383:
671:
298:
erotic pieces, generously covered with inscriptions based chiefly on the signs Salim had copied from the Mesha Stele. To modern scholars, the products seem clumsy – inscriptions do not translate to anything legible, for one – but at the time there was little with which to compare them. Shapira even organized an expedition to Moab for potential buyers, to sites where he had Salim's
152:. The shame brought about by accusations that he was involved in the forging of that specific allegedly ancient biblical text and the difficult situation created by the scandal drove him to suicide in 1884. Recent scholarship by Idan Dershowitz says that the Shapira Scroll may have been authentic and a predecessor to the canonical book of Deuteronomy.
297:
due to his work with ancient alphabets. Salim soon became
Shapira's associate and provided connections to Arab craftsmen who, along with Salim himself, produced for Shapira's shop large amounts of fake Moabite artifacts – large stone-made human heads, but mainly clay objects: vessels, figurines and
31:
360:, 1876). Shapira defended his collection vigorously until his rivals presented more evidence against them. He placed the entire blame on Salim al-Kari, convinced almost everyone that he was just an innocent victim, and continued to do a considerable trade especially in genuine old
339:
Still various people, including
Charles Clermont-Ganneau, had their doubts. Clermont-Ganneau suspected Salim al-Kari, questioned him and in time found the man who supplied him with clay, a stonemason who worked for him, and other accomplices. He published his findings in the
436:
came to the same conclusion. Later
Clermont-Ganneau showed that the leather of the Deuteronomy scroll was quite possibly cut from the margin of a genuine Yemenite scroll that Shapira had previously sold to the Museum.
237:
After the lucrative 1873 Moabitica deal in which he sold 1,700 fake figurines to a Berlin museum, Shapira was able to move outside the Old City walls of
Jerusalem with his family into an elegant villa north of
432:
also attended the exhibition; Shapira had denied him access to the other 13 strips. After close examination, Clermont-Ganneau declared them to be forgeries. Soon afterward
British biblical scholar
207:, and in 1869 opened a store in the Street of the Christians, today's Christian Quarter Road. He sold the usual religious souvenirs enjoyed by pilgrims, as well as ancient pots he acquired from
472:. Although it is now known that the strips were not destroyed by fire in 1899 as had previously been suggested, the fact that their current whereabouts is unknown leaves room for speculation.
382:
487:
Shapira "Moabitica" fakes still exist in museums and private collections around the world but are rarely displayed. By now they have become desirable collectibles in their own right.
982:
1202:
302:
associates bury more forgeries. Some scholars began to base theories on these pieces, and the term
Moabitica was coined for this entirely new category of "Moabite" artifacts.
883:
819:
596:
211:
farmers. While a patient in the German
Lutheran congregation of Deaconess sisters, Shapira met a nurse, Deaconess Rosette Jöckel, who became his wife.
305:
Since German archaeologists had not gained possession of the
Moabite Stone, they rushed to buy the Shapira Collection ahead of their rivals. Berlin's
1374:
1364:
1203:
https://www.academia.edu/2127379/In_Search_of_the_Shop_of_Moses_Wilhelm_Shapira_the_Leading_Figure_of_the_19TH_Century_Archaeological_Enigma
974:
915:
778:
704:
820:"A 19th century Protestant Semitics professor's Goral ha-gra (bibliomancy); also, uncovering a Shapira fraudulent Hebrew manuscript"
1384:
1319:
Sabo, Yoram (2018). The Scroll
Merchant, In Search Of Moses Wilhelm Shapira's Lost Jewish Treasure. (Hebrew) Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
893:
200:
1162:
1292:
1175:
569:
258:. He witnessed the huge interest around it and may have had a hand in negotiating on behalf of the German representatives.
348:
and declared all "Moabitica" to be forgeries, a conclusion with which even the German scholars eventually concurred (cf.
254:
Shapira became interested in biblical artifacts after the appearance of the so-called
Moabite Stone, also known as the
1042:
597:
https://scholar.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/dershowitz/files/the-valediction-of-moses-open-access.pdf
827:
645:
449:
Shapira fled London in despair, his name ruined and all of his hopes crushed. Having spent some time in a hotel in
223:, some of it legitimate, and some of it fake, becoming the pre-eminent antiquities dealer for European collectors.
457:, he shot himself in Hotel Willemsbrug in Rotterdam on March 9, 1884. He was buried in the poor men's part of the
1359:
954:
1354:
1307:
429:
274:
1379:
144:
antiquities dealer and purveyor of both authentic and forged Semitic antiquities, including some allegedly
273:
which helped reconstruct the shattered Mesha Stele was taken on behalf of the French scholar and diplomat
181:
417:("Thou shalt not hate thy brother in thy heart: I am God, thy God"). Shapira sought to sell them to the
498:
Shapira was married to Rosette Jöckel and had two daughters with her; Maria Rosette Shapira (pen name:
318:
109:
His role in the possibly forged or authentic manuscripts of the biblical book of Deuteronomy known as
1018:
J. L. Teicher "The Genuineness of the Shapira Manuscripts," Times Literary Supplement, 22 March 1957.
614:
490:
The exact location of Shapira's shop on Christian Quarter Road in Jerusalem has now been identified.
1330:
Sutro Library, San Francisco, CA finding aid for Hebraica collection which once belonged to Shapira.
677:
433:
270:
204:
1389:
686:
405:, a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the
349:
1271:
562:
The story of the scrolls: the miraculous discovery and true significance of the Dead Sea scrolls
1284:
The Moses Scroll: Reopening the Most Controversial Case in the History of Biblical Scholarship
975:"Dead Sea Scroll Traced to Jew Who Committed Suicide 70 Years Ago - Jewish Telegraphic Agency"
772:
728:
425:, and allowed them to exhibit two of the 15 strips. The exhibition was attended by thousands.
322:
1349:
1344:
333:
184:
without Moses. Later, in 1856, at the age of 25, Moses Shapira followed his father to the
8:
1143:
1102:
865:
395:
196:
91:
848:
Oskar K. Rabinowicz (July 1965). "The Shapira Scroll: An nineteenth-century forgery".
1329:
1303:
1288:
1275:
1246:
1171:
1147:
1106:
1048:
1038:
800:
565:
314:
165:
145:
44:
1236:
1226:
1133:
1094:
888:
857:
646:"Chanan Tigay's Search for Answers About an Ancient Set of (Possibly Fake) Scrolls"
476:
441:
414:
1231:
1214:
1098:
729:"Sacramento Daily Union 10 October 1883 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"
1369:
1032:
1028:
619:
361:
133:
479:
in 1947, some scholars have called for a re-examination of the forgery charges.
464:
The Shapira Strips disappeared and then reappeared a couple of years later in a
681:
515:
422:
418:
387:
377:
278:
231:
149:
110:
87:
48:
557:
1338:
1250:
1122:"The Valediction of Moses: New Evidence on the Shapira Deuteronomy Fragments"
767:
219:
In addition to selling souvenirs to tourists, Shapira also sold a variety of
1085:
Guil, Shlomo (2017). "The Shapira Scroll was an Authentic Dead Sea Scroll".
499:
465:
353:
306:
121:
1138:
1121:
1066:
Jefferson, Helen (1968). "The Shapira Manuscript and the Qumran Scrolls".
1052:
199:
citizenship, adding Wilhelm to his name. Once in Jerusalem, he joined the
1241:
469:
450:
410:
329:
255:
243:
220:
161:
76:
804:
782:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 803.
869:
325:
317:, a not yet famous British lieutenant, who bought eight pieces for the
239:
916:""The Lying Pen of the Scribes": A Nineteenth-Century Dead Sea Scroll"
771:
458:
454:
192:
185:
141:
72:
1191:
Guil, Shlomo (June 2012). "In the Footsteps of the Concealed Shop".
861:
440:
Following the rejection of the scroll by a large range of scholars,
234:
after he realized the epitaph had misspelled the name as "Sampson."
406:
1316:. A documentary film. In the footsteps of Shapira and his scroll.
1282:
446:
ridiculed Shapira with a cartoon using anti-Semitic stereotypes.
313:
in 1873. Other private collectors followed suit. One of them was
299:
294:
263:
177:
52:
794:
690:. Vol. 11. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 232–233.
398:; these were discovered in 1884 to have been artificially aged.
262:
eventually got the fragments of the original stone, leaving the
345:
310:
259:
227:
173:
169:
30:
1274:- Radio piece on Shapira produced by Israel story podcast for
1313:
365:
208:
293:, "the reader", a nickname apparently given to him by the
195:, Moses Shapira converted to Christianity and applied for
1215:"The Career of Moses Shapira, Bookseller and Antiquarian"
955:"The Shapira forgeries raise their moldering heads again"
394:
In 1870, Shapira sold five scrolls written on leather to
214:
188:. His grandfather, who accompanied him, died en route.
401:
In 1883, Shapira presented what is now known as the
847:
612:
409:. The Hebrew text hinted at a different version of
1126:Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
514:(As a Broken Vessel - Keter, Jerusalem, 1984) by
201:community of Protestant missionaries and converts
1336:
1266:Die Echtheit der moabitischen Altertümer geprüft
578:
358:Die Echtheit der moabitischen Altertümer geprüft
952:
1164:The Valediction of Moses A Proto-Biblical Book
1004:ייבין, שמואל (1956-04-20). "המגילות הגנוזות".
705:"Harry, Myriam (1869–1958) | Encyclopedia.com"
309:bought 1700 artifacts for the cost of 22,000
792:
675:
552:
550:
321:. Shapira was able to move to the luxurious
226:Shapira attempted to sell a fake "coffin of
510:Shapira's life is the subject of the novel
1160:
1119:
943:Newspaper "Het Vaderland", March 12, 1884.
818:Macdowell, Mississippi Fred (2010-02-23).
532:
29:
1240:
1230:
1137:
1065:
817:
699:
697:
547:
502:) and Augusta Louisa Wilhelmina Shapira.
148:, the most high profile of which was the
766:
676:Singer, Isidore; Jacobs, Joseph (1905).
640:
638:
636:
381:
155:
1027:
538:
1375:Suicides by firearm in the Netherlands
1337:
694:
608:
606:
604:
556:
1287:, Horeb Press, St. Francisville, LA.
1212:
1003:
913:
633:
615:"In the footsteps of a master forger"
584:
468:auction, where they were sold for 10
215:Antiquities dealer and alleged forger
1365:Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
1190:
1084:
371:
249:
1120:Dershowitz, Idan (March 10, 2021).
601:
520:Er begab sich in die Hand des Herrn
336:, with his wife and two daughters.
266:and the Germans rather frustrated.
230:" in London, but it was exposed by
137:
13:
1258:
985:from the original on 19 March 2021
160:Moses Shapira was born in 1830 to
14:
1401:
1323:
475:In light of the discovery of the
453:(Netherlands), in hotel Adler in
180:). Shapira's father emigrated to
892:. September 1883. Archived from
669:
505:
493:
168:, which at the time was part of
1385:People from Kamianets-Podilskyi
1219:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1184:
1154:
1113:
1087:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1078:
1059:
1021:
1012:
997:
967:
946:
937:
907:
876:
841:
811:
786:
760:
745:
390:cartoon of Shapira and Ginsburg
332:), outside Jerusalem's squalid
16:19th century antiquities dealer
953:James R. Davila (2013-11-03).
721:
663:
590:
140:; 1830 – March 9, 1884) was a
1:
1264:E. F. Kautzsch and A. Socin,
1232:10.1080/00310328.2022.2050075
1099:10.1080/00310328.2016.1185895
525:
242:, today known as Beit Ticho (
914:Press, Michael (July 1214).
884:"Mr. Sharp-Eye-Ra (cartoon)"
539:Allegro, John Marco (1965).
518:, translated into German as
7:
850:The Jewish Quarterly Review
482:
10:
1406:
796:I have considered the days
375:
319:Palestine Exploration Fund
1281:Nichols, Ross K. (2021).
1170:. Mohr Siebeck Tübingen.
1161:Dershowitz, Idan (2021).
754:Berrows Worcester Journal
613:Aviva and Shmuel Bar-Am.
413:, including a surprising
116:
105:
97:
83:
60:
37:
28:
21:
434:Christian David Ginsburg
275:Charles Clermont-Ganneau
1213:Press, Michael (2023).
1008:(in Hebrew). p. 9.
779:Encyclopædia Britannica
687:The Jewish Encyclopedia
350:Emil Friedrich Kautzsch
1360:Archaeological forgery
1300:The Lost Book of Moses
799:. Burning Bush Press.
773:"Shapira, M. W."
684:; et al. (eds.).
391:
1355:Polish Ashkenazi Jews
1139:10.1515/zaw-2021-0001
793:Adler, Cyrus (1969).
415:alternate commandment
396:Edward Yorke McCauley
385:
328:property (modern-day
191:On the way, while in
156:Early life and career
130:Moses Wilhelm Shapira
71:Hotel Willemsbrug in
23:Moses Wilhelm Shapira
1312:Sabo, Yoram (2014).
756:. September 1, 1883.
709:www.encyclopedia.com
1380:19th-century hoaxes
1029:Allegro, John Marco
512:Ke-heres Ha-nishbar
1034:The Shapira affair
752:"FRIDAY EVENING".
541:The Shapira affair
392:
289:, better known as
146:Biblical artifacts
101:Antiquities dealer
1293:978-1-7366134-0-5
1278:, 18 August 2014.
1201:Online reference
1177:978-3-16-160644-1
571:978-0-14-104615-0
372:Manuscript affair
364:manuscripts from
315:Horatio Kitchener
250:Moabite forgeries
182:Ottoman Palestine
166:Kamenets-Podolski
138:מוזס וילהלם שפירא
127:
126:
68:(aged 53–54)
45:Kamenets-Podolski
1397:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1205:
1200:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
950:
944:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
880:
874:
873:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
826:. Archived from
824:On the Main Line
815:
809:
808:
790:
784:
783:
775:
764:
758:
757:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
701:
692:
691:
678:"SHAPIRA, M. W."
673:
672:
667:
661:
660:
658:
657:
642:
631:
630:
628:
627:
610:
599:
594:
588:
582:
576:
575:
554:
545:
544:
536:
477:Dead Sea scrolls
430:Clermont-Ganneau
139:
67:
33:
19:
18:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1314:Shapira & I
1298:Tigay, Chanan,
1276:Tablet Magazine
1261:
1259:Further reading
1209:
1208:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1118:
1114:
1083:
1079:
1068:Revue de Qumrân
1064:
1060:
1045:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
973:
972:
968:
959:
957:
951:
947:
942:
938:
929:
927:
912:
908:
899:
897:
882:
881:
877:
862:10.2307/1453329
846:
842:
833:
831:
816:
812:
791:
787:
765:
761:
751:
750:
746:
737:
735:
727:
726:
722:
713:
711:
703:
702:
695:
682:Singer, Isidore
670:
668:
664:
655:
653:
650:Tablet Magazine
644:
643:
634:
625:
623:
620:Times of Israel
611:
602:
595:
591:
583:
579:
572:
555:
548:
537:
533:
528:
508:
496:
485:
380:
374:
287:Salim al-Khouri
252:
217:
176:(in modern-day
158:
90:
79:
69:
65:
56:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1390:1880s suicides
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1324:External links
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1296:
1279:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1225:(3): 230–253.
1207:
1206:
1183:
1176:
1153:
1112:
1077:
1058:
1043:
1020:
1011:
996:
981:. 1956-08-14.
966:
945:
936:
906:
875:
852:. New Series.
840:
810:
785:
770:, ed. (1911).
768:Chisholm, Hugh
759:
744:
720:
693:
662:
632:
600:
589:
577:
570:
546:
530:
529:
527:
524:
516:Shulamit Lapid
507:
504:
495:
492:
484:
481:
421:for a million
419:British Museum
403:Shapira Strips
388:Punch magazine
378:Shapira Scroll
376:Main article:
373:
370:
285:(tour-guide),
279:Christian Arab
251:
248:
232:Adolf Neubauer
216:
213:
157:
154:
150:Shapira Scroll
125:
124:
118:
114:
113:
111:Shapira Scroll
107:
106:Known for
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
70:
62:
58:
57:
49:Russian Empire
43:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:11250/3015076
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1074:(3): 391–399.
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:9789120009094
1040:
1037:. Doubleday.
1036:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1007:
1000:
984:
980:
976:
970:
956:
949:
940:
925:
921:
917:
910:
896:on 2014-12-19
895:
891:
890:
885:
879:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
830:on 2011-10-18
829:
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
798:
797:
789:
781:
780:
774:
769:
763:
755:
748:
734:
730:
724:
710:
706:
700:
698:
689:
688:
683:
679:
666:
651:
647:
641:
639:
637:
622:
621:
616:
609:
607:
605:
598:
593:
586:
581:
573:
567:
563:
559:
553:
551:
542:
535:
531:
523:
521:
517:
513:
506:In literature
503:
501:
494:Personal life
491:
488:
480:
478:
473:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
444:
438:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
389:
384:
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:newspaper in
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
291:Salim al-Kari
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
247:
245:
241:
235:
233:
229:
224:
222:
212:
210:
206:
205:Christ Church
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Polish-Jewish
153:
151:
147:
143:
135:
131:
123:
120:2, including
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:March 9, 1884
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1299:
1283:
1265:
1222:
1218:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1163:
1156:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1005:
999:
987:. Retrieved
978:
969:
958:. Retrieved
948:
939:
928:. Retrieved
923:
920:The Appendix
919:
909:
898:. Retrieved
894:the original
887:
878:
853:
849:
843:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
823:
813:
795:
788:
777:
762:
753:
747:
736:. Retrieved
733:cdnc.ucr.edu
732:
723:
712:. Retrieved
708:
685:
665:
654:. Retrieved
652:. 2016-04-11
649:
624:. Retrieved
618:
592:
580:
561:
558:Vermès, Géza
543:. Doubleday.
540:
534:
519:
511:
509:
500:Myriam Harry
497:
489:
486:
474:
463:
448:
442:
439:
427:
402:
400:
393:
357:
354:Albert Socin
341:
338:
307:Altes Museum
304:
290:
286:
282:
281:painter and
268:
253:
236:
225:
218:
190:
159:
129:
128:
122:Myriam Harry
66:(1884-03-09)
1350:1884 deaths
1345:1830 births
1272:"Faking it"
1132:(1): 1–22.
1093:(1): 6–27.
979:www.jta.org
856:(1): 1–21.
564:. Penguin.
451:Bloemendaal
411:Deuteronomy
330:Ticho House
256:Mesha Stele
244:Ticho House
221:antiquities
203:who met at
164:parents in
84:Citizenship
77:Netherlands
1339:Categories
1308:0062206419
960:2014-12-06
930:2014-12-08
900:2014-12-06
834:2021-03-12
738:2021-03-11
714:2019-11-17
656:2019-11-10
626:2019-11-10
585:Press 2023
526:References
461:cemetery.
240:Jaffa Road
98:Occupation
1251:0031-0328
1148:232162477
1107:165114970
466:Sotheby's
459:Crooswijk
455:Rotterdam
428:However,
342:Athenaeum
193:Bucharest
186:Holy Land
172:-annexed
142:Jerusalem
73:Rotterdam
1031:(1965).
983:Archived
560:(2010).
483:Heritage
407:Dead Sea
334:Old City
283:dragoman
197:Prussian
117:Children
92:Prussian
1302:(2016)
989:4 March
870:1453329
470:guineas
311:thalers
300:Bedouin
295:Bedouin
271:squeeze
264:British
178:Ukraine
170:Russian
88:Russian
53:Ukraine
1370:Hoaxes
1306:
1291:
1268:(1876)
1249:
1193:Et Mol
1174:
1146:
1105:
1053:543413
1051:
1041:
868:
803:
674:
568:
423:pounds
362:Hebrew
346:London
326:Rashid
260:France
228:Samson
174:Poland
134:Hebrew
1168:(PDF)
1144:S2CID
1103:S2CID
889:Punch
866:JSTOR
680:. In
443:Punch
386:1883
366:Yemen
277:by a
51:(now
1304:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1247:ISSN
1172:ISBN
1049:OCLC
1039:ISBN
1006:הארץ
991:2018
805:7969
801:OCLC
566:ISBN
352:and
269:The
209:Arab
61:Died
41:1830
38:Born
1237:hdl
1227:doi
1223:155
1197:223
1134:doi
1130:133
1095:doi
1091:149
926:(3)
858:doi
323:Aga
246:).
1341::
1245:.
1235:.
1221:.
1217:.
1195:.
1142:.
1128:.
1124:.
1101:.
1089:.
1070:.
1047:.
977:.
922:.
918:.
886:.
864:.
854:56
822:.
776:.
731:.
707:.
696:^
648:.
635:^
617:.
603:^
549:^
522:.
368:.
356:,
136::
75:,
47:,
1295:.
1253:.
1239::
1229::
1199:.
1180:.
1150:.
1136::
1109:.
1097::
1072:6
1055:.
993:.
963:.
933:.
924:2
903:.
872:.
860::
837:.
807:.
741:.
717:.
659:.
629:.
587:.
574:.
132:(
55:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
