347:(ALS) and other more severe diseases, which may be fatal, there can often be significant anxiety until a diagnosis is made. In some rare cases, acquired neuromyotonia has been misdiagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) particularly if fasciculations may be evident in the absence of other clinical features of ALS. However, fasciculations are rarely the first sign of ALS as the hallmark sign is weakness. Similarly, multiple sclerosis has been the initial misdiagnosis in some NMT patients. In order to get an accurate diagnosis see a trained neuromuscular specialist.
169:
33:
125:
325:(NCS) (these are the most important tests), chest CT (to rule out paraneoplastic) and specific blood work looking for voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies, acetylcholine receptor antibody, and serum immunofixation, TSH, ANA ESR, EEG etc. Neuromyotonia is characterized electromyographically by doublet, triplet or multiplet single unit discharges that have a high, irregular intraburst frequency.
433:
The long-term prognosis is uncertain, and has mostly to do with the underlying cause; i.e. autoimmune, paraneoplastic, etc. However, in recent years increased understanding of the basic mechanisms of NMT and autoimmunity has led to the development of novel treatment strategies. NMT disorders are now
313:
Diagnosis is clinical and initially consists of ruling out more common conditions, disorders, and diseases, and usually begins at the general practitioner level. A doctor may conduct a basic neurological exam, including coordination, strength, reflexes, sensation, etc. A doctor may also run a series
193:
are the most severe types in the
Peripheral Nerve Hyperexciteability spectrum. Example of two more common and less severe syndromes in the spectrum are cramp fasciculation syndrome and benign fasciculation syndrome. NMT can have both hereditary and acquired (non-inherited) forms. The prevalence of
226:
The symptoms (especially the stiffness and fasciculations) are most prominent in the calves, legs, trunk, and sometimes the face and neck, but can also affect other body parts. NMT symptoms may fluctuate in severity and frequency. Symptoms range from mere inconvenience to debilitating. At least a
390:. Some doctors will only give the diagnosis of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability as the differences between the three are largely a matter of the severity of the symptoms and can be subjective. However, some objective EMG criteria have been established to help distinguish between the three.
222:
and other related symptoms. These neuromyotonic discharges can cause bursts of spontaneous motor activity that present either continuously or in recurring, decrementing clusters. They can start and stop abruptly, typically waning in strength and are unaffected by voluntary activity.
459:
Some studies have linked NMT with certain types of cancers, mostly lung and thymus, suggesting that NMT may be paraneoplastic in some cases. In these cases, the underlying cancer will determine prognosis. However, most examples of NMT are autoimmune and not associated with cancer.
434:
amenable to treatment and their prognoses are good. Many patients respond well to treatment, which usually provide significant relief of symptoms. Some cases of spontaneous remission have been noted, including Isaac's original two patients when followed up 14 years later.
417:, usually provide significant relief from the stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain associated with neuromyotonia. Plasma exchange and IVIg treatment may provide short-term relief for patients with some forms of the acquired disorder. It is speculated that the
425:, one of the underlying issues of hyper-excitability in autoimmune neuromyotonia. Botox injections also provide short-term relief. Immunosuppressants such as Prednisone may provide long term relief for patients with some forms of the acquired disorder.
822:
Arimura K, Watanabe O, Katajima I, Suehara M, Minato S, Sonoda Y, Higuchi I, Takenaga S, Maruyama I, Osame M (1997). "Antibodies to potassium channels of PC12 in serum of Isaacs' Syndrome: Western blot and immunohistochemical studies".
910:
895:
880:
377:
Neuromyotonia is a type of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability is an umbrella diagnosis that includes (in order of severity of symptoms from least severe to most severe)
290:
resulting in continuous/hyper-excitability. Onset is typically seen between the ages of 15–60, with most experiencing symptoms before the age of 40. Some neuromyotonia cases do not only improve after
350:
People diagnosed with benign fasciculation syndrome or enhanced physiological tremor may experience similar symptoms as NMT, although it is unclear today whether BFS or EPT are weak forms of NMT.
317:
From there, a patient is likely to be referred to a neurologist or a neuromuscular specialist. The neurologist or specialist may run a series of more specialized tests, including needle
999:
477:
Noto, Y. I.; Simon, N. G.; Selby, A.; Garg, N.; Shibuya, K.; Shahrizaila, N.; Huynh, W.; Matamala, J. M.; Dharmadasa, T.; Park, S. B.; Vucic, S.; Kiernan, M. C. (2018). "PNH study".
305:
It is suspected that the peripheral nerve hyperexcitability associated with Isaacs' and Morvan's syndromes is a result of a potassium channel defect in the motor nerve membrane.
278:) disorders. Their causative role has been established in some of these diseases but not all. Neuromyotonia is considered to be one of these with accumulating evidence for
1472:
992:
2601:
1786:
437:
While NMT symptoms may fluctuate, they generally don't deteriorate into anything more serious, and with the correct treatment the symptoms are manageable.
251:
The acquired form is the most common, accounting for up to 80 percent of all cases and is suspected to be autoimmune-mediated, which is usually caused by
2289:
1443:
738:
Hirota, Nobuyuki; Eisen, Andrew; Weber, Markus (2000). "Complex fasciculations and their origin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and
Kennedy's disease".
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43:
599:
1858:
1834:
2481:
1709:
1467:
440:
A very small proportion of cases with NMT may develop central nervous system findings in their clinical course, causing a disorder called
2534:
1791:
397:
to describe the aforementioned conditions is recommended and endorsed by several prominent researchers and practitioners in the field.
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836:
1497:
1615:
2300:
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271:
751:
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is only one of a variety of clinical conditions observed in Morvan's syndrome cases ranging from confusion and memory loss to
1205:
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76:
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275:
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NMT is a diverse disorder. As a result of muscular hyperactivity, patients may present with muscle cramps, stiffness,
2185:
1641:
83:
62:
1949:
1944:
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2033:
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1370:
302:. Moreover, these antibodies have been demonstrated to reduce potassium channel function in neuronal cell lines.
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The exact cause is unknown. However, autoreactive antibodies can be detected in a variety of peripheral (e.g.
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2361:
2264:
1887:
1728:
1666:
1550:
1363:
1151:
379:
17:
668:
Newsom-Davis J, Mills KR (1993). "Immunological associations of acquired neuromyotonia (Isaacs' syndrome)".
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2062:
1829:
1656:
1246:
1240:
383:
965:
343:
NMT is not fatal and many of the symptoms can be controlled. However, because NMT mimics some symptoms of
72:
2443:
2226:
1608:
1198:
1166:
603:
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520:
1961:
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1123:
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activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials of peripheral origin. NMT along with
51:
2156:
1433:
925:
322:
168:
2008:
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over the last few years. Autoimmune neuromyotonia is typically caused by antibodies that bind to
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47:
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1013:
256:
162:
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1017:
889:
365:
Monophasic (symptoms that resolve within several years of onset; postinfection, postallergic)
340:
Because the condition is so rare, it can often be years before a correct diagnosis is made.
1982:
1772:
1386:
441:
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190:
97:
8:
1578:
1555:
1527:
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1007:
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1424:
1350:
1312:
1178:
1118:
1095:
1080:
919:
848:
763:
650:
502:
444:, and they may also have antibodies against potassium channels in their serum samples.
283:
58:
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2137:
2024:
1502:
1483:
1274:
1044:
936:
840:
804:
755:
720:
703:
Rowland, Lewis P.; Shneider, Neil A. (31 May 2001). "Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis".
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1807:
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1410:
1322:
941:
781:
Hart, I. K.; Maddison, P.; Newsom-Davis, J.; Vincent, A.; Mills, K. R. (2002).
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689:
405:
There is no known cure for neuromyotonia, but the condition is treatable.
185:) is a form of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability that causes spontaneous
2555:
1491:
287:
837:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199703)20:3<299::AID-MUS6>3.0.CO;2-6
1279:
1187:
1038:
61:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
872:
783:"Phenotypic variants of autoimmune peripheral nerve hyperexcitability"
752:
10.1002/1097-4598(200012)23:12<1872::AID-MUS12>3.0.CO;2-H
410:
158:
2428:
1305:
1071:
960:
453:
252:
211:
206:-like symptoms (slow relaxation), associated walking difficulties,
203:
598:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2010).
2410:
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2258:
2244:
2002:
1996:
1990:
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1970:
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1717:
1698:
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Davalos, Long; Arya, Kapil; Kushlaf, Hani (July 15, 2023).
344:
372:
862:
294:
exchange but they may also have antibodies in their
218:(muscle twitching), fatigue, exercise intolerance,
544:
476:
227:third of people also experience sensory symptoms.
667:
551:. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing
2588:
737:
421:causes an interference with the function of the
702:
548:Abnormal Spontaneous Electromyographic Activity
57:Please review the contents of the article and
2602:Myoneural junction and neuromuscular diseases
1609:
993:
1623:
395:peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes
661:
540:
538:
314:of tests that include blood work and MRIs.
1616:
1602:
1000:
986:
624:
167:
2521:Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia
798:
600:"NINDS Isaac's syndrome information page"
2535:Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
535:
456:. However, this is a separate disorder.
148:Isaacs syndrome, Isaacs-Mertens syndrome
815:
593:
591:
470:
14:
2589:
2482:Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome
2301:Congenital absence of the vas deferens
393:Moreover, the generic use of the term
272:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1597:
981:
197:
625:Maddison P (2006). "Neuromyotonia".
588:
513:
423:voltage-dependent potassium channels
26:
358:There are three main types of NMT:
270:) and central nervous system (e.g.
24:
2152:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
2091:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
1261:BIN1-linked centronuclear myopathy
373:Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability
276:paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis
25:
2613:
1542:Testosterone deficiency myopathy
1050:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
268:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
2562:Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 2
1950:Congenital insensitivity to pain
1945:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
1873:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 2
1724:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1
1498:Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome
1147:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2
1104:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1
300:voltage-gated potassium channels
123:
31:
2454:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
2265:Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 2
1878:Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
1729:Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1
774:
705:New England Journal of Medicine
2516:Erythrokeratodermia variabilis
2468:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease X1
2172:Familial atrial fibrillation 3
2077:Spinocerebellar ataxia type-13
2063:Familial atrial fibrillation 7
1830:Familial hemiplegic migraine 3
1657:Familial hemiplegic migraine 1
1439:Fatty-acid metabolism disorder
1062:Congenital myasthenic syndrome
731:
696:
618:
563:
59:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
2362:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
1888:Potassium-aggravated myotonia
1667:Spinocerebellar ataxia type-6
1551:Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
463:
400:
380:benign fasciculation syndrome
235:The three causes of NMT are:
639:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.008
491:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.01.061
428:
384:cramp fasciculation syndrome
333:are often also present with
308:
7:
2449:Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
2444:Oculodentodigital dysplasia
2009:Pseudohypoaldosteronism 1AR
717:10.1056/NEJM200105313442207
44:reliable medical references
10:
2618:
2572:
2545:
2427:
2386:
2279:
2196:
2032:
2023:
1960:
1815:
1806:
1753:
1640:
1631:
1566:
1528:Hyperparathyroid myopathy
1482:
1423:
1399:
1379:
1349:
1304:
1290:
1218:
1177:
1132:
1094:
1079:
1070:
1024:
951:
866:
230:
214:(quivering of a muscle),
152:
144:
139:
50:or relies too heavily on
1625:Diseases of ion channels
1523:Hypoparathyroid myopathy
1434:Glycogen storage disease
627:Clinical Neurophysiology
479:Clinical Neurophysiology
353:
323:nerve conduction studies
2227:Andersen–Tawil syndrome
1546:Late-onset hypogonadism
1537:Corticosteroid myopathy
1255:adaptor protein disease
682:10.1093/brain/116.2.453
575:Autoimmune Registry Inc
2492:Bart–Pumphrey syndrome
1883:Paramyotonia congenita
1768:Malignant hyperthermia
1449:Mitochondrial myopathy
1342:Paramyotonia congenita
1014:neuromuscular junction
257:neuromuscular junction
210:(excessive sweating),
163:neuromuscular medicine
2417:Mucolipidosis type IV
1962:Constitutively active
1574:Inflammatory myopathy
1018:neuromuscular disease
2348:Osteopetrosis A2, B4
2157:Romano–Ward syndrome
1773:Central core disease
1387:Central core disease
1269:cytoskeleton disease
800:10.1093/brain/awf178
386:, neuromyotonia and
345:motor neuron disease
1902:Long QT syndrome 10
1579:Congenital myopathy
1556:Androgen deficiency
1516:Thyrotoxic myopathy
1114:Facioscapulohumeral
368:Relapsing Remitting
2497:Vohwinkel syndrome
2487:Ichthyosis hystrix
2376:Bartter syndrome 3
2320:Myotonia congenita
2232:Long QT syndrome 7
2213:Bartter syndrome 2
2167:Long QT syndrome 1
2124:Brugada syndrome 5
2110:Long QT syndrome 6
2096:Long QT syndrome 5
1940:Febrile seizure 3B
1921:Long QT syndrome 3
1916:Brugada syndrome 1
1854:Brugada syndrome 6
1840:Febrile seizure 3A
1743:Brugada syndrome 4
1691:Long QT syndrome 8
1686:Brugada syndrome 3
1425:Metabolic myopathy
1351:Periodic paralysis
1313:Myotonia congenita
1081:Muscular dystrophy
952:External resources
740:Muscle & Nerve
284:potassium channels
198:Signs and symptoms
2584:
2583:
2275:
2274:
2237:Short QT syndrome
2162:Short QT syndrome
2138:Short QT syndrome
2049:Episodic ataxia 1
2025:Potassium channel
2019:
2018:
1983:Liddle's syndrome
1802:
1801:
1705:Ocular albinism 2
1662:Episodic ataxia 2
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1503:Hoffmann syndrome
1395:
1394:
1275:Nemaline myopathy
1214:
1213:
1045:Myasthenia gravis
975:
974:
746:(12): 1872–1875.
711:(22): 1688–1700.
442:Morvan's syndrome
388:morvan's syndrome
280:autoimmune origin
264:myasthenia gravis
191:Morvan's syndrome
176:
175:
134:Medical condition
132:
131:
108:
16:(Redirected from
2609:
2281:Chloride channel
2198:Inward-rectifier
2030:
2029:
1813:
1812:
1681:Timothy syndrome
1638:
1637:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1533:Hypercortisolism
1444:AMPD1 deficiency
1400:ATPase disorder
1302:
1301:
1233:Bethlem myopathy
1227:collagen disease
1219:Other structural
1092:
1091:
1077:
1076:
1030:junction disease
1002:
995:
988:
979:
978:
864:
863:
857:
856:
819:
813:
812:
802:
793:(8): 1887–1895.
778:
772:
771:
735:
729:
728:
700:
694:
693:
665:
659:
658:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
606:on 12 April 2011
602:. Archived from
595:
586:
585:
583:
581:
567:
561:
560:
558:
556:
542:
533:
532:
530:
528:
523:. OrphaNet. 2013
521:"Isaac syndrome"
517:
511:
510:
474:
335:electromyography
319:electromyography
298:samples against
194:NMT is unknown.
172:
171:
137:
136:
127:
126:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
35:
34:
27:
21:
2617:
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2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2568:
2541:
2423:
2382:
2315:Thomsen disease
2296:Cystic fibrosis
2271:
2192:
2015:
1956:
1935:Erythromelalgia
1798:
1749:
1633:Calcium channel
1627:
1622:
1592:
1583:
1562:
1478:
1419:
1391:
1375:
1345:
1335:Isaacs syndrome
1318:Thomsen disease
1286:
1210:
1173:
1128:
1109:Oculopharyngeal
1083:
1066:
1028:
1020:
1006:
976:
971:
970:
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946:
875:
861:
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816:
779:
775:
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732:
701:
697:
666:
662:
633:(10): 2118–27.
623:
619:
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589:
579:
577:
571:"Neuromyotonia"
569:
568:
564:
554:
552:
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519:
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514:
475:
471:
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431:
419:plasma exchange
407:Anticonvulsants
403:
375:
356:
329:potentials and
311:
233:
220:myoclonic jerks
200:
166:
135:
128:
124:
119:
113:
110:
73:"Neuromyotonia"
67:
56:
52:primary sources
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2334:Dent's disease
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1987:
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1808:Sodium channel
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1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1488:
1486:
1484:Endocrinopathy
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:Becker disease
1320:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1206:Emery–Dreifuss
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:Walker–Warburg
1164:
1159:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1034:
1032:
1026:Neuromuscular-
1022:
1021:
1005:
1004:
997:
990:
982:
973:
972:
969:
968:
956:
955:
953:
949:
948:
945:
944:
933:
922:
907:
892:
876:
871:
870:
868:
867:Classification
859:
858:
831:(3): 299–305.
814:
773:
730:
695:
676:(2): 453–469.
660:
617:
587:
562:
534:
512:
485:(5): 974–980.
468:
467:
465:
462:
450:hallucinations
446:Sleep disorder
430:
427:
402:
399:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
363:
355:
352:
331:fasciculations
310:
307:
249:
248:
245:
243:Paraneoplastic
240:
232:
229:
216:fasciculations
199:
196:
174:
173:
156:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
133:
130:
129:
122:
120:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2614:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Rare diseases
2595:
2594:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2034:Voltage-gated
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:Voltage-gated
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1642:Voltage-gated
1639:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:Brody disease
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:Neuromyotonia
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:(ion channel)
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:Channelopathy
1289:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Calpainopathy
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1124:Distal (most)
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:Neuromyotonia
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
989:
984:
983:
980:
967:
963:
962:
958:
957:
954:
950:
943:
939:
938:
934:
932:
928:
927:
923:
921:
917:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
901:
897:
893:
891:
887:
886:
882:
878:
877:
874:
869:
865:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
818:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
605:
601:
594:
592:
576:
572:
566:
550:
549:
541:
539:
522:
516:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
469:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
435:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:carbamazepine
412:
408:
398:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
367:
364:
361:
360:
359:
351:
348:
346:
341:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
306:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
246:
244:
241:
238:
237:
236:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:hyperhidrosis
205:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:Neuromyotonia
170:
164:
160:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:Neuromyotonia
138:
121:
117:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
64:
60:
54:
53:
49:
45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
18:Neuromyotonic
2577:ion channels
2574:
2554:
2527:
2504:
2474:
2460:
2436:
2409:
2395:
2368:
2354:
2340:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2257:
2243:
2219:
2205:
2178:
2144:
2130:
2116:
2102:
2083:
2069:
2055:
2041:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1975:
1969:
1927:
1908:
1894:
1865:
1846:
1822:
1779:
1760:
1754:Ligand gated
1735:
1716:
1697:
1673:
1649:
1510:Hyperthyroid
1371:Hyperkalemic
1329:
1267:
1253:
1247:X-linked MTM
1239:
1225:
1186:
1054:
1037:
1008:Diseases of
959:
935:
924:
909:
894:
879:
828:
825:Muscle Nerve
824:
817:
790:
786:
776:
743:
739:
733:
708:
704:
698:
673:
669:
663:
630:
626:
620:
608:. Retrieved
604:the original
578:. Retrieved
574:
565:
553:. Retrieved
547:
525:. Retrieved
515:
482:
478:
472:
458:
439:
436:
432:
409:, including
404:
394:
392:
376:
357:
349:
342:
339:
327:Fibrillation
316:
312:
304:
261:
255:against the
250:
234:
225:
201:
182:
178:
177:
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
48:verification
41:
2388:TRP channel
1492:Hypothyroid
1359:Hypokalemic
1241:PTP disease
527:30 November
288:motor nerve
145:Other names
114:August 2019
42:needs more
2591:Categories
2575:See also:
1403:(ion pump)
1364:Thyrotoxic
1280:Zaspopathy
1188:dystrophin
1152:Congenital
1039:autoimmune
937:DiseasesDB
464:References
401:Treatments
253:antibodies
247:Hereditary
84:newspapers
1512:myopathy
1494:myopathy
655:235331553
454:delusions
429:Prognosis
411:phenytoin
321:EMG/ and
309:Diagnosis
159:Neurology
154:Specialty
2429:Connexin
1306:Myotonia
1199:Duchenne
1194:Becker's
1157:Fukuyama
1119:Myotonic
1072:Myopathy
961:Orphanet
853:41272730
809:12135978
760:11102912
725:11386269
647:16843723
580:June 14,
499:29554580
239:Acquired
212:myokymia
204:myotonia
187:muscular
1859:GEFS+ 1
1835:GEFS+ 2
1718:CACNA1S
1699:CACNA1F
1675:CACNA1C
1651:CACNA1A
1567:General
1432:Muscle
1162:Ullrich
931:D020386
845:9052808
690:8461975
555:6 March
507:4522709
362:Chronic
286:on the
98:scholar
63:removed
2411:TRPML1
2370:CLCNKB
2259:KCNJ18
2245:KCNJ11
2003:SCNN1G
1997:SCNN1B
1991:SCNN1A
1977:SCNN1G
1971:SCNN1B
1737:CACNB2
1710:CSNB2A
1415:ATP2A1
1016:, and
1010:muscle
920:333.90
890:8C71.4
851:
843:
807:
768:743517
766:
758:
723:
688:
653:
645:
505:
497:
292:plasma
231:Causes
165:
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
2547:Porin
2403:FSGS2
2397:TRPC6
2356:BEST1
2342:CLCN7
2328:CLCN5
2309:CLCN1
2251:TNDM3
2221:KCNJ2
2207:KCNJ1
2186:BFNS1
2180:KCNQ2
2146:KCNQ1
2132:KCNH2
2118:KCNE3
2104:KCNE2
2085:KCNE1
2071:KCNC3
2057:KCNA5
2043:KCNA1
1929:SCN9A
1910:SCN5A
1896:SCN4B
1867:SCN4A
1848:SCN1B
1824:SCN1A
1792:ARVD2
1787:CPVT1
1473:MNGIE
1458:MERRF
1453:MELAS
1380:Other
966:11619
942:31818
905:G71.1
849:S2CID
787:Brain
764:S2CID
670:Brain
651:S2CID
610:8 May
503:S2CID
354:Types
296:serum
105:JSTOR
91:books
2556:AQP2
2529:GJB6
2510:GJB4
2506:GJB3
2476:GJB2
2462:GJB1
2438:GJA1
2290:CFTR
1781:RYR2
1762:RYR1
1086:DAPC
926:MeSH
915:9-CM
841:PMID
805:PMID
756:PMID
721:PMID
686:PMID
643:PMID
612:2011
582:2022
557:2024
529:2015
495:PMID
452:and
413:and
77:news
46:for
1468:PEO
1463:KSS
911:ICD
896:ICD
881:ICD
833:doi
795:doi
791:125
748:doi
713:doi
709:344
678:doi
674:116
635:doi
631:117
487:doi
483:129
183:NMT
2593::
1179:XR
1134:AR
1096:AD
1012:,
964::
940::
929::
918::
903::
900:10
888::
885:11
847:.
839:.
829:20
827:.
803:.
789:.
785:.
762:.
754:.
744:23
742:.
719:.
707:.
684:.
672:.
649:.
641:.
629:.
590:^
573:.
537:^
501:.
493:.
481:.
382:,
337:.
274:,
266:,
259:.
161:,
65:.
2508:/
2499:)
2000:/
1994:/
1974:/
1617:e
1610:t
1603:v
1475:)
1451:(
1417:)
1413:(
1088:)
1084:(
1001:e
994:t
987:v
913:-
898:-
883:-
873:D
855:.
835::
811:.
797::
770:.
750::
727:.
715::
692:.
680::
657:.
637::
614:.
584:.
559:.
531:.
509:.
489::
181:(
116:)
112:(
102:·
95:·
88:·
81:·
55:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
