Mount Edziza - Knowledge

1334:(0.62-mile), rubble-covered trachyte flow are present on the eastern flank of Ice Peak in Sorcery Valley and in the south fork of Tennaya Valley where it is divided into two tributary branches. In Kakiddi Valley, the lava flow appears to have spread out to form a once continuous, terminal lobe at least 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) wide; remnants of this terminal lobe are present in the form of isolated outcrops adjacent to Kakiddi Lake and Nuttlude Lake. The source of this Kakiddi flow remains unknown but the tributary branch that descended Tennaya Valley probably originated from a vent near the summit of Ice Peak that is now covered by glaciers. Another plausible source is Nanook Dome on the southeastern crater rim of Mount Edziza. A relatively small trachyte flow decended from a vent on the western flank of Ice Peak and spread onto the Big Raven Plateau. Potassium–argon dating of the Kakiddi Formation has yielded ages of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years, 0.30 ± 0.02 million years, 0.29 ± 0.02 million years and 0.28 ± 0.02 million years. 1169: 1325:

represented by at least four cooling units, the lower two of which are about 30 metres (98 feet) thick. The two upper cooling units reach thicknesses of about 90 metres (300 feet) and may have originated from Nanook Dome, the largest of three lava domes consisting of Edziza Formation trachyte. Nanook Dome is about 750 metres (2,460 feet) in diameter whose structure appears to be nearly identical to its original form. The other two Edziza Formation trachyte domes, Glacier Dome and Triangle Dome, are elliptical in structure and contain concentric flow layering. Potassium–argon dating of the Edziza Formation has yielded an age of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years.

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rhyolites and trachytes. The Pyramid is a prominent trachyte dome whose structure has not been greatly modified by erosion, nor has it been buried under younger lavas. In contrast, much of the southern edge of Sphinx Dome has been destroyed by headward erosion of Cook Creek; the western half of this rhyolite dome is also buried under trachyte of the Edziza Formation. From Cartoona Ridge north to Tennaya Creek are isolated remnants of Pharaoh Dome, the main mass of which comprises flow-layered rhyolite and is buried under basalt of the Ice Peak Formation. A basaltic lava flow sequence up to 65 metres (213 feet) thick overlies the basal trachytic

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and pyroclastic rocks forming the high, central edifice of Ice Peak. It consists of basalt, trachyte and a variety of intermediate rocks such as tristanite, trachybasalt, benmoreite and mugearite. The Ice Peak Formation also includes the Koosick and Ornostay bluffs, both of which are thick lobes of trachyte that originated under the summit ice cap. Both bluffs are similar in

7360: 1714:. In doing so, the recreation area was greatly reduced in size to around 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). This small remnant of the recreation area lied east of Mount Edziza until 2003 when it was disestablished. Mount Edziza Provincial Park now covers an area of 266,180 hectares (657,700 acres), making it one of the largest provincial parks in British Columbia. 1774:

River Trail traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) and then crosses the river north of the MEVC. From there, the Klastline River Trail traverses west for about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Buckley Lake Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route.

1352:. All of these features consist of alkali basalt and hawaiite with the exception of the Sheep Track Member which comprises a small volume of trachyte pumice. Some of the lava flows comprising the Desolation Lava Field issued from vents adjacent to the northern trim line of the summit ice cap where meltwater interacted with the erupting lava to form 1758:, the Buckley Lake Trail extends about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) southeast along Mess Creek and Three Mile Lake. It then traverses about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) northeast along Dagaichess Creek and Stinking Lake to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Klastline River Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. 1302:. Its upper surface is sparsely covered by trachyte of the Edziza Formation while the western edge of the ridge overlaps with a large flow of Edziza trachyte. Tsekone Ridge is an isolated volcanic pile adjacent to the western of Pillow Ridge. It consists of basaltic pillow lava and tuff breccia that has been cut by vertical north-trending 1592:

Mount Edziza continues to be an important cultural resource for the Tahltan people. In 2021, Chad Norman Day, president of the Tahltan Central Government, said "Mount Edziza and the surrounding area has always been sacred to the Tahltan Nation. The obsidian from this portion of our territory provided

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distinct. The lower stratigraphic unit, which forms much of the volcanic pile, is an assemblage of mostly thin basalt flows. Lavas of intermediate composition such as tristanite, trachybasalt and mugearite are very limited in extent. The upper stratigraphic unit is a highly varied succession of lavas

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formations were formed by two periods of volcanic activity 0.9 million years ago, both of which overlie the Ice Peak Formation. A period of volcanic activity 0.3 million years ago deposited the Kakiddi Formation which also truncates the Ice Peak Formation. The youngest geological formation comprising

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has moderately eroded the upper flanks and summit crater rim elsewhere. Lesser modification by erosion has taken place on the southern and northwestern flanks of this stratovolcano. Along the north side of Tenchen Valley on the eastern flank of the stratovolcano are 850-metre-high (2,790-foot) cliffs

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Mount Edziza has an elevation of 2,786 metres (9,140 feet), making it the highest volcano of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. Its nearly flat summit contains a circular ridge that surrounds an ice-filled, 2-kilometre (1.2-mile) in diameter crater. The ridge is partially exposed above the ice cap as

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Mount Edziza is obscured by a 15-kilometre-long (9.3-mile) and 9-kilometre-wide (5.6-mile) ice cap that covers an area of 70 square kilometres (27 square miles). Several small outlet glaciers extending down to altitudes of 1,700 to 2,000 metres (5,600 to 6,600 feet) drain the ice cap; outlet glaciers

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and the central trachyte stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, respectively. Thick trachyte flows were issued during the fifth stage 0.3 million years ago, most of which have since eroded away. The sixth stage began in the last 20,000 years with the eruption of cinder cones, basalt flows and minor trachyte.

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on the Stewart–Cassiar Highway. It extends northwest and west along the Klastline River for much its length. The trail enters Mount Edziza Provincial Park at about 25 kilometres (16 miles) where Kakiddi Creek drains into the Klastline River. After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, the Klastline

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on September 24, 1945, as identified on the 1926 Geological Survey of Canada map sheet 309A. The name Edziza Mountain appeared in the 1930 BC Gazetteer in which it was mistakenly spelled Edzia. On December 3, 1974, the form of name was changed from Edziza Peak to Mount Edziza in accordance to a 1927

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that originated from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak. It was deposited on all lava flows and cinder cones in the Snowshoe Lava Field with the exception of The Saucer which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The source of the Sheep Track pumice is unknown but it probably originated from a

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from Tsekone Ridge onwards. The distance between Buckley Lake and Mowdade Lake is about 70 kilometres (43 miles) but the hiking length between these two lakes varies depending on the route taken; it can take a minimum of 7 days to hike the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. The weather can change

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while they were crossing the mountain. Edzerza was buried on Mount Edziza but his surname was erroneously spelled "Edzertza" on his grave marker. Williams Cone on the northeastern side of Mount Edziza was named in honour of Hank Williams. Eve Cone between Mount Edziza and Buckley Lake was named in

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throughout Canada, but it is too far away to provide an accurate indication of activity under the mountain. It may sense an increase in seismic activity if Mount Edziza becomes highly restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption; the system might detect activity only once the

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The Pyramid Formation is exposed along the deeply eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza where rhyolite and trachyte flows, domes and pyroclastic rocks of this formation comprise ridges and prominent cliffs. It includes Sphinx Dome, Pharaoh Dome and The Pyramid which were the main sources of the

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The Edziza Formation incorporates the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, as well as several satellitic features on its summit and flanks. Inside the summit crater of the stratovolcano is a succession of at least four lava lakes that are exposed in the breached eastern crater rim. They are

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The Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route traverses south from Buckley Lake along Buckley Creek and gradually climbs onto the Big Raven Plateau where Eve Cone, Sidas Cone and Tsekone Ridge are visible along the route. Most of the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route is marked by a series of rock

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The Kakiddi Formation consists of the remains of thick trachyte flows and associated pyroclastic rocks. They are lithologically and geomorphologically similar to Edziza Formation trachytes but occur south of the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza. The remains of a nearly 1-kilometre-wide

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on Sorcery Ridge, is also part of the Ice Peak Formation. Potassium–argon dating of the Ice Peak Formation has yielded ages of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years, 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years. These dates being older than those of the Pyramid Formation may be due to excess

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on the Hawk vein. Further geochemical and geological surveying was performed by Moongold Resources from 1987 to 1989. Mineral exploration conducted by Columbia Gold Mines from 1990 to 1992 consisted of rock sampling, trenching and 7,066 metres (23,182 feet) of drilling in 50 holes.

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are rounded, mostly soil-covered, conical mounds that reach elevations of 1,783 metres (5,850 feet) and 2,135 metres (7,005 feet), respectively. North of Storm Cone are the Triplex Cones, a group of three eroded circular mounds reaching an elevation of 1,785 metres (5,856 feet).

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is a westward-flowing stream originating from the western flank of Mount Edziza. It is a tributary of Taweh Creek which flows northwest from just south of Mount Edziza. Elwyn Creek and Taweh Creek are tributaries of Mess Creek which flows northwestward into the Stikine River.

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are exposed inside the crater. Formation of the summit crater was likely caused by a violent, climactic eruption at the zenith of the volcano's growth. Prior to its formation, the summit of Mount Edziza was at least 610 metres (2,000 feet) higher than it is today.

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Mount Edziza lies within the traditional territory of the Tahltan people which covers an area of more than 93,500 square kilometres (36,100 square miles). Historically, Mount Edziza and other volcanoes of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex were sources of

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if an explosive eruption were to happen at the volcano. Ash columns can drift for thousands of kilometres downwind and often become increasingly spread out over a larger area with increasing distance from an erupting vent. Mount Edziza lies under a major

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such as trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite and benmoreite are restricted to Ice Peak where they form the upper part of this subsidiary peak. Ice Peak is the only location where mugearites and benmoreites are found in the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.

1494:, Yukon, suggesting that the volcano poses a potential threat to air traffic. Volcanic ash reduces visibility and can cause jet engine failure, as well as damage to other aircraft systems. Lava flows are also a potential hazard as they have formerly 1691:

and carried out 3,232 metres (10,604 feet) of drilling in 28 holes during this time period. Additional work on the Spectrum property by Newhawk Mines during this time period included the construction of an access road and 313 metres (1,027 feet) of

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deposits. Although Mount Edziza is surrounded by relatively flat terrain of the Big Raven Plateau to the north, west and south, the terrain east of the volcano is characterized by a series of ridges with intervening valleys. Among these ridges are

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are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. The cause of volcanic activity in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to

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local streams. Another potential hazard at Mount Edziza is the ignition of wildfires by eruptions as the surrounding area has vegetation. An eruption under the ice cap would possibly produce floods or lahars that could flow into the Stikine or

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outside of Tahltan territory. The Ice Peak Formation contains two obsidian flows on Sorcery Ridge that were also exploited as an obsidian source. Sorcery Ridge obsidian occurs in at least two archaeological sites outside of Tahltan territory.

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which formed during a period of volcanic activity 1.1 million years ago. Another period of volcanic activity about one million years ago deposited the Ice Peak Formation on the southern part of the Pyramid Formation. The Pillow Ridge and

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The central edifice of Mount Edziza is a nearly symmetrical stratovolcano, its symmetry having been broken by several steep-sided lava domes. Its eastern flank has been eroded by a narrow cirque which is bounded by near-vertical

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The Pillow Ridge Formation is restricted to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge, both of which are on Mount Edziza's northwestern flank. Pillow Ridge is a nearly 4-kilometre-long (2.5-mile), northwesterly-trending ridge of basaltic

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after Skeena Resources returned their mineral tenures on the Spectrum property. The name of this conservation area was changed to the Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy in 2022 to better reflect the culture, history and tradition of the

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trachyte. They comprise well-formed, small diameter rock columns that rise nearly vertically for more than 90 metres (300 feet) above the ice cap. Nunataks elsewhere on the summit ridge are more subdued, consisting of

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from the southern flank of Mount Edziza. Tennaya Creek flows northeastward from the eastern side of Mount Edziza into Nuttlude Lake. All five streams are tributaries of Kakiddi Creek, a north-flowing tributary of the

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Mount Edziza as seen from the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau. Cocoa and Coffee craters are at left and right centre, respectively. Ice Peak is at upper right centre while Mount Edziza itself is at upper

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surrounding the 132,000-hectare (330,000-acre) park was also established in 1972. In 1989, Mount Edziza Provincial Park roughly doubled in size when 96,770 hectares (239,100 acres) was annexed from the

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Geochemical and geological surveys were conducted on the Spectrum property by Consolidated Silver Ridge Mines and Newhawk Mines between 1976 and 1981. Consolidated Silver Ridge Mines also built an

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which was established in 1972. Ice Peak was officially named on January 2, 1980, to retain Mount Edziza's Tahltan name, Ice Mountain, which translates to Tenh Dẕetle in the Tahltan language.

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and other metals were discovered. This mineral exploration was conducted by several mineral exploration companies into the early 1990s. Mount Edziza and the surrounding area was made into a

1306:. The ridge is elliptical in structure, containing a nearly 2-kilometre-long (1.2-mile), north–south trending axis. Trachyte flows of the Edziza Formation nearly surround Tsekone Ridge. 1576:

Two obsidian flows of the Pyramid Formation occur on The Pyramid. They are exposed as two outcrops and were quarried as evidenced by the occurrence of Pyramid obsidian in at least five

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volcanic rocks such as trachyte and rhyolite form the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, the upper part of Ice Peak and several lava domes and flows, as well as pyroclastic rocks.

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is a 210-metre-high (690-foot) barrier of volcanic rocks on the eastern side of Mount Edziza. It lies at an elevation of 1,800 metres (5,900 feet) in the north fork of Tenchen Creek.

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on the western side of the ice cap spread in broad lobes onto the Big Raven Plateau while distributary glaciers on the eastern side drape down steep slopes to form discontinuous

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published in 1950 and three British Columbia maps published in 1931, 1933 and 1943. The form of name was also changed to reflect entrenched local usage and in conformation with

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Spooner, I. S.; Osborn, G. D.; Barendregt, R. W.; Irving, E. (1995). "A record of Early Pleistocene glaciation on the Mount Edziza Plateau, northwestern British Columbia".

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The Ice Peak Formation consists of lava and pyroclastic rocks that originated mainly from Ice Peak about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) south of the summit of Mount Edziza. Two

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Edwards, Benjamin R.; Russell, James K. (2000). "Distribution, nature, and origin of Neogene–Quaternary magmatism in the northern Cordilleran volcanic province, Canada".

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Mount Edziza is subdivided into at least six geological formations, each the product of a distinct stage of volcanic activity. The oldest geological formation is the

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Mount Edziza lies in a remote location that is only accessible during summer and early autumn. There is no established road access to the volcano, although the

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is a symmetrical volcanic cone high on the west side of Ice Peak. It has an elevation of 2,350 metres (7,710 feet) and is almost completely surrounded by ice.

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on the eastern and western flanks of Mount Edziza. Much of the Tenchen Member as well as the southern edge of the Ice Peak volcanic pile are underlain by the

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was created to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would respond to an erupting volcano in Canada, an eruption close to the

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was established east of Mount Edziza along the eastern border of Mount Edziza Provincial Park. It was established in collaboration with Skeena Resources,

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for the Tahltan people. This volcanic glass was used in the manufacturing of projectile points and cutting blades which were widely traded throughout the

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of the Pyramid Formation has yielded ages of 1.2 ± 0.4 million years, 1.20 ± 0.03 million years, 0.94 ± 0.12 million years and 0.94 ± 0.05 million years.

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has an elevation of nearly 2,135 metres (7,005 feet) and has been nearly destroyed by alpine glaciation. The northeastern side of Mount Edziza contains

924:, 2,380 metres (7,810 feet) in elevation, is a partially buried lava dome on the northeastern flank of Mount Edziza. Remnants of a volcanic pile called 1705:

Mount Edziza and the surrounding area was designated as a provincial park in 1972 to showcase the volcanic landscape. A 101,171-hectare (250,000-acre)

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deposit of the Pyramid Formation; it is included as a part of this formation due to it being coeval with the early stages of Pyramid felsic volcanism.

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to the east and the Telegraph Creek Road to the northwest both extend within 40 kilometres (25 miles) of Mount Edziza. Extending from these roads are

1672:. This was followed by drilling of the Hawk vein by Shawnigan Mining and Smelting in 1967. Exploration by Mitsui Mining and Smelting in 1970 involved 1184:

on the flanks of the volcano. Basalt at Mount Edziza is in the form of alkali basalt and hawaiite; the latter is thought to be the product of partial

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Hazards associated with alkaline glaciovolcanism at Hoodoo Mountain and Mt. Edziza, western Canada: comparisons to the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption

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which consists of several upland summits as well as wide river valleys and deeply incised plateaus. It is one of seven ecosections comprising the

158: 1104:, a broad area of shield volcanoes, lava domes, cinder cones and stratovolcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through 70: 5747: 4849: 3582: 2783: 1839: 1668:. Mineral exploration on the Spectrum property began in at least 1957 when Torbit Silver Mines performed surface work on the gold-bearing Hawk 928:

occur along the eastern flank of Mount Edziza. They lie at an elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 feet) between Tennaya Creek and Cartoona Ridge.

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Mount Edziza can also be accessed by float plane or helicopter, both of which are available for charter at the communities of Iskut and

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The volcano was labelled Edziza Peak on Geological Survey of Canada maps as early as 1926. This name for the volcano was adopted by the

4244: 4043:; Harakal, J. (1984). "Chronology of the peralkaline, late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, northern British Columbia, Canada". 588:'s Anthropology Department, "sand" or "dust" is instead translated as "kutlves" in the Tahltan language. An explanation listed in the 7299: 7219: 2194: 757:

at the southern end of the ice cap is the largest outlet glacier. At the head of Tennaya Creek on the eastern side of the ice cap is

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The Big Raven Formation includes the Desolation Lava Field, the Snowshoe Lava Field, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Cinder Cliff and the

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and composition, Koosick Bluff being larger than Ornostay Bluff. The Neck, which forms a prominent 215-metre-high (705-foot)

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of Edzerza, the name of a local Tahltan family. Alternative spellings of Edziza include Eddziza, Eddiza, Edidza and Etseza.

7407: 5716: 4475: 2115: 1228: 1206: 1185: 513:, a subsidiary peak on the southern flank of the volcano. The third and fourth stages 0.9 million years ago created basalt 4437: 2067: 7319: 7289: 2320: 198: 4404: 4309: 7149: 6108: 5618: 3842: 3815: 2622: 1602: 1051:

is a westward-flowing stream originating from the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza. It contains one named tributary,

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northwest of Mount Edziza has an elevation of 1,920 metres (6,300 feet). High on the western side of Mount Edziza is

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A number of explanations have been made regarding the origin of the name Edziza. A 1927 report by J. Davidson of the

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age, having yielded ages of 6520 BCE ± 200 years, 750 BCE ± 100 years, 610 CE ± 150 years and 950 CE ± 6000 years.

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is 1,920 metres (6,300 feet) in elevation and has a diameter of about 0.5 square kilometres (0.19 square miles).

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is the largest cone in the Snowshoe Lava Field and is 2,117 metres (6,946 feet) in elevation. To the southeast is

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volcano has started erupting. If Mount Edziza were to erupt, mechanisms exist to orchestrate relief efforts. The

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us with weaponry, tools and trading goods that ensured our Tahltan people could thrive for thousands of years."

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Field, William O. (1975). "Coast Mountains: Boundary Ranges (Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon Territory)".

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comendite, trachyte and alkali basalt. Most of Mount Edziza is also underlain by Miocene basalt flows of the

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Just southeast of Mount Edziza was the Spectrum or Red Dog property, a block of mineral claims that covered

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brochure is that Edziza means "cinders" in the Tahltan language. Another explanation proposed by Canadian

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cinder cones as the progressing eruptions displaced ice and meltwater. The Snowshoe Lava Field contains

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of the Pillow Ridge Formation has yielded ages of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years and 0.8 ± 0.25 million years.

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on its southern flank called Ice Peak. It reaches an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,200 feet) and is the

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To the east, the roughly 50-kilometre-long (31-mile) Klastline River Trail begins at the community of

963:, 1,980 metres (6,500 feet) in elevation, lies just south of Coffee Crater on the south side of upper 774:. Spires forming the southern end of the ridge are the highest and consist of greenish grey, sparsely 7269: 7254: 7174: 6645: 1145: 4540:"Tahltan land to be protected in partnership with conservation organizations, industry and Province" 4506:

Reiner, Rudy (2015). "Reassessing the role of Mount Edziza obsidian in northwestern North America".

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debris that has been glacially reworked. The eastern side of the ridge has been breached by active

636:. It lies at the northern end of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex which also includes the smaller 600: 5005: 4158: 679:

of northwestern British Columbia encompassing high plateaus and rugged mountains with intervening

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on the west flank of lce Peak contains at least 12 volcanic cones, a handful of which are named.

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which consists of two symmetrical halves and reaches an elevation of 1,540 metres (5,050 feet).

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reaches an elevation of 2,225 metres (7,300 feet) on Mount Edziza's lower northeastern flank.

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are adjacent to the western flank of Ice Peak. The northeastern side of Mount Edziza contains

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In or before 1974, two Tahltan men named Johnny Edzerza and Hank Williams were killed in an

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and geochemical surveying, as well as 463 metres (1,519 feet) of drilling in four holes.

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on the northern side of Mount Edziza has an elevation of 2,400 metres (7,900 feet) while

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remains of an older stratovolcano. High on the eastern rim of Ice Peak are two glaciated

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plateau in Cassiar Land District bounded on the west by Mess Valley, on the north by

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Mount Edziza is drained on all sides by streams within the Stikine River watershed.

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is a northeast-flowing stream originating from the northern flank of Mount Edziza.

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Four glaciers of the ice cap are named, all of which have names of Tahltan origin.

573: 404: 396: 341: 239: 203: 130: 1761: 889: 734:. The Mount Edziza ice cap is the only one worthy of note on the Stikine Plateau. 7136: 7001: 6951: 6936: 6785: 6780: 6720: 6700: 6670: 6630: 6600: 6595: 6530: 6510: 6505: 6340: 6103: 6073: 6058: 5920: 5820: 5553: 5525: 5515: 5261: 4525: 2414: 2413:

Denton, George H. (1975). "Glaciers of the Interior Ranges of British Columbia".

2386: 1946: 1755: 1706: 1626: 1554: 1446: 1149: 1084: 982:

contains at least 10 cinder cones, most of which are clustered near the northern

843: 758: 750: 661: 621: 553: 424: 408: 246: 5046: 3448: 2123: 1860:

are magmatic rocks that have a higher ratio of sodium and potassium to aluminum.

1365: 6991: 6921: 6916: 6906: 6876: 6866: 6745: 6735: 6710: 6705: 6640: 6605: 6570: 6560: 6495: 6490: 6470: 6445: 6389: 6335: 6279: 6259: 6249: 6231: 6206: 6068: 5895: 5890: 5860: 5711: 5638: 5543: 5520: 5492: 5469: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5284: 5269: 5153: 5148: 5023: 4449: 4342: 2081: 1669: 1431:

east and west of the volcano. These geological formations are underlain by the

1412: 1401: 1389: 1356:. These tuff rings composed of quenched breccia later transitioned into normal 1299: 1255: 1019:

and Mount Edziza. The northernmost cinder cone in the Desolation Lava Field is

863: 839: 754: 645: 533: 463: 232: 220: 7391: 7376: 7121: 7116: 7086: 7076: 7071: 6871: 6846: 6826: 6755: 6725: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6635: 6580: 6575: 6565: 6525: 6520: 6500: 6465: 6440: 6360: 6327: 6239: 6221: 6181: 6163: 6148: 6053: 6048: 6015: 5980: 5930: 5870: 5830: 5668: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5633: 5558: 5510: 5487: 5456: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5388: 5332: 5251: 5246: 5218: 5203: 5118: 4943: 4416: 4321: 4070: 3875: 3607: 3475: 2316: 1653: 1260: 1219:

which was formed by a period of volcanic activity in the last 20,000 years.

1181: 1157: 1113: 1071: 1036: 1008: 956: 937: 906: 879: 875: 859: 847: 827: 823: 746: 742: 738: 688: 684: 641: 629: 625: 593: 470: 460: 456: 388: 273: 85: 72: 1272:

in rocks of the Ice Peak Formation and are therefore considered unreliable.

1264: 447:

stretching out to lower altitudes. All sides of the mountain are drained by

7106: 7066: 7061: 7051: 7046: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6946: 6931: 6896: 6891: 6841: 6821: 6740: 6715: 6665: 6655: 6610: 6555: 6545: 6450: 6264: 6201: 6186: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6118: 6098: 6063: 6043: 5915: 5900: 5865: 5825: 5815: 5788: 5663: 5628: 5623: 5583: 5578: 5563: 5464: 5426: 5317: 5302: 5241: 5236: 5168: 5158: 5133: 5113: 5108: 4954:(1992). The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia. 4951: 4036: 3577: 2610: 2606: 1677: 1646: 1079: 1075: 1063: 1056: 1052: 1004: 952: 948: 929: 925: 916:

A circular lava dome on the southeastern crater rim of Mount Edziza called

902: 883: 871: 851: 710: 707: 692: 596: 577: 498: 289: 3638: 721: 713:

covers the upper slopes but barren rock is abundant at higher elevations.

7041: 7031: 7016: 6996: 6961: 6941: 6881: 6790: 6775: 6765: 6730: 6695: 6615: 6540: 6515: 6460: 6244: 6211: 6196: 5955: 5797: 5648: 5603: 5588: 5573: 5568: 5416: 5327: 5312: 5188: 5093: 5085: 5035: 1751: 1500: 1364:

and subaerial cones, as well as transitional cones which consist of both

1303: 1291: 1121: 1048: 1040: 964: 921: 917: 819: 775: 448: 432: 1896:

is the process by which magma cools and separates into various minerals.

1280: 1015:, 1,740 metres (5,710 feet) in elevation, is a symmetrical cone between 800:

that breach the eastern summit crater rim. A system of radial meltwater

37: 7096: 7081: 7036: 7021: 7011: 7006: 6986: 6956: 6861: 6811: 6770: 6620: 6455: 6435: 6191: 6158: 6123: 5985: 5970: 5960: 5945: 5940: 5925: 5910: 5850: 5805: 5608: 5598: 5446: 5342: 5307: 5193: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5128: 5098: 2308: 1787: 1508: 1504: 1491: 1478: 1428: 1067: 1020: 991: 987: 972: 855: 552:

in the early 1970s to showcase the volcanic landscape. The volcano and

502: 494: 452: 436: 301: 293: 1400:

the aforementioned geological formations is the Tenchen Member of the

616:

Mount Edziza rises from within the middle of the Big Raven Plateau, a

528:

have lived adjacent to Mount Edziza for thousands of years. The local

7126: 7111: 7101: 6911: 6901: 6585: 6269: 6173: 5990: 5965: 5885: 5880: 5737: 5294: 5208: 5198: 5143: 5138: 4346: 4220: 3918: 1877: 1585: 1487: 1483: 1439: 1357: 1353: 1136: 1132: 1031: 996: 983: 960: 870:, a pyramid-shaped lava dome 2,199 metres (7,215 feet) in elevation. 788: 676: 540:

just southeast of Mount Edziza commenced in at least the 1950s where

519: 506: 428: 415:

has an elevation of 2,786 metres (9,140 feet), making it the highest

297: 107: 3867: 6886: 6856: 6345: 5845: 5279: 5123: 4966: 4853: 4615:. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. Archived from 4517: 4077: 3591: 2631: 2119: 1881: 1801: 1726: 1688: 1462: 1443: 1432: 1405: 1378: 1180:

rock being basalt which comprises lava flows, cinder cones and ash

1125: 1117: 1012: 898: 797: 698:

occur in the lowlands and valley bottoms of this ecoregion whereas

589: 557: 510: 490: 486: 412: 309: 305: 1564: 1011:, a prominent cinder cone 2,100 metres (6,900 feet) in elevation. 882:, an elliptical lava dome 2,680 metres (8,790 feet) in elevation. 858:, both of which are about 2,285 metres (7,497 feet) in elevation. 656:

at the eastern edge of the Tahltan Highland, a southeast-trending

509:

produced during the second stage about one million years ago form

5502: 5370: 4472:

Investing in Place: Economic Renewal in Northern British Columbia

1909: 1569: 1435: 1420: 1176:

A wide variety of volcanic rocks comprise Mount Edziza, the main

806: 771: 731: 680: 649: 633: 529: 440: 416: 4575:

Evaluation of Mineral Potential for Mount Edziza Recreation Area

3689: 3677: 3543: 3047: 1377:

vent hidden under Tencho Glacier. The Big Raven Formation is of

1254:

comprise this once symmetrical stratovolcano, both of which are

5535: 3035: 1657: 1642: 1638: 1474: 1369: 1194: 1109: 1070:

flows northeastward from the eastern side of Mount Edziza into

968: 784: 753:, a debris-covered glacier on the eastern side of the ice cap. 741:

descends from the eastern side of the ice cap near the head of

703: 695: 581: 545: 482: 285: 191: 53: 4341: 3769: 3767: 3667: 3665: 3614: 3492: 632:

valleys, the latter two of which are separated by mountainous

5398: 3839: 2924: 2922: 2227: 2028:"Conservancy renamed Ice Mountain, reflects Tahltan heritage" 1779: 1770: 1622: 1269: 1177: 1105: 814: 699: 514: 4196: 4184: 4101: 4089: 4936:

10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1280:dnaoon>2.0.co;2

3945: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3701: 3662: 2580: 2342: 1873: 1665: 1661: 1295: 1141: 541: 362: 356: 344: 4994:"Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond: Mount Edziza" 4113: 4017: 4005: 2919: 2875: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4063:

10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<337:COTPLC>2.0.CO;2

3935: 3933: 3718: 3716: 3650: 3560: 3558: 2909: 2907: 2865: 2863: 2850: 2848: 2835: 2833: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2702: 2700: 2673: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2615:

Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia

2570: 2568: 2566: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2275: 2273: 2217: 2215: 2193:(3 ed.). 1:250,000. 104 G (in English and French). 2190:

Telegraph Creek, Cassiar Land District, British Columbia

1172:

Mount Edziza as seen from Mount Glenora in the northwest

936:, 1,830 metres (6,000 feet) in elevation, is a circular 5790:

Volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province

4125: 4035: 2354: 2330: 1872:

pertains to magmatic rocks that are relatively rich in

4822: 4438:"Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan (IVENP)" 4347:"Volcanic Ash–Danger to Aircraft in the North Pacific" 4208: 4172: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3930: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3791: 3779: 3728: 3713: 3626: 3555: 3117: 3071: 3059: 3023: 2980: 2968: 2904: 2860: 2845: 2830: 2811: 2697: 2685: 2529: 2517: 2294:

Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline

4886:

An Introduction to the Ecoregions of British Columbia

4767:"Condensed Interim Consolidated Financial Statements" 2887: 2563: 2546: 2366: 2270: 2212: 1717:

In 2021, an approximately 3,528-hectare (8,720-acre)

959:

which has an elevation of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet).

493:

domes. Basalt flows and smaller amounts of trachyte,

371: 359: 353: 4998:

Amar Andalkar's Ski Mountaineering and Climbing Site

4772:. Skeena Resources. 2021. p. 13. Archived from 1948:

Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada

1797: 1589:

honour of Johnny Edzerza's wife, Eve Brown Edzerza.

1514:

Like other volcanoes in Canada, Mount Edziza is not

1112:. The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are 624:, on the east by Kakiddi Valley and on the south by 556:

can only be accessed by aircraft or by a network of

522:

could impact local streams and disrupt air traffic.

347: 4469: 350: 4960:(Report). Memoir 420. Canada Communication Group. 1908:pertains to magmatic rocks that are enriched with 5076: 4470:Markey, Sean; Halseth, Greg; Manson, Don (2012). 4379:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010. 481:. The first stage 1.1 million years ago produced 7389: 6419: 2421:Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 2393:Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 1652:in fractured sedimentary and volcanic rocks of 999:, 1,430 metres (4,690 feet) in elevation, is a 920:has an elevation of 2,710 metres (8,890 feet). 5748:Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex 4907: 4226: 3583:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3576: 3498: 3454: 2233: 1840:Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex 1676:and geochemical surveying. From 1971 to 1973, 770:a discontinuous series of spires and serrated 606: 536:from Mount Edziza to make tools and weaponry. 6405: 5774: 5062: 660:area extending along the western side of the 122: 3509: 3507: 2416:Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere 2388:Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere 1606:British Columbia Land Surveyors report, two 1533:Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan 407:which extends along the western side of the 42:The ice-filled summit crater of Mount Edziza 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 3514:Pinti, Daniele (2011), "Mafic and Felsic", 3134: 3132: 3088: 3086: 2644: 2642: 1055:, which flows northwest from Mount Edziza. 1003:whose southeastern side has been breached. 6412: 6398: 5781: 5767: 5069: 5055: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 1944: 1656:age. Commodities on the property included 1539:or any eruption that would affect Canada. 1087:which flows north into the Stikine River. 706:form forests on the mid-slopes. Extensive 477:that formed during six distinct stages of 469:Mount Edziza consists of several types of 4965: 3504: 2630: 2195:Department of Energy, Mines and Resources 1945:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990). 1912:, oxygen, aluminum, sodium and potassium. 1754:that provide access to the volcano. From 1729:, the Tahltan Central Government and the 1468: 1275: 18:Stratovolcano in British Columbia, Canada 4882: 4808:. Mussio Ventures. pp. 88, 89, 96. 4790: 3129: 3083: 2639: 2360: 2348: 2336: 1783:extremely fast along this hiking trail. 1760: 1621: 1563: 1473:Mount Edziza trachyte and rhyolite have 1388: 1279: 1167: 1030: 888: 826:which are named after Idiji Glacier and 720: 4950: 4833: 4492: 4374: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3803: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3564: 3549: 3123: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 2986: 2974: 2928: 2913: 2898: 2881: 2869: 2854: 2839: 2824: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2706: 2691: 2679: 2617:. 1:50,000. Cartography by M. Sigouin, 2605: 2592: 2586: 2574: 2557: 2540: 2523: 2372: 2291: 2279: 2221: 940:on the southeastern flank of Ice Peak. 897:showing the locations of Mount Edziza, 673:Boreal Mountains and Plateaus Ecoregion 644:plateaus to the south. This complex of 572:claims that Edziza means "sand" in the 7390: 4911:Geological Society of America Bulletin 4844: 4842: 4803: 4735: 4733: 4666: 4664: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4607: 4605: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4505: 4304: 4302: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4046:Geological Society of America Bulletin 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2412: 1830:List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes 1617: 1337: 1102:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province 833: 6393: 5762: 5050: 4245:"Stikine volcanic belt: Mount Edziza" 3513: 3465: 3463: 3194: 2939: 2937: 2384: 2378: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 1547: 1524:Canadian National Seismograph Network 1522:to ascertain its activity level. The 1245: 4476:University of British Columbia Press 3472:Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy 3469: 3339: 2784:"Edziza: Synonyms & Subfeatures" 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1568:Mount Edziza has been sacred to the 1328: 1229:Pyramid Formation (British Columbia) 1222: 165: 7403:Two-thousanders of British Columbia 4839: 4730: 4661: 4630: 4602: 4561: 4299: 4232: 3647:, pp. 129, 150, 175, 179, 181. 2743: 1313: 725:Glacier of the Mount Edziza ice cap 13: 3843:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3816:Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units 3460: 3457:, pp. 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284. 3163: 2992: 2934: 2623:Energy, Mines and Resources Canada 2491: 2460: 2434: 2285: 1700: 1603:Geographical Names Board of Canada 838:Mount Edziza contains a prominent 669:Southern Boreal Plateau Ecosection 14: 7424: 4986: 4509:Journal of Archaeological Science 2137: 2095: 2049: 2034:. 9 February 2022. Archived from 2013: 1969: 1925: 1427:which form the base of prominent 443:that is characterized by several 7370: 7358: 4759: 4695: 4532: 4463: 4430: 4397: 4368: 4335: 4270: 4137: 4029: 1814: 1800: 1741: 1542: 652:and cinder cones forms a broad, 427:. Mount Edziza contains several 340: 164: 157: 36: 4357:from the original on 2021-07-18 4351:United States Geological Survey 4282:United States Geological Survey 4249:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes 3833: 3570: 3417: 3391: 3365: 3308: 3277: 3251: 3225: 2712: 2406: 1899: 1887: 1863: 1851: 1503:rivers, potentially destroying 1393:Mount Edziza from the northwest 1200: 1043:that originate from the volcano 648:, stratovolcanoes, lava domes, 570:British Columbia Land Surveyors 399:, Canada. It is located on the 4894:Government of British Columbia 4850:"Mount Edziza Provincial Park" 4643:"Mount Edziza Recreation Area" 4582:Government of British Columbia 4544:Government of British Columbia 3927:, pp. 175, 177, 179, 181. 3528:10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1893 2301:Government of British Columbia 2239: 2116:"Mount Edziza Provincial Park" 2032:Government of British Columbia 1765:Mount Edziza from the distance 1163: 1148:driven by changes in relative 459:which are situated within the 1: 5078:Mount Edziza volcanic complex 4920:Geological Society of America 4804:Mussio, Russell, ed. (2018). 4055:Geological Society of America 2068:"Edziza: General Information" 1918: 1095: 971:-shaped mound of lava called 716: 439:on its flanks, as well as an 421:Mount Edziza volcanic complex 320:Northern Cordilleran Province 5011:Geographical Names Data Base 4883:Demarchi, Dennis A. (2011). 4806:Northern BC Backroad Mapbook 4526:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.04.003 4448:. 2008-06-04. Archived from 4415:. 2009-02-26. Archived from 4320:. 2007-10-10. Archived from 4284:. 2015-07-28. Archived from 4255:. 2009-04-01. Archived from 3600:10.1016/0377-0273(84)90017-9 3516:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology 2187:"A 502" (Topographic map). 1731:Nature Conservancy of Canada 1712:Mount Edziza Recreation Area 1631:Mount Edziza Provincial Park 1612:Mount Edziza Provincial Park 1461:of North America during the 1100:Mount Edziza is part of the 764: 563: 328:Mount Edziza Provincial Park 226:Mount Edziza Provincial Park 178:Location in British Columbia 58:2,786 m (9,140 ft) 7: 7408:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 4957:Geological Survey of Canada 4584:. p. 3. Archived from 4086:, pp. 26–28, 226, 228. 2619:Geological Survey of Canada 2292:Holland, Stuart S. (1976). 1835:List of volcanoes in Canada 1793: 1537:Canada–United States border 1520:Geological Survey of Canada 1384: 1026: 986:of Mount Edziza's ice cap. 611: 607:Geography and geomorphology 112: 10: 7429: 4875: 4227:Edwards & Russell 2000 4145:"Edziza: Eruptive History" 3520:Springer Berlin Heidelberg 3499:Edwards & Russell 2000 3455:Edwards & Russell 2000 2234:Edwards & Russell 2000 1955:. pp. 124, 125, 126. 1953:Cambridge University Press 1894:Fractional crystallization 1341: 1317: 1226: 1186:fractional crystallization 1090: 1078:flows east and north into 787:where remnants of several 7353: 7260:Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed 7220:Little Andrews Bay Marine 7135: 6799: 6428: 6359: 6326: 6278: 6230: 6172: 6024: 5796: 5730: 5677: 5534: 5501: 5478: 5455: 5397: 5369: 5341: 5293: 5260: 5227: 5084: 4741:"Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy" 3698:, pp. 246, 247, 267. 3686:, pp. 145, 246, 267. 3552:, pp. 213, 226, 228. 3056:, pp. 216, 218, 219. 1608:world aeronautical charts 1146:North American Cordillera 532:people historically used 325: 315: 279: 267: 262: 245: 231: 219: 209: 197: 187: 151: 146: 138: 118: 106: 101: 62: 52: 47: 35: 28: 23: 5016:Natural Resources Canada 4708:Global Volcanism Program 4446:Natural Resources Canada 4413:Natural Resources Canada 4382:Astrophysics Data System 4318:Natural Resources Canada 4253:Natural Resources Canada 4150:Global Volcanism Program 3044:, pp. 26, 213, 214. 2789:Global Volcanism Program 2073:Global Volcanism Program 1845: 1723:Mount Edziza Conservancy 1596: 1526:has been established to 1190:intermediate composition 1039:drains Mount Edziza via 576:, referring to the deep 560:from surrounding roads. 7305:Swan Lake Kispiox River 7210:Iskut River Hot Springs 7200:Ed Bird – Estella Lakes 4713:Smithsonian Institution 4703:"Edziza: Photo Gallery" 4375:Edwards, B. R. (2010). 4155:Smithsonian Institution 3623:, pp. 1, 145, 150. 2794:Smithsonian Institution 2078:Smithsonian Institution 1748:Stewart–Cassiar Highway 1694:underground development 1680:conducted geophysical, 893:Satellite image of the 667:Mount Edziza is in the 123: 5707:Little Iskut Formation 4613:"MINFILE No. 104B 036" 4546:. 2021. Archived from 4405:"Monitoring volcanoes" 4229:, pp. 1281, 1287. 2197:. 1989. Archived from 1766: 1634: 1573: 1572:for thousands of years 1518:closely enough by the 1490:, British Columbia to 1469:Hazards and monitoring 1394: 1286: 1276:Pillow Ridge Formation 1240:Potassium–argon dating 1173: 1044: 913: 726: 586:University of Victoria 485:flows and a series of 86:57.71528°N 130.63444°W 7160:Babine River Corridor 7145:Atlin/Áa Tlein Téix'i 6144:Tom MacKay Creek Cone 5743:Mess Creek Escarpment 5679:Geological formations 5351:Desolation Lava Field 5214:Walkout Creek centres 4746:BC Geographical Names 4677:BC Geographical Names 4648:BC Geographical Names 4573:Wojdak, Paul (1993). 3478:. pp. 126, 253. 3476:McGraw–Hill Companies 3470:Imam, Naiyar (2003). 3430:BC Geographical Names 3404:BC Geographical Names 3378:BC Geographical Names 3352:BC Geographical Names 3321:BC Geographical Names 3290:BC Geographical Names 3264:BC Geographical Names 3238:BC Geographical Names 3207:BC Geographical Names 3176:BC Geographical Names 3145:BC Geographical Names 3099:BC Geographical Names 3005:BC Geographical Names 2950:BC Geographical Names 2725:BC Geographical Names 2655:BC Geographical Names 2504:BC Geographical Names 2473:BC Geographical Names 2447:BC Geographical Names 2252:BC Geographical Names 1995:BC Geographical Names 1764: 1625: 1567: 1411:are exposed north of 1392: 1283: 1171: 1034: 980:Desolation Lava Field 892: 809:, trachyte lavas and 724: 550:large provincial park 475:geological formations 393:Cassiar Land District 214:Cassiar Land District 7365:Geography portal 6089:Little Bear Mountain 6026:Subglacial volcanoes 5951:Snippaker Creek Cone 5836:Cone Glacier Volcano 5356:Mess Lake Lava Field 5229:Subglacial volcanoes 4452:on February 14, 2009 4205:, pp. 3, 4, 47. 4193:, pp. 145, 267. 4110:, pp. 226, 228. 4098:, pp. 229, 231. 3954:, pp. 179, 185. 3821:Government of Canada 3811:"Ice Peak Formation" 3776:, pp. 145, 150. 3761:, pp. 248, 249. 3749:, pp. 135, 136. 3710:, pp. 207, 267. 3674:, pp. 246, 267. 2589:, pp. 175, 177. 1736:Tahltan First Nation 1578:archaeological sites 1308:Fission track dating 1215:Mount Edziza is the 1188:. Volcanic rocks of 654:intermontane plateau 599:is that Edziza is a 379:), sometimes called 316:Volcanic region 91:57.71528; -130.63444 7320:Todagin South Slope 7290:Spatsizi Headwaters 6154:Tutsingale Mountain 6039:Chakatah Creek Peak 5996:Volcanic Creek Cone 5722:Raspberry Formation 5702:Klastline Formation 5692:Big Raven Formation 5687:Armadillo Formation 5379:Arctic Lake Plateau 5361:Snowshoe Lava Field 4928:2000GSAB..112.1280E 4672:"Mount Edziza Park" 4442:Volcanoes of Canada 4409:Volcanoes of Canada 4391:2010AGUFMNH11B1132E 4314:Volcanoes of Canada 3860:1995CaJES..32.2046S 2931:, pp. 27, 214. 2884:, pp. 26, 226. 2351:, pp. 143–147. 2303:. pp. 49, 50. 2247:"Big Raven Plateau" 1618:Mineral exploration 1528:monitor earthquakes 1425:Raspberry Formation 1417:Armadillo Formation 1344:Big Raven Formation 1338:Big Raven Formation 1252:stratigraphic units 1217:Big Raven Formation 945:Snowshoe Lava Field 911:Snowshoe Lava Field 840:pyramid-shaped horn 834:Satellitic features 805:exposing explosion 538:Mineral exploration 139:English translation 82: / 7150:Babine Lake Marine 6421:Interior Mountains 6079:Klinkit Creek Peak 6006:Walkout Creek Cone 5936:Second Canyon Cone 5841:Cracker Creek Cone 5594:Little Iskut River 4343:Neal, Christina A. 4310:"Volcanic hazards" 4122:, pp. 27, 28. 4026:, pp. 24, 25. 4014:, pp. 21, 24. 3852:NRC Research Press 3659:, pp. 2, 246. 2682:, pp. 32, 33. 2609:(1988). "1623A" ( 1767: 1635: 1574: 1548:Indigenous peoples 1459:continental margin 1419:which consists of 1395: 1374:explosive eruption 1350:Sheep Track Member 1294:, pillow breccia, 1287: 1246:Ice Peak Formation 1174: 1045: 914: 727: 526:Indigenous peoples 48:Highest point 7413:Central volcanoes 7385: 7384: 7377:Canada portal 6387: 6386: 6114:Nuthinaw Mountain 6094:Little Eagle Cone 6084:Klinkit Lake Peak 5876:Iskut Canyon Cone 5856:Fort Selkirk Vent 5756: 5755: 5717:Pyramid Formation 5384:Big Raven Plateau 5262:Central volcanoes 4815:978-1-926806-87-7 4520:: 418, 419, 425. 4485:978-0-7748-2293-0 4278:"Eruption column" 3537:978-3-642-11271-3 3425:"Klastline River" 2499:"Tennaya Glacier" 2442:"Tenchen Glacier" 1858:Peralkaline rocks 1719:conservation area 1559:Pacific Northwest 1409:geological member 1329:Kakiddi Formation 1223:Pyramid Formation 1207:Pyramid Formation 1108:into easternmost 895:Big Raven Plateau 745:. At the head of 677:ecological region 479:volcanic activity 473:and at least six 401:Big Raven Plateau 333: 332: 7420: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7335:Tweedsmuir South 7330:Tweedsmuir North 7295:Spatsizi Plateau 7245:Netalzul Meadows 7190:Driftwood Canyon 7170:Bulkley Junction 7155:Babine Mountains 7137:Provincial parks 6414: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6255:Maitland Volcano 6232:Shield volcanoes 6011:Watson Lake Cone 6001:Volcano Mountain 5783: 5776: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5697:Edziza Formation 5071: 5064: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5036:"Edziza Volcano" 5031: 5028:VolcanoDiscovery 5024:"Edziza Volcano" 5019: 5001: 4981: 4969: 4947: 4904: 4902: 4896:. Archived from 4891: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4856:. Archived from 4846: 4837: 4831: 4820: 4819: 4801: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4715:. Archived from 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4680:. Archived from 4668: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4639: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4579: 4570: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4503: 4490: 4489: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4241: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4157:. Archived from 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4041:Armstrong, R. L. 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3511: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3467: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3433:. Archived from 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3324:. Archived from 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3293:. Archived from 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3210:. Archived from 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3179:. Archived from 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3148:. Archived from 3136: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3102:. Archived from 3090: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3008:. Archived from 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2953:. Archived from 2941: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2858: 2852: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2796:. Archived from 2780: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2728:. Archived from 2716: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2658:. Archived from 2646: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2603: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2561: 2555: 2544: 2538: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2476:. Archived from 2468:"Tencho Glacier" 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2319:. Archived from 2298: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2255:. Archived from 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2184: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2122:. Archived from 2112: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2080:. Archived from 2064: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2024: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1998:. Archived from 1986: 1967: 1966: 1942: 1913: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1824: 1822:Mountains portal 1819: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1808:Volcanoes portal 1805: 1804: 1507:and threatening 1449:of volcanic and 1320:Edziza Formation 1314:Edziza Formation 1001:pyroclastic cone 844:glacially eroded 830:, respectively. 646:shield volcanoes 622:Klastline Valley 574:Tahltan language 405:Tahltan Highland 397:British Columbia 395:of northwestern 375: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 240:Tahltan Highland 235: 204:British Columbia 168: 167: 161: 134: 126: 97: 96: 94: 93: 92: 87: 83: 80: 79: 78: 75: 40: 21: 20: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7359: 7357: 7349: 7131: 6795: 6429:Mountain ranges 6424: 6418: 6388: 6383: 6355: 6341:Hoodoo Mountain 6328:Stratovolcanoes 6322: 6280:Volcanic fields 6274: 6226: 6168: 6109:Mount Josephine 6104:Meehaz Mountain 6074:King Creek Cone 6059:Enid Creek Cone 6020: 5921:Prindle Volcano 5821:Cinder Mountain 5792: 5787: 5757: 5752: 5726: 5673: 5619:Raspberry Creek 5554:Bourgeaux Creek 5530: 5526:Tennaya Glacier 5516:Tenchen Glacier 5497: 5474: 5457:Mountain passes 5451: 5393: 5365: 5337: 5289: 5256: 5223: 5080: 5075: 5034: 5022: 5004: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4900: 4889: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4863: 4861: 4848: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4823: 4816: 4802: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4739: 4738: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4504: 4493: 4486: 4478:. p. 242. 4468: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4420: 4419:on June 8, 2008 4403: 4402: 4398: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3868:10.1139/e95-158 3838: 3834: 3825: 3823: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3522:, p. 938, 3512: 3505: 3501:, p. 1280. 3497: 3493: 3486: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3399:"Tennaya Creek" 3397: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3094:"Williams Cone" 3092: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3013: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2782: 2781: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2604: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2564: 2556: 2547: 2539: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2507: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2424: 2419:. Vol. 2. 2411: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2391:. Vol. 2. 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2236:, p. 1284. 2232: 2228: 2220: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2186: 2185: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2114: 2113: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2066: 2065: 2050: 2041: 2039: 2026: 2025: 2014: 2005: 2003: 1988: 1987: 1970: 1963: 1943: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1796: 1756:Telegraph Creek 1744: 1707:recreation area 1703: 1701:Protected areas 1627:Topographic map 1620: 1599: 1550: 1545: 1471: 1387: 1346: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1316: 1278: 1248: 1231: 1225: 1203: 1166: 1135:, trachyte and 1098: 1093: 1085:Klastline River 1029: 909:craters in the 836: 767: 759:Tennaya Glacier 751:Tenchen Glacier 719: 662:Stikine Plateau 614: 609: 566: 554:provincial park 445:outlet glaciers 409:Stikine Plateau 381:Edziza Mountain 373: 343: 339: 233: 183: 182: 181: 180: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173: 169: 128: 90: 88: 84: 81: 76: 73: 71: 69: 68: 43: 31:Edziza Mountain 30: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7426: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7367: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7325:Tuya Mountains 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7250:Nilkitkwa Lake 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7230:Mount Blanchet 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6646:Rocher Déboulé 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Level Mountain 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6361:Volcanic plugs 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6336:Armadillo Peak 6332: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6260:Spectrum Range 6257: 6252: 6250:Level Mountain 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6207:Sezill Volcano 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6069:Kawdy Mountain 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5906:Ne Ch'e Ddhawa 5903: 5898: 5896:Mess Lake Cone 5893: 5891:Klastline Cone 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5861:Gabrielse Cone 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5712:Nido Formation 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5639:Stewbomb Creek 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Artifact Creek 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5521:Tencho Glacier 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5493:Ornostay Bluff 5490: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5470:Raspberry Pass 5467: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5422:Obsidian Ridge 5419: 5414: 5412:Cartoona Ridge 5409: 5407:Artifact Ridge 5403: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5285:Spectrum Range 5282: 5277: 5272: 5270:Armadillo Peak 5266: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5154:Mess Lake Cone 5151: 5149:Klastline Cone 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5006:"Mount Edziza" 5002: 4988: 4987:External links 4985: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4967:10.4095/133497 4952:Souther, J. G. 4948: 4905: 4903:on 2024-01-13. 4879: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4838: 4821: 4814: 4789: 4758: 4729: 4694: 4660: 4629: 4601: 4560: 4531: 4491: 4484: 4462: 4429: 4396: 4367: 4334: 4298: 4269: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4136: 4134:, p. 237. 4124: 4112: 4100: 4088: 4076: 4037:Souther, J. G. 4028: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3990:, p. 207. 3980: 3978:, p. 248. 3968: 3966:, p. 179. 3956: 3944: 3942:, p. 185. 3929: 3917: 3915:, p. 250. 3905: 3903:, p. 172. 3893: 3891:, p. 171. 3881: 3832: 3802: 3800:, p. 147. 3790: 3788:, p. 145. 3778: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3737:, p. 132. 3727: 3725:, p. 129. 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3635:, p. 267. 3625: 3613: 3578:Souther, J. G. 3569: 3567:, p. 213. 3554: 3542: 3536: 3503: 3491: 3484: 3459: 3447: 3416: 3390: 3373:"Shaman Creek" 3364: 3338: 3307: 3276: 3259:"Sezill Creek" 3250: 3233:"Kadeya Creek" 3224: 3193: 3162: 3128: 3126:, p. 223. 3116: 3082: 3080:, p. 222. 3070: 3068:, p. 219. 3058: 3046: 3034: 3032:, p. 233. 3022: 2991: 2989:, p. 214. 2979: 2977:, p. 232. 2967: 2945:"Tennena Cone" 2933: 2918: 2916:, p. 154. 2903: 2886: 2874: 2872:, p. 135. 2859: 2857:, p. 134. 2844: 2842:, p. 181. 2829: 2827:, p. 165. 2810: 2742: 2711: 2709:, p. 155. 2696: 2694:, p. 228. 2684: 2672: 2638: 2632:10.4095/133498 2607:Souther, J. G. 2591: 2579: 2562: 2545: 2543:, p. 175. 2528: 2526:, p. 177. 2516: 2490: 2459: 2433: 2405: 2377: 2365: 2363:, p. 143. 2353: 2341: 2339:, p. 146. 2329: 2326:on 2018-11-14. 2284: 2269: 2238: 2226: 2224:, p. 150. 2211: 2136: 2094: 2048: 2012: 1990:"Mount Edziza" 1968: 1961: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1898: 1886: 1880:, relative to 1862: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1811: 1795: 1792: 1743: 1740: 1702: 1699: 1650:mineralization 1619: 1616: 1598: 1595: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1470: 1467: 1413:Raspberry Pass 1402:Nido Formation 1386: 1383: 1368:and subaerial 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1277: 1274: 1256:lithologically 1247: 1244: 1227:Main article: 1224: 1221: 1202: 1199: 1165: 1162: 1154:North American 1114:alkali basalts 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1028: 1025: 864:Ornostay Bluff 848:volcanic cones 835: 832: 766: 763: 755:Tencho Glacier 718: 715: 685:Boreal forests 613: 610: 608: 605: 565: 562: 534:volcanic glass 471:volcanic rocks 331: 330: 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 283: 277: 276: 271: 265: 264: 260: 259: 249: 243: 242: 237: 229: 228: 223: 221:Protected area 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 177: 171: 170: 163: 162: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 120: 116: 115: 110: 104: 103: 99: 98: 66: 60: 59: 56: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 26: 25: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7425: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7285:Seven Sisters 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7275:Rubyrock Lake 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7265:Rainbow Alley 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7225:Meziadin Lake 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Kinaskan Lake 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Finlay-Russel 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195:Dune Za Keyih 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761:Tochquonyalla 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6751:Three Sisters 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6481:Cariboo Heart 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6240:Grizzly Butte 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6222:Triangle Dome 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Cartoona Peak 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6164:Wetalth Ridge 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149:Tsekone Ridge 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:Dome Mountain 6052: 6050: 6049:Dark Mountain 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6016:Williams Cone 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Triplex Cones 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:Ruby Mountain 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Ibex Mountain 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:Coffee Crater 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5669:Walkout Creek 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:Tennaya Creek 5657: 5655: 5654:Tenchen Creek 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Tadekho Creek 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5634:Sorcery Creek 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:Pyramid Creek 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Chakima Creek 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511:Idiji Glacier 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Koosick Bluff 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5442:Wetalth Ridge 5440: 5438: 5437:Tsekone Ridge 5435: 5433: 5432:Sorcery Ridge 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5389:Kitsu Plateau 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5333:Triangle Dome 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5252:Wetalth Ridge 5250: 5248: 5247:Tsekone Ridge 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5219:Williams Cone 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:Triplex Cones 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:Coffee Crater 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4979: 4977:0-660-14407-7 4973: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4922:: 1280–1295. 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4860:on 2022-06-26 4859: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4836:, p. 31. 4835: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4779:on 2022-05-16 4775: 4768: 4762: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4719:on 2021-09-21 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4684:on 2018-07-06 4683: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4619:on 2013-05-15 4618: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4591:on 2021-09-30 4587: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550:on 2022-11-18 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4324:on 2009-02-02 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4288:on 2023-03-15 4287: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4259:on 2009-06-08 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4217:, p. 39. 4216: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4181:, p. 93. 4180: 4175: 4161:on 2023-05-20 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4002:, p. 24. 4001: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3487: 3485:0-07-141044-9 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3437:on 2021-09-03 3436: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3328:on 2021-08-20 3327: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3297:on 2021-10-01 3296: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3285:"Taweh Creek" 3280: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3214:on 2021-10-01 3213: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3202:"Elwyn Creek" 3197: 3183:on 2021-10-20 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3166: 3152:on 2021-10-01 3151: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3106:on 2021-10-26 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3012:on 2021-10-20 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2957:on 2021-10-21 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2901:, p. 26. 2900: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2800:on 2021-08-10 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2732:on 2021-10-01 2731: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2720:"The Pyramid" 2715: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2662:on 2021-09-30 2661: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2577:, p. 33. 2576: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2560:, p. 21. 2559: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2480:on 2024-06-07 2479: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2423:. p. 663 2422: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2375:, p. 36. 2374: 2369: 2362: 2361:Demarchi 2011 2357: 2350: 2349:Demarchi 2011 2345: 2338: 2337:Demarchi 2011 2333: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2282:, p. 32. 2281: 2276: 2274: 2259:on 2021-09-30 2258: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2201:on 2021-05-02 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2126:on 2023-01-23 2125: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2084:on 2021-08-10 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2038:on 2022-09-27 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002:on 2018-05-15 2001: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1962:0-521-43811-X 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742:Accessibility 1739: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664:, silver and 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:Late Triassic 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1543:Human history 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1335: 1326: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1282: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1261:geomorphology 1257: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Nuttlude Lake 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1037:Stikine River 1033: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Williams Cone 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:Coffee Crater 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 938:volcanic plug 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 891: 887: 885: 881: 880:Triangle Dome 877: 876:Tsekone Ridge 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:Koosick Bluff 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 831: 829: 828:Sorcery Creek 825: 824:Sorcery Ridge 821: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 793: 790: 786: 782: 777: 773: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 747:Tenchen Creek 744: 743:Tennaya Creek 740: 739:Idiji Glacier 735: 733: 723: 714: 712: 709: 705: 702:, spruce and 701: 697: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 604: 602: 598: 595: 594:volcanologist 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 465: 462: 461:Stikine River 458: 457:Kakiddi Creek 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:stratovolcano 386: 382: 378: 377: 367: 337: 329: 324: 321: 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 284: 282: 278: 275: 274:Stratovolcano 272: 270: 269:Mountain type 266: 261: 257: 253: 250: 248: 244: 241: 238: 236: 230: 227: 224: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 205: 202: 200: 196: 193: 190: 186: 160: 150: 145: 141: 137: 132: 125: 121: 117: 114: 111: 109: 105: 100: 95: 67: 65: 61: 57: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 27: 22: 16: 7398:Mount Edziza 7240:Nation Lakes 7235:Mount Edziza 7165:Bear Glacier 6851: 6661:Samuel Black 6351:Mount Edziza 6350: 6303:Fort Selkirk 6265:Volcano Vent 6202:Pharaoh Dome 6187:Glacier Dome 6139:Toozaza Peak 6134:Tadekho Hill 6129:Tennena Cone 6119:Pillow Ridge 6099:Mathews Tuya 6064:Isspah Butte 6044:Caribou Tuya 6034:Ash Mountain 5916:Outcast Hill 5901:Moraine Cone 5866:Icefall Cone 5826:Cocoa Crater 5816:Cinder Cliff 5798:Cinder cones 5664:Tsecha Creek 5629:Shaman Creek 5624:Sezill Creek 5584:Kadeya Creek 5579:Gerlib Creek 5564:Crayke Creek 5465:Destell Pass 5427:Pillow Ridge 5318:Pharaoh Dome 5303:Glacier Dome 5275:Mount Edziza 5274: 5242:Tennena Cone 5237:Pillow Ridge 5169:Outcast Hill 5159:Moraine Cone 5134:Icefall Cone 5114:Cocoa Crater 5109:Cinder Cliff 5086:Cinder cones 5040:Volcano Live 5039: 5027: 5009: 4997: 4955: 4915: 4909: 4898:the original 4885: 4862:. 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3854:: 2047. 3592:Elsevier 2120:BC Parks 1882:silicium 1794:See also 1727:BC Parks 1689:airstrip 1660:, gold, 1633:in green 1555:obsidian 1463:Jurassic 1455:accreted 1444:Mesozoic 1433:Stikinia 1406:Pliocene 1385:Basement 1379:Holocene 1265:buttress 1160:plates. 1126:basanite 1027:Drainage 1013:Eve Cone 934:The Neck 899:Ice Peak 807:breccias 802:channels 772:nunataks 732:icefalls 681:lowlands 650:calderas 612:Location 590:BC Parks 518:Renewed 511:Ice Peak 491:trachyte 487:rhyolite 413:mountain 310:rhyolite 306:trachyte 247:Topo map 210:District 199:Province 7117:Wetalth 7107:Volcano 7087:Tsekone 7077:Triplex 7067:Toozaza 7062:Thudaka 7052:Tennena 7047:Tadekho 6977:Pharaoh 6972:Outcast 6947:Moraine 6932:Mathews 6892:Icefall 6872:Grizzly 6822:Caribou 6756:Thudaka 6711:Stikine 6686:Sitlika 6681:Sikanni 6636:Oweegee 6626:Omineca 6581:Klappan 6576:Kispiox 6571:Kechika 6566:Kasalka 6526:Fishing 6501:Cormier 6486:Cassiar 6471:Bulkley 6466:Bornite 6441:Atsutla 5536:Streams 4924:Bibcode 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