22:
891:
frame, avoiding the need for frame members extending downward to the swingarm pivot. By increasing the number of mounting points between the engine and frame, vibrations and stress can be better dissipated in the frame, typically creating a triangle between the swingarm in the rear, the cylinder head at the top and the lower crankcase area at the front. If a rigidly mounted engine not only contributes to, but is critical to, the stiffness of the frame, and is an integral part of closing the triangle or trellis structure that transfers force from the headstock to the swingarm, to the point that without the engine the frame would be deformed, the engine is called a
758:
597:
435:
876:
280:
452:
703:
771:
528:
964:
593:
motorcycle, the Art-Deco styled 1930 Majestic. Its new type of monocoque body solved the problems he had addressed, and along with better rigidity it did double-duty, as frame and bodywork provided some protection from the elements. Strictly considered, it was more of a semi-monocoque, as it used a box-section, pressed-steel frame with twin side rails riveted together via crossmembers, along with floor pans and rear and front bulkheads.
390:
2155:
628:. Although the single-cylinder Ossa had 20 horsepower (15 kW) less than its rivals, it was 45 pounds (20 kg) lighter and its monocoque frame was much stiffer than conventional motorcycle frames, giving it superior agility on the racetrack. Ossa won four Grands Prix races with the monocoque bike before their rider died after a crash during the 250 cc event at the
215:
890:
Instead, if the engine is rigidly mounted to the frame, vibrations pass to and are dissipated via the whole frame, and the rider. Rigid mounting allows the engine to contribute to the overall stiffness of the frame. It also becomes possible to mount the swingarm directly to the engine rather than the
806:
together. A well-designed trellis frame should provide a strong, lightweight structure that simplifies placement of engine and components, and gives good access for maintenance. Although construction of a trellis frame needs a more complicated process than, say, an alloy beam frame, it requires only
592:
French industrialist and engineer
Georges Roy attempted in the 1920s to improve on the bicycle-inspired motorcycle frames of the day, which lacked rigidity. This limited their handling and therefore performance. He applied for a patent in 1926, and at the 1929 Paris Automotive Show unveiled his new
481:, two beams wrap around the engine to join the steering head and swing arm in the shortest distance possible for better rigidity. Beams are usually made of pressed metal (steel/aluminium). The trellis frame employs the same concept but uses welded members to form a trellis instead of pressed metal.
886:
For rider comfort, a motorcycle's engine can be mounted on rubber bushings to isolate vibration from the rest of the machine. This strategy means the engine contributes little to frame stiffness, and absorbing rather than dissipating vibration can lead to stress damage to the frame, exhaust pipes,
547:
in 1920, which used pressed steel for the frame, rear swinging arm, and the front forks. The frame may be entirely pressed (Ariel Arrow), or may have just a pressed aft section connected to the steering head by a conventional steel tubular spine (Honda Super Cub). Both the Super Cub and the Arrow
954:
In the 21st century, advances like high power engines driving high traction tires, and better-performing suspension components, especially forks, led to a situation where designs with increased overall frame stiffness were made available to consumers. Analysts differ on whether infinite lateral
945:
Modifying the stiffness of a factory-produced frame can be undertaken to improve handling characteristics. This is often done by triangulating the factory frame. Triangulation is a technique used in many engineering applications to stiffen structures. However doing so can also have undesirable
487:
is credited with pioneering the modern, aluminum perimeter frame chassis now used on many modern racing and production motorcycles. In 1982, Cobas developed a stronger and lighter aluminum twin-beam chassis to replace the steel backbone frames. The technology was copied by major motorcycle
147:
Unlike the development seen in bicycle frames where tubular steel frames were succeeded by frames welded out of round or ovalized aluminium tubing, the aluminium in motorcycle frames is almost exclusively welded in more angular forms, and often forming a monocoque frame.
612:
was produced in the 1950s using a monocoque hollow shell of sheet-steel pressings welded together, into which the engine and transmission were installed from underneath. The machine could be tipped onto its side, resting on the bolt-on footboards for mechanical access.
811:
and a competent welder. No heavy capital outlay is required, so a trellis frame is ideal for a model that may be made in relatively small numbers. For this reason, the trellis frame has found favour with
European manufacturers, and Ducati in particular.
111:
In Europe and the USA, steel tubing was the default material until recent times. All the major manufacturers (AJS, Ariel, BSA, Matchless, Norton, Sunbeam, Triumph, Velocette, BMW, DKW, Ducati, Moto-Guzzi, Harley-Davidson and Indian) used steel tubing.
698:
are sometimes described as monocoques; however as most use components to form a frame structure (even if molded in a single piece), these are frames not monocoques, and the pedal-cycle industry continues to refer to them as framesets.
1765: "otorcycle engineers design in a "tuned" amount of chassis and tire flex. This is helpful because at maximum lean the frame and tire sidewalls are at a better angle to absorb bumps in the road than the suspension system."
971:
If the handling of the motorcycle is not appropriate, it is important to check the deformation of the geometry of the motorcycle frame. This measurement can be important after an accident or before buying a used motorcycle.
914:, twin downtubes were included, creating a full cradle, but the downtubes were found to carry little load, so they were removed, relying entirely on the combination of the steel backbone and engine for chassis rigidity.
667:. The bike had other innovative features, including an engine with oval shaped cylinders, and eventually succumbed to the problems associated with attempting to develop too many new technologies at once. In 1987
66:
suspension motion. Some motorcycles include the engine as a load-bearing stressed member; while some other bikes do not use a single frame, but instead have a front and a rear subframe attached to the engine.
589:
More common in the car world, a monocoque frame comprises a structure where loads are supported through its external skin. On motorcycles they are used almost exclusively on racing motorcycles.
1089:
47:, and supports the rider and any passenger or luggage. Also attached to the frame are the fuel tank and battery. At the front of the frame is found the steering
1449:
910:
was designed with an advanced chassis, termed a "tour de force for its day," that included a stressed member engine. During early testing of the 1983
1453:
189:
industry, Armstrong designers Mike
Eatough and Barry Hart created the first motorcycle using a carbon fiber frame to compete in Grand Prix racing.
1751:
Suspension components that allow less flex and uncontrolled wheel movement need fewer Band-Aids in the form of compensating motion in the chassis.
2099:
1016:
103:, stiffness, power output and speed), there is no single ideal frame design, and designers must make an informed decision of the optimum choice.
750:
If a "monocoque" frame uses additional support, such as tubes or longerons, the frame is more properly called a "semi-monocoque". An example is
99:, along with composites of these materials, are now used. As different motorcycles have varying design parameters (such as cost, complexity,
688:
in 2000 as a "monocoque backbone...a single large diameter beam" and "Fabricated from a combination of castings and sheet-metal stampings".
1076:
Revolutionary is an oft-used word but this was the first time that a carbon fiber frame had been built to compete in a Grand Prix class.
488:
manufacturers and by the 1990s, all the major racing teams in Grand Prix competition used the aluminum frame design pioneered by Cobas.
902:
Stressed member engines were pioneered at least as early as the 1916 Harley-Davidson 8-valve racer, and incorporated in the production
333:
1107:
927:
1508:
1233:
1173:
664:
625:
228:
2475:
986:
639:
Notable designers such as Eric
Offenstadt and Dan Hanebrink created unique monocoque designs for racing in the early 1970s. The
1375:
1975:
1888:
1208:
1910:
In the structural sense, triangulation refers to a technique used in frame structures to provide extra strength and support.
1790:
ateral flexibility must now be intentionally designed into chassis parts to supplement suspension action at high lean angle.
1423:
923:
1480:
1272:
2092:
2330:
2340:
2275:
2069:
2037:
2013:
1993:
1947:
1927:
1859:
1835:
1817:
1142:
1069:
265:
1641:
1090:"ELF Racing - ELF Motorcycle Chassis Designs - Retrospective;Tracing A Decade Of Radical Racebike Experimentation"
182:
21:
2314:
2085:
2061:
1457:
1362:
996:
674:
An aluminium monocoque frame was used for the first time on a mass-produced motorcycle from 2000 on
Kawasaki's
798:
principles, a trellis frame is typically constructed of round or oval section metal tubular segments that are
946:
effects if it overloads other parts of the frame, as a flexible frame acts as a spring to absorb some loads.
751:
679:
671:
developed the Aero-D One, featuring a composite monocoque chassis that weighed only 12 kg (26 lb).
648:
2285:
922:
twins of 1994 relieved the frame of stress entirely, with the engine carrying the total load from the front
633:
305:
Greeves 250DCX Sportsman, with cast alloy "downtube", tubular steel rear subframe and semi-monocoque spine.
243:
178:
823:
at the swingarm pivot area. Another variation is to suspend the engine from a trellis frame, but have the
299:
2244:
907:
1622:
2496:
2053:
1775:
1716:
1299:
1397:
787:
174:
121:
2462:
2335:
458:
549:
2457:
2299:
2129:
1779:
1745:
1720:
1094:
903:
879:
409:
was the classic example, but many "duplex" frames actually have a single spine beneath the tank.
2254:
2398:
2178:
870:
2023:
1957:
1917:
1845:
1807:
899:. Sharing the load between the engine and frame reduces the overall weight of the motorcycle.
2249:
2198:
2108:
2029:
2003:
1851:
1133:
1128:
858:
721:
675:
261:
44:
2183:
1693:
842:
757:
727:
609:
596:
83:. While the use of steel tubing is still common, in modern times other materials, such as
369:
The motorcycle engine is held in a double cradle with a single spine and single downtube.
319:
The motorcycle engine is suspended from a single spine. Spine could be a solid structure.
8:
2218:
1956:
Hunt, Phil; McKay, Malcolm; Wilson, Hugo; Robinson, James (2012), Duckworth, Mick (ed.),
1277:
1028:
644:
629:
338:
100:
1512:
1237:
1177:
2421:
2406:
2203:
516:
405:
The motorcycle engine is held in place within a pair of separate cradles. The Norton
198:
2437:
2447:
2411:
2270:
2163:
2065:
2033:
2009:
1989:
1971:
1943:
1923:
1884:
1855:
1831:
1813:
1323:
1204:
1146:
1138:
1099:
1065:
621:
498:
25:
875:
434:
43:'s core structure. It supports the engine, provides a location for the steering and
2213:
2193:
2144:
955:
stiffness is desirable, or whether a finite degree of built-in flex is preferable.
911:
882:
with structural tubes bolted directly to engine case to complete the frame triangle
406:
328:
124:
29:
991:
2452:
2223:
2134:
1937:
1427:
1168:
1166:
652:
506:
441:
55:
1743:
James Parker (3 August 2011), "Ducati
Desmosedici RR: The 85 Percent Solution",
1645:
1341:
279:
2358:
1880:
853:
795:
775:
605:
536:
1163:
702:
651:
on the monocoque-framed John Player
Special that he helped to design based on
451:
2490:
2280:
2188:
1967:
1963:
1327:
1150:
1103:
981:
939:
816:
791:
695:
511:
484:
383:
231:
162:
2350:
1898:
915:
848:
692:
668:
567:
423:
378:
239:
157:
96:
770:
2384:
2379:
2374:
1784:
1725:
1485:
938:
Frame stiffness is a problem for motorcycle designers, as it was for the
733:
684:
640:
418:
394:
358:
293:
186:
136:
2077:
1223:"Motor Cycle Design in France", The Motor Cycle, 29 July 1920, pp122-124
919:
2442:
808:
617:
572:
40:
1318:
Robinson, James (September 2001). "Santiago
Herrero – Spanish Flyer".
349:
The motorcycle engine is held in a single cradle with a single spine.
2228:
2208:
1303:, two-page road test, 7 March 1957, pp.298-299. Accessed 15 June 2019
745:
707:
584:
540:
527:
268:
203:
92:
88:
48:
543:. One of the earliest examples was the 965cc motorcycle produced by
2139:
1919:
Classic Harley-Davidson Big Twins: Knucklehead, Panhead, Shovelhead
1540:
1313:
1311:
1309:
824:
783:
84:
63:
2416:
2116:
906:
by 1919. This was called a keystone, or diamond, frame. The 1946
820:
76:
1936:
Foale, Tony (2006), "Structural considerations: triangulation",
1306:
963:
837:
803:
799:
561:
544:
389:
296:, composed of two aluminium alloy beams and carbon fibre plates
130:
75:
In the early days, motorcycles were little more than motorised
52:
660:
656:
235:
80:
59:
2154:
1600:
678:, their flagship production sportbike aimed at being the
1986:
Total
Control: High Performance Street Riding Techniques
1939:
Motorcycle frame and chassis design: the art and science
1955:
1546:
548:
also have pressed steel forks, instead of conventional
214:
1376:"Motorcycle Technology – Future Perfect – Up To Speed"
1129:"1971 Titanium Husqvarna; A bike as trick as they got"
1055:
1053:
364:
1398:"The Unconventional: Adopting a "Shrimp Shell" Frame"
2005:
Illustrated
Directory of Harley-Davidson Motorcycles
1528:
1201:
Mick Walker's Japanese grand prix racing motorcycles
1673:
1588:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1576:
782:A trellis frame connects the steering head to the
185:frame. Following the technology being used by the
1756:
1661:
1564:
1454:Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine
1252:
1174:"Framing the Future: The Legacy of Antonio Cobas"
2488:
2008:, MotorBooks International, pp. 59, 64–67,
1552:
1033:
2171:
1812:(2nd ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 382,
958:
1874:
1606:
864:
663:, a monocoque Grand Prix racing motorcycle in
2093:
1854:: Motorbooks Workshop/MBI, pp. 119–132,
1774:
1715:
1742:
1623:"Motorcycle frames explained–the frame game"
1426:. Britten Motorcycle Company. Archived from
1226:
1198:
632:, causing the Ossa factory to withdraw from
28:A Triumph engine in a tubular steel Norton
2100:
2086:
1691:
786:pivot as directly as possible using metal
2107:
1959:Motorcycle: The Definitive Visual History
1738:
1736:
706:2006 ZX-14 cutaway showing its aluminium
539:from sheet metal to form a car-type semi-
2032:: Motorbooks Workshop/MBI, p. 155,
2025:Streetbikes: Everything You Need to Know
2001:
1875:Coombs, Matthew; Shoemark, Pete (2002),
1788:, vol. 45, no. 7, p. 18,
1639:
1534:
1478:
1317:
1203:. Gateshead: Redline Books. p. 66.
1087:
1059:
962:
874:
827:pivot cast into the rear of the engine.
769:
756:
701:
626:1967 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
595:
526:
388:
278:
213:
20:
2476:Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
2021:
1896:
1679:
1594:
1081:
987:Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
819:, have hybrid frames that employ alloy
79:, and consequently frames were tubular
2489:
2058:Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion
2052:
1733:
1729:, vol. 43, no. 6, p. 18
1617:
1615:
1582:
1270:
1264:
1121:
620:was developed by Spanish manufacturer
600:1968 Ossa 250 cc Grand Prix racer
2081:
1983:
1935:
1915:
1843:
1825:
1809:Modern Motorcycle Technology, 2nd ed.
1762:
1667:
1570:
1472:
1442:
1365:iomtt.com. Retrieved 27 December 2019
1258:
1176:. superbikeplanet.com. Archived from
1044:
967:Front wheel axle deformation control.
942:that motorcycles are descendants of.
400:
1805:
1558:
949:
761:JPS Norton with semi-monocoque frame
314:
1612:
1273:"Art Deco on Wheels: 1930 Majestic"
365:Half-duplex cradle or double cradle
13:
2331:Continuously variable transmission
1906:Technology for Leaving Certificate
778:. The engine is a stressed member.
531:Pressed steel frame on Ariel Arrow
14:
2508:
1721:"A short history of chassis flex"
1143:American Motorcyclist Association
739:
181:motorcycle using a revolutionary
2153:
1847:Motorcycle Design and Technology
1647:The Rinard Frame Deflection Test
1479:Anderson, Steve (January 2000).
450:
433:
344:
1988:(second ed.), Motorbooks,
1984:Parks, Lee (2015), "Traction",
1768:
1709:
1685:
1633:
1501:
1416:
1390:
1368:
1356:
1334:
1292:
1088:Cathcart, Alan (January 2008),
774:Steel trellis frame (red) on a
168:
58:, while at the rear there is a
2315:Sequential manual transmission
2062:Johns Hopkins University Press
1271:Garson, Paul (May–June 2018).
1217:
1192:
1021:
1009:
815:Some motorcycles, such as the
1:
1342:"8W – Who? – Eric Offenstadt"
1145:, p. 75, November 2006,
1137:, vol. 60, no. 11,
1002:
754:semi-monocoque Norton racer.
680:fastest production motorcycle
283:Greeves 250DCX Sportsman 1962
1922:, Motorbooks International,
1692:Tony Foale (November 1987),
1402:Challenging Spirits of Honda
959:Motorcycle frame measurement
933:
578:
468:
274:
209:
142:
70:
7:
1064:, Hazleton Publishing Ltd,
992:Space frame § Vehicles
975:
865:Engine as a stressed member
659:also experimented with the
249:
10:
2513:
1877:Motorcycle Basics Techbook
1799:
1607:Coombs & Shoemark 2002
868:
765:
743:
582:
522:
300:MV Agusta F4 750 Serie Oro
2471:
2430:
2397:
2367:
2349:
2323:
2307:
2298:
2263:
2237:
2162:
2151:
2115:
1897:Enright, Gráinne (2015),
1828:Honda: the complete story
302:, magnesium and aluminium
2463:Anti-lock braking system
2336:Dual-clutch transmission
1378:. motorcyclistonline.com
1060:Clifford, Peter (1981),
1027:Note: An example is the
309:
106:
2458:Traction control system
1844:Cocco, Gaetano (2004),
1830:, Crowood, p. 22,
908:Vincent Series B Rapide
904:Harley-Davidson Model W
880:Harley-Davidson Model W
457:Aluminum beam frame on
393:Double cradle frame on
2022:Stermer, Bill (2006),
2002:Rafferty, Tod (2001),
1942:, Tony Foale Designs,
1908:, Dublin: Golden Key,
1826:Brown, Roland (1991),
1404:. Honda Motor Co., Ltd
1015:Note: ... such as the
968:
883:
871:Stressed member engine
779:
762:
711:
682:. It was described by
601:
532:
397:
284:
219:
218:Magnesium framed Elf 5
32:
2109:Motorcycle components
2030:Saint Paul, Minnesota
1852:Saint Paul, Minnesota
1806:Abdo, Edward (2012),
1450:"Kawasaki Technology"
1344:. Forix.autosport.com
1199:Walker, Mick (2002).
1134:American Motorcyclist
966:
878:
869:Further information:
859:KTM 1290 Super Duke R
794:reinforcement. Using
773:
760:
722:Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R
705:
599:
530:
392:
282:
217:
175:Armstrong motorcycles
24:
16:Frame of a motorcycle
2064:, pp. 174–175,
1916:Field, Greg (2002),
1698:, Tony Foale Designs
1525:, Velocite-bikes.com
1062:Motocourse 1983-1984
728:Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14
564:1920 965cc flat-twin
1629:, 18 September 2009
1515:on 24 February 2013
1278:Motorcycle Classics
1234:"1963 Ariel Leader"
1180:on 2 September 2004
776:Ducati Monster 1000
645:1973 Isle of Man TT
630:1970 Isle of Man TT
616:A monocoque-framed
440:Twin-beam frame on
339:Honda CB600F Hornet
101:weight distribution
2286:Hydrogen fuel cell
1460:on 12 January 2017
1240:on 15 January 2009
1098:, pp. 50(6),
969:
884:
780:
763:
712:
602:
537:pressed or stamped
533:
517:Ducati Panigale V4
401:Full duplex cradle
398:
285:
220:
199:Ducati Desmosedici
33:
2497:Motorcycle frames
2484:
2483:
2393:
2392:
2294:
2293:
2281:Gasoline (petrol)
2194:Flat twin (boxer)
1977:978-1-46540-088-8
1890:978-1-85960-515-8
1210:978-0-9531311-8-1
1139:Westerville, Ohio
950:Lateral stiffness
926:fork to the rear
887:and other parts.
647:races was won by
315:Spine or backbone
177:produced a 250cc
2504:
2305:
2304:
2172:Layouts (common)
2169:
2168:
2157:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2018:
1998:
1980:
1952:
1932:
1912:
1903:
1893:
1879:(2nd ed.),
1871:
1870:
1868:
1840:
1822:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1650:, Harris Cyclery
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:Super Streetbike
1619:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1547:Hunt et al. 2012
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1511:. Archived from
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1456:. Archived from
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1363:F750 race result
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1315:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1106:, archived from
1085:
1079:
1078:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
912:Kawasaki GPZ900R
550:telescopic forks
454:
437:
407:Featherbed frame
329:Honda CB92 Benly
125:Featherbed frame
37:motorcycle frame
30:Featherbed frame
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2426:
2389:
2363:
2345:
2319:
2290:
2259:
2255:Wankel (rotary)
2238:Layouts (other)
2233:
2158:
2149:
2111:
2106:
2072:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2016:
1996:
1978:
1970:, p. 310,
1950:
1930:
1901:
1891:
1883:, p. 9.6,
1866:
1864:
1862:
1838:
1820:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1481:"MEAN GREENIES"
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1430:on 15 June 2009
1424:"The Aero Bike"
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1316:
1307:
1300:The Motor Cycle
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1005:
978:
961:
952:
936:
893:stressed member
873:
867:
768:
752:Peter Williams'
748:
742:
653:Norton Commando
587:
581:
573:Honda Super Cub
525:
507:Honda CBR1000RR
471:
466:
465:
464:
463:
462:
455:
446:
445:
444:
442:Kawasaki ZX-10R
438:
403:
367:
347:
317:
312:
277:
252:
212:
171:
145:
109:
73:
51:that holds the
45:rear suspension
17:
12:
11:
5:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2341:Semi-automatic
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2050:
2038:
2019:
2014:
1999:
1994:
1981:
1976:
1953:
1948:
1933:
1928:
1913:
1894:
1889:
1881:Haynes Manuals
1872:
1860:
1841:
1836:
1823:
1818:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1767:
1755:
1732:
1708:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1640:Damon Rinard,
1632:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1509:"Carbon Fiber"
1500:
1471:
1441:
1415:
1389:
1367:
1355:
1333:
1305:
1291:
1263:
1251:
1225:
1216:
1209:
1191:
1162:
1120:
1110:on 26 May 2011
1080:
1070:
1049:
1032:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
977:
974:
960:
957:
951:
948:
940:bicycle frames
935:
932:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
854:KTM 690 Enduro
851:
846:
845:400 1989 Model
840:
833:
832:
796:lattice girder
767:
764:
744:Main article:
741:
740:Semi-monocoque
738:
737:
736:
730:
724:
717:
716:
696:bicycle frames
649:Peter Williams
583:Main article:
580:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
558:
557:
524:
521:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
494:
493:
470:
467:
456:
449:
448:
447:
439:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
415:
414:
402:
399:
387:
386:
381:
375:
374:
366:
363:
362:
361:
346:
343:
342:
341:
336:
331:
325:
324:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
297:
290:
289:
276:
273:
272:
271:
260:1971 Titanium
257:
256:
251:
248:
247:
246:
225:
224:
211:
208:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
170:
167:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
144:
141:
140:
139:
134:
127:
118:
117:
108:
105:
72:
69:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2509:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:Energy source
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Rotary piston
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Parallel twin
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2073:
2071:0-8018-8530-2
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:0-7603-2362-3
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:0-7603-1126-9
2011:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:9780760343449
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:Penguin Group
1965:
1964:DK Publishing
1961:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:9788493328634
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:9781610608817
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1861:0-7603-1990-1
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:1-85223-544-6
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1819:9781111640644
1815:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:"Rossi's woe"
1778:(July 2006),
1777:
1776:Kevin Cameron
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1719:(June 2004),
1718:
1717:Kevin Cameron
1712:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:Sheldon Brown
1636:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1535:Rafferty 2001
1531:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1322:(91): 35–40.
1321:
1320:Classic Racer
1314:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1071:0-905138-18-X
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1017:Ducati 900 SS
1012:
1008:
998:
997:Undercarriage
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Bicycle frame
980:
979:
973:
965:
956:
947:
943:
941:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
897:lifted engine
894:
888:
881:
877:
872:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
844:
843:Suzuki Bandit
841:
839:
835:
834:
830:
829:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:Yamaha TRX850
813:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
772:
759:
755:
753:
747:
735:
731:
729:
725:
723:
719:
718:
714:
713:
709:
704:
700:
697:
694:
691:Single-piece
689:
687:
686:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:event at the
642:
637:
636:competition.
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
611:
607:
598:
594:
590:
586:
574:
571:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
551:
546:
542:
538:
535:The frame is
529:
518:
515:
513:
512:Yamaha FZR600
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:
496:
495:
491:
490:
489:
486:
485:Antonio Cobas
482:
480:
476:
460:
453:
443:
436:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
411:
410:
408:
396:
391:
385:
384:Suzuki TS50ER
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
371:
370:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
350:
345:Single cradle
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:
320:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
287:
286:
281:
270:
267:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
164:
163:Yamaha YZF-R1
161:
159:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
138:
135:
132:
128:
126:
123:
120:
119:
115:
114:
113:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2474:
2300:Transmission
2219:Straight-six
2124:
2057:
2054:Walker, Mick
2043:, retrieved
2024:
2004:
1985:
1958:
1938:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1899:"Structures"
1876:
1865:, retrieved
1846:
1827:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1770:
1758:
1750:
1746:Motorcyclist
1744:
1724:
1711:
1700:, retrieved
1694:
1687:
1680:Enright 2015
1675:
1663:
1652:, retrieved
1646:
1635:
1626:
1602:
1595:Stermer 2006
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1489:. p. 34
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1370:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1336:
1319:
1298:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1276:
1266:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1228:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1154:, retrieved
1132:
1123:
1112:, retrieved
1108:the original
1095:Motorcyclist
1093:
1083:
1075:
1061:
1023:
1011:
970:
953:
944:
937:
920:R1100 series
901:
896:
892:
889:
885:
849:Honda VTR250
836:Most modern
814:
792:triangulated
790:arranged in
781:
749:
693:carbon fiber
690:
683:
673:
669:John Britten
638:
615:
603:
591:
588:
562:Louis Janoir
545:Louis Janoir
534:
500:
483:
478:
474:
473:Also called
472:
424:Suzuki TS50X
404:
379:Honda CB1000
368:
352:
351:
348:
318:
242:500 cc
204:MotoCzysz C1
183:carbon fiber
172:
169:Carbon fibre
158:Honda VFR750
146:
110:
97:carbon-fibre
74:
36:
34:
18:
2399:Accessories
2385:Shaft drive
2375:Chain drive
2368:Final drive
2204:Inline-four
2045:26 February
1867:26 February
1785:Cycle World
1726:Cycle World
1583:Walker 2006
1519:16 February
1493:27 December
1486:Cycle World
1464:18 December
1408:26 December
1382:17 December
1244:24 November
1184:14 December
1156:26 February
1114:26 February
1029:Vincent HRD
734:Ducati 1199
685:Cycle World
568:Ariel Arrow
419:Norton Manx
395:Honda CB750
359:Honda CG125
294:Bimota SB8K
187:Formula One
137:Honda CB750
133:Motorcycles
60:pivot point
2443:Drum brake
2438:Disc brake
2380:Belt drive
2130:Suspension
1763:Parks 2015
1695:Frame mods
1668:Foale 2006
1571:Field 2002
1348:20 October
1259:Brown 1991
1045:Cocco 2004
1003:References
634:Grand Prix
618:motorcycle
244:Grand Prix
179:Grand Prix
56:front fork
41:motorcycle
2324:Automatic
2214:Flat-four
1559:Abdo 2012
1328:1470-4463
1284:6 October
1151:0277-9358
1104:0027-2205
934:Stiffness
928:Monolever
924:Telelever
807:a simple
746:Monocoque
708:monocoque
585:Monocoque
579:Monocoque
541:monocoque
501:Reitwagen
479:twin spar
469:Perimeter
461:Lightning
275:Composite
269:Motocross
262:Husqvarna
210:Magnesium
173:In 1983,
143:Aluminium
93:magnesium
89:aluminium
71:Materials
49:head tube
2491:Category
2276:Electric
2224:Flat-six
2140:Swingarm
2056:(2006),
976:See also
831:Examples
825:swingarm
821:castings
784:swingarm
715:Examples
624:for the
556:Examples
499:Daimler
492:Examples
413:Examples
373:Examples
353:Examples
334:MZ TS250
323:Examples
288:Examples
255:Examples
250:Titanium
223:Examples
193:Examples
152:Examples
116:Examples
85:titanium
77:bicycles
64:swingarm
62:for the
53:pivoting
2422:Trailer
2417:Sidecar
2412:Pannier
2407:Fairing
2359:Slipper
2250:Turbine
2117:Chassis
1800:Sources
1644:(ed.),
1434:19 June
895:, or a
838:Ducatis
766:Trellis
610:scooter
523:Pressed
232:Elf ROC
26:Triton:
2448:Saddle
2351:Clutch
2308:Manual
2271:Diesel
2199:Triple
2189:V-twin
2179:Single
2164:Engine
2145:Wheels
2068:
2036:
2012:
1992:
1974:
1946:
1926:
1887:
1858:
1834:
1816:
1702:11 May
1654:11 May
1326:
1207:
1149:
1102:
1068:
804:brazed
800:welded
710:frame
676:ZX-12R
608:light
606:Piatti
264:Inter-
240:NSR500
131:Ducati
122:Norton
95:, and
2453:Tires
2431:Other
2125:Frame
1902:(PDF)
732:2012
726:2006
720:2000
661:NR500
657:Honda
497:1885
459:Buell
310:Types
238:Elf5-
236:Honda
129:Most
107:Steel
81:steel
39:is a
2135:Fork
2066:ISBN
2047:2011
2034:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1869:2011
1856:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1704:2016
1656:2016
1521:2013
1495:2019
1466:2016
1436:2009
1410:2009
1384:2011
1350:2010
1324:ISSN
1286:2018
1246:2008
1205:ISBN
1186:2010
1158:2011
1147:ISSN
1116:2011
1100:ISSN
1066:ISBN
788:tube
665:1979
641:F750
622:Ossa
475:beam
229:1988
918:'s
916:BMW
809:jig
802:or
477:or
266:AMA
2493::
2229:V8
2209:V4
2060:,
2028:,
1966:,
1962:,
1904:,
1850:,
1782:,
1749:,
1735:^
1723:,
1625:,
1614:^
1483:.
1452:.
1400:.
1308:^
1275:.
1165:^
1141::
1131:,
1092:,
1074:,
1052:^
1035:^
930:.
655:.
604:A
552:.
91:,
87:,
35:A
2101:e
2094:t
2087:v
1682:.
1670:.
1609:.
1597:.
1585:.
1573:.
1561:.
1549:.
1537:.
1523:.
1497:.
1468:.
1438:.
1412:.
1386:.
1352:.
1330:.
1288:.
1261:.
1248:.
1213:.
1188:.
1047:.
234:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
