295:(OTTU) in 1992. The move was approved by the country's president and parliament. The main difference between the OTTU and the JUWATA was that the former consisted of sectoral unions and allowed the creation of eleven industrial unions. Moreover, the union's internal structure was more democratic than that of its predecessor. After the President broke a promise to raise salaries in the country in 1993, the OTTU conducted a successful strike from March 1 to 3 showing that the union was no longer controlled by the government. In January 1994, a strike by high school teachers led to massive government repression including the suspension of 318 teachers as well as to the creation of the
215:
268:(NUTA) as the sole trade union in the country. This was the end of all labor autonomy in the country as the union's main function was to propagate the government's policies and the leadership of the NUTA was appointed by the country's president. As mentioned above, the situation in the early 1960s in Zanzibar, which had merged with Tanganyika to form Tanzania in 1964, was similar. As in mainland Tanzania, the government banned the existing trade unions, namely the ZPFL, and instituted the
248:
272:(FRTU) as the new union federation of Zanzibar. The FRTU was heavily involved in the government's dealings including the preparation of the new constitution. But in 1966, the FRTU was no longer needed. Thus, the government dissolved it and the Department of Labour, directed by the ASP, took over labor affairs, but it was dissolved as well as soon as 1968.
195:
The roots of the modern
Tanzanian labor movement reach back to the 1940s. By 1947, five unions had been registered with the authorities. The colonial government reacted to the creation of unions in Tanzania by enacting laws which allowed it to keep tabs on the movement – for example, the
255:
Although the joint efforts of the TANU and the TFL resulted in
Tanzanian independence from the United Kingdom, trade unions presented what Edwin Babeiya has framed as "direct confrontation with the post independence TANU government over various issues such as Africanization and trade unions'
310:
was its secretary general. The membership was approximately 348,000, but declined in the following years, mostly as a result of government staff reductions. Formally, the unions were still part of the OTTU and the TFTU did not have the power to negotiate with employers, this was done by the
234:
by the island's dock workers in 1948, but no organized labor movement until 1955. A wave of union foundings followed that of the Seamen's Union, but these organizations did not have many members as
Zanzibar was only scarcely populated and the socio-economic activities were few. In 1956, the
287:(JUWATA) was thus founded in the following year. It continued the NUTA's tradition of complete loyalty to the ruling party, but covered all of Tanzania, including Zanzibar, although the government of the region was reluctant to allow unionist activity to resume on the island.
327:. The act allows any twenty workers to found a trade union and any two unions to create a national center. The Registrar, which is responsible for administrating the provisions of the act may, however, cancel or refuse the registration of a union.
239:(ZPFL) was founded with assistance from Tanganyikan unionists. During the first half of the 1960s the Zanzibari labor movement flourished. During the 1964 revolution, the labor movement collaborated with peasants to overthrow the Sultan.
290:
Following an economic crisis in the early 1980s, growing pressure for trade union autonomy in conjunction with the country's transition to a multi-party system in 1990 led to the JUWATA's dissolution and the founding of the
897:
192:, leading to the founding of numerous unions in the country. These early organizations were not, however, involved in many industrial conflicts, their primary activity being the organizing of mutual help among its members.
169:
236:
812:
269:
129:
339:
292:
231:
265:
923:
362:(TUCTA) was founded as a new umbrella organization for the unions of the country. The main difference between it and its predecessor is that the TUCTA covers only mainland Tanzania, the
687:
970:
323:
made trade unions independent of the government. This move was mostly supported by the unions, although some aspects of it were criticized, especially the extent of the powers of the
303:
284:
200:
727:
732:
503:
902:
822:
787:
757:
280:
203:(TFL). Its original two main objectives were to gain more members and to absorb smaller unions. During the country's fight for independence, the TFL collaborated with the
139:
953:
777:
877:
697:
677:
351:
949:
940:
931:
832:
802:
792:
782:
747:
742:
692:
342:. In general the restrictions on the labor movement on the island are much stricter than on the mainland. For example, workers are legally prohibited from striking.
185:
872:
807:
762:
320:
927:
752:
737:
707:
767:
189:
667:
196:
registration of unions become obligatory. Nonetheless, the labor movement grew, by 1956 there were 23 organizations with a total of nearly 13,000 members.
227:
478:
427:
307:
388:
652:
261:
672:
256:
autonomy." In 1962, there were a total of 182,000 workers organized in the trade unions of the newly independent
Tanganyika and 152
500:
591:
447:
1001:
996:
204:
109:
966:
359:
161:
27:
279:(CCM). Likewise, the TANU-affiliated union, the only labor organization in the country, was restructured. The
363:
165:
32:
962:
837:
827:
632:
556:
424:
842:
662:
296:
772:
712:
647:
584:
385:
324:
43:
702:
642:
627:
511:
275:
In 1977, the ruling parties of
Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania, the TANU and the ASP merged to form
862:
817:
637:
612:
867:
722:
617:
181:
847:
797:
717:
682:
622:
577:
338:. These islands have a similar law, which allows unions to be formed and registered with the
857:
657:
214:
8:
482:
276:
90:
207:(TANU), a party founded in 1954, in its fight for the nation's independence from the
537:
507:
451:
444:
431:
392:
160:
have a total membership of approximately 370,000. 350,000 of these belong to the
208:
990:
257:
335:
569:
542:
525:
152:
331:
247:
223:
156:
116:
557:
Tanzania: Annual Survey of
Violations of Trade Union Rights (2006)
443:
526:"Trade Unions and Democratization in Tanzania: End of an Era?"
260:
involving 48,434 workers forcing the state to react. The 1964
226:, where the Tanganyikan labor unions were not active, was the
560:
199:
In 1955, seventeen trade unions finally merged to create the
188:, was founded in 1927. In 1937, Asian workers founded the
425:
Profile of the Labour Market and Trade Unions in
Tanzania
350:
302:
In 1995, the eleven national unions decided to form the
988:
501:The History of Trade Union Movement in Zanzibar
170:Tanzania Fishing Crew and Allied Workers’ Union
230:, which was founded in 1955. There had been a
585:
237:Federation of Zanzibar and Pemba Trade Unions
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
599:
592:
578:
445:Country and Trade Union Profiles 2005/2006
541:
434:". April 2003. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
242:
495:
493:
491:
457:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
349:
270:Federation of Revolutionary Trade Unions
246:
213:
523:
218:Flag of the brief Sultanate of Zanzibar
989:
517:
381:
379:
264:disbanded the TFL and established the
573:
488:
398:
340:Registrar of Trade Unions at Zanzibar
293:Organisation of Tanzania Trade Unions
103: Systematic violations of rights
437:
266:National Union of Tanganyika Workers
524:Babeiya, Edwin (28 February 2011).
376:
175:
13:
395:. ITUC. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
345:
314:
14:
1013:
479:Le mouvement syndical en Tanzanie
205:Tanganyika African National Union
110:International Labour Organization
898:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
668:Democratic Republic of the Congo
386:List of Affiliated Organisations
366:being responsible for Zanzibar.
360:Trade Union Congress of Tanzania
162:Trade Union Congress of Tanzania
28:Trade Union Congress of Tanzania
304:Federation of Free Trade Unions
285:Jumuiya ya Wafanyakazi Tanzania
201:Tanganyika Federation of Labour
168:, and 2,400 are members of the
550:
311:respective industrial unions.
1:
454:". Retrieved August 17, 2007.
364:Zanzibar Trade Union Congress
211:achieving this goal in 1961.
166:Zanzibar Trade Union Congress
33:Zanzibar Trade Union Congress
563:. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
514:. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
485:. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
7:
530:Journal of Politics and Law
10:
1018:
1002:Labor disputes in Tanzania
330:The act does not apply to
281:Union of Tanzanian Workers
911:
886:
605:
325:Registrar of Trade Unions
138:
128:
123:
115:
108:
96:
89:
73:
57:
49:
44:Registrar of Trade Unions
39:
23:
997:Trade unions in Tanzania
653:Central African Republic
512:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
369:
297:Tanzania Teachers' Union
164:, another 15,000 to the
24:National organization(s)
19:Trade unions in Tanzania
477:Thomassin, Catherine: "
124:Convention ratification
600:Trade unions in Africa
355:
321:Trade Union Act No. 10
252:
243:NUTA, JUWATA, and OTTU
219:
130:Freedom of Association
119:is a member of the ILO
50:Total union membership
813:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
673:Republic of the Congo
353:
250:
217:
543:10.5539/jpl.v4n1p123
190:Asiatic Labour Union
186:Motor Drivers' Union
83:Leadership positions
40:Regulatory authority
888:States with limited
499:Mbwana, Talib O.: "
483:University of Laval
277:Chama Cha Mapinduzi
222:The first union in
91:Global Rights Index
74:Proportion of women
20:
506:2007-09-26 at the
450:2007-09-28 at the
430:2011-07-19 at the
391:2007-09-26 at the
356:
253:
220:
18:
984:
983:
915:other territories
688:Equatorial Guinea
423:LO/FTF Council: "
354:Logo of the TUCTA
184:trade union, the
148:
147:
140:Right to Organise
1009:
976:
975:(United Kingdom)
971:Tristan da Cunha
967:Ascension Island
959:
946:
937:
913:Dependencies and
606:Sovereign states
594:
587:
580:
571:
570:
564:
554:
548:
547:
545:
521:
515:
497:
486:
476:
472:
455:
441:
435:
421:
396:
383:
251:Flag of Tanzania
176:Pre-independence
144:January 30, 1962
102:
101:
21:
17:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
987:
986:
985:
980:
979:
974:
957:
944:
935:
916:
914:
907:
891:
889:
882:
601:
598:
568:
567:
555:
551:
522:
518:
508:Wayback Machine
498:
489:
474:
473:
458:
452:Wayback Machine
442:
438:
432:Wayback Machine
422:
399:
393:Wayback Machine
384:
377:
372:
348:
346:TUCTA and ZATUC
317:
315:Trade Union Act
245:
178:
104:
99:
98:
81:
65:
53:approx. 370,000
31:
12:
11:
5:
1015:
1005:
1004:
999:
982:
981:
978:
977:
960:
947:
938:
924:Canary Islands
920:
919:
917:
912:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
894:
892:
887:
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
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740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
609:
607:
603:
602:
597:
596:
589:
582:
574:
566:
565:
549:
536:(1): 123–131.
516:
487:
456:
436:
397:
374:
373:
371:
368:
347:
344:
316:
313:
308:Bruno Mpangala
244:
241:
228:Seamen's Union
209:United Kingdom
177:
174:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
134:April 18, 2000
132:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
112:
106:
105:
97:
94:
93:
87:
86:
75:
71:
70:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1014:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
972:
968:
964:
961:
955:
951:
948:
942:
939:
933:
929:
925:
922:
921:
918:
910:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
885:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:Guinea-Bissau
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
604:
595:
590:
588:
583:
581:
576:
575:
572:
562:
558:
553:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
513:
509:
505:
502:
496:
494:
492:
484:
480:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
453:
449:
446:
440:
433:
429:
426:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
394:
390:
387:
382:
380:
375:
367:
365:
361:
358:In 2000, the
352:
343:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
319:In 1998, the
312:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
288:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
240:
238:
233:
229:
225:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
154:
143:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
95:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
67:Formal sector
64::less than 2%
63:
60:
58:Union density
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
16:
963:Saint Helena
934:
852:
838:South Africa
828:Sierra Leone
633:Burkina Faso
552:
533:
529:
519:
439:
357:
329:
318:
301:
289:
274:
254:
221:
198:
194:
179:
153:trade unions
151:
149:
82:
77:
66:
61:
15:
890:recognition
843:South Sudan
733:Ivory Coast
475:(in French)
182:Tanganyikan
991:Categories
945:(Portugal)
903:Somaliland
823:Seychelles
788:Mozambique
773:Mauritania
758:Madagascar
713:The Gambia
648:Cape Verde
180:The first
778:Mauritius
969: /
965: /
958:(France)
952: /
930: /
926: /
878:Zimbabwe
853:Tanzania
703:Ethiopia
698:Eswatini
678:Djibouti
643:Cameroon
628:Botswana
504:Archived
448:Archived
428:Archived
389:Archived
332:Zanzibar
306:(TFTU).
262:NUTA Act
224:Zanzibar
157:Tanzania
117:Tanzania
954:RĂ©union
950:Mayotte
941:Madeira
936:(Spain)
932:Melilla
863:Tunisia
833:Somalia
818:Senegal
803:Nigeria
793:Namibia
783:Morocco
748:Liberia
743:Lesotho
693:Eritrea
663:Comoros
638:Burundi
613:Algeria
258:strikes
78:General
62:General
35:(ZATUC)
30:(TUCTA)
973:
956:
943:
873:Zambia
868:Uganda
808:Rwanda
763:Malawi
723:Guinea
618:Angola
232:strike
69::26.5%
928:Ceuta
848:Sudan
798:Niger
753:Libya
738:Kenya
718:Ghana
708:Gabon
683:Egypt
623:Benin
561:ICFTU
370:Notes
336:Pemba
80:: 25%
858:Togo
768:Mali
658:Chad
334:and
150:The
85:: 2%
538:doi
510:".
481:".
283:or
155:of
993::
559:.
532:.
528:.
490:^
459:^
400:^
378:^
299:.
172:.
593:e
586:t
579:v
546:.
540::
534:4
100:4
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