48:
1211:
1202:
1727:
453:. A major accident occurred on 25 July 1979 when a test was conducted at half the usual depth because the nuclear device got stuck halfway down the 800 metre shaft. It was detonated and caused a large submarine landslide on the southwest rim of the atoll, causing a significant chunk of the outer slope of the atoll to break loose and causing a tsunami affecting Mururoa and injuring workers. The blast caused a 2 kilometre long and 40 cm wide crack to appear on the atoll.
417:
297:
409:
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himself was present at
Moruroa on 10 September 1966 when a test was conducted, using a device suspended from a balloon. Most of these tests were conducted on the western end of the atoll, designated as Dindon. Smaller blasts were detonated on the northern end of the atoll, designated as Denise. Three
329:
Early
European explorers found that the atoll was not continuously inhabited. In 1826 Beechey found it empty. A visit in 1832 found "dwellings but no inhabitants". A visiting ship in 1834 killed all but three of the inhabitants it found there, and it was unclaimed in 1847. It was briefly inhabited by
476:
The test site at
Mururoa was dismantled following France's last nuclear test to date, which took place on 27 January 1996 on Fangataufa. In total, 181 explosions took place at Moruroa, 41 of which were atmospheric. However, the total number has been variously reported: nuclear scientists working at
513:
published a report entitled "Nuclear tests and health - Consequences in French
Polynesia". The objective of this study was to establish an assessment of the available international scientific knowledge on the health consequences of the atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by France in French
357:
383:
states in a 21st-century study that the explosion sucked all the water from the lagoon, "raining dead fish and mollusks down on the atoll", and that it spread contamination across the
Pacific as far as Peru and New Zealand. President
472:
threatened to suspend France. These tests were meant to provide France with enough data to improve further nuclear technology without needing additional series of tests. The last nuclear test on
Moruroa occurred on 27 December 1995.
1095:
Operation
Pilaster: The Story of the Voyages by the Frigates HMNZ Ships Otago and Canterbury, Supported by the Australian Naval Tanker, HMAS Supply, to Protest Against the French Atmospheric Nuclear Tests at Mururoa Atoll in
445:. Shafts were drilled deep into the volcanic rocks underlying the atolls where nuclear devices were detonated. This practice created much controversy as cracking of the atolls was discovered, resulting in fears that the
1023:
505:
A report from 2012 suggested that only 11 of the 20 monitoring system sensors are actually functional, which could mean the atoll could potentially collapse without forewarning of the monitoring system.
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372:
360:(DIRCEN) was established to administer the nuclear testing. This followed with the construction of various infrastructures on the atoll commencing in May 1963. The atoll of
1042:
966:
47:
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France abandoned atmospheric nuclear testing in 1974 and moved to underground testing in the midst of intense world pressure which was sparked by the
288:, causing international protests, notably in 1974 and 1995. The number of tests performed on Moruroa has been variously reported as 175 and 181.
570:
449:
material trapped under the atolls would eventually escape and contaminate the surrounding ocean and neighbouring atolls, a case of so-called
1137:
330:
copra workers in the late nineteenth century, and again from 1942 to 1943 and 1950–52, but has had no permanent inhabitation since.
368:(450 km; 280 mi) to the north-west of Mururoa, was chosen as a support base for the nuclear tests and other operations.
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93:
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460:'s decision to run a nuclear test series at Mururoa on 5 September and 2 October 1995, just one year before the
1152:
1142:
550:
1726:
191:
1147:
1751:
1123:
Archives sur le Centre d'Expérimentations Nucléaires du
Pacifique (C.E.P.) Ă Mururoa, Hao et Fangataufa
356:. The atoll was officially established as a nuclear test site by France on 21 September 1962, when the
1509:
1447:
996:
578:
323:
342:
KH-7 satellite reconnaissance image of the
Mururoa Atomic Test Site in French Polynesia, 26 May 1967
350:
between 1966 and 1996, as well as the site of numerous protests by various vessels, including the
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450:
429:
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1323:
1167:
361:
352:
347:
870:
179:
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720:
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An
Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview with various nuclear scientists on Moruroa
442:
405:. A total of 41 atmospheric nuclear tests were conducted at Mururoa between 1966 and 1974.
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8:
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874:
861:
Greenpeace: How a Group of Ecologists, Journalists, and Visionaries Changed the World
859:
824:
758:
724:
643:
493:, due to the high levels of radioactive contamination. The atoll is still guarded by
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257:
375:, the first nuclear test was conducted on 2 July 1966, code named Aldebaran, when a
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523:
486:
316:. Carteret named Mururoa "Bishop of Osnaburgh Island". In 1792, the British whaler
245:
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Polynesia, on the general population and former civilian and military workers.
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In February 2021, the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research
457:
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As of October 2005, it is still prohibited to visit Moruroa, according to the
1822:
1494:
365:
249:
108:
95:
81:
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602:"Names of the Paumotu Islands, with the old names so far as they are known"
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Testimonies: witnesses of French nuclear testing in the South Pacific
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Mururoa, and its sister atoll Fangataufa, were the site of extensive
273:
1122:
676:"The Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa"
1807:
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Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur la Paix et les Conflits
402:
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196:
128:
477:
the site claim 175 explosions in total took place in the Pacific.
252:. It is located about 1,250 kilometres (780 mi) southeast of
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Essais nucléaires et santé – Conséquences en Polynésie française
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28:
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1401:
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Classification of the French Polynesian atolls by Salvat (1985)
510:
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967:"High levels of radioactive contamination in French Polynesia"
1649:
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1355:
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237:
1143:
France finally agrees to pay damages to nuclear test victims
1654:
1546:
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468:
of French wine. Riots took place across Polynesia, and the
33:
464:
was to be signed, caused worldwide protests, including an
322:
was wrecked here, and it became known as Matilda's Rocks.
1229:
1127:
1031:. Expertise Collective (in French). Paris: EDP Sciences.
536:
Gambier Islands § Effects of French nuclear testing
899:
897:
744:
631:
629:
627:
575:
Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française
894:
358:
Direction des Centres d'Expérimentations Nucléaires
1072:
992:"NUCLEAIRE - Moruroa réclame 'le droit de savoir'"
858:
750:
304:The first recorded visit this atoll was Commander
786:"Environmental Effects of French Nuclear Testing"
624:
333:
312:in 1767, just a few days after he had discovered
1820:
1074:"Olympic Surfing Comes to a 'Poisoned' Paradise"
593:
256:. Administratively Moruroa Atoll is part of the
232:(Mururoa, Mururura), also historically known as
138:148 km (57 sq mi) (lagoon)
903:
371:Despite objections from some 30 members of the
1071:Beech, Hannah; Ferguson, Adam (30 July 2024).
635:
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1015:
808:
806:
804:
802:
708:
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702:
700:
698:
696:
849:
847:
532:crew; an outspoken critic of nuclear testing
389:nuclear explosive devices were detonated on
904:Biedermann, Andy; Mills, Stephanie (1990).
1175:
1161:
1012:
799:
754:After Moruroa: France in the South Pacific
693:
27:
942:"Mururoa. How safe are the French tests?"
844:
636:Douglas, Ngaire; Douglas, Norman (1989).
379:fission bomb was exploded in the lagoon.
910:. Greenpeace International. p. 21.
751:Maclellan, Nic; Chesneaux, Jean (1998).
428:, which sent two frigates in July 1973,
415:
407:
337:
295:
812:
712:
670:
668:
666:
546:List of nuclear weapons tests by France
1821:
1092:
1021:
936:
934:
853:
541:France and weapons of mass destruction
1156:
599:
284:between 1966 and 1996 at Moruroa and
663:
946:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
931:
397:, and the rest were suspended from
13:
1064:
813:Stanley, David (3 December 2004).
426:New Zealand Government of the time
140:15 km (5.8 sq mi) (
14:
1845:
1785:Archipelagos of French Polynesia:
1113:
713:Stanley, David (1 January 2000).
606:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1725:
1209:
1200:
441:, to the atoll in protest for a
53:
46:
984:
959:
373:Polynesian Territorial Assembly
264:, which includes the atolls of
54:
778:
563:
393:, three were air dropped from
334:French nuclear weapons testing
1:
556:
551:New Zealand nuclear-free zone
500:
462:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
816:Moon Handbooks South Pacific
681:. IAEA. 1998. pp. 23–24
480:
7:
517:
412:The lagoon of Mururoa, 1972
10:
1850:
1098:. Auckland: Gerry Wright.
291:
192:Administrative subdivision
1834:French nuclear test sites
1780:
1734:
1723:
1704:
1225:
1218:
1198:
1000:(in French). 1 April 2012
819:. David Stanley. p.
719:. David Stanley. p.
639:Pacific Islands Year Book
348:nuclear testing by France
324:Frederick William Beechey
219:
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152:28 km (17.4 mi)
148:
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87:
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72:
41:
26:
18:Atoll in French Polynesia
642:. Pacific Publications.
240:which forms part of the
160:11 km (6.8 mi)
36:picture of Moruroa Atoll
451:tired mountain syndrome
1829:Atolls of the Tuamotus
1093:Wright, Gerry (2015).
716:South Pacific Handbook
421:
413:
343:
301:
1713:administration centre
420:View on Mururoa, 2005
419:
411:
341:
299:
180:Overseas collectivity
600:Young, J.L. (1899).
443:nuclear free Pacific
326:visited it in 1826.
282:nuclear weapon tests
1184:Tuamotu Archipelago
470:South Pacific Forum
280:. France undertook
242:Tuamotu Archipelago
105: /
23:
1752:Duke of Gloucester
1079:The New York Times
857:(6 October 2004).
526:, a member of the
422:
414:
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223:Uninhabited (2012)
109:21.833°S 138.833°W
21:
1816:
1815:
1721:
1720:
1038:978-2-7598-2472-4
880:978-1-59486-106-2
830:978-1-56691-411-6
764:978-1-876175-05-4
730:978-1-56691-172-6
649:978-0-207-16114-8
456:French president
386:Charles de Gaulle
227:
226:
114:-21.833; -138.833
1841:
1729:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1192:French Polynesia
1177:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1148:Mururoa Veterans
1121:
1109:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1041:. Archived from
1030:
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1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
988:
982:
981:
979:
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963:
957:
956:
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581:on 29 March 2020
577:. Archived from
567:
524:Bengt Danielsson
487:French Polynesia
248:in the southern
246:French Polynesia
185:French Polynesia
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1188:Gambier Islands
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1065:Further reading
1062:
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1049:
1048:on 6 March 2021
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1022:INSERM (2020).
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1443:Matureivavao
1428:Marutea Nord
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1050:. Retrieved
1043:the original
1024:
1002:. Retrieved
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986:
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612:(4): 264–268
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583:. Retrieved
579:the original
574:
571:"Population"
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491:Oscar Temaru
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228:
215:Demographics
171:
15:
1757:King George
1433:Marutea Sud
1335:Hereheretue
1271:Anuanurunga
1261:Angakauitai
1120:(in French)
855:Weyler, Rex
791:25 February
685:25 February
447:radioactive
142:above water
125:Archipelago
112: /
88:Coordinates
1823:Categories
1762:Two Groups
1490:Nukutepipi
1484:Nukutavake
1469:Nengonengo
1319:Fangataufa
1266:Anuanuraro
997:La Depeche
869:. p.
557:References
501:Monitoring
432:Canterbury
381:Greenpeace
286:Fangataufa
270:Fangataufa
220:Population
1803:Societies
1798:Marquesas
1691:Vairaatea
1665:Totegegie
1630:Tenarunga
1515:Puka Puka
1458:Motutunga
1418:Maria Est
1408:Manuhangi
1397:Mangareva
1084:12 August
971:NZ Herald
616:7 January
585:9 October
481:Aftermath
377:plutonium
274:Tematangi
236:, is an
73:Geography
1808:Tuamotus
1793:Gambiers
1788:Australs
1772:Raeffsky
1767:Palliser
1696:Vanavana
1686:Vahitahi
1625:Tenararo
1615:Tematagi
1610:Tekokota
1599:Tatakoto
1578:Takapoto
1558:Rekareka
1542:Ravahere
1526:Rangiroa
1313:Fangatau
1307:Fakarava
1302:Fakahina
1215:Gambiers
1206:Tuamotus
529:Kon-Tiki
518:See also
403:balloons
278:Vanavana
197:Tuamotus
129:Tuamotus
100:138°50′W
78:Location
1711:commune
1681:Vahanga
1670:Tuanake
1660:Tokorua
1645:Tikehau
1594:Taravai
1583:Takaroa
1568:Tahanea
1553:Reitoru
1521:Pukarua
1453:Moruroa
1438:Mataiva
1423:Marokau
1386:Makatea
1381:Makaroa
1366:Kaukura
1340:Hikueru
1330:Haraiki
1281:Aratika
1276:Apataki
1240:Akamaru
1052:6 March
1004:22 July
976:3 April
951:22 July
923:22 July
886:22 July
836:22 July
770:22 July
736:22 July
655:22 July
466:embargo
401:filled
395:bombers
319:Matilda
310:Swallow
308:on HMS
300:Moruroa
292:History
258:commune
230:Moruroa
204:Commune
97:21°50′S
61:Moruroa
22:Moruroa
1742:Acteon
1675:Tureia
1605:Tauere
1589:Takume
1573:Taiaro
1563:Taenga
1537:Raroia
1532:Raraka
1510:Pinaki
1505:Puaumu
1500:Paraoa
1495:Papuri
1479:Nihiru
1463:Napuka
1448:Morane
1402:Manihi
1391:Makemo
1376:Makapu
1371:Kouaku
1361:Kauehi
1351:Kamaka
1297:Faaite
1292:Aukena
1286:Arutua
1245:Akiaki
1235:Ahunui
1102:
1035:
914:
877:
867:Rodale
827:
761:
727:
646:
511:INSERM
430:HMNZS
399:helium
391:barges
364:, 245
266:Tureia
262:Tureia
254:Tahiti
234:Aopuni
209:Tureia
172:France
149:Length
1650:Tikei
1620:Temoe
1413:Manui
1356:Katiu
1250:Amanu
1046:(PDF)
1029:(PDF)
679:(PDF)
438:Otago
238:atoll
157:Width
1655:Toau
1547:Reao
1474:Niau
1346:Hiti
1255:Anaa
1186:and
1100:ISBN
1096:1973
1086:2024
1054:2021
1033:ISBN
1006:2012
978:2022
953:2012
925:2012
912:ISBN
888:2012
875:ISBN
838:2012
825:ISBN
793:2021
772:2012
759:ISBN
738:2012
725:ISBN
687:2021
657:2012
644:ISBN
618:2015
587:2014
435:and
276:and
135:Area
34:NASA
1324:Hao
1230:Ahe
1190:of
871:134
821:115
721:262
362:Hao
260:of
244:in
1825::
1709:*
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144:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
