22:
1721:
An example casual Morse code (CW) conversation between
Station S1ABC and Station S2YZ is illustrated in the following paragraphs. Here the actual Morse code information stream sent by each station (S1ABC and S2YZ) is shown in bold face small capitals type, and is followed below each bold
2439:
The listener is required to distinguish the meaning by context. In the example casual conversation between two station operators, above, the Morse transmissions show the equal sign in the same way that a simple electronic automatic Morse code reader with a one- or two-line display does: It can't
2646:
that is widely understood across many languages and cultures, surprisingly meaningful Morse code conversations can be efficiently conducted with short transmissions independently of native languages, even between operators who cannot actually communicate by voice because of language barriers!
2654:
and Morse code abbreviations, surprisingly meaningful conversations can readily occur. Note that in the preceding example conversation very few full
English words have been used. In fact, in the above example S1 and S2 might not speak the same native language. Although lengthy or detailed
2547:, and many well known Morse code abbreviations including those discussed in this article. Together all of these traditional conventions serve as a somewhat cryptic but commonly understood language (Lingua Franca) within the worldwide community of amateur radio Morse code operators.
62:. Morse abbreviations are composed of (normal) textual alpha-numeric character symbols with normal Morse code inter-character spacing; the character symbols in abbreviations, unlike the delineated character groups representing Morse code prosigns, are not "run together" or
1711:. The skills required to have efficient fast conversations with Morse comprise more than simply knowing the Morse code symbols for the alphabet and numerals. Skilled telegraphists must also know many traditional International Morse code communications conventions.
2597:, vowels are often left out to shorten transmissions and turn overs. Other examples, of internationally recognized usages of Morse code abbreviations and well known code numbers, such as those of the
2550:
These codes and protocols efficiently encode many well known statements and questions from many languages into short simple character groups which may be tapped out very quickly. The international
35:
are used to speed up Morse communications by foreshortening textual words and phrases. Morse abbreviations are short forms, representing normal textual words and phrases formed from some (fewer)
1687:
To make Morse code communications faster and more efficient, there are many internationally agreed patterns or conventions of communication which include: extensive use of abbreviations, use of
2661:
often use a very specialized and even shorter format for their contacts. Their purpose is to process as many contacts as possible in a limited time (e.g. 100–150 contacts per hour).
107:." However, these cyphers are typically "fake" words six characters long, or more, used for replacing commonly used whole phrases, and are distinct from single-word abbreviations.
1726:
of the message sent, together with short explanations of the codes. These translations and explanations are shown below each station's indicated transmission data stream.
1714:
In the following example of a typical casual Morse code conversation between two stations there is extensive use of such: Morse code abbreviations, brevity codes,
1838:
is the unofficial prosign for only inviting a reply from the station named in the message; it is the same as the code for open parentheses punctuation symbol.)
2554:
for instance encodes literally hundreds of full normal language sentences and questions in short three character codes each beginning with the character
2494:
in the recorded text upon reception of the code. This new paragraph copying convention is illustrated in the example conversation in the prior section.
2523:
Meaningful rag chewing between fluent Morse code operators having different native languages is possible because of a common language provided by the
2497:
When decoding in one's head, instead of writing text on paper or into a computer file, the receiving operator copying mentally will interpret the
2520:) while discussing subjects such as: The weather, their location, signal quality, and their equipment (especially the antennas being used).
2477: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3049:
2482:
Normally an operator copying Morse code by hand or typewriter would decide whether the equal sign or the "new section" prosign
2471:
in casual exchanges essentially indicates a new paragraph in the text or a new sentence, and is a little quicker to send than a
3066:
3061:
2505:
prosign for either a mental pause, or to jot down for later reference a short word or phrase from the information being sent.
3044:
2875:
2849:
2802:
2421:
2925:
3029:
2736:
2454: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1834: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2351: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
92:
84:
70:
2516:
is a name applied to amateur radio Morse code operators who engage in informal Morse code conversations (known as
2440:
distinguish context so it always displays the math symbol. It would also display an open parentheses for the
1599:
1579:
1524:
2640:
These techniques are similar to, and often faster than, texting on modern cellphones. Using this extensive
2799:
Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service
2414: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2382: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2324: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1884: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3102:
1507:
2963:
2918:
947:
Old Man (any male radio operator or the spouse of a female radio operator, both regardless of age)
3004:
2690:
2524:
2393:
1715:
1708:
1379:
59:
2655:
conversations could not, of course, be accomplished by radio operators with no common language.
2593:
Typically very few full words will be spelled out in Morse code conversations. Similar to phone
3107:
3076:
2412:
for punctuation codes to be shared with prosigns. For example, the code for plus or cross ( =
2999:
2948:
8:
3097:
3039:
2911:
209:
2057:
S1ABC DE S2YZ = TNX FB RPRT DR OM JOHN UR 559 = QTH BARCELONA = NM IS ANDY S1ABC DE S2YZ
3054:
2380:
dot-dash sequence defined only for the mathematical equal sign ; rather the same code (
1856:
S2YZ DE S1ABC = GA DR OM UR RST 5NN HR = QTH ANDALUSIA = OP IS JOHN = HW? S2YZ DE S1ABC
36:
91:
commercial codes. From 1845 until well into the second half of the 20th century,
2953:
2798:
448:
Calling several stations (followed by the call signs of two or more stations, e.g.
40:
2958:
1246:
1618:
Derogatory term for a disliked operator (Referring to 75 meter ham band)
3091:
2695:
2642:
2598:
2540:
1272:
622:
Long distance, foreign countries (sometimes refers to long distance contact)
2740:
2903:
2705:
2680:
1688:
1136:
1124:
132:
116:
63:
43:
770:
Over to you; only the previously named station should respond (e.g. after
115:
The following Table of Morse code abbreviations and further references to
2973:
2618:
2544:
1658:
1606:
1587:
1567:
1549:
1445:
552:
Calling station (followed by the call sign of a particular station, e.g.
120:
3071:
2968:
2934:
2845:
2685:
2658:
1465:
Former Young Lady (female spouse of radio operator, regardless of age)
860:
856:
837:
to or from the master of a ship concerning its operation or navigation
367:
30:
2574: ... , which radio operators typically take instead to mean
2578: ... . If this code word is followed by a question mark as
2139:
2011:
1503:
1177:
477:
2893:
2536:
1696:
1682:
47:
135:
serve to facilitate fast and efficient Morse code communications.
39:
taken from the word or phrase being abbreviated. Many are typical
2675:
2670:
2594:
2359:
2332:
1891:
1692:
1423:
881:
834:
581:
What call sign? (used with "?" to request a contact's call sign)
2176:
S2 DE S1ABC = OK TNX QSO DR ANDY = 73 ES HPE CUAGN S2YZ DE S1ABC
1796:
S2YZ responds to the call by transmitting the short Morse reply:
3019:
3014:
2846:
Operating methods for the international public telegram service
2710:
2700:
2651:
2551:
2532:
2528:
1704:
1700:
1039:
903:
128:
124:
21:
2508:
1633:
Long Live CW (Morse Code), wishing you many happy CW contacts
53:
169:
All after (used after question mark to request a repetition)
2601:
from past eras of telegraph technology, are usages such as
1651:
1647:
1532:
1528:
1401:
925:
532:
to let all operators know of an impending distress signal)
2848:(Report). Telegraph service – Recommendation. Geneva, CH:
1484:
Young Lady (any female radio operator, regardless of age)
2994:
2989:
2362:; it means "no more messages" / "frequency is now clear")
480:(calling all stations / any station) (do not follow with
1819:
To station S1ABC from station S2YZ. Over to you only.
1584:Amateur radio slang. While operating QRP/Low Power
2734:
1114:Readability (1-5) / Strength (1-9) / Noise (1-9)
3089:
1887:) in the code should be interpreted here as the
1683:An amateur radio Morse code conversation example
1228:, the last signal received from a radio contact
327:Break (to pause transmission of a message, say)
110:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
105:Locals have plundered everything from the wreck
25:This is one of a set of articles on telegraphy.
2432:is the official code for open parenthesis or
2919:
1095:Report / Repeat please / I repeat as follows
58:Morse code abbreviations are not the same as
2933:
2860:
1914:Your RST rating is 599 here (at my station)
1059:Received as transmitted (origin of "Roger")
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2509:Informal language-independent conversations
2251:S1ABC DE S2YZ = R TU CUAGN 73 S1ABC DE S2YZ
787:; only station K6PCH should reply to W1AW)
141:Table of selected Morse code abbreviations
95:books were used to shorten telegrams, e.g.
83:for "dollar") are carried over from former
54:Distinct from prosigns and commercial codes
2926:
2912:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
665:Amateur radio slang; suspected euphemism
16:Abbreviations commonly used in Morse code
2891:
2820:
2376:In International Morse code there is no
2371:
458:for "calling stations T4SRJ and C5ADK")
20:
2880:International Morse code ITU-R M.1677-1
2747:
1899:
3090:
1731:S1ABC transmits an open call in Morse:
1217:Silent Key (a deceased radio amateur)
524:All stations distress (used preceding
75:Although a few abbreviations (such as
2907:
2876:International Telecommunication Union
2850:International Telecommunication Union
2803:International Telecommunication Union
1964:reports the signal is very readable (
662:Good (literal abbr. "fine business")
87:, almost all Morse abbreviations are
66:in the way most prosigns are formed.
2410:Recommended International Morse Code
2191:Okay, thanks for this conversation (
1910:(friendly address to other operator)
1868:To station S2YZ from station S1ABC.
1137:Readability / Signal Strength / Tone
2737:"Commercial Telegraphic Code Books"
2589:What is your transmitting location?
2335:; it means "this message finished")
2306:To station S1ABC from station S2YZ:
2266:To station S1ABC from station S2YZ.
2233:To station S2YZ from station S1ABC:
2188:To station S2YZ from station S1ABC.
2158:To station S1ABC from station S2YZ:
2096:'dear old man' John. You are 559.
2069:To station S1ABC from station S2YZ.
2039:To station S2YZ from station S1ABC:
1561:No more; this is the end; finished
13:
1950:s are abbreviations for the number
427:Closing (I am closing my station)
14:
3119:
2416:) is the same as the prosign for
1722:face transmission by an indented
71:Commercial code (communications)
1894:which is also the symbol for a
1142:In universal amateur radio use
2885:
2728:
2420:, and the widely used but non-
2169:S1ABC transmits Morse message:
1908:Good afternoon 'dear old man'
1849:S1ABC transmits Morse message:
1718:, and other such conventions.
1621:Amateur radio slang, USA only
1198:Out (prosign), end of contact
966:Please (not appropriate after
810:Wire telegraph slang, same as
1:
2735:Reeds, James A. (Jim) (ed.).
2721:
2562:. For example, the code word
2408:. It is fairly common in the
2050:S2YZ transmits Morse message:
1098:ITU-R M.1172, ITU-T Rec. F.1
930:ITU-R M.1172, ITU-T Rec. F.1
753:ITU-R M.1172, ITU-R M.1677-1
732:I say again; I repeat; ditto
111:Word and phrase abbreviations
2716:
2028:How do you copy my signal? (
1872:(Note that the equal signs (
1564:Not used in radiotelegraphy
560:for "calling station F3TL")
7:
2882:. Geneva, Switzerland: ITU.
2664:
2572:My transmitting location is
2424:"Over to you only" prosign
2072:Thanks for the good report
807:Poor operator (derogatory)
93:commercial telegraphic code
10:
3124:
1220:Amateur radio slang; from
1117:Not yet in widespread use
85:commercial telegraph codes
68:
3028:
2982:
2964:Modulated continuous wave
2941:
2479:) required in telegrams.
2244:S2YZ sends Morse message:
1426:/ Weather report follows
3010:Morse code abbreviations
2935:International Morse code
2017:The station operator's (
1980:), with very good tone (
50:for often-used phrases.
3005:Prosigns for Morse code
2894:"Morse Code Translator"
2691:Prosigns for Morse code
2525:prosigns for Morse code
1543:networks as a sign-off
1304:Transmitter / Transmit
750:Invitation to transmit
370:; correct; affirmative
189:All before (similarly)
3077:Chinese telegraph code
2801:(Report). Geneva, CH:
2650:With heavy use of the
1716:Morse procedural signs
1707:as well as the use of
1135:Signal report format (
26:
3030:Other writing systems
2617:for dollar, and from
2372:Aside on shared codes
2106:), average strength (
1250:: "S'il vous plaît")
288:End of transmission.
155:Type of abbreviation
24:
3000:Morse code mnemonics
2949:Electrical telegraph
2942:Transmission methods
2892:Alden Walker (ed.).
2856:– via itu.int.
2816:– via itu.int.
2743:on 31 December 2008.
2539:, the telegraph era
2527:, the International
2490:was meant and start
2222:) to see you again (
1940:one report code; the
1898:. See discussion in
1780:). Go ahead anyone (
1487:Amateur radio slang
1468:Amateur radio slang
950:Amateur radio slang
833:Prefix indicating a
646:American Morse code
602:From (or "this is")
3040:American Morse code
2805:. 20 October 1995.
2621:codes, the numbers
2112:), very good tone (
1970:) and very strong (
1079:Receiver / Receive
142:
140:
27:
3103:Operating signals
3085:
3084:
2398:section separator
2288:) see you again (
2236:Over to you only.
2161:Over to you only.
2042:Over to you only.
1738:CQ CQ CQ DE S1ABC
1678:
1677:
1514:operating signal
1387:operating signal
1365:operating signal
1345:operating signal
1203:operating signal
1159:So far (proword)
1145:operating signal
1065:operating signal
933:operating signal
911:operating signal
793:operating signal
756:operating signal
694:operating signal
608:operating signal
587:operating signal
566:operating signal
537:operating signal
510:operating signal
463:operating signal
433:operating signal
395:operating signal
375:operating signal
353:operating signal
333:operating signal
313:operating signal
294:operating signal
256:operating signal
237:operating signal
217:operating signal
195:operating signal
175:operating signal
3115:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2873:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2841:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2794:
2745:
2744:
2739:. Archived from
2732:
2615:
2614:
2609:for weather and
2607:
2606:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2442:over to you only
2431:
2430:
2429:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2386:dah di di di dah
2383:
2363:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2246:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2196:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2152:
2151:
2136:
2135:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:(very readable (
2091:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2008:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1900:subsection below
1885:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1769:) station S1ABC.
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1753:Calling anyone (
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1541:
1540:
1499:
1498:
1480:
1479:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1440:
1419:
1418:
1397:
1396:
1382:; "Will comply"
1375:
1374:
1355:
1354:
1335:
1334:
1316:
1315:
1300:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1264:
1240:
1239:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1172:
1155:
1154:
1130:
1129:
1110:
1109:
1091:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1055:
1054:
1035:
1034:
1016:
1015:
997:
996:
980:
979:
972:
971:
962:
961:
943:
942:
921:
920:
899:
898:
876:
875:
852:
851:
829:
828:
816:
815:
803:
802:
786:
785:
784:
783:
777:
776:
767:
766:
765:
746:
745:
728:
727:
722:
721:
704:
703:
687:
686:
677:
676:
658:
657:
640:And / / also /
636:
635:
618:
617:
597:
596:
576:
575:
558:
557:
547:
546:
530:
529:
520:
519:
502:
501:
494:
493:
486:
485:
473:
472:
457:
455:
454:
443:
442:
423:
422:
405:
404:
385:
384:
363:
362:
343:
342:
323:
322:
305:
304:
303:
285:
284:
283:
266:
265:
247:
246:
227:
226:
205:
204:
185:
184:
165:
164:
143:
139:
101:
100:
81:
80:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3050:Cyrillic script
3031:
3024:
2983:Notable signals
2978:
2959:Continuous wave
2937:
2932:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2748:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2667:
2635:love and kisses
2612:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2581:
2580:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2518:chewing the rag
2511:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:The use of the
2453:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2418:end of telegram
2413:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2394:procedural sign
2388:) is shared by
2381:
2374:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2199:), 'dear' Andy.
2194:
2193:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2031:
2030:
2025:) name is John.
2020:
2019:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1685:
1538:
1537:
1496:
1495:
1477:
1476:
1458:
1457:
1438:
1437:
1416:
1415:
1394:
1393:
1372:
1371:
1352:
1351:
1332:
1331:
1323:ITU-T Rec. F.1
1313:
1312:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1261:
1253:ITU-T Rec. F.1
1237:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:ITU-T Rec. F.1
1170:
1169:
1152:
1151:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1062:ITU-T Rec. F.1
1052:
1051:
1032:
1031:
1013:
1012:
1004:ITU-T Rec. F.1
994:
993:
985:ITU-T Rec. F.1
977:
976:
969:
968:
959:
958:
940:
939:
918:
917:
896:
895:
873:
872:
849:
848:
826:
825:
813:
812:
800:
799:
790:ITU-R M.1677-1
781:
780:
779:
774:
773:
771:
763:
762:
761:
743:
742:
725:
724:
719:
718:
701:
700:
684:
683:
674:
673:
655:
654:
633:
632:
615:
614:
594:
593:
573:
572:
555:
554:
544:
543:
527:
526:
517:
516:
499:
498:
491:
490:
483:
482:
470:
469:
452:
451:
449:
440:
439:
420:
419:
402:
401:
382:
381:
360:
359:
340:
339:
320:
319:
301:
300:
299:
281:
280:
279:
263:
262:
244:
243:
224:
223:
214:ITU-T Rec. F.1
202:
201:
182:
181:
162:
161:
113:
98:
97:
78:
77:
73:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3045:Greek alphabet
3042:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2884:
2859:
2852:. March 1998.
2819:
2746:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2510:
2507:
2461:end of section
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2337:
2330:end of message
2307:
2304:
2299:Best regards (
2297:
2278:
2267:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2202:Best regards (
2200:
2189:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2144:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2070:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2026:
2015:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1770:
1724:interpretation
1709:Morse prosigns
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1218:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
989:
988:
986:
983:
964:
954:
953:
951:
948:
945:
935:
934:
931:
928:
923:
913:
912:
909:
907:
901:
891:
890:
888:
885:
878:
868:
867:
865:
863:
854:
844:
843:
841:
838:
831:
821:
820:
818:
808:
805:
795:
794:
791:
788:
768:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
738:
737:
735:
733:
730:
714:
713:
711:
709:
706:
696:
695:
692:
690:
679:
669:
668:
666:
663:
660:
650:
649:
647:
644:
638:
628:
627:
625:
623:
620:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
568:
567:
564:
561:
550:
539:
538:
535:
533:
522:
512:
511:
508:
505:
475:
465:
464:
461:
459:
453:CP T4SRJ C5ADK
446:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
415:
414:
412:
410:
407:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
377:
376:
373:
371:
365:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
296:
295:
292:
289:
286:
276:
275:
273:
271:
268:
258:
257:
254:
252:
249:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
219:
218:
215:
212:
207:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
112:
109:
69:Main article:
55:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3120:
3109:
3108:Brevity codes
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Arabic script
3065:
3063:
3062:Hebrew script
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:in Morse code
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:On–off keying
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2878:. (2009-10).
2877:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2854:ITU-T REC F.1
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Phillips Code
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:Lingua Franca
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2599:Phillips Code
2596:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2545:92 codes
2542:
2541:Phillips Code
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2495:
2493:
2492:new paragraph
2480:
2474:
2462:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:double hyphen
2387:
2379:
2361:
2358:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2311:
2310:
2309:Signing off.
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2090:means "good")
2089:
2088:Fine Business
2084:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2002:I'm located (
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1936:trength, and
1935:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:double hyphen
1893:
1890:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1803:S1ABC DE S2YZ
1797:
1787:
1772:End message (
1771:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:brevity codes
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:92 Codes
1547:
1545:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:ITU-R M.1172
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:ITU-R M.1172
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:ITU-R M.1172
1361:
1358:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:ITU-R M.1172
1341:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:Word / Words
1319:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:Phillips Code
1271:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:ITU-R M.1172
1022:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
973:
965:
963:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
944:
937:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
915:
914:
910:
908:
905:
902:
900:
893:
892:
889:
887:ITU-R M.1172
886:
883:
879:
877:
870:
869:
866:
864:
862:
858:
855:
853:
846:
845:
842:
840:ITU-R M.1172
839:
836:
832:
830:
823:
822:
819:
817:
809:
806:
804:
797:
796:
792:
789:
778:
775:K6PCH DE W1AW
769:
760:
759:
755:
752:
749:
747:
740:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
716:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
680:
678:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
659:
652:
651:
648:
645:
643:
639:
637:
630:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
612:
611:
607:
605:ITU-R M.1172
604:
601:
598:
591:
590:
586:
584:ITU-R M.1172
583:
580:
578:
570:
569:
565:
563:ITU-R M.1172
562:
559:
551:
548:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
523:
521:
514:
513:
509:
507:ITU-R M.1172
506:
503:
495:
487:
479:
476:
474:
467:
466:
462:
460:
456:
447:
444:
437:
436:
432:
430:ITU-R M.1172
429:
426:
424:
417:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
399:
398:
394:
392:ITU-R M.1172
391:
388:
386:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:
366:
364:
357:
356:
352:
350:ITU-R M.1172
349:
346:
344:
337:
336:
332:
330:ITU-R M.1172
329:
326:
324:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
298:
297:
293:
291:ITU-R M.1172
290:
287:
278:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
260:
259:
255:
253:
250:
248:
241:
240:
236:
234:ITU-R M.1172
233:
230:
228:
221:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
199:
198:
194:
192:ITU-R M.1172
191:
188:
186:
179:
178:
174:
172:ITU-R M.1172
171:
168:
166:
159:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:Abbreviation
145:
144:
138:
137:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Brevity codes
108:
106:
102:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
67:
65:
61:
51:
49:
45:
44:abbreviations
42:
38:
34:
33:abbreviations
32:
23:
19:
3009:
2887:
2879:
2810:. Retrieved
2807:ITU-R M.1172
2741:the original
2730:
2706:R-S-T System
2681:Brevity code
2657:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2627:best regards
2626:
2622:
2610:
2602:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2472:
2460:
2458:
2441:
2438:
2434:left bracket
2433:
2417:
2409:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2356:
2329:
2300:
2289:
2281:
2270:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2192:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2147:
2131:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2087:
2078:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2029:
2018:
2003:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1932:eadability,
1929:
1920:
1895:
1888:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1781:
1762:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1686:
1665:
1659:92 Code
1642:
1628:
1613:
1607:92 Code
1600:Best regards
1594:
1588:92 Code
1580:Best regards
1574:
1568:92 Code
1556:
1536:
1525:Best regards
1519:
1494:
1475:
1456:
1436:
1414:
1392:
1370:
1359:Word before
1350:
1330:
1311:
1295:
1279:
1260:
1245:
1235:
1208:
1168:
1150:
1125:
1105:
1086:
1070:
1050:
1030:
1011:
992:
975:
967:
957:
938:
916:
894:
884:to send you
871:
847:
824:
811:
798:
772:
741:
717:
699:
682:
672:
653:
641:
631:
613:
592:
571:
553:
542:
525:
515:
497:
489:
481:
468:
450:
438:
418:
400:
380:
358:
347:All between
338:
318:
261:
242:
222:
200:
180:
160:
133:R-S-T system
114:
104:
96:
88:
76:
74:
64:concatenated
57:
29:
28:
18:
2974:Signal lamp
2812:14 February
2619:wire signal
2400:notated as
2357:end of work
2280:Thank you (
2154:) is Andy.
1889:new section
1548:sum of two
1446:Transceiver
1339:Word after
152:Defined in
46:, or short
3098:Morse code
3092:Categories
3072:Wabun code
2969:Heliograph
2722:References
2686:Morse code
2659:Contesters
2576:My home is
2514:Rag chewer
1670:Get lost!
1535:; used on
1288:Thank You
681:From (see
37:characters
31:Morse code
2717:Footnotes
2587:it means
2473:full stop
2444:prosign (
2146:My name (
2140:Barcelona
2130:I am in (
2012:Andalusia
1504:Zulu time
1178:Signature
2665:See also
2537:RST code
2463:prosign
2392:and the
2378:distinct
2214:) hope (
1761:) from (
1757:CQ CQ CQ
1697:RST code
1691:such as
1404:/ Words
1269:Dollars
1244:Please (
906:follows
708:Forward
445:... ...
389:Confirm
270:Antenna
231:Address
149:Meaning
119:such as
99:PASCOELA
60:prosigns
48:acronyms
3055:Russian
2676:ACP 131
2671:92 Code
2595:texting
2360:prosign
2355:is the
2333:prosign
2328:is the
2269:Roger (
2206:) and (
1959:RST 5NN
1928:is the
1892:prosign
1693:92 Code
1424:Weather
1020:Please
882:nothing
880:I have
835:message
723:
556:CS F3TL
478:Calling
210:Address
121:92 Code
41:English
3020:Z code
3015:Q code
2711:Z code
2701:Q code
2652:Q code
2570:means
2552:Q code
2533:Z code
2529:Q code
1918:(Note:
1705:Z code
1701:Q code
1652:kisses
1533:kisses
1247:French
1040:Prefix
1001:Paper
974:; see
904:Number
496:; see
409:Check
251:Again
131:, and
129:Z code
125:Q code
2292:CUAGN
2226:CUAGN
2010:) in
1506:i.e.
1380:Wilco
308:Wait
2814:2019
2633:for
2629:and
2625:for
2543:and
2475:( =
2396:for
1650:and
1648:Love
1531:and
1529:Love
1439:XCVR
1402:Word
926:Okay
861:nine
814:PLUG
599:...
549:...
203:ADRS
2995:CQD
2990:SOS
2582:QTH
2566:QTH
2456:).
2422:ITU
2384:or
2353:",
2349:= "
2326:",
2322:= "
2218:HPE
2195:QSO
2134:QTH
2118:).)
2086:or
2032:HW?
2006:QTH
1923:RST
1832:= "
1520:161
1508:UTC
1459:XYL
1238:SVP
1171:SIG
1153:SFR
1128:RST
1108:RSN
1089:RPT
1014:PSE
995:PPR
978:LID
960:PLS
874:NIL
827:MSG
801:LID
702:FWD
528:SOS
518:CQD
500:LID
492:PSE
488:or
484:PLS
383:CFM
368:Yes
264:ANT
245:AGN
225:ADS
103:= "
89:not
3094::
2862:^
2822:^
2749:^
2637:.
2631:88
2623:73
2613:SX
2605:WX
2535:,
2531:,
2501:BT
2486:BT
2467:BT
2452:=
2448:KN
2436:.
2428:KN
2404:BT
2345:SK
2318:RN
2301:73
2284:TU
2257:SK
2254:RN
2230:).
2210:ES
2204:73
2179:KN
2150:NM
2142:.
2138:)
2081:FB
2060:KN
2021:OP
1990:).
1955:.
1902:.)
1882:=
1878:BT
1874:=
1859:KN
1836:"
1828:KN
1810:KN
1788:).
1776:RN
1765:DE
1741:RN
1703:,
1699:,
1695:,
1666:99
1643:88
1629:77
1614:75
1595:73
1575:72
1557:30
1539:YL
1527:+
1478:YL
1417:WX
1395:WD
1373:WC
1353:WB
1333:WA
1298:TX
1282:TU
1263:SX
1224:SK
1211:SK
1192:SK
1139:)
1073:RX
1033:PX
982:)
970:CQ
941:OM
919:OK
897:NR
859:;
857:No
782:KN
764:KN
689:)
685:DE
675:FM
656:FB
642:et
634:ES
616:DX
595:DE
574:CS
545:CS
504:)
471:CQ
441:CP
421:CL
403:CK
341:BN
321:BK
302:AS
282:AR
183:AB
163:AA
127:,
123:,
79:SX
2927:e
2920:t
2913:v
2896:.
2585:?
2558:Q
2340:(
2313:(
2303:)
2296:)
2277:)
2273:R
2115:9
2109:5
2103:5
2076:(
2036:)
2014:.
1985:N
1975:N
1967:5
1953:9
1945:N
1938:T
1934:S
1930:R
1823:(
1784:K
1744:K
1497:Z
1314:W
1053:R
850:N
744:K
726:I
720:I
577:?
361:C
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