209:" and “subwakefulness” states alternating or intermingled with short (< 1 min) atypical REM sleep phases, characterized by a loss of muscle atonia. The “subwakefulness” state was characterized by 4–6 Hz theta activity intermingled with fast activity and desynchronized lower voltage theta activity, behaviourally associated with sleep-like somatic and autonomic behavior. The subject was said to have “agrypnia excitata”, which consists of severe total insomnia of long duration associated with decreased vigilance, mental confusion, hallucinations, motor agitation, and complex motor behavior mimicking dreams, and autonomic activation. CNS and autonomic symptoms were caused by impaired corticolimbic control of the subcortical structures regulating the sleep-wake and autonomic functions.
50:
332:. There have also been reports of non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with raised serum VGKC suggesting that these antibodies may give rise to a spectrum of neurological disease presenting with symptoms arising peripherally, centrally, or both. Yet, in two cases, oligoclonal bands were absent in the CSF and serum, and CSF immunoglobulin profiles were unremarkable.
109:(muscle twitching) associated with muscle pain, excessive sweating, and disordered sleep. This rare disorder is characterized by severe insomnia, amounting to no less than complete lack of sleep (agrypnia) for weeks or months in a row, and associated with autonomic alterations consisting of profuse perspiration with characteristic skin
157:. When left alone, the subject would slowly lapse into a stuporous state with dreamlike episodes characterized by complex and quasi-purposeful gestures and movements (enacted dreams). Marked hyperhidrosis and excessive salivation were evident. Neurological examination disclosed diffuse muscle twitching and spontaneous and reflex
181:
was severely reduced and in some cases not necessary. The duration of sleep in one case decreased to about 2–4 hours per 24-hour period. Clinical features pertaining to insomnia include daytime drowsiness associated with a loss of ability to sleep, intermingled with confusional oneiric status, and
473:
given to the subject failed to improve the spontaneous muscle activity. Plasma
Exchange (PE) was initiated, and after the third such session, the itching, sweating, mental disturbances, and complex nocturnal behavior improved and these symptoms completely disappeared after the sixth session, with
152:
In one of the few reported cases, the subject presented with muscle weakness and fatigue, muscle twitching, excessive sweating and salivation, small joint pain, itching and weight loss. The subject also developed confusional episodes with spatial and temporal disorientation, visual and auditory
323:
and increased levels of peripheral neurotransmitters were also observed. The absence of morphological alterations of the brain pathology, the suggestion of diffusion of IgG into the thalamus and striatum, more marked than in the cortex (consistent with effects on the thalamolimbic system) the
387:
channels and receptors have also been described. Experimental evidence exists that these anti-VGKC antibodies cause nerve hyperexcitability by suppression of voltage gated K+ outward currents, whereas other, yet undefined humoral factors have been implicated in anti-VGKC antibody negative
217:
Neuromyotonia refers to muscle twitching and cramping at rest that is exacerbated with exercise. It is caused by sustained or repetitive spontaneous muscle activity of peripheral nerve origin. Myokymia, or spontaneous rippling and twitching movements of muscles, is a visible component of
451:, have been the most frequently used therapeutic approach in treating Morvan's Syndrome. However, this does not always work, as failed response to steroids and to subsequently added plasmapheresis have been reported. Intravenous immunoglobulin was effective in one case.
198:
and connected limbic structures in the pathology indicate the prominent role that the limbic thalamus plays in the pathophysiology of sleep. In a case documented in 1974, PSG findings documented the sustained absence of all sleep rhythms for up to a period of 4 months.
427:. Recently, VGKC antibodies were found in patients with LE, strengthening the hypothesis that LE and Morvan's Syndrome may be closely connected. Varying symptoms may be used to determine which of the two diseases the subject has. Amnesia, seizures, and mesial
190:(PSG) picture of this disease is characterized by an inability to generate physiological sleep (key features are the suppression of the hallmarks of stage 2 non-REM sleep: spindles and K complexes) and by the emergence of REM sleep without
324:
oligoclonal bands in the CSF and the amelioration after PE all strongly support an antibody-mediated basis for the condition. Raised CSF IgG concentrations and oligoclonal bands have been reported in patients with psychosis. Anti-
474:
improvement in insomnia and reduced muscle twitching. However, one month after the sixth PE session, there was a progressive worsening of insomnia and diurnal drowsiness, which promptly disappeared after another two PE sessions.
477:
In one case, high dose steroid treatment resulted in a transient improvement, but aggressive immuno-suppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide was necessary to control the disease and result in a dramatic clinical improvement.
511:
and long term immunosuppression, although in one of these cases the patient died shortly after receiving plasma exchange (PE). Other fatalities without remission have been described by, amongst others, Morvan himself.
1067:
1052:
962:
Winger, David I.; Peter
Spiegler; Terence K. Trow; et al. (2007-03-26). "Radiology-Pathology Conference: pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma associated with lupus-like anticoagulant and Morvan's Syndrome".
388:
neuromyotonia. It is believed that antibodies to the Shaker-type K+ channels (the Kv1 family) are the type of potassium channel most strongly associated with acquired neuromyotonia and Morvan's
Syndrome.
340:
In one case, a patient was diagnosed with both Morvan's syndrome and pulmonary hyalinizing granulomas (PHG). PHG are rare fibrosing lesions of the lung, which have central whorled deposits of lamellar
489:. After two weeks, improvement with decreased stiffness and spontaneous muscle activity and improved sleep was observed. After another 7–10 days, the abnormal sleep behavior disappeared completely.
840:
Spinazzi M, Argentiero V, Zuliani L, Palmieri A, Tavolato B, Vincent A. Immunotherapy-reversed compulsive, monoaminergic, circadian rhythm disorder in Morvan syndrome. Neurology. 2008 9;71:2008-10.
507:(CNS) symptomatology has not been well established. The natural history of Morvan's is highly variable. Two cases have been reported to remit spontaneously. Others have required a combination of
121:. Patients display a remarkable hallucinatory behavior, and peculiar motor disturbances, which Morvan reported under the term “fibrillary chorea” but which are best described in modern terms as
153:
hallucinations, complex behavior during sleep and progressive nocturnal insomnia associated with diurnal drowsiness. There was also severe constipation, urinary incontinence, and excessive
1778:
102:. It normally presents with a slow insidious onset over months to years. Approximately 90% of cases spontaneously go into remission, while the other 10% of cases lead to death.
649:
Plazzi, Giuseppe; Pasquale
Montagna; Stefano Meletti; Elio Lugaresi (2001-10-25). "Polysomnographic study of sleeplessness and oneiricisms in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome".
128:
The association of the disease with thymoma, tumour, autoimmune diseases, and autoantibodies suggests an autoimmune or paraneoplastic aetiology. Besides an immune-mediated
2164:
2159:
492:
In another case, symptomatic improvement with plasmapheresis, thymectomy, and chronic immunosuppression provide further support for an autoimmune or paraneoplastic basis.
2176:
2154:
1327:
503:
There are only about 14 reported cases of Morvan's syndrome in the
English literature. With only a limited number of reported cases, the complete spectrum of the
495:
Although thymectomy is believed to be a key element in the proposed treatment, there is a reported case of Morvan's
Syndrome presenting itself post-thymectomy.
169:
especially on the trunk with scratching lesions of the skin. Compulsive behaviours, stereotypies and reduplicative paramnesias can be part of the CNS spectrum.
226:
or single fiber discharges firing in irregular rhythmic bursts at high intraburst frequencies. Some of the muscles exhibiting twitching include the bilateral
739:
Montagna, P.; E. Lugaresi (2002-01-23). "Agrypnia
Excitata: a generalized overactivity syndrome and a useful concept in the neurophysiopathology of sleep".
419:(LE). These include the CNS symptoms consisting of insomnia, hallucinations, and disorientation, as well as dementia and psychosis. Both entities can be
1523:
1518:
1000:"Neuromyotonia and limbic encephalitis sera target mature Shaker-type K+ channels: subunit specificity correlates with clinical manifestations"
266:. Laryngeal spasm possibly resulting from neuromyotonia has been described previously, and this highlights that, in patients with unexplained
383:
in a similar pattern of antibodies to known VGKC suggest that these antibodies can also cause CNS dysfunction. Additional antibodies against
1277:
1132:
1320:
789:
Loscher, Wolfgang N.; Julia
Wanschitz; Karlheinz Reiners; Stefan Quasthoff (2004-03-24). "Morvan's Syndrome: Clinical, Laboratory, and
278:
697:"Morvan's syndrome: peripheral and central nervous system and cardiac involvement with antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels"
2146:
2136:
1313:
2116:
1789:
2141:
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1979:
1967:
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17:
462:
with almost complete disappearance of the symptoms within a short period should induce consideration of corticosteroids.
2198:
2131:
1686:
1270:
375:. Raised serum levels of antibodies to VGKCs have been reported in three patients with Morvan's Syndrome. Binding of
1901:
1704:
1125:
431:
structural abnormalities are features of LE, whereas myokymia, hyperhydrosis, and insomnia favor Morvan's
Syndrome.
371:(VGKC), which are detectable in about 40% of patients with acquired neuromytonia, have been implicated in Morvan's
368:
2020:
1287:
328:(anti-AChR) antibodies have also been detected in patients with thymoma, but without clinical manifestations of
78:. "La chorée fibrillaire" was first coined by Morvan in 1890 when describing patients with multiple, irregular
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1535:
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469:(6 mg/day) with some improvement in the psychomotor agitation and hallucinations, but even high doses of
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2015:
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In another case, the subject was treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg body weight) with carbamazepine,
1693:
923:"Fasciculations, Autonomic Symptoms and Limbic Encephalitis: A Thymoma-Associated Morvan's-Like Syndrome"
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and brain biopsy have confirmed temporal lobe involvement. Cranial MRI shows increased signal in the
2121:
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1890:
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1962:
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is a rare, life-threatening autoimmune disease named after the nineteenth century French physician
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The symptoms of Morvan's
Syndrome have been noted to bear a striking similarity to
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is as yet unclear. It has been suggested that the VGKC antibodies may cross the
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1974:
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Breathing difficulties can occur, resulting from neuromyotonic activity of the
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863:"An interesting case report of Morvan's syndrome from the Indian subcontinent"
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285:. and or basal ganglia hypermetabolism. Ancillary laboratory tests including
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electrophysiological studies suggest at least some dysfunction of the muscle
187:
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95:
998:
Kleopa, Kleopas A.; Lauren B. Elman; Bethan Lang; et al. (2006-03-13).
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In most of the reported cases, the treatment options were very similar.
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in the limbs, absence of tendon reflexes in the lower limbs and diffuse
1566:
1436:
1156:
921:
Deymeer, Feza; Sukriye Akca; Gulsen Kocaman; et al. (2005-10-25).
541:"Morvan's fibrillary chorea: a paraneoplastic manifestation of thymoma"
444:
223:
939:
922:
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270:, neuromytonia should be added to the list of differential diagnoses.
1676:
1627:
1615:
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Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
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344:. How these two diseases relate to one another is still unclear.
1335:
920:
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Cottrell, D A; K J Blackmore; P R W Fawcett; et al. (2004).
424:
300:
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83:
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250:. In the examined muscles, no abnormal insertional activity or
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1636:
1603:
1056:
191:
695:
Liguori, R.; A. Vincent; L. Clover; et al. (2001-08-07).
599:"Sub-acute presentation of Morvan's syndrome after thymectomy"
254:
potentials were noted. Nerve conduction studies were normal.
1218:
178:
443:
alone or in combination with steroids, sometimes also with
694:
539:
Lee, E K; R A Maselli; W G Ellis; M A Agius (1998-06-15).
403:
and act centrally, binding predominantly to thalamic and
359:
have also been found in patients with Morvan's Syndrome.
286:
407:
neurons causing encephalopathic and autonomic features.
391:
Whether VGKC antibodies play a pathogenic role in the
454:
In one case, the dramatic response to high-dose oral
1140:
1034:
738:
603:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
545:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
273:Studies have shown subtly decreased metabolism on
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860:
534:
532:
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528:
526:
524:
319:. Marked changes in circadian serum levels of
465:In another case, the subject was treated with
281:(SPECT) in the left inferior frontal and left
1321:
1278:Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
1126:
644:
642:
521:
379:from a patient with Morvan's Syndrome to the
2040:
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590:
588:
586:
584:
177:In all of the reported cases, the need for
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279:single photon emission computed tomography
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105:In 1890, Morvan described a patient with
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854:
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222:(EMG) discloses spontaneous, repetitive
861:Bajaj, B.K.; S. Shrestha (2006-10-07).
829:
775:
729:
14:
2238:
2117:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
1790:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
905:
677:
335:
1309:
1114:
843:
147:
1968:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1357:
205:(EEG) in one case was dominated by "
24:
2199:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
132:, it is also believed to occur in
117:, increased body temperature, and
25:
2272:
1902:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1705:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
311:(IgG) levels, but there are weak
257:
1922:For more detailed coverage, see
1900:For more detailed coverage, see
1871:For more detailed coverage, see
1837:For more detailed coverage, see
1788:For more detailed coverage, see
369:voltage-gated potassium channels
212:
1288:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
991:
955:
793:Electrophysiological Studies".
498:
977:10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.03.007
13:
1:
2215:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2100:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
1958:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
753:10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00022-6
663:10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00014-X
515:
186:sleep from wakefulness. The
2184:Progressive muscular atrophy
1236:Tropical spastic paraparesis
434:
362:
299:(CSF) shows normal protein,
275:positron emission tomography
113:(also known as sweat rash),
7:
1694:Primary progressive aphasia
172:
10:
2277:
2016:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1722:Posterior cortical atrophy
1543:Striatonigral degeneration
1394:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
315:, which are absent in the
194:. The involvement of the
182:the emergence of atypical
64:Morvan's fibrillary chorea
2122:Spinal muscular atrophies
2090:Primary lateral sclerosis
2072:
2049:
2033:
1988:
1948:Intracranial hypertension
1938:
1910:
1881:
1847:
1809:
1798:
1764:
1742:
1728:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1667:
1477:
1468:
1454:
1414:
1348:
1293:Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
1211:
1175:
1149:
1038:
714:10.1093/brain/124.12.2417
397:peripheral nervous system
57:
37:
32:
2189:Progressive bulbar palsy
1980:Intracranial hypotension
1963:Choroid plexus papilloma
1377:Herpesviral encephalitis
741:Clinical Neurophysiology
615:10.1136/jnnp.2003.031401
1701:Frontotemporal dementia
1387:Encephalitis lethargica
1188:Posterior cord syndrome
1167:Spinal cord compression
880:10.4103/0028-3886.30432
326:acetylcholine receptors
2006:Hepatic encephalopathy
1193:Anterior cord syndrome
1183:Brown-SĂ©quard syndrome
505:central nervous system
411:Differential diagnosis
385:neuromuscular junction
203:Electroencephalography
2246:Spinal cord disorders
2064:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2021:Static encephalopathy
1744:Mitochondrial disease
1582:Spasmodic torticollis
1492:Basal ganglia disease
1224:Demyelinating disease
1203:Cauda equina syndrome
1198:Central cord syndrome
1141:Focal lesions of the
557:10.1136/jnnp.65.6.857
351:adenoma, and in situ
297:Cerebral spinal fluid
76:Augustin Marie Morvan
18:Morvan's disease
2011:Toxic encephalopathy
1717:Lewy bodies dementia
1017:10.1093/brain/awl084
707:(Pt 12): 2417–2426.
458:together with pulse
423:and associated with
2261:Hippocampus (brain)
2059:Friedreich's ataxia
1442:Meningoencephalitis
1382:Limbic encephalitis
1283:Vascular myelopathy
1229:Transverse myelitis
1010:(Pt 6): 1570–1584.
417:limbic encephalitis
401:blood–brain barrier
367:Antibodies against
336:Comorbid conditions
142:manganese poisoning
2095:Pseudobulbar palsy
1833:Status epilepticus
1784:Multiple sclerosis
1621:Myoclonic epilepsy
1484:movement disorders
1430:Acute disseminated
1372:Viral encephalitis
927:European Neurology
460:methylprednisolone
395:as they do in the
232:quadriceps femoris
148:Signs and symptoms
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1934:
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1873:Template:Headache
1839:Template:Epilepsy
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1734:Vascular dementia
1577:Status dystonicus
1450:
1449:
1425:Encephalomyelitis
1303:
1302:
1256:Morvan's syndrome
1108:
1107:
940:10.1159/000090719
807:10.1002/mus.20081
609:(10): 1504–1509.
330:myasthenia gravis
313:oligoclonal bands
264:laryngeal muscles
72:Morvan's syndrome
69:
68:
33:Morvan's syndrome
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1996:Brain herniation
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1647:Intention tremor
1642:Essential tremor
1507:Postencephalitic
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1697:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1488:
1486:
1479:Extrapyramidal
1472:
1463:
1461:encephalopathy
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1338:nervous system
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:Tabes dorsalis
1263:
1261:Sensory ataxia
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1079:
1064:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:Classification
1032:
1031:
990:
971:(4): 264–268.
954:
933:(4): 235–237.
904:
842:
828:
801:(2): 157–163.
774:
747:(4): 552–560.
728:
676:
657:(3): 279–282.
651:Sleep Medicine
638:
580:
551:(6): 857–862.
519:
517:
514:
509:plasmapheresis
500:
497:
441:Plasmapheresis
436:
433:
421:paraneoplastic
412:
409:
393:encephalopathy
364:
361:
337:
334:
283:temporal lobes
259:
258:Other symptoms
256:
236:biceps brachii
214:
211:
174:
171:
149:
146:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2273:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Reye syndrome
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Hydrocephalus
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1766:Demyelinating
1763:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Restless legs
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:Blepharospasm
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:Hemiballismus
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:Brain abscess
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:Abadie's sign
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:Syringobulbia
1249:
1247:
1246:Syringomyelia
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
958:
950:
946:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
900:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
837:
835:
833:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
781:
779:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
724:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
643:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
576:
572:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
520:
513:
510:
506:
496:
493:
490:
488:
487:amitriptyline
484:
479:
475:
472:
471:carbamazepine
468:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
432:
430:
429:temporal lobe
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
357:sigmoid colon
354:
350:
345:
343:
333:
331:
327:
322:
321:neurohormones
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
248:cell membrane
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:Neuromyotonia
210:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
188:polysomnogram
185:
180:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
123:neuromyotonic
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:hyperhidrosis
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
62:
60:
56:
51:
45:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2209:
2108:
2081:
2042:Degenerative
1779:Inflammatory
1726:
1659:Stiff-person
1497:Parkinsonism
1470:Degenerative
1367:Encephalitis
1350:Inflammation
1340:, primarily
1255:
1092:
1081:
1066:
1051:
1007:
1003:
993:
968:
964:
957:
930:
926:
873:(1): 67–69.
870:
866:
798:
795:Muscle Nerve
794:
790:
744:
740:
704:
700:
654:
650:
606:
602:
548:
544:
502:
499:Epidemiology
494:
491:
480:
476:
464:
456:prednisolone
453:
449:azathioprine
438:
414:
390:
366:
346:
339:
295:
272:
268:laryngospasm
261:
252:fibrillation
238:, and right
228:gastrocnemii
216:
201:
176:
151:
127:
125:discharges.
119:hypertension
104:
90:, weakness,
82:of the long
80:contractions
71:
70:
63:
2194:Fazio–Londe
2034:Both/either
1828:Generalised
1687:Early-onset
1682:Alzheimer's
1417:spinal cord
1176:By location
1143:spinal cord
483:propranolol
467:haloperidol
381:hippocampus
317:blood serum
291:hippocampus
207:wakefulness
155:lacrimation
115:tachycardia
2240:Categories
1802:paroxysmal
1774:Autoimmune
1567:Dyskinesia
1437:Meningitis
1415:Brain and
1157:Myelopathy
1094:DiseasesDB
890:1807/55893
516:References
445:thymectomy
277:(PET) and
224:motor unit
2256:Syndromes
1799:Episodic/
1677:Tauopathy
1628:Akathisia
1616:Myoclonus
1599:Athetosis
1531:Tauopathy
435:Treatment
363:Mechanism
353:carcinoma
347:Thymoma,
159:myoclonus
44:Neurology
39:Specialty
2165:SMALED2B
2160:SMALED2A
1857:Migraine
1849:Headache
1815:epilepsy
1811:Seizures
1669:Dementia
1572:Dystonia
1162:Myelitis
1026:16613892
985:17599621
949:16401901
899:17272905
815:15266630
791:in vitro
769:45499918
761:11956000
723:11701596
671:14592220
633:15377711
405:striatal
349:prostate
342:collagen
240:masseter
196:thalamus
173:Insomnia
167:erythema
130:etiology
111:miliaria
107:myokymia
100:delirium
92:pruritus
88:cramping
59:Symptoms
2177:SMA-PME
2172:SMA-PCH
2155:SMALED1
1867:Tension
1862:Cluster
1587:Meige's
1404:Amoebic
1150:General
1088:D013595
823:8791898
624:1738744
575:9854961
566:2170383
425:thymoma
355:of the
301:glucose
244:In vivo
163:atrophy
138:mercury
84:muscles
1896:Stroke
1710:Pick's
1637:Tremor
1604:Chorea
1024:
983:
947:
897:
821:
813:
767:
759:
721:
669:
631:
621:
573:
563:
485:, and
307:, and
192:atonia
46:
2210:both:
2142:DSMA1
2137:SMAX2
2132:SMAX1
2112:only:
2085:only:
1989:Other
1911:Other
1823:Focal
1456:Brain
1359:Brain
1219:Polio
1212:Other
1099:12769
1077:336.0
1062:G60.8
1004:Brain
819:S2CID
765:S2CID
701:Brain
377:serum
179:sleep
140:, or
1813:and
1524:PKAN
1519:NBIA
1083:MeSH
1072:9-CM
1022:PMID
981:PMID
945:PMID
895:PMID
811:PMID
757:PMID
719:PMID
667:PMID
629:PMID
571:PMID
447:and
134:gold
2127:SMA
2110:LMN
2083:UMN
2074:MND
1940:CSF
1891:TIA
1536:PSP
1512:NMS
1481:and
1342:CNS
1068:ICD
1053:ICD
1012:doi
1008:129
973:doi
935:doi
885:hdl
875:doi
803:doi
749:doi
745:113
709:doi
705:124
659:doi
619:PMC
611:doi
561:PMC
553:doi
287:MRI
242:.
184:REM
2242::
2051:SA
1558:OA
1553:HD
1502:PD
1097::
1086::
1075::
1060::
1057:10
1020:.
1006:.
1002:.
979:.
969:31
967:.
943:.
931:54
929:.
925:.
907:^
893:.
883:.
871:55
869:.
865:.
845:^
831:^
817:.
809:.
799:30
797:.
777:^
763:.
755:.
743:.
731:^
717:.
703:.
699:.
679:^
665:.
653:.
641:^
627:.
617:.
607:75
605:.
601:.
583:^
569:.
559:.
549:65
547:.
543:.
523:^
303:,
293:.
234:,
230:,
144:.
136:,
94:,
86:,
1703:/
1458:/
1329:e
1322:t
1315:v
1134:e
1127:t
1120:v
1070:-
1055:-
1045:D
1028:.
1014::
987:.
975::
951:.
937::
901:.
887::
877::
825:.
805::
771:.
751::
725:.
711::
673:.
661::
655:3
635:.
613::
577:.
555::
20:)
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