196:(NEC), as it would have in normal circumstances. However, an address to the conference, Tambo acknowledged ANC members' "loss of confidence in the men who have been leading our struggle from Lusaka" and offered his resignation as acting ANC president. Once he had left the meeting, the conference passed an unopposed
139:
to select its leadership and take political decisions, but it had not held such a meeting since its banning in 1960. In 1969, Tambo called the
Morogoro conference – not strictly a national conference in terms of the ANC's rules, but rather a national "consultative" conference – in response to signs
182:
ur movement must reject all manifestations of militarism which separates armed people's struggle from its political context... The primacy of the political leadership is unchallenged and supreme and all revolutionary formations and levels (whether armed or not) are subordinate to this
165:
circulated a memorandum which reflected on the theme, "WHAT IS WRONG?", seeking to explain and address what he called "a deepgoing malaise such as we have never known before" in the movement, and concurring with many of the complaints in the Hani memorandum – though a response by
178:. The document affirmed that the seizure by force of state power in South Africa was a central objective of the struggle, but, acknowledging a position expressed by the Hani memorandum, it clarified the relationship between military and political struggle:
96:, who had been acting as the organisation's president without a clear democratic mandate. Tambo closed the conference with the summary: "The order that comes from this conference is: Close Ranks and Intensify the Armed Struggle!"
152:
and five other MK cadres, which criticised the "wrong policies and personal failures" of the ANC leadership. All the signatories to the memorandum were suspended, which provoked further outrage among MK members.
173:
In response to the Hani memorandum, the conference decided to reinstate Hani and the other six cadres who had been suspended, and it adopted a new "Strategy and
Tactics" document, drafted by SACP leader
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On the internal front, the conference sought to address a growing malaise and malcontent, particularly among the rank-and-file of the ANC and MK. It also passed a
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108:(ANC) was banned by the South African government in 1960, it was driven underground in South Africa and sought to establish an external mission elsewhere in
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in him. He ultimately remained acting president until his appointment as president was formally confirmed at the next consultative conference, held in
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government in 1960, and the
Morogoro Conference was to become the first of three consultative conferences that the ANC held while in exile.
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120:. Oliver Tambo, who was the ANC deputy president and had been instructed to establish the external mission, had become the organisation's
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Further submissions and responses by the
African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation
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Further submissions and responses by the
African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation
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Discussion at the conference confronted head-on the apparent malcontent in the ANC and MK ranks. In preparation for the conference,
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34:, from 25 April to 1 May 1969. The organisation had not held a large-scale meeting of its membership since it was banned by the
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The conference was attended by over seventy delegates, and included representation for various ANC branches, various units of
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The conference resolved to open membership of the ANC to non-blacks, a decision unpopular with some of the ANC's staunch
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211:. Although the NEC remained open only to black members, the conference also established the powerful and multi-racial
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148:(SACP). The prime focal point of this crisis was the so-called Hani memorandum of 1969, an open letter drafted by
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259:"After Morogoro: the continuing crisis in the African National Congress (of South Africa) in Zambia, 1969–1971"
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53:: the conference was opened by George Magombe, the executive secretary of the Liberation Committee of the
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674:"The African National Congress in South Africa, 1976–1983: Guerrilla War and armed propaganda"
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Houston, Gregory; Ralinala, Rendani Moses (2004). "The Wankie and
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The consultative conference did not nominate and vote on the composition of the ANC
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National Congress (1997). "Appendix: ANC structures and personnel".
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African
National Congress (1997). "Appendix: ANC structures and personnel".
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611:"Report On The Strategy And Tactics Of The African National Congress"
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49:. It was also well attended by interested parties from other African
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132:. When Luthuli died in 1967, Tambo became acting ANC president.
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144:(MK), the armed wing shared by the ANC and its close ally the
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of "crisis" in the organisation, particularly in the ranks of
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had limited freedom of movement due to a series of government
45:(MK), and other political and labour organisations opposed to
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While operating inside South Africa, the ANC had held annual
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57:, and speeches were also made by representatives of the
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was a consultative conference held by the South
African
732:"The Morogoro conference: a moment for self-reflection"
585:"Memorandum by Ben Turok and a "Reply" by Joe Matthews"
215:, on which MK and the SACP were well represented.
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561:. Vol. 1. Zebra Press. pp. 435–492.
516:External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960-1990
474:External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960-1990
377:South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid
375:Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2016).
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757:History of the African National Congress
225:History of the African National Congress
678:Journal of Contemporary African Studies
322:"National Consultative Conference 1969"
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112:, with headquarters initially based in
71:South West Africa People's Organisation
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704:from the original on 31 December 2021
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558:The Road to Democracy in South Africa
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379:(3rd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon:
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157:Response to the Hani memorandum
75:Zimbabwe African People's Union
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170:dissented on several points.
146:South African Communist Party
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55:Organisation of African Unity
194:National Executive Committee
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519:. Oxford University Press.
477:. Oxford University Press.
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690:10.1080/02589008308729424
615:African National Congress
589:African National Congress
326:African National Congress
275:10.1080/02533950903076386
124:leader, as ANC president
106:African National Congress
24:African National Congress
513:Ellis, Stephen (2013).
471:Ellis, Stephen (2013).
412:Ellis, Stephen (1991).
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213:Revolutionary Council
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92:in the leadership of
209:African nationalists
188:Leadership selection
137:national conferences
90:motion of confidence
51:liberation movements
672:Lodge, Tom (1983).
20:Morogoro Conference
414:"The ANC in Exile"
198:vote of confidence
114:Morogoro, Tanzania
727:ANC documentation
617:. 26 April 1969.
526:978-0-19-933061-4
484:978-0-19-933061-4
390:978-1-138-12444-8
43:Umkhonto we Sizwe
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301:26 December
183:leadership.
741:Categories
231:References
150:Chris Hani
104:After the
100:Background
698:0258-9001
438:0001-9909
399:883649263
381:Routledge
291:143455223
283:0253-3952
204:in 1985.
176:Joe Slovo
163:Ben Turok
47:apartheid
36:apartheid
26:(ANC) in
747:Morogoro
702:Archived
651:Archived
619:Archived
563:Archived
531:Archived
489:Archived
450:Archived
354:Archived
295:Archived
219:See also
122:de facto
32:Tanzania
28:Morogoro
79:FRELIMO
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81:, and
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597:2022
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395:OCLC
385:ISBN
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333:2022
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83:MPLA
18:The
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