Motorcycle engine - Knowledge

130: 1598:, similar to the radiator on a car, which is the primary way their heat is dispersed. Coolant is constantly circulated between this radiator and the cylinders when the engine is running. While most off-road motorcycles have no radiator fan and rely on air flowing over the radiators from the forward motion of the motorcycle, many road motorcycles have a small fan attached to the radiator which is controlled by a thermostat. Some off-road motorcycles are liquid-cooled, and anti-dirt protection is attached to the radiator. The cooling effect of this fan is enough to prevent the engine overheating in most conditions, so liquid-cooled bikes are safe to use in a city, where traffic may frequently be at a standstill. 225:

small-displacement bikes required by various licensing and rider experience requirements, and so a very diverse range of sizes, cylinder numbers, configurations, and cooling systems are seen on the road. Many developed countries have graduated licensing, where a rider is licensed for a period of time to ride only smaller-displacement motorcycles before being allowed to ride larger ones. In the United States, there are no such mandates, and so the mix is skewed even further to the largest displacements, consumer demand drives manufacturers to offer their largest motorcycles to that country, and to export far fewer sub-600 cc (37 cu in) models to the American market.

22: 621: 556: 1113: 886: 1039: 1189: 1226: 786: 1309: 1513: 1278: 997: 907: 712: 1148: 1620: 1398: 1071:'s 250 cc RD500 V4 (RZ 500 in the US). Yamaha later raced transverse four TZ500/700/750's and virtually all the bikes in the last decade of the two-stroke GP500 era were fours, first squares then Vs, by Honda, Kawasaki, Cagiva, Suzuki, Yamaha. Kawasaki also experimented with a trapezoidal four the 602S. Yamaha made the V4 RD500LC, and Suzuki the RG400 and RG500 square four road bikes. 2480: 729:, and only a small rocking couple, and unlike a V-twin, regular firing intervals, producing very low vibration levels, without the use of counterbalance shafts. They are usually mounted with a longitudinal crankshaft, with the cylinders protruding into the airstream, so that a flat-twin can satisfactorily be air-cooled. Flat-twins are made by 547:

flat-twins, flat-fours and flat-sixes. Wankel engines are either single-rotor or twin-rotor. Bigger bikes tend to have more cylinders for smoothness and increased power. Modern singles range in capacity from 50 cc to 660 cc, twins from 175 cc to 1,800 cc, triples from 380 cc to 2,300 cc, and so on.

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design, and until the mid-1970s, the parallel-twin was the most common British motorcycle type. Parallel-twins are usually mounted transversely, with the cylinders side by side above the crankshaft, and with exhaust pipes at the front, in the cool airstream. Longitudinal, or inline, twins include the

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and H2R. The big four made a turbocharged bike, and Honda made two, mainly as an exercise in technical expertise and later discontinued them for more conventional methods. Bolt-on superchargers are available for street bikes and are essential for performance applications such as drag bikes and land

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Emissions regulations and the market demand for maximum power are driving the motorcycle industry to liquid-cooling for most motorcycles. Even Harley-Davidson, a strong advocate of air-cooled motors, has recently added water cooling to the heads of their V-twin motors in their large touring models,

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The earliest motorcycle engines had exhaust valves operated in the same way as a side-valve engine, but they had overhead intake valves held closed by a weak spring. The intake valve was opened by the suction caused by the intake stroke. As the need for mechanical control of the intake valve arose,

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Most air-cooled motorcycles take advantage of air blowing past the cylinder and cylinder head while in motion to disperse heat. Frequent, sustained stationary periods may cause overheating. Some models, mostly scooters, are equipped with fans that force the air to go past the cylinder block, which

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Several armies are moving to an all-diesel engine fleet to reduce the fire risks of gasoline and the need to provide two different fuels. This includes their dispatch riders as well, encouraging the market for diesel motorcycles. Interest in biofuels is also likely to encourage future developments

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have built short runs of 750 cc V8 superbikes and 1L V8 roadgoing motorcycles, both with engines specifically developed for the purpose. No major motorcycle manufacturer has used eight or more cylinders, although Honda made the 'almost' V8 oval-piston NR750 road bike and NR500 GP bike, having

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A flat-4 or horizontally opposed-4 is a flat engine with four cylinders arranged horizontally in two banks of two cylinders on each side of a central crankcase. The pistons are usually mounted on the crankshaft such that opposing pistons move back and forth in opposite directions at the same time,

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Engines and gearboxes were originally separate items, the gearbox being driven by a "primary chain". Later designs combined the two elements into a single "unit construction". Some manufacturers, such as Norton and Enfield continued with "pre-unit" construction until recently, and Harley-Davidson

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In recent years, a surge in interest in clean energy has put many new electric powered two wheelers on the market, and they are registered as motorcycles or scooters, without the type of powerplant being an issue. Diesel motorcycles were also experimented with briefly in the 20th century, and are

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Honda equipped the CBR400F with REV, described as "revolution responding type valve pausing mechanism", in 1983. This system enabled switching over the number of valve operations per cylinder between low and medium speed revolution range and high speed revolution range. In 2002, Honda introduced

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Nevertheless, two-strokes have been largely replaced on motorcycles in developed nations due to their environmental disadvantages. Cylinder lubrication is necessarily total-loss and this inevitably leads to a smokey exhaust, particularly on wide throttle openings. Two-stroke-engined motorcycles

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Generally, motorcycle engines have between one and six cylinders. The majority of motorcycle engines are configured as singles, parallel twins, triples, fours and sixes; and all these may be inline or transverse. Vee engines include V-twins and V-fours, and horizontally opposed engines include

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and options. While today nearly every motorcycle has its engine in the center of the frame; this became standard only around 1900-1910 after nearly every possible engine location was tried. The origins of the scooter engine arrangement (including the shaft drive) can be traced back to the 19th

1099:. Although some racing success was achieved, the road bikes didn't sell in great numbers, and the design was phased out in favor of in-line, four-stroke designs, as at the time two-stroke engines were quickly being superseded by more economical, reliable, and emissions-friendly four-strokes. 224:

The overwhelming majority of the motorcycles produced and used in the world today have small displacement air-cooled single-cylinder engines, both two- and four-strokes. In the wealthier parts of the world, Europe and Japan, larger displacements and multiple cylinders are common alongside

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were produced with capacities of 250, 350, 400, 500, and 750 cc in the 1970s, while Suzuki produced 380, 550, and 750 triples, the last being water-cooled. Motobecane made 350 cc and fuel-injected 500 cc triples with 3 into 4 pipes in the early seventies. Honda produced the

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somewhat like a boxing competitor punching their gloves together before a fight, which has led to it being referred to as a boxer engine. The configuration results in inherently good balance of the reciprocating parts, a low centre of gravity, and a very short engine length.

682:. A Vee-angle of 90°, as used by Ducati and Moto Guzzi, can give perfect primary and secondary balance, with a pleasingly irregular firing order. A lesser angle gives a more compact motor, but one which is prone to vibration, such as 42° (Indian), 45° (Harley-Davidson), 52° 1655:

and computer engine management systems are now normal on middle range and larger motorcycles and are increasingly being incorporated onto the smaller machines, partly driven by better emission control and lower maintenance but mostly by manufacturing cost considerations.

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speed record streamliners. Most sports bikes now use a ram-air induction system where as road speed increases, more air is forced through ducts in the fairing to pressurize the airbox. The first on a production motorcycle was the 1990

772:'s KR250 road bike and KR250 and KR350 GP Bikes. A tandem twin is effectively a pair of geared singles, and is to be distinguished from an inline twin such as the Sunbeam S7. Tandem twins are suitable primarily for two-stroke racers. 288:, with the crankshaft parallel to the frame. Motorcycles with transversely mounted engines are more suited to have chain or belt final-drive. Motorcycles with longitudinally mounted engines are more suited for shaft final-drive. 1602:

with the radiators being hidden in the lower leg fairings. The Harley-Davidson Street 500, Street 750, and two V-Rod models have 60° V-twins that are fully water cooled, as opposed to the traditional air-cooled 45° V-twins.

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planned a modular family of bike engines based around a 200 cc single. The range was to include the single, a 400 cc twin, a 600 cc triple and a 1000 cc V5. None of these motorcycles reached production.

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modified their large pre-unit 500 and 650 cc parallel twins into unit-construction engines. The smaller Triumph 350 and 500 cc twins had been unit construction from their introduction in 1957. The decision by

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solves the problem of city driving. The cylinders on air-cooled bikes are designed with fin heat sinks to aid in this process. Air-cooled bikes are cheaper, simpler and lighter than their water-cooled counterparts.

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Beloved by police departments across the nation, and by connoisseurs in general, the expensive Henderson fours didn't sell in sufficient numbers to remain in production once the Great Depression began in late

701:, or transversely, such as Harley-Davidson, Ducati, or Aprilia. Transverse V-twins can raise difficulties in cooling the aft cylinder, and in siting the airbox, battery, aft carburetor, and aft exhaust pipe. 298:

as part of the rear suspension, so the engine is not fixed rigidly to the main frame. Instead, the combined engine-transmission-swingarm assembly is pivoted to follow the road surface and is part of the

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1. A two-wheeled motor-driven road vehicle, resembling a bicycle but powered by an internal-combustion engine; (now) spec. one with an engine capacity, top speed, or weight greater than that of a moped.

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bikes tend to use single-cylinder engines. The simplicity of these engines, often relying on a single carburetor, make them relatively easy to maintain and repair in remote locations with few tools.

209:, for example, defines the word motorcycle this way. The steam cycles were also simply neglected and forgotten by many historians, even as the Michaux-Perreaux waited forty years on display in the 140:, Roper and other steam cycles were rescued from obscurity, and the stories of the early steam cycle experiments were rediscovered. There were no steam motorcycles in 1818, but there soon would be. 102:. The rider changes gears on most motorcycles using a foot-pedal and manual clutch, but early models had hand-levers. More recently, some have automatic or semi-automatic gearboxes, and some using 941:

in 1905. The FN had its engine in line with the frame; this layout would be copied by manufacturers in Europe and the United States before World War II. In the United States, inline fours made by

71:, had friction drive to the front tire, a motorcycle engine normally drives the rear wheel, power being sent to the driven wheel by belt, chain or shaft. Historically, some 2,000 units of the 686:, and 60° (Aprilia). Most V-twins have a single crankpin shared by side-by-side connecting rods so that the cylinders are slightly offset, but a variation is to have a single crankpin with 1672:(CDI) from the 1980s. Small, single-cylinder motorcycles abandoned the flywheel magneto system with contact breakers to similar flywheel driven solid-state systems at about the same time. 1566:

motorcycles have ever been built. The improved fuel efficiency is offset by the increased weight, reduced acceleration and potential difficulty of starting, at least in colder climates.

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Some manufacturers use a hybrid cooling method where engine oil is circulated between the engine case and a small radiator. Here the oil doubles as cooling liquid, prompting the name "

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longitudinally mounted 750 cc triple with the cylinders parallel to the ground. Meriden Triumph developed the 750 cc Trident, from which BSA "badge-engineered" the Rocket-3.

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BSA experimented with Wankel engines before they ended production in the 1970s. These experiments later led to Wankel-engined Norton motorcycles in the 1980s and 1990s, including the

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again the subject of interest due to fuel economy and the needs of military logistics. The USMC has ordered a new diesel motorcycle, the M1030 M1, that can use the same fuel,

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century but the current layout became generally adopted after the Great War. The modern equivalent became universally popular in the 1950s and remains much the same today.

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In its initial demonstration before police officials, the machine managed a 98-mph pass, plenty of top-end performance to humble the cars and trucks of moonshine runners.

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Until the mid-1960s, road-racing machines, like the UK's Matchless, AJS and Norton, tended to be large singles, but since then multicylinder racers have become the norm.

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Inlet over exhaust. Valve layout in which the inlet valve is placed directly over the exhaust valve. Common on early engines, a development of atmospheric valve engines.

1692:. Not to be confused with the original Ram-Air system where an air scoop/cowl was fitted to the top of the cylinder heads of Suzuki two-stroke engines to aid cooling. 875:, effectively two parallel-twin engines one in front of the other in a common crankcase — it had remarkably little vibration due to the contra-rotating crankshafts. 2221: 113:

typically ranged from about 50 cc to 650 cc; but in Europe since 1968 motorcycles with larger capacities have become common, ranging as high as the

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Honda has produced five-cylinder engines for racing, the RC211V 990 cc V5. No V5 engines are currently available in commercial production motorcycles.

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made a few 1,000 cc and 1,200 cc triples. Some Laverda Triples had 120° cranks, while some had 180° cranks, essentially three-quarters of a four.

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Traditionally, engines and gearboxes had separate lubrication systems with different grades of oil; but modern practice is to use the same oil for both.

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and a heavier-duty gearbox than multicylinder engines. Small singles are cheap to build and maintain and are suitable as cheap utility motorcycles.

2424: 1347: 651:. There are three crankshaft configurations for this engine: 360°, 180°, and the newer 270°. Parallel twins usually have only two main bearings. 451: 1570:

built a few from 1965 onwards but is no longer doing so. In November 2006, the Dutch company E.V.A. Products BV Holland announced their first

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may have three or even four camshafts. An OHC or DOHC cylinder head will have at least two valves per cylinder (1 inlet and 1 exhaust), but

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of 1869, and a number of other steam powered two and three wheelers, manufactured and sold to the public on through the early 20th century.

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produce high power outputs for their size and weight, and several attempts were made to produce Wankel powered motorcycles in the 1970s.

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introduced new short-stroke unit construction 500 and 650 cc parallel twins to replace their existing pre-unit long-stroke engines.

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Cylinder head design has a significant effect on the efficiency of combustion, and hence the power output of the engine. The head may be

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has become a rallying cry for performance-minded Dodge owners, and Ducati is smart not to abandon the mystique that has grown around it.

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by many authorities, partially on the assumption that a motorcycle is defined not as any two-wheel motor vehicle, but a two-wheel

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based their motorcycles on four-cylinder car engines. For example, the Mammut 2000 has a 2.0l with a turbo and cylinder heads by

480:(SOHC and DOHC, respectively) engines have overhead camshafts typically operated by chain, belt, gear train or bevel gear drive. 1067:. As for two-stroke engines, there were four cylinders in the smaller classes such as Kawasaki's 125 cc KR3 square 4 and 484:

the design was modified by adding another cam to the camshaft and using a pushrod and rocker arm to operate the intake valve.

2097: 1701: 1683:, or blowers, were common in the GPs, until they were banned. The first supercharger on a production motorcycle was the 2015 605:

bikes tend to forgo such simplicity, and instead have larger and more powerful parallel-twin, flat-twin, or V-twin engines.

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where they still compete strongly with four-strokes (including the highest-selling motorcycle of all time, the 50 cc

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Some motorcycles such as Harley-Davidsons, Moto Guzzis and BMWs become identifiable by their cylinder-head types, namely

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straight-four engine, straight-fours have dominated the non-cruiser street motorcycle segments. The German manufacturer

2655: 956:, it also had double-over-head camshafts, forced-inducting supercharger and also water-cooled. Since the advent of the 439: 103: 2665: 2600: 2305:

https://hydrogen-central.com/is-hydrogen-future-big-four-announce-partnership-develop-revolutionary-bike-engines-mcn/

2192: 2146: 1939: 1903: 1859: 1778: 1503: 1248:, the Otto Cilindri, in the 1950s. Some custom and one-off motorcycles use more than six cylinders. For example, the 155: 137: 752:

Some early motorcycles used transverse-crank flat twin engines, especially Douglas motorcycles before World War II.

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Fuel economy is better in four-strokes due to more complete combustion of the intake charge in four-stroke engines.

411:(3 inlet and 2 exhaust). Cylinder heads are the hottest part of the engine and require adequate cooling, typically 1429: 1245: 839:

water-cooled V-3 two-strokes MVX250 and NS400. There have been various race bike triples such as Kawasaki KR750,

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have fewer moving parts than four-stroke engines, and produce twice the number of power strokes per revolution.

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con-rods, to keep the cylinders in line. Non-90° V-twins may have offset crankpins to try to reduce vibration.

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design, these early steam motorcycles experimented with a variety of engine placement strategies, as well as

2610: 2283: 1635:." Suzuki has produced many oil-cooled motorcycles. Modern BMW R-series flat-twin motorcycles, such as the 1706: 1669: 368: 2089:

Standard Catalog of American Motorcycles 1898-1981: The Only Book to Fully Chronicle Every Bike Ever Built

579:"singles" or "thumpers") have the cylinder vertical, inclined or horizontal, the last type most common in 2821: 2569: 1420: 86:

Most engines have a gearbox with up to six or even 7 ratios. Reverse gear is occasionally found on heavy

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exhibited Wankel-powered motorcycles in 1972, but neither company manufactured one. German manufacturer

1289: 1008: 918: 375:, but usually a "dome" within the cylinder head provides most of the combustion volume. Motorcycles use 2826: 234: 49: 1244:

built a V8 in 1938, and Moto Guzzi experimented over a period of two years with its dual-overhead-cam

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motorcycle uses (5,700 cc, 6,000 cc and 8,200 cc) Chevrolet V-8 crate motors. In 2003

749:, among others. The longitudinal mounting makes the flat twin highly suitable for shaft final drive. 665: 420: 254: 206: 949:

were bought by enthusiasts and by police departments, the latter using them as pursuit motorcycles.

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The Tandem Twin where the cylinders are longitudinal, and have two cranks geared together such as

21: 2782: 2624: 2454: 1875: 1846:; Guggenheim Museum Staff (1998), "Issues in the Evolution of the Motorcycle", in Krens, Thomas; 693:

V-twins may be mounted either longitudinally with the cylinders protruding either side, like the

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eight connecting rods. Morbidelli has shown two V8 prototype road bikes that were not produced.

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A square four is a U engine with two cylinders on each side. This configuration was used on the

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in the 1950s to battery-coil-contact breaker points, and these were increasingly superseded by

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In a flat-twin, or boxer, engine the cylinders are horizontally opposed. The boxer has perfect

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engines are used, but strict emission laws have led to far fewer two-strokes. A few have used

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motorcycle from 1931 to 1959. This design was revived as a two-stroke version on some racing

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gasoline internal combustion engine was first used on an experimental two-wheeler created by

1965: 2508: 2031: 1915: 1689: 1335: 1331: 1068: 942: 800: 633: 497: 427: 334: 291: 170: 2258: 1639:, use air and oil cooling. Polaris's Victory motorcycles use oil/air cooling exclusively. 1574:, its Track T-800CDI, using an 800 cc three-cylinder Daimler Chrysler diesel engine. 8: 2543: 2226: 1159: 946: 555: 523: 407:

engines may have three (2 inlet and 1 exhaust), or four (2 inlet and 2 exhaust), or even

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The joint four manufacture introducing one of first H2-based IC Engine for motorcycle.

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motorcycles with capacities of 850 cc or more have been the norm since the 1920s.

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motorcycles may have a rigidly fixed engine, or may have a scooter-type arrangement.

303:". The chain final-drive of scooters runs in an oil-bath within the engine casings. 277: 250: 194: 1112: 807:

Triumph factory has specialized in transverse triples, although their 2,300 cc

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This 1818 caricature was thought for many years to be entirely fanciful, until the

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Compared to lightweight off-road singles, the modern category of heavier off-road

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has an oil cooler below the headlights and fins for air cooling on the cylinders.

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was produced from 1979 to 1989. Benelli made the 750 cc and 900 cc the

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But 'desmo' has become a code word among enthusiasts, in much the same way that

2683: 1652: 1473: 1370: 1257: 1214: 1192: 1180:, which were launched in 2011, have a transverse-mounted 1,649 cc engine. 1042: 726: 683: 473: 472:, the valves are operated from the "underhead" cam without special valve gear. 384: 262: 174: 117:'s 2,300 cubic centimetres (140 cu in) engine. In the United States, 57: 29:

engine. The most popular motorcycle in history, with over 100 million produced.

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to test the practicality of such an engine in a vehicle. This motorcycle, the

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Revoluntionary eccentricities: A survey of the rotary engine over the years.

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and coil ignition systems, was a significant factor in forcing the redesign.

362: 249:, but no Wankel bikes are currently in production. Motorcycle engines can be 246: 118: 53: 2384: 785: 371:, in which case the combustion chamber resides within the cylinder and/or a 2675: 1680: 1479: 1450: 1096: 840: 824: 816: 730: 493: 392: 376: 151: 75:

were produced between 1921 and 1925 with front wheel drive, and the modern

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and the Rune, both of which were cruiser developments of the Gold Wing.

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from 1972 to 1978. Honda made a 250 cc straight-six GP bike. The

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Four-cylinder engines are most commonly found in a transverse-mounted

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The 8 valve per cylinder, two connecting rod per piston, oval piston

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concept vehicles with a Dodge Viper V-10 engine. Australian company

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The first across-the-frame 4-cylinder motorcycle was the racer 1939

221:, as the rest of their armored vehicles, aircraft, cars and trucks. 2464: 1482:

rocket developed for Evel Knievel's Snake River Canyon jump attempt

1409: 1402: 1343: 965: 856: 804: 763: 734: 584: 476:(OHV) engines have valves operated by pushrods. Single- and double- 295: 99: 2340: 2107: 2057:(8). Newport Beach, CA USA: Hachette Filipacchi Magazines: 42–43. 1581:

Diesels are also available in both two- and four-stroke versions.

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motorcycle prototypes exist, but never have been commercialized.

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to discontinue making dynamos and magnetos, and to produce only

265:. The 2009 TT races introduced a new category 'TTX' (renamed as 1469:

Several rocket-powered motorcycles have been built, including:

1425: 1351: 1092: 72: 1814:"August 30, 1885: Daimler Gives World First 'True' Motorcycle" 978: 871:, have been produced. One of the more unusual designs was the 811:

has its engine mounted longitudinally. Other examples are the

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motorcycles. Single-cylinder engines require both a larger

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head enables higher rpm to be achieved without detrimental

218: 2009:"How A Motorcycle Works? Explained Simply - Knowledgebook" 855:

layout, although some are longitudinal, as in the earlier

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continue to be made in large numbers, but mostly off-road

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transverse 3s, and Proton/Modenas KR3, Honda NS500 V-3s.

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Schafer, Louis S. (January 1989). Harrison, Greg (ed.).

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Superhawk 305 cc (18.6 cu in) twin engine

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Production of four cylinder motorcycles began with the

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In a V-twin engine the cylinders form a "V" around the

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with both wheels driven, has been produced since 1960.

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Schafer, Louis (February 1990). Harrison, Greg (ed.).

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V-twin Design Engineering (Retrieved 26 November 2006)

1739:, April 1983, pp.166-171, p.188 Accessed February 2019 345:). The major markets of two-stroke motorcycles are in 2341:"The first commercially-available diesel motorcycle" 2043:

Edwards, David (August 1997). Edwards, David (ed.).

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models, and their subsequent road-going version the

1987:"2008 Kawasaki Concours 14: MD First Ride (Part 2)" 1168:was produced from 1978 to 1982. The 1,300 cc 2309: 2092:. Iola, WI US: Krause Publications. p. 219. 1771:The Guinness book of motorcycling facts and feats 803:, are normally mounted transversely. The British 173:and the later—and in many ways completely modern— 2813: 1421:Rotary engine § Use in cars and motorcycles 457: 233:Almost all production motorcycles have gasoline 2496: 1954: 356: 1761: 1759: 1757: 541: 2418: 1362:built 38 OCR1000 motorcycles with twin-rotor 1205:The six-cylinder engine is currently used by 310: 2285:The History Of The Rocket-Powered Motorcycle 2256: 1962:"Honda Worldwide | Technology Close-up" 261:as well. Some scooters use batteries and an 2363:"Kawasaki officially debuts 2015 Ninja H2R" 2278: 2276: 2075: 1934:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 188. 1876:"Diesel-Sipping Motorcycle for the Marines" 1838: 1836: 1754: 158:of 1868. This was followed by the American 2425: 2411: 2377: 2222:"Radical Rondine: 1939 Gilera 500 Rondine" 2170: 2036: 1675: 496:. In 2006, Kawasaki introduced VVT in the 2432: 2360: 1901: 2273: 2220:Hamish, Cooper (January–February 2018). 1833: 1773:, Guinness Superlatives, pp. 8–18, 1765: 1618: 1396: 1307: 1224: 1187: 1146: 1111: 1037: 977: 884: 784: 710: 660: 619: 554: 128: 20: 2801:Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling 2260:Build Your Own Turbojet? Some People Do 1867: 1798:, Oxford University Press, March 2009, 1323:Wankel_engine § Motorcycle_engines 2814: 2361:Kunitsugu, Kent (September 30, 2014). 2219: 1929: 1902:Mayersohn, Norman (December 3, 2006), 1213:, and had previously been used in the 284:aligned perpendicular to the frame or 150:The first motorcycles were powered by 2406: 2354: 2213: 2124: 2006: 1702:List of motorcycles by type of engine 576: 154:. The earliest example is the French 1873: 1811: 1507: 1272: 1045:engine with dual clutch transmission 991: 901: 515:still makes pre-unit engines today. 503: 2007:admin, knowledgebook (2022-12-09). 1854:, Harry N. Abrams, pp. 24–31, 1642: 834:Some triples were two-strokes. The 134:Earliest motorcycle engine concept. 41:. Motorcycle engines are typically 13: 2656:Continuously variable transmission 1786: 1083:U engine § Square four engine 276:Motorcycle engines can be mounted 109:Outside the United States, engine 52:, but other engine types, such as 14: 2838: 2193:American Motorcyclist Association 2147:American Motorcyclist Association 1964:. World.honda.com. Archived from 1930:Wilson, Hugo (1993). "Glossary". 1874:Ford, Dexter (24 February 2008), 1751:rokon.com Retrieved February 2019 1647: 1594:Liquid-cooled motorcycles have a 1584: 1504:Electric motorcycles and scooters 1256:manufactured a limited number of 156:Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede 2478: 1796:Oxford English Dictionary Online 1511: 1276: 995: 905: 799:Three-cylinder engines, a.k.a. 715:BMW's opposed twin on a 1954 R68 2298: 2257:Vin Marshall (March 12, 2010), 2250: 2241: 2042: 2025: 2000: 1979: 1430:Killinger and Freund Motorcycle 1366:engines between 1978 and 1981. 211:National Motor Museum, Beaulieu 16:Engine that powers a motorcycle 2640:Sequential manual transmission 2247:"Bike" magazine February? 1973 2082:Hatfield, Jerry (2006-02-08). 1923: 1895: 1805: 1742: 1729: 1268: 1129:Just prior to their collapse, 373:depression in the piston crown 1: 2081: 1812:Long, Tony (30 August 2007), 1722: 1489:that set the world record at 1485:Eric Teboul's rocket-powered 1476:'s 1928 "Monster" rocket bike 458:Valve control in four-strokes 1932:The Ultimate Motorcycle Book 1707:Motorcycle motor powered car 1670:Capacitor Discharge Ignition 1664:Ignition systems moved from 1389:on a Wankel-powered Norton. 1385:. Steve Hislop won the 1992 1354:produced their single-rotor 357:Cylinder heads (four-stroke) 7: 2387:. Sport Rider. October 1999 2343:. Gizmag. November 20, 2006 1695: 1659: 1562:Only very small numbers of 1543: 1497: 867:designs, as in the earlier 789:Triumph Rocket III inline-3 542:Cylinders and configuration 269:) for electric bikes using 235:internal combustion engines 50:internal combustion engines 37:is an engine that powers a 10: 2843: 1555: 1501: 1418: 1320: 1234: 1198: 1157: 1119: 1080: 1048: 985: 982:The Honda GL1000 flat-four 895: 792: 761: 718: 671: 631: 565: 507: 461: 360: 311:Two-stroke and four-stroke 203:internal combustion engine 169:based both on the earlier 143: 124: 2796: 2755: 2722: 2692: 2674: 2648: 2632: 2623: 2588: 2562: 2487: 2476: 2440: 2191:(2). Westerville, OH US: 2179:"Survival of the Fittest" 2145:(1). Westerville, OH US: 1852:The Art of the Motorcycle 1589: 1572:diesel-powered motorcycle 1551: 775: 666:Harley-Davidson Sportster 550: 257:, and optionally include 207:Oxford English Dictionary 98:motorcycles, such as the 2788:Anti-lock braking system 2661:Dual-clutch transmission 2288:, Jalopnik, May 24, 2010 2176: 2130: 1712:List of motorized trikes 1178:BMW K1600GT and K1600GTL 399:(DOHC). A cylinder with 228: 199:world's first motorcycle 2783:Traction control system 1676:Turbo and Superchargers 1102: 846: 608: 573:Single-cylinder engines 379:in a range of designs: 1628: 1614: 1605: 1406: 1313: 1232: 1196: 1155: 1137: 1117: 1116:Honda V5 MotoGP engine 1046: 983: 893: 790: 716: 669: 629: 568:Single-cylinder engine 563: 160:Roper steam velocipede 141: 81:all terrain motorcycle 30: 2434:Motorcycle components 2184:American Motorcyclist 2138:American Motorcyclist 1622: 1453:afterburning turbojet 1441:MTT Turbine Superbike 1400: 1311: 1228: 1220: 1191: 1150: 1115: 1041: 981: 888: 795:Straight-three engine 788: 714: 664: 623: 558: 464:Variable valve timing 247:Wankel rotary engines 205:motor vehicle. The 197:, is credited as the 132: 24: 1690:Kawasaki Ninja ZX-11 1312:Hercules Wankel 2000 737:and historically by 634:Straight-twin engine 518:In the early 1960s, 2317:"Diesel motorbikes" 2227:Motorcycle Classics 1578:for small Diesels. 1358:from 1975 to 1976. 1160:Straight-six engine 892:transverse inline-4 819:. The Italian firm 397:double overhead cam 2822:Motorcycle engines 2611:Hydrogen fuel cell 2321:Journey to Forever 1909:The New York Times 1881:The New York Times 1794:"motorcycle, n.", 1629: 1523:. You can help by 1407: 1342:, a member of the 1314: 1288:. You can help by 1233: 1197: 1164:The 1,047 cc 1156: 1118: 1047: 1007:. You can help by 984: 954:Gilera 500 Rondine 917:. You can help by 898:Inline-four engine 894: 791: 717: 688:"fork & blade" 670: 644:Triumph Speed Twin 630: 564: 494:VFR800 Interceptor 401:desmodromic valves 351:developing nations 316:Two-stroke engines 146:Motorcycle history 142: 90:, for example the 60:, have been used. 31: 2827:Engine technology 2809: 2808: 2718: 2717: 2619: 2618: 2606:Gasoline (petrol) 2519:Flat twin (boxer) 2263:, Popular Science 2099:978-0-89689-949-0 1844:Falco, Charles M. 1685:Kawasaki Ninja H2 1558:Diesel motorcycle 1541: 1540: 1491:Santa Pod Raceway 1377:, the fleet-only 1306: 1305: 1089:Ariel Square Four 1025: 1024: 935: 934: 873:Ariel Square Four 649:Sunbeam S7 and S8 510:Unit construction 504:Unit construction 478:overhead camshaft 470:side-valve engine 337:and step-through 195:Daimler Reitwagen 35:motorcycle engine 2834: 2630: 2629: 2497:Layouts (common) 2494: 2493: 2482: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2313: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2040: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1767:Setright, L.J.K. 1763: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1737:Motorcycle Sport 1733: 1643:Other components 1536: 1533: 1515: 1508: 1301: 1298: 1280: 1273: 1254:Daimler-Chrysler 1020: 1017: 999: 992: 988:Flat-four engine 930: 927: 909: 902: 836:Kawasaki triples 721:Flat-twin engine 578: 191:Gottlieb Daimler 138:Michaux-Perreaux 115:Triumph Rocket 3 2842: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2792: 2751: 2714: 2688: 2670: 2644: 2615: 2584: 2580:Wankel (rotary) 2563:Layouts (other) 2558: 2483: 2474: 2436: 2431: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2385:"Ram Air: Test" 2383: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2289: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2175: 2171: 2159: 2157: 2129: 2125: 2112: 2110: 2100: 2080: 2076: 2067: 2065: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2005: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1942: 1928: 1924: 1900: 1896: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1841: 1834: 1810: 1806: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1764: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1717:Aircraft engine 1698: 1678: 1662: 1650: 1645: 1617: 1608: 1592: 1587: 1560: 1554: 1546: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1521:needs expansion 1506: 1500: 1435:Turbine engines 1423: 1325: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1286:needs expansion 1271: 1239: 1223: 1203: 1201:Flat-six engine 1170:Kawasaki KZ1300 1162: 1140: 1124: 1105: 1085: 1053: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1005:needs expansion 990: 931: 925: 922: 915:needs expansion 900: 869:Honda Gold Wing 849: 797: 778: 766: 727:primary balance 723: 676: 636: 611: 570: 553: 544: 512: 506: 466: 460: 365: 359: 343:Honda Super Cub 313: 301:unsprung weight 294:often have the 231: 148: 127: 106:transmission. 58:electric motors 27:Honda Super Cub 17: 12: 11: 5: 2840: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2666:Semi-automatic 2663: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2422: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2376: 2353: 2332: 2308: 2297: 2272: 2249: 2240: 2212: 2169: 2133:"Roaring '20s" 2123: 2098: 2074: 2045:"Four-Runners" 2035: 2024: 1999: 1989:. 19 July 2007 1978: 1953: 1940: 1922: 1894: 1866: 1860: 1848:Drutt, Matthew 1832: 1804: 1785: 1779: 1753: 1741: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1677: 1674: 1661: 1658: 1653:Fuel injection 1649: 1648:Fuel Injection 1646: 1644: 1641: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1585:Engine cooling 1583: 1564:diesel engined 1556:Main article: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1518: 1516: 1502:Main article: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1483: 1477: 1474:Fritz von Opel 1467: 1466: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1437: 1436: 1419:Main article: 1417: 1416: 1415:Rotary engines 1395: 1394: 1328:Wankel engines 1321:Main article: 1319: 1318: 1304: 1303: 1283: 1281: 1270: 1267: 1246:500 cc V8 1235:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1199:Main article: 1193:Honda Valkyrie 1186: 1185: 1158:Main article: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1120:Main article: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1081:Main article: 1079: 1078: 1049:Main article: 1043:Honda VFR1200F 1036: 1035: 1023: 1022: 1002: 1000: 986:Main article: 976: 975: 933: 932: 912: 910: 896:Main article: 883: 882: 848: 845: 793:Main article: 783: 782: 777: 774: 762:Main article: 760: 759: 719:Main article: 709: 708: 672:Main article: 659: 658: 638:Starting with 632:Main article: 618: 617: 610: 607: 566:Main article: 552: 549: 543: 540: 508:Main article: 505: 502: 474:Overhead valve 459: 456: 450:also known as 421:liquid cooling 385:overhead valve 361:Main article: 358: 355: 312: 309: 305:"Step-through" 292:Motor scooters 286:longitudinally 273:or batteries. 263:electric motor 230: 227: 175:safety bicycle 144:Main article: 126: 123: 119:V-twin engined 67:, such as the 63:Although some 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2839: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589:Energy source 2587: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2570:Rotary piston 2568: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2509:Parallel twin 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2386: 2380: 2365:. Sport Rider 2364: 2357: 2342: 2336: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2301: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2277: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2244: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2166: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2028: 2014: 2013:Knowledgebook 2010: 2003: 1988: 1982: 1968:on 2011-06-04 1967: 1963: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1941:0-7513-0043-8 1937: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1861:0-89207-207-5 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1782: 1780:9780851122007 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1681:Superchargers 1673: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1654: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568:Enfield India 1565: 1559: 1549: 1535: 1532:December 2009 1526: 1522: 1519:This section 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:Zweirad Union 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1317:Wankel rotary 1316: 1315: 1310: 1300: 1297:December 2009 1291: 1287: 1284:This section 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1231: 1230:Moto Guzzi V8 1227: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1016:December 2009 1010: 1006: 1003:This section 1001: 998: 994: 993: 989: 980: 973: 972: 971: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 929: 920: 916: 913:This section 911: 908: 904: 903: 899: 891: 887: 880: 879: 878: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 844: 842: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815:"Tre"and the 814: 810: 806: 802: 796: 787: 781:Inline triple 780: 779: 773: 771: 765: 757: 756: 755: 753: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 713: 706: 705: 704: 702: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 675: 674:V-twin engine 667: 663: 656: 655: 654: 652: 650: 645: 641: 640:Edward Turner 635: 627: 622: 616:Straight-twin 615: 614: 613: 606: 604: 599: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 574: 569: 562: 561:BSA Gold Star 557: 548: 539: 536: 534: 530: 525: 521: 516: 511: 501: 499: 495: 491: 485: 481: 479: 475: 471: 465: 455: 453: 449: 445: 442:. The Ducati 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377:poppet valves 374: 370: 364: 363:Cylinder head 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 322: 319: 317: 308: 306: 302: 297: 293: 289: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 255:liquid cooled 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 226: 222: 220: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 183: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 152:steam engines 147: 139: 135: 131: 122: 120: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 61: 59: 55: 51: 48: 44: 40: 36: 28: 23: 19: 2799: 2625:Transmission 2544:Straight-six 2488: 2391:February 14, 2389:. Retrieved 2379: 2369:February 14, 2367:. Retrieved 2356: 2345:. Retrieved 2335: 2324:. Retrieved 2320: 2311: 2300: 2290:, retrieved 2284: 2265:, retrieved 2259: 2252: 2243: 2231:. Retrieved 2225: 2215: 2204:. Retrieved 2188: 2182: 2172: 2164: 2158:. Retrieved 2142: 2136: 2126: 2117: 2111:. Retrieved 2088: 2077: 2066:. Retrieved 2054: 2048: 2038: 2027: 2016:. Retrieved 2012: 2002: 1991:. Retrieved 1981: 1970:. Retrieved 1966:the original 1956: 1946: 1945: 1931: 1925: 1913: 1907: 1897: 1879: 1869: 1851: 1817: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1770: 1744: 1736: 1731: 1679: 1663: 1651: 1630: 1609: 1600: 1593: 1580: 1576: 1561: 1547: 1529: 1525:adding to it 1520: 1480:Skycycle X-2 1468: 1456: 1451:Jet Reaction 1424: 1408: 1393:Oval pistons 1368: 1346:-controlled 1326: 1294: 1290:adding to it 1285: 1240: 1204: 1163: 1128: 1125: 1086: 1073: 1054: 1030: 1026: 1013: 1009:adding to it 1004: 970: 951: 936: 923: 919:adding to it 914: 877: 850: 841:Suzuki TR750 833: 817:Yamaha XS750 798: 767: 754: 751: 724: 703: 692: 677: 653: 647:500 cc 637: 612: 600: 594:and smaller 589: 581:step-through 571: 545: 537: 517: 513: 486: 482: 467: 452:valve bounce 425: 395:(SOHC), and 393:overhead cam 366: 323: 320: 314: 290: 278:transversely 275: 232: 223: 215: 202: 198: 184: 179:transmission 164: 149: 133: 108: 92:Honda GL1600 85: 62: 34: 32: 18: 2724:Accessories 2710:Shaft drive 2700:Chain drive 2693:Final drive 2529:Inline-four 2050:Cycle World 1749:About Rokon 1633:oil-cooling 1625:BMW R1150GS 1269:Other types 1152:Benelli Sei 1077:Square four 1055:Honda uses 958:Honda CB750 890:Honda CB750 881:Inline four 853:inline four 758:Tandem twin 695:Honda CX500 533:alternators 498:Concours 14 448:valve float 440:knucklehead 438:, and even 417:oil cooling 413:air cooling 405:multi-valve 391:operation, 387:(OHV) with 280:; with the 259:oil cooling 239:four-stroke 47:four-stroke 2816:Categories 2768:Drum brake 2763:Disc brake 2705:Belt drive 2455:Suspension 2347:2007-06-28 2326:2007-06-28 2292:2012-05-30 2267:2012-05-30 2206:2014-02-03 2160:2014-02-03 2113:2014-02-03 2108:2005922934 2068:2013-09-21 2018:2022-12-14 1993:2011-06-30 1972:2010-12-04 1723:References 1459:jet engine 1445:turboshaft 1381:, and the 1379:Interpol 2 1143:Inline six 1065:VFR series 1057:V4 engines 926:April 2010 809:Rocket III 699:Moto Guzzi 680:crankshaft 626:Honda CB77 596:dual-sport 462:See also: 381:side valve 347:dirt bikes 339:underbones 329:low-power 282:crankshaft 271:fuel-cells 251:air cooled 243:two-stroke 187:Otto cycle 171:boneshaker 111:capacities 43:two-stroke 39:motorcycle 2649:Automatic 2539:Flat-four 2233:April 13, 2201:0277-9358 2155:0277-9358 2063:0011-4286 1890:0362-4331 1828:1059-1028 1387:Senior TT 1375:Commander 1250:Boss Hoss 1242:Galbusera 1237:V8 engine 1211:Gold Wing 1166:Honda CBX 1122:V5 engine 1061:ST series 1051:V4 engine 974:Flat four 943:Henderson 827:made the 707:Flat-twin 603:adventure 327:motocross 69:VéloSoleX 2601:Electric 2549:Flat-six 2465:Swingarm 1850:(eds.), 1769:(1979), 1696:See also 1660:Ignition 1596:radiator 1544:Hydrogen 1498:Electric 1487:dragbike 1410:Honda NR 1403:Honda NR 1360:Van Veen 1340:Hercules 1336:Kawasaki 1262:Drysdale 1258:Tomahawk 1215:Valkyrie 1154:inline-6 966:Cosworth 857:BMW K100 813:Benelli' 805:Hinckley 770:Kawasaki 764:U engine 747:Hoffmann 642:'s 1937 592:Off-road 585:flywheel 335:scooters 333:, small 2747:Trailer 2742:Sidecar 2737:Pannier 2732:Fairing 2684:Slipper 2575:Turbine 2442:Chassis 1666:magneto 1637:R1150GS 1493:in 2009 1371:Classic 1364:Comotor 1209:in the 1059:in the 939:FN Four 821:Laverda 801:triples 743:Marusho 739:Douglas 524:Triumph 492:in the 436:oilhead 432:panhead 428:airhead 389:pushrod 267:TT Zero 237:. 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