities – including

335:, in which four of the party members fell to their deaths. By this point the sport of mountaineering had largely reached its modern form, with a large body of professional guides, equipment, and methodologies. 996:

In alpine climbing, it is common for climbers to see routes of mixed terrain. This means climbers may need to move efficiently from climbing glacier, to rock, to ice, back and forth in a number of variations.

357:. In the later years, it shifted to a more competitive orientation as pure sportsmen came to dominate the London-based Alpine Club and alpine mountaineering overall. The first president of the Alpine Club, 1793:

Coalter, F., Dimeo, P., Morrow, S., & Taylor, J. (2010). The Benefits of Mountaineering and Mountaineering Related Activities: A Review of Literature. A Report to the Mountaineering Council of Scotland

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contributed greatly to the popularization of mountaineering in Norway among the international mountaineering community. Around the turn of the century, a young generation of Norwegian mountaineers such as

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those hazards. Climbers improve upon their ability to become a safe decision maker and recognize hazards by receiving proper education, training, practice, and experience as well as learning how to spot

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In the 19th century, the focus of mountaineering turned towards mountains beyond the Alps. One of the earliest mountain areas to be explored beyond the Alps in the 19th century were the mountains of

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long distances to a base camp or the beginning of rough terrain, either following trails or using navigation techniques to travel cross-country. Hiking may be a strenuous activity, and adequate

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For most of antiquity, climbing mountains was a practical or symbolic activity, usually undertaken for economic, political, or religious purposes. A commonly cited example is the 1492 ascent of

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Unlike most sports, mountaineering lacks widely applied formal rules, regulations, and governance; mountaineers adhere to a large variety of techniques and philosophies (including

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In certain environmental conditions body heat can be lost due to evaporation, radiation, convection, and conduction. A cold-related illness can occur when that body heat is lost.

4784: 2780:(Report). US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. USARIEM-TN94-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 1350:

In high mountains, atmospheric pressure is lower and this means that less oxygen is available to breathe. This is the underlying cause of altitude sickness. Everyone needs to

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typically centred on a communal dining room and have dormitories equipped with mattresses, blankets or duvets, and pillows; guests are expected to bring and use their own

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Eckenstein was also a pioneer in developing new equipment and climbing methods. He started using shorter ice axes that could be used single-handedly, designed the modern

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Common symptoms of altitude sickness include severe headache, sleep problems, nausea, lack of appetite, lethargy and body ache. Mountain sickness may progress to HACE (

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Whitlock, W., Van Romer, K., & Becker, H. (1991). Nature Based Tourism: An Annotated Bibliography Clemson SC: Strom Thurmond Institute, Regional Development Group.

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pose a grave danger to a climber who is not roped in. These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a

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involves technical skills including the ability to place anchors into the rock to safely ascend a mountain. In some cases, climbers may have to climb multiple

209:, A mid-16th Century physician, botanist and naturalist from Switzerland, is widely recognized as being the first person to hike and climb for sheer pleasure. 958:

who is stationary and creates tension on the rope to catch a climber should he or she fall, and a climber who ascends the rock. The first climber, called the

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Short trips lasting less than a day generally do not require shelter, although for safety, most mountaineers will carry an emergency shelter, such a light

873: 121: 4843: 472:(20,549 ft (6,263 m)) and explored the mountains of Ecuador. It took until the late 19th century for European explorers to penetrate Africa. 445:, the third oldest mountaineering association in the world. By the turn of the 20th century, mountaineering had acquired a more international flavour. 3204: 3152: 885: 658: 2235: 3208: 966:, which will secure subsequent climbers. Anchors could be created by using slings around a tree or boulder, or by using protection devices like 3786: 3000: 2902: 2162: 1933: 1811: 2689:"Fall or Slip on Rock, Falling Rock, Failure to Follow Route, Washington, Mount Thompson – Search The American Alpine Journal and Accidents" 938:

and familiarity with the wilderness is necessary to complete a hike; it is also a prerequisite of success in all aspects of mountaineering.

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The term "walk-up" or "trek" is used to describe terrain in which no technical equipment is needed. To traverse this terrain, mountaineers

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include staying well fed and hydrated, putting on more clothes when feeling cold, and wearing adequate equipment to keep warm and dry.

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Die Besteigung der Berge – Die Dolomitgipfel werden erobert (German: The ascent of the mountains – the dolomite peaks are conquered)

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may be preferred. Using various techniques from alpine skiing to ascend/descend a mountain is a form of the sport by itself, called

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reached 8,320 metres (27,300 ft) before being aborted on the third summit attempt after an avalanche killed seven porters. The

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climbing wall disciplines, there are no "official" world championships or other similar competitions for mountaineering broadly.

685: 270:. The climb is usually considered an epochal event in the history of mountaineering, a symbolic mark of the birth of the sport. 1665: 2567: 3320: 3289: 3255: 2728: 2646: 2480: 2447: 2272: 2056: 1996: 1908: 1847: 1087:

For extremely slippery or steep snow, ice, and mixed rock and ice terrain climbers must use more advanced techniques, called

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Possible higher exposure to objective hazards such as avalanches or rockfall, due to slower travel times between camps

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Avoidance of being trapped in storms at high altitudes and being forced to descend in treacherous avalanche conditions

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There is a higher margin of safety in relation to equipment, food, time, and ability to wait out storms at high camps.

3766: 3751: 3180: 3128: 2301: 2137: 2108: 1943: 1603: 1354:, even exceptional mountaineers that have been to high altitude before. Generally speaking, mountaineers start using 771: 611: 255: 3397: 2974: 2876: 869: 827: 749: 428: 399: 125: 2317: 1863: 895:, which has expanded from a single recognition to multiple. While there are many competitions, particularly in 5601: 4903: 4764: 1283:

In terms of objective hazards, the dangers mountaineers face include loose or falling rocks, falling ice, snow-

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camps above base camp. For popular mountains, base camps may be at a fixed location and become famous. The

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Hypothermia, Frostbite, and Other Cold Injuries : Prevention, Recognition, and Prehospital Treatment

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in France. He then offered a reward to anyone who could climb the mountain, which was claimed in 1786 by

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US Army Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report

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Mountaineering Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions

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are used by some climbers, but are deceptively difficult to build and require specific snow conditions.

553:(one of the first professional female mountaineers) made ascents in the Himalayas, including one of the 5855: 4066: 3832: 2251: 2250:

Hermann Hinterstoisser: Das Edelweiß – Alpenblume mit Symbolkraft. In: Truppendienst, 2012, Nr. 5/329.

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Group sizes are often larger than alpine-style climbs because more supplies are carried between camps.

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and their subjects. The highest they are known for certain to have climbed is 6739 m at the summit of

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Military Mountaineering, Army Field Manual FM 3–97.61 (Aug 2002) − Federation of American Scientists

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Exposure to hot environments or activities involving exertion cause heat to build up in the body. A

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Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Cerebral Edema. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments

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support mountaineers by hosting resources and social activities. A federation of alpine clubs, the

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Fallen giants: a history of Himalayan mountaineering from the age of empire to the age of extremes

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Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes

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Apollo, Michal (2017). "The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of the High Himalaya".

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Szymczak, Robert K.; Marosz, Michał; Grzywacz, Tomasz; Sawicka, Magdalena; Naczyk, Marta (2021).

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are maintained to break up cross country long routes and act as base camps to certain mountains.

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is the general activity of ascending peaks that are on a list of notable mountains, such as the

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saw another height record achieved but still failed to reach the summit with confirmation when

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Pomfret, G. (2006). "Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research".

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and different footwork techniques that have been developed over the past century, such as the

216:, around the late 1400s and early 1500s many ascents were made of extremely high peaks by the 157:. However, the highest mountains were rarely visited early on, and were often associated with 5072: 4744: 4659: 4161: 4027: 3035: 2437: 2221: 2046: 1613: 981:

For extremely vertical rocks, or to overcome certain logistical challenges, climbers may use

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The beginning of mountaineering as a sport in the UK is generally dated to the ascent of the

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Climbers climb the route only once, bringing their own supplies; there is no camp-stocking.

1375: 877: 817: 247: 179: 3222: 198:(2,085 m (6,841 ft)) by Antoine de Ville, a French military officer and lord of 8: 5340: 5267: 5167: 5162: 5130: 4649: 4467: 4446: 4349: 4291: 4286: 4245: 4220: 4143: 4049: 3971: 3883: 3624: 2233:

Edelweiß, die Symbolpflanze der Alpen (German: Edelweiss, the symbolic plant of the Alps)

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lines are often used to minimize the danger involved in continually moving between camps.

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involves skiing on mountainous terrain, usually in terrain much more rugged than typical

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are also considered variants of mountaineering by some, but are part of a wide group of

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Scottish Highlands small simple unstaffed shelters without cooking facilities known as

1208: 1169: 1031: 813: 693: 539: 434: 113: 66: 48: 5284: 1753: 5756: 5229: 4977: 4879: 4862: 4804: 4599: 4527: 4502: 4488: 4481: 4296: 4198: 4098: 3878: 3549: 3474: 3416: 3326: 3316: 3295: 3285: 3278: 3261: 3251: 3186: 3176: 3134: 3124: 3096: 3078: 2947: 2939: 2846: 2834: 2815:"Review and Analysis of Mountaineering Accidents in the United States from 1947–2018" 2724: 2642: 2476: 2443: 2297: 2268: 2133: 2126: 2104: 2080: 2052: 1992: 1939: 1918: 1904: 1843: 1552:

Danger of being trapped at high altitude due to storms, potentially being exposed to

1366:) without oxygen, almost always with a carefully planned program of acclimatisation. 1325: 1301: 963: 677: 531: 489: 473: 449: 438: 146: 2959: 2077:

Ramble On: How Hiking Became One of the Most Popular Outdoor Activities in the World

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is climbing more than one significant summit in one outing, usually on the same day.

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Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik (in German).

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disappeared on the final attempt. The summit was finally reached on 29 May 1953 by

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mountaineering and contributed greatly to its popularization with his classic book

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was climbed in 1953 after the British had made several attempts in the 1920s; the

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continue until the climbers either reach the top, or run into different terrain.

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Beedie, P.; Hudson, S. (2003). "Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism".

353:", scientific pursuits were intermixed with the sport, such as by the physicist 5832: 5706: 5686: 5560: 5451: 5435: 5418: 5279: 5205: 5195: 4915: 4726: 4699: 4604: 4574: 4439: 4386: 4329: 4324: 4274: 4215: 4151: 4022: 4005: 3922: 3756: 3721: 3686: 3681: 3636: 3565: 3515: 3503: 3120:

Mountaineering first aid : a guide to accident response and first aid care

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Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers

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Compacted snow conditions allow mountaineers to progress on foot. Frequently

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marked a change of attitudes towards high mountains. In 1757 Swiss scientist

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Fewer supplies are used on the climb, therefore fewer personnel are needed.

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Ascending and descending a steep snow slope safely requires the use of an

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Life and death on Mt. Everest : Sherpas and Himalayan mountaineering

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S., Wilkerson, James A., 1934- Bangs, Cameron, C. Hayward, John (1986).

2979:

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments

1436: 1336:

leaves has been traditionally used to treat altitude sickness symptoms.

530:

Himalayas, and climbed a peak of 23,000 ft (7,000 m). In 1895

232: 5792: 5787: 5676: 5378: 5320: 5315: 5246: 5152: 5120: 5092: 5082: 5064: 5017: 4954: 4225: 4106: 4039: 3900: 3671: 3648: 3486: 2413: 1491: 1466: 1409: 1296: 1192: 1077: 1054: 986: 756: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 661:, completing the last 1,300 meters walking alone, self-medicating with 469: 468:

in South America began when English mountaineer Edward Whymper climbed

350: 309: 259: 141:

Humans have been present in mountains since prehistory. The remains of

98: 3118: 2812: 2744: 1485:

Uses multiple trips between camps to carry supplies up to higher camps

1378:

can occur when the body is unable to lose that heat through the skin.

568:

In 1902 the Eckenstein–Crowley Expedition, led by English mountaineer

5726: 5489: 5190: 5077: 5027: 4548: 4541: 4409: 4404: 4314: 4279: 4193: 4138: 4044: 3988: 3927: 3676: 3396:– official organisation of mountaineering and climbing recognised by 2155:"The Matterhorn: Edward Whymper and the Golden Age of Mountaineering" 1867: 1478: 1417: 1358:

when they climb above 7,000 m. Exceptional mountaineers have climbed

1284: 1232: 1173: 1092: 599: 527: 515: 374: 362: 342: 294: 199: 70: 3223:"Cold Injuries: Practice Essentials, Overview, Systemic Hypothermia" 3170: 2405: 2381: 1985:

Ludovic Seifert; Peter Wolf; Andreas Schweizer (19 September 2016).

731: 5842: 5812: 5782: 5711: 5691: 5586: 5575: 5481: 5182: 5097: 5087: 4624: 4474: 4210: 4173: 4131: 4121: 3439: 1958: 1473:

into mountainous regions. It is still common in ranges such as the

1470: 1096: 1073: 1023: 1018: 955: 954:

of rock to reach the top. Typically, for any one pitch, there is a

662: 588: 377:

also established itself as a symbol of alpinists and mountaineers.

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techniques. This involves the use of equipment, such as ladders,

896: 807: 803: 715: 673: 591:, and improved on the nail patterns used for the climbing boots. 554: 150: 2663:"Recap of the Piolets d'Or 2018 Ceremony in Ladek Zdroj, Poland" 872:; on a club level, the prominent international sport federation 843:

involves traversing ladder-like paths on highly exposed terrain.

301:

became the first woman to climb Mont Blanc, followed in 1838 by

142: 73:. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor 5746: 5731: 5721: 5696: 5525: 4088: 4054: 3022:(USARIEM–TN–04–05). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 1265: 931: 558: 543: 453: 407: 394: 282: 78: 1440:

Fixed lines and ladders are distinguishing characteristics of

4837: 4684: 4156: 4034: 3866: 3054: 2436:

Maurice Isserman; Stewart Angas Weaver; Dee Molenaar (2010).

2382:"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa" 1329: 1241: 1220: 891:

The premier award in mountaineering is the privately granted

643: 514:

The last and greatest mountain range to be conquered was the

465: 457: 217: 213: 4838:

Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes

3013: 2013:"Medieval Sourcebook: Petrarch: The Ascent of Mount Ventoux" 39: 5499: 3408: 3394:

International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA)

3339:"::: The Mountaineers Photograph Album Collection :::" 2875:

Roach, Robert; Stepanek, Jan & Hackett, Peter. (2002).

2634: 1524: 1381:

Problems that can arise from this type of exposure include

1333: 1268:. When climbing mountains, there are two types of hazards, 1157: 1027: 565:, and a good deal of exploration was accomplished by them. 274: 789:

There are different activities associated with the sport.

5373: 3393: 2813:

Emma P. DeLoughery; Thomas G. DeLoughery (14 June 2022).

1968:

of Ötzi at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site

696:. In 1964, the final eight-thousander to be climbed was 681: 577: 518:

in South Asia. They had initially been surveyed by the

464:

and party. In 1879–1880 the exploration of the highest

2916:

Biondich, Amy Sue; Joslin, Jeremy D. (December 2015).

476:

in Africa was climbed in 1889 by Austrian mountaineer

5853: 4780:

Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada

2681: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 4832:

International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

4785:

Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade

3405:– virtual exhibit of British Columbia mountaineering 1691:"Alpinism Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com" 684:(8,611m), the second-highest peak in the world, was 365:, which for decades were the focus of climbers like 327:

One of the most dramatic events was the spectacular

122:

International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

4844:

Union of International Mountain Leader Associations

3311:

Hold the heights: the foundations of mountaineering

1562:

Lower capital expenditures and a shorter time scale

1513:

Higher capital expenditures and a longer time scale

1013:; other climbers are visible further up the slopes. 962:, will reach a point on the rock and then build an 700:(8,013m), the lowest of all the 8,000-metre peaks. 557:peaks (23,300 ft (7,100 m)). A number of 549:In 1899, 1903, 1906, and 1908 American mountaineer 495: 258:made the first of several unsuccessful attempts on 3308: 3277: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2554: 2464: 2420: 2125: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 30:"Mountaineer" redirects here. For other uses, see 2973:Roach, James M. & Schoene, Robert B. (2002). 2918:"Coca: High Altitude Remedy of the Ancient Incas" 2334: 1931: 5889: 4945: 2531:"How Mount Everest became a tourist destination" 2296:] (in Norwegian). Dreyer. pp. 156–157. 1839:Mountaineering Methodology – Part 1 – The Basics 1812:"Mountaineering Tourism: A Critical Perspective" 886:French Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing 522:for military and strategic reasons. In 1892 Sir 228:The Enlightenment and the Golden Age of Alpinism 3007: 2981:. Vol. 2. Borden Institute, Washington, DC 2883:. Vol. 2. Borden Institute, Washington, DC 2775: 2762: 2716: 2044: 1971: 1347:), both of which can be fatal within 24 hours. 1117:"Basecamp" redirects here. For other uses, see 993:to help the climber push themself up the rock. 3242: 2915: 1408:Problems that can arise from the cold include 1084:to pull the fallen climber from the crevasse. 561:sepoys were trained as expert mountaineers by 331:in 1865 by a party led by English illustrator 5602: 4931: 3424: 2870: 2868: 2712: 2710: 2635:Cox, Steven M.; Fulsaas, Kris, eds. (2009) . 2471:. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 2070: 2068: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 1835: 1448:There are two main styles of mountaineering: 1091:or mixed climbing. Specialized tools such as 380: 177:(1,912 m (6,273 ft)) in one of his 3203:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3151:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2806: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1809: 1739: 659:1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition 361:, is considered to be the discoverer of the 2655: 2641:(7th ed.). Seattle: The Mountaineers. 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2152: 1895:. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1431: 1009:Mountaineers proceed across snow fields on 669:used by soldiers during World War II), the 542:took an expedition to the snowy regions of 320:, with the first mountaineering club – the 5609: 5595: 4938: 4924: 4826:International Federation of Sport Climbing 3431: 3417: 3207:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2999:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2966: 2901:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2865: 2707: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2557:"Some Tips for the Apprentice Mountaineer" 2065: 2031: 1988:The Science of Climbing and Mountaineering 1400: 1369: 116:) when climbing mountains. Numerous local 3284:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3090: 3072: 3014:Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004). 2933: 2376: 2370: 2128:Women on High: Pioneers of Mountaineering 1822: 1810:Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y. (1 October 2021). 1769:Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 1760: 902: 772:Learn how and when to remove this message 345:, a plant associated with mountain sports 3306: 2638:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 2366:. No. 92. 15 April 1880. p. 3. 2328: 2287: 2185:"1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering" 1796: 1635:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 1435: 1311: 1183: 1139: 1004: 906: 499: 384: 337: 231: 38: 2922:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2585: 2467:In The Throne Room of the Mountain Gods 2210:A History of Mountaineering in the Alps 1892:Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering 1712: 1619:List of mountaineering equipment brands 1549:is rarely used, or used more sparingly. 854: 598:but two had been climbed starting with 452:(18,008 ft (5,489 m)) on the 273:By the early 19th century, many of the 136: 14: 5890: 3272: 2495: 2462: 2262: 1888: 1766: 1666:World altitude record (mountaineering) 1176:are among the most famous base camps. 880:as its members, while others, such as 5590: 4919: 3412: 3164: 3162: 3112: 3110: 2123: 2079:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. 2074: 1247: 426:were early pioneers. Slingsby's book 5616: 4886: 3250:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2819:High Altitude Medicine & Biology 2017:Internet History Sourcebooks Project 1932:Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022). 1523:(6,600–16,400 ft), such as the 754:adding citations to reliable sources 725: 414:—where British mountaineers such as 4898: 2555:Andrew J. Kauffman (30 June 1948). 2132:. Appalachian Mountain Club Books. 1609:List of deaths on eight-thousanders 1459: 1260:List of deaths on eight-thousanders 312:in 1854 by English mountaineer Sir 24: 3236: 3168: 3159: 3116: 3107: 2745:"The Mountain Bothies Association" 2720:Walking Austria's Alps: Hut to Hut 2573:from the original on 29 March 2020 1671:National Outdoor Leadership School 1316:Climber approaching the summit of 925: 868:-based competition – by the 576:was the first to attempt to scale 25: 5909: 4795:South African Climbing Federation 3376: 1604:List of climbers and mountaineers 1068:For example, when traveling over 582:first expedition to Kangchenjunga 5875: 5863: 4897: 4885: 4874: 4873: 4861: 3767:IFSC World Championships winners 3016:"Altitude Acclimatization Guide" 1057:, or buried equipment or rocks. 810:on glaciers and similar terrain. 730: 676:, and a stimulant tea made from 612:1950 French Annapurna expedition 496:The last frontier: The Himalayas 3398:International Olympic Committee 3215: 3048: 2909: 2749:Mountain Bothies Association UK 2737: 2548: 2523: 2514: 2489: 2456: 2355: 2310: 2281: 2265:Norsk fjellsport gjennom 200 år 2256: 2244: 2226: 2215: 2202: 2177: 2146: 2117: 2093: 2045:Peter H. Hansen (14 May 2013). 1952: 1925: 1882: 1842:. Tomas Kublak – MMPublishing. 1517: 1264:Mountaineers face a variety of 1000: 870:International Olympic Committee 741:needs additional citations for 721: 429:Norway, the Northern Playground 400:Norway, the Northern Playground 126:International Olympic Committee 4765:British Mountaineering Council 2290:Jotunheimen: gjennom historien 1856: 1787: 1733: 1706: 1697: 1683: 1584:Hazards in the Rocky Mountains 393:became known as the father of 329:first ascent of the Matterhorn 13: 1: 3315:. Seattle: The Mountaineers. 2496:Wilkes, Rob (5 August 2015). 2267:. Andresen & Butenschøn. 2103:. National Geographic. 2006. 1836:Thomas Kublak (8 June 2014). 1754:10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00043-4 1727:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003 1677: 1345:high-altitude pulmonary edema 1254:Hazards of outdoor recreation 784: 614:. The highest of these peaks 505: 183:, claiming to be inspired by 4947:Extreme and adventure sports 3438: 2566:. Vol. 4, no. 19. 2294:Jotunheimen: through history 2208:Claire Eliane Engel (1950), 2159:Encyclopædia Britannica BLOG 2153:Kara Rogers (14 July 2010). 2051:. Harvard University Press. 1959:Description of the Discovery 1574:Exploration of the High Alps 1341:high-altitude cerebral edema 1226: 460:border was summitted by the 441:appeared, and later founded 277:were reached, including the 32:Mountaineer (disambiguation) 7: 1938:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 1566: 1545:For the highest mountains, 1497:For the highest mountains, 1307: 349:In the early years of the " 256:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure 10: 5914: 3362:content.lib.washington.edu 3343:content.lib.washington.edu 3246:; Weaver, Stewart (2008). 2723:. The Mountaineers Books. 2335:House, William P. (1939). 2124:Brown, Rebecca A. (2002). 2075:Doran, Jeffrey J. (2023). 1781:10.1016/j.jort.2016.12.001 1742:Annals of Tourism Research 1589:Highest unclimbed mountain 1579:Glossary of climbing terms 1257: 1251: 1152:Typical shelters used for 1135: 1119:Base camp (disambiguation) 1116: 1112: 918: 381:Expansion around the world 131: 29: 27:Sport of mountain climbing 5775: 5624: 5513: 5480: 5444: 5424:Aggressive inline skating 5406: 5366: 5308: 5255: 5181: 5106: 5063: 4953: 4857: 4818: 4755:Appalachian Mountain Club 4725: 4718: 4562: 4512: 4431: 4424: 4307: 4186: 4097: 3857: 3848: 3841: 3739: 3664: 3593: 3558: 3462: 3453: 3446: 3117:D., Carline, Jan (2004). 3074:10.3389/fphys.2021.696335 3040:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2935:10.1016/j.wem.2015.07.006 2798:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2442:. Yale University Press. 2048:The Summits of Modern Man 1901:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6 1324:Rapid ascent can lead to 1231:Where conditions permit, 1191:, a mountain hut in the 876:counts numerous national 653:made the first ascent of 649:Just a few months later, 324:– being founded in 1857. 239:(1840–1911), painting by 4670:Mountain Safety Research 4665:Mountain Equipment Co-op 2717:Jonathan Hurdle (1999). 2386:The Geographical Journal 2362:"Ascent of Chimborazo". 1991:. Taylor & Francis. 1964:13 December 2011 at the 1594:Index of climbing topics 1432:Styles of mountaineering 1274:subjective (human-based) 802:, as well as the use of 708: 665:(based on the stimulant 171:his 26 April 1336 ascent 69:that involves ascending 4800:South Tyrol Alpine Club 4595:Eastern Mountain Sports 4461:Canadian Alpine Journal 4454:American Alpine Journal 3717:Roof and tunnel hacking 3307:Unsworth, Walt (1994). 3061:Frontiers in Physiology 2776:Cymerman, A; Rock, PB. 2378:Mackinder, Halford John 2341:American Alpine Journal 2322:Encyclopædia Britannica 2263:Schage, Pål V. (2008). 1469:and the penetration of 1401:Cold-related conditions 1370:Heat-related conditions 941: 828:4000m peaks of the Alps 657:(8,125 m), on the 642:from the south side in 563:Charles Granville Bruce 5752:Ultralight backpacking 4620:Holubar Mountaineering 4432:Magazines and journals 3762:IFSC World Cup winners 3123:. Mountaineers Books. 2463:Rowell, Galen (1977). 2343:. American Alpine Club 2288:Aasgaard, Jan (2016). 1866:. UIAA. Archived from 1445: 1321: 1195: 1179: 1149: 1014: 912: 911:Antique climbing tools 903:Terrain and techniques 888:, remain independent. 594:By the 1950s, all the 572:and English occultist 534:died while attempting 511: 416:William Cecil Slingsby 403: 391:William Cecil Slingsby 346: 318:Golden Age of Alpinism 268:Michel-Gabriel Paccard 243: 51: 5300:Parachuting/Skydiving 4745:Alpine Club of Canada 4655:Marmot Mountain Works 4610:GERRY Mountain Sports 2831:10.1089/ham.2021.0085 2238:16 April 2021 at the 2189:Vertebrate Publishing 1614:List of first ascents 1439: 1315: 1272:(mountain-based) and 1187: 1143: 1008: 910: 551:Fanny Bullock Workman 524:William Martin Conway 503: 480:and German geologist 388: 341: 303:Henriette d'Angeville 235: 42: 5657:Backpacking (hiking) 5652:Backpacking (travel) 5642:Adventure recreation 5414:Freestyle scootering 5240:Traditional climbing 4775:Club Alpino Italiano 4760:Austrian Alpine Club 4750:American Alpine Club 3383:A Climber's Glossary 3175:. The Mountaineers. 1376:heat-related illness 855:Rules and governance 818:cross-country skiing 750:improve this article 686:first scaled in 1954 389:British mountaineer 373:. At that time, the 248:Age of Enlightenment 180:epistolae familiares 137:Early mountaineering 89:in their own right. 5637:Adjectival tourisms 5341:Powered paragliding 5168:Whitewater kayaking 5163:Whitewater canoeing 4770:Club Alpin Français 4144:Mountaineering boot 3757:Piolet d'Or winners 3403:Climbing the clouds 2695:. 24 September 1989 2398:1900GeogJ..15..453M 2339:. Feature Article. 2324:. 21 November 2023. 1889:Apollo, M. (2021). 1547:supplemental oxygen 1501:is frequently used. 1499:supplemental oxygen 1209:sleeping bag liners 478:Ludwig Purtscheller 462:Duke of the Abruzzi 437:, Eilert Sundt and 222:Volcan Llullaillaco 185:Philip V of Macedon 145:, who lived in the 43:Climbers ascending 5632:Accessible tourism 5472:Ski mountaineering 5235:Free solo climbing 5173:Whitewater rafting 4790:German Alpine Club 3229:. 16 October 2021. 1715:Tourism Management 1661:Snow Leopard award 1646:Ski mountaineering 1446: 1322: 1248:Safety and hazards 1196: 1170:Everest base camps 1150: 1032:ski mountaineering 1015: 913: 814:Ski mountaineering 694:Achille Compagnoni 636:Sir Edmund Hillary 540:Douglas Freshfield 512: 404: 347: 297:in 1813. In 1808, 244: 149:, were found in a 67:outdoor activities 52: 49:Little Tahoma Peak 5851: 5850: 5757:Urban exploration 5584: 5583: 5230:Big wall climbing 4978:Kite landboarding 4913: 4912: 4853: 4852: 4805:Swiss Alpine Club 4558: 4557: 4513:Non-fiction films 4489:Planinski Vestnik 4482:Himalayan Journal 4420: 4419: 4182: 4181: 3811:Historical events 3782:Eight-thousanders 3735: 3734: 3589: 3588: 3322:978-0-89886-379-6 3291:978-0-691-00689-5 3274:Ortner, Sherry B. 3257:978-0-300-16420-6 3244:Isserman, Maurice 2730:978-0-89886-640-7 2648:978-0-89886-828-9 2482:978-0-87156-184-8 2449:978-0-300-16420-6 2274:978-82-7981-052-0 2058:978-0-674-07452-1 2019:. 26 January 1996 1998:978-1-317-40315-9 1910:978-3-030-72666-9 1864:"UIAA Activities" 1849:978-80-87715-12-3 1332:, the chewing of 1326:altitude sickness 782: 781: 774: 596:eight-thousanders 532:Albert F. Mummery 490:Halford Mackinder 474:Mount Kilimanjaro 450:Mount Saint Elias 439:Kristian Tandberg 293:in 1812, and the 147:4th millennium BC 85:that have become 81:, and traversing 59:mountain climbing 16:(Redirected from 5905: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5767:Wildlife tourism 5762:Volunteer travel 5672:Cultural tourism 5618:Adventure travel 5611: 5604: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5521:Adventure racing 5495:Extreme sledding 5462:Freestyle skiing 5273:Ski-BASE jumping 5146:Technical diving 4993:Mountainboarding 4940: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4901: 4900: 4889: 4888: 4877: 4876: 4865: 4723: 4722: 4675:Outdoor Research 4429: 4428: 3855: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3816:Grade milestones 3625:Expedition style 3460: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3314: 3303: 3283: 3269: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3194: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3142: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3076: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2937: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2849:. 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5551:Obstacle racing 5536:Extreme ironing 5509: 5476: 5440: 5402: 5391:Mountain biking 5362: 5358:Wingsuit flying 5304: 5251: 5218:Alpine climbing 5177: 5102: 5059: 4949: 4944: 4914: 4909: 4849: 4814: 4714: 4580:Cascade Designs 4554: 4508: 4416: 4303: 4178: 4112:Abalakov thread 4093: 3837: 3731: 3660: 3585: 3554: 3538:Deep-water solo 3442: 3437: 3379: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3323: 3292: 3258: 3239: 3237:Further reading 3234: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3196: 3195: 3183: 3167: 3160: 3144: 3143: 3131: 3115: 3108: 3053: 3049: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3012: 3008: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2971: 2967: 2914: 2910: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2884: 2873: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2853:on 11 July 2022 2811: 2807: 2791: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2774: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2715: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2535:Washington Post 2529: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2434: 2421: 2406:10.2307/1774261 2375: 2371: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2333: 2329: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2240:Wayback Machine 2231: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2165:on 18 July 2014 2151: 2147: 2140: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2073: 2066: 2059: 2043: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1983: 1972: 1966:Wayback Machine 1957: 1953: 1946: 1930: 1926: 1911: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1834: 1823: 1808: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1765: 1761: 1738: 1734: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1629:Mountain rescue 1569: 1529:Rocky Mountains 1520: 1462: 1434: 1403: 1387:heat exhaustion 1372: 1320:at 8,163 metres 1310: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1229: 1182: 1144:Winter campers 1138: 1122: 1115: 1082:crevasse rescue 1053:devices called 1003: 944: 928: 926:Walk-up terrain 923: 905: 857: 787: 778: 767: 761: 758: 747: 735: 724: 711: 667:methamphetamine 624:1924 expedition 620:1922 expedition 508: 498: 443:Norsk Tindeklub 383: 230: 139: 134: 124:(UIAA), is the 103:mountain sports 91:Indoor climbing 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5898:Mountaineering 5885: 5884: 5872: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5833:River trekking 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5808:Mountaineering 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Jungle tourism 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5687:Freighthopping 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5531:Cheese rolling 5528: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5452:Extreme skiing 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5436:Roller skating 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5419:Inline skating 5416: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5280:Bungee jumping 5277: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5213:Mountaineering 5210: 5209: 5208: 5206:Mixed climbing 5198: 5196:Crane climbing 5193: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4700:The North Face 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4630:Sierra Designs 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4605:Frostline Kits 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4496:Rock & Ice 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4440:Alpine Journal 4435: 4433: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4330:Climbing route 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4275:Simul-climbing 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4216:Front pointing 4213: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4152:Avalanche cord 4146: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4124: 4119: 4117:Bottled oxygen 4114: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3772:IFSC victories 3769: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3599: 3597: 3595:Mountaineering 3591: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3457: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3377:External links 3375: 3374: 3373: 3354: 3335: 3321: 3304: 3290: 3270: 3256: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3214: 3181: 3158: 3129: 3106: 3047: 3006: 2965: 2928:(4): 567–571. 2908: 2864: 2825:(2): 114–118. 2805: 2761: 2736: 2729: 2706: 2680: 2654: 2647: 2584: 2547: 2522: 2513: 2488: 2481: 2455: 2448: 2419: 2392:(5): 453–476. 2369: 2364:The Cornishman 2354: 2327: 2309: 2302: 2280: 2273: 2255: 2243: 2225: 2214: 2212:, chapter VII. 2201: 2176: 2145: 2138: 2116: 2109: 2101:The Ice Maiden 2092: 2086:979-8373963923 2085: 2064: 2057: 2030: 2004: 1997: 1970: 1951: 1944: 1924: 1909: 1881: 1870:on 11 May 2011 1855: 1848: 1821: 1795: 1786: 1759: 1748:(3): 625–643. 1732: 1721:(1): 113–123. 1705: 1696: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1550: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1461: 1458: 1444:mountaineering 1433: 1430: 1422:immersion foot 1402: 1399: 1371: 1368: 1356:bottled oxygen 1309: 1306: 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1228: 1225: 1181: 1178: 1137: 1134: 1114: 1111: 1102:simul-climbing 1002: 999: 943: 940: 927: 924: 904: 901: 856: 853: 852: 851: 844: 837: 831: 821: 811: 786: 783: 780: 779: 738: 736: 729: 723: 720: 710: 707: 690:Lino Lacedelli 640:Tenzing Norgay 628:George Mallory 608:Louis Lachenal 604:Maurice Herzog 520:British Empire 504:Mountaineers, 497: 494: 420:Harold Raeburn 410:—particularly 382: 379: 333:Edward Whymper 291:Finsteraarhorn 264:Jacques Balmat 237:Edward Whymper 229: 226: 207:Conrad Gessner 138: 135: 133: 130: 95:sport climbing 55:Mountaineering 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5910: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Ultramarathon 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5384:Freestyle BMX 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:Cliff jumping 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5225:Rock climbing 5223: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5043:River surfing 5041: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Street luging 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008:Skateboarding 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998:Riverboarding 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:Bellyboarding 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4906: 4905: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819:International 4817: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4719:Organizations 4717: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Early Winters 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4570:Black Diamond 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4535:The Dawn Wall 4532: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395:Bachar ladder 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4345:Climbing wall 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4320:Approach shoe 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3940:Climbing rope 3938: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821:First ascents 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3455:Rock climbing 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3182:0-89886-024-5 3178: 3174: 3173: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3130:0-89886-878-5 3126: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2795: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2711: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2459: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2430: 2428: 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1625: 1624:Mountain film 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1599:Lead climbing 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1416:, frost nip, 1415: 1411: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1302:personal bias 1298: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1201:mountain huts 1194: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1162:bivouac sacks 1159: 1155: 1147: 1142: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1110: 1107: 1106:running belay 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 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