902:
he spares
Hadrumetum and its inhabitants after having taken it. He has been in contact for a very long time, like the other Moors in the interior, with Roman culture. In addition to wanting to defend the integrity of their territory inside Africa, they want the return of the traditional investiture ceremonies that Rome grants to barbarian peoples who accept submission and the Roman alliance, those that Belisarius had concluded with them. Antalas, however, will have more ambition when the balance of power is in its favor by wanting to create a Romano-Berber state like its neighbor by demanding from the governor to become king of Byzacena.
919:
not cooperate with
Sergius and the army remained impassive. A counter-attack was planned by Jean and the Duke of Byzacena called. However, his army was completely destroyed when John's messengers failed to reach him to inform him that the rallying point was already occupied by the enemy. A betrayal by Roman officers delivered the capital of Byzacena, Hadrumetum, to the Moors. Although it was taken over by the Romans thanks to a ruse by the local inhabitants, the Moorish leaders were now under the walls of Carthage and could plunder Africa as they pleased.
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having enough competent generals and governors, would still suffer from the same instability caused by the
Moorish revolts. Thus, the governor, after John Troglita, will assassinate Cutzinas in 563 and claimed his pension. The governor did not respect the old modalities of the alliance between Romans and natives. Africa, covered with fortifications, and the Moors still disunited, will however hardly remain in the hands of the
38:
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supports the attacks of the
Berbers for some time. Finally, unable to resist any longer, he fled with his guards to the edge of a torrent which flowed near the battlefield. There, his horse falls into a ravine and the general is unable to fall back. Surrounded and overwhelmed, Solomon is captured and massacred by the Berbers with part of his bodyguards.
918:
to appoint
Sergius, who at the time was a civil and military governor of all of Africa. The measure was to honor Solomon and Sergius is hated by the Berbers due to the Leptis Magna massacre. The troops and the population see him only as an arrogant incompetent. Jean, the best officer in the army, did
905:
Apart from the divergence of strategic vision between the allies of the coalition, there is also the lack of unity between leaders and peoples. Past historians have seen a lack of "Moorish national spirit". Rivalries also separate the
Moorish chiefs in their very original homes. Antalas and Cutzinas,
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do not want to undertake long sieges and return to their countries in the fall in 544 and 545. It is essential for them to graze their herds during the rainy season in their country which extends
November to early summer. The same scenario will repeat itself next year. The goal of these chiefs is not
531:
in 477, the
Moorish tribes had been a source of constant revolt for the Vandals. What had been "modest" Moorish communities grew into much larger and a more organized peoples. Several hypotheses are discussed to explain it today. This could have been due to an exodus of imperfectly Romanized peasants
1001:
The war takes on the aspect of an invasion and no longer incursions among the Moors of
Tripolitania. They stayed in the fight even during the winter. Troglita entered their territory, too, not just to expel them, but to weaken them and reduce to nothing the great military danger they pose to Africa.
953:
A political and military vacuum was therefore left by
Solomon, which Sergius was unable to remedy due to his incompetence. The Roman army remained demoralized, relatively impassive and suffered from the betrayal of its leaders. Corippe mourned the plunder that Africa suffered at thar time and looked
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in 546. A great Moorish coalition was formed. Despite its potential to expel the Byzantines from Africa entirely, it could not succeed due to the lack of unity and common strategy among the Moors. Among the Romans, the death of Solomon left a military and political void that only the arrival of Jean
704:
like anybody else who were not Greek or Roman. He didn't dwell on trying to understand them; they had no reason to revolt, because they had declared themselves slaves. For the Moors, this ritual nevertheless represented the recognition of their right to reside in the territories they occupied, also,
901:
The goal of the Moors in the interior, on the contrary, is above all to place themselves in a better position of strength against the empire in the territories they occupy. Antalas does not seek to destroy Roman power and Roman cities as demonstrated by his attitude towards Roman civilization. Thus
715:
Roman infantry and heavy cavalry were not suited to a war waged against a semi-nomadic tribe equipped with very lightly armed troops. Roman troopers were equipped with bows, which led to a fear of direct confrontation. Moorish troops were able to wage guerrilla warfare and were able to retreat from
695:
Solomon was unable to enforce the Emperor's expulsion decrees. Shortly after his appointment, certain Moorish tribes, including those of Iaudas and Cusina, revolted and began to ravage the territory, no doubt inspired by the fact of Belisarius's departure. It seemed that the Romans did not have the
837:
The Roman troops are defeated, partly because some soldiers had fled. This could be due to betrayal. Corippus attributes this to the soldiers' displeasure at not taking part in the looting of the previous battle. He also attributes the responsibility to the future rebel leader of Germanic origin,
833:
In the beginning, the balance of power between Romans and Moors is equal according to Procopius, but the Moors, soon outnumbered, rout most of the Byzantine army. The Byzantine troops had only reluctantly resolved to fight and some had refused. Solomon, surrounded by a small number of his guards,
803:
rising up and invading the region. The incident may not have just been due to the governor's incompetence and arrogance, but to the pressure exerted on the governor by local Roman elites. They wanted to keep the Moors away from their lands and homes. However, around the same time in 543, Solomon
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had the same problems with discipline and insufficient numbers as before. In addition, it confined itself to a strict defensive function and did not reproduce campaigns like that of Troglita. Also, Byzantine Africa, suffering from a diplomatic policy that was not always coherent, as well as not
997:
practiced under Belisarius. Only a few Moorish tribes in the interior were expelled. He reintegrated into the coalition, many Moorish leaders, including Cutzias. The long campaign against the insurgents was won with the support of Moorish leaders. Their number was considerable, the contemporary
829:
who lived in this territory or other Moorish allies. According to Corippus, he was accompanied by native contingents, but it is not known if Cutzinas, who had announced his help, had come to join him. According to Procopius, Solomon had the help of Sergius and other important Byzantine military
719:
Africa's well-equipped and trained Byzantine army was undisciplined, was quite small and lacked loyalty. Its troops were eager to loot and civilians complained of abuses by the soldiers. General Solomon was unpopular as he was considered too severe and therefore did not have the same respect as
988:. The defeat of Cillium was avenged. The Moors retreated to the mountains in the interior and the captured regalia of Solomon was recovered. After this defeat, Antalas was only a minor member of the coalition and was replaced as leader of the coalition by Carcasan, a Moor from Tripolitania.
716:
large armed engagements without suffering too great a loss. The Moors essentially fought a war of ambush. The enemy were highly mobile and could hide and retreat to their home in the mountains and the desert. Only a persistent and skilful commander could permanently neutralize their forces.
812:
and Carthage, the Laguatan join Antalas in the mountains of Byzacena near the Theveste-Carthage road. It was considered a strategic road, because it enabled communication between the Roman fortifications in the dorsals which protect the Roman cities in the plains near the coasts.
852:. Solomon, despite his leadership skills, has already provoked a mutiny under his command from Africa, because it was too harsh. According to Procopius' account, the Byzantines are defeated on a regular basis, and Guntharic's betrayal is not mentioned.
889:
The Moors can go up the Theveste-Carthage road, but are stuck in front of the fortress of Laribus. Briefly, they will succeed in taking the capital of Byzacena, Hadrumetum, by trickery before it falls again, by the same process, into Roman hands.
654:, that during this ceremony, the two parties were committed, and that the neutrality of the Moors who "wait, without taking sides for one or the other, the outcome of the fighting", takes them far away from the status of "slaves of the Emperor".
511:
to the state it had been before the Vandal conquest, so the old provinces were restored with the only difference being that they now depended on the prefecture of Africa rather than that of Italy. The border was again fixed on the old
881:
took advantage of it to besiege Septimius beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. The tribes who had declared themselves faithful in Africa to Solomon, they will consider themselves released from their commitments and join the rebels, like
898:
to establish themselves in the region, but simply to profit from the looting of the territory. Without their help, the first year, Antalas will send a first offer of submission to Rome, but which remains unanswered.
578:
also known as the Mauro-Roman kingdom a Romanized Berber kingdom whom became independent in the 470s after Gaiseric's death and then rapidly expanded across western Algeria taking nearly all of the province of
979:
of Africa. Upon his arrival at the end of 546, he launched a campaign to dislodge the looters of Byzacena. At the start of 547, he inflicted a great defeat, in the plains bordering the hills southeast of
796:, received a considerable delegation of Moorish leaders who complained about the plunder of their crops by the Romans. One of the leaders held the governor by the shoulders so that he could not withdraw.
708:
In 536, the general's campaigns partially subdued the Moors. Pensions were paid to Moorish chiefs that resulted in them and their peoples not being expelled from their territories. Despite a decisive
635:, the Moors remained neutral and then submitted by declaring themselves "servants of the emperor" before Belisarius. This ritual practiced in the Vandal era seems to date back perhaps even to the
789:
643:
i.e. an alliance between Rome and a barbarian people defined by treaty. In exchange, the Moors received gifts and insignia of power from the Byzantines. However, let us note, according to
808:. He had seen his pension cut off and learned that his brother had been killed by Solomon, for causing trouble. Rather than going directly up the road near the coast that goes up towards
705:
the promise of food. There will be mention, by the Moors, in their negotiation with Rome, that they were mistreated by the Roman power despite past engagements with Belisarius.
240:
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Fentress, Elizabeth; Wilson, Andrew (2016). "The Sahara Diaspora and the southern frontiers of Byzantine North Africa". In Stevens, Susan T.; Conant, Jonathan P. (eds.).
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Fentress Elizabeth and Wilson Andrew, "The Saharan Diaspora and the Southern Frontiers of Byzantine North Africa", in Conant, P., Jonathan, and Stevens T., Susan (eds),
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825:, on the Theveste-Carthage road. Taking his army through the forests, he finds himself in Cillium facing his enemy. The general may have intended to join his ally
503:'s expedition quickly and without much resistance defeated the Vandals whom were severely weakened by wars with the native Berber population. In 533, the capital
520:" peoples, that is to say the various Berber kingdoms and tribes which had formed through wars with the Vandals, or after the collapse of the Vandalic kingdom.
644:
452:. Corippus was a Roman poet who witnessed the wars. Both give a relatively similar timeline of events in Africa. However, Corippus seems to have written a
1012:
At the end of the campaign, Carcasan was killed by Troglita himself. As for Antalas, he submitted to Jean and is not mentioned again as a troublemaker.
591:
555:
Each freshly established Byzantine province in Africa was threatened by various Berber peoples, but the main kingdoms and political entities included:
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and excuse for Byzantine policy in Africa. He thus minimizes Byzantine errors and assigns full responsibility for the Moorish war to Berber leader
284:
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who was energetic, competent and courageous general, became the new governor. He faced a Moorish insurrection and a mutiny in an army led by
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Jean Troglita already has experience as governor of an eastern province and he knew how to negotiate with the natives. It renewed the old
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territories and not being discouraged by defeats. A decisive defeat was inflicted, in the fields of Cato (548) on the Moorish tribes.
595:
533:
375:
700:, the Moors did not revolt for no reason. Procopius had the same prejudice as other Romans of his time. The Moors were considered
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Africa was now pacified and the danger from the Laguatan was averted. The Moorish tribes were subdued. Nevertheless, the army of
496:, had the great ambition to restore the Roman Empire in the West. North Africa was the first target before an invasion of Italy.
448:. Both are important primary sources. Procopius accompanied the Roman army during its campaigns and was directly in contact with
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in Carthage. The new governor offers to share Africa with the Moors by giving Byzacena to Antalas. Guntharic is overthrown by
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1243:
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both from Byzacena, for example, don't like each other. This is what will push Cutzinas to join Troglita later among others.
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conceded to him the civil and military powers that were traditionally divided under the Roman administrative system since
1909:
Modéran, Yves (1986). "Corippe et l'occupation byzantine de l'Afrique : pour une nouvelle lecture de la Johannide".
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Belisarius in Africa. In 536, a plot to assassinate him in Carthage failed. The army mutinied and Solomon had to flee to
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Mauri or Moor was the name given to the Berbers who inhabit North Africa from the Atlantic to the Syrtic range in
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Troglita would fill. In the short term, the tribes are content to plunder as far as possible, up to the walls of
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Roman Emperor Zeno: The Perils of Power Politics in Fifth-century Constantinople, Peter Crawford, 2019, p. 221
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same vision of the ritual of submission that the Moors concluded with Belisarius. For the Roman historian
1933:, Washington, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and collection Trustees for Harvard University, 2016, 322p.
1582:
1945:
1894:. Publications of the French School of Rome (in French). Library of French Schools of Athens and Rome.
1098:. Studies in Classics. Vol. 7. Translated by George W. Shea. Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellon Press.
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216:
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History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2
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back with nostalgia to the time of Solomon. Only the arrival of Troglita could remedy the situation.
657:
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Troglita distinguished himself by his boldness during all the campaigns by penetrating deeply into
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Justinian's reconquests in the former Western Roman Empire (in pale orange) at his death circa 565.
420:. The war ended with the Berbers attempting to push the Romans out of Africa being defeated at the
228:
56:
946:, an Armenian officer, but he prefers to return to Constantinople rather than assume the title of
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1985:
1980:
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580:
508:
341:
728:, a cousin of Justinian, was sent to restore order. Solomon didn't resume his duties until 539.
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429:
169:
1042:
780:. The country seemed to have experienced real peace and prosperity according to the Roman poet
424:, and the Byzantines being too weakened to take over the various newly formed kingdoms such as
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Between 539 and 541, the governor Solomon built fortifications around the regions held by the
939:
923:
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250:
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552:. The tribes were able to directly and permanently threaten the interior of the territory.
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516:. i.e. those before the conquest and Justinian announced that he wanted to expel all the "
8:
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Since the middle of the 5th century, the province of North Africa, were occupied by the
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was captured, less than a year after the expedition began. Justinian wanted to restore
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567:(also known as Iaudas), whom became independent in 484 after defeating the Vandals
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1338:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Symposia And Colloquia. p. 62.
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Pacification of Africa under Solomon and the First Moorish insurrection (534-543)
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The defeat at Cillium plunged Africa into military anarchy until the arrival of
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fleeing Vandal power, or nomadic groups from the Sahara. In 530, the chieftain
481:
440:
The two sources for the Byzantine wars in North Africa of the 6th Century are
1969:
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1550:
1545:(in French). Tunis: Committee of the Institute of Carthage. p. Canto 3.
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The death of Solomon and his defeat had an impact as far as Spain, where the
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is sent to share powers with Sergius, but the two men do not cooperate. At
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led by chieftain Guarizila was a kingdom established by the Frexenses tribe
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insurrection and military anarchy finally ended with the appointment of
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A Moorish grand coalition close to expelling the Byzantines from Africa
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Byzantine Africa: History of Byzantine Domination in Africa (533-709)
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756:) is located in the southeast, in the Tunisian ridge. The capital of
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Series of wars between Byzantine Empire and Berber kingdoms (533–548)
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Procopius – History of the Wars, Volume II Books 3–4. (Vandalic War)
930:, Sergius left the army of Aerobindus alone against the Moors. This
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convinced Justinian to recall the governor. Meanwhile, a mutiny by
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contingents from Africa, but no native contingent is mentioned.
1283:. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 170.
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1238:. Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press.
1079:(in French). Tunis: Committee of the Institute of Carthage.
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and who lived in tribal structures. From the death of King
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Solomon hurriedly set off to meet the revolted Moors from
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1126:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1914–1940.
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The political and military void left by Solomon's death
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The Moorish leaders were all murdered resulting in the
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Sixth-century fortifications in Byzantine Africa vol.1
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1390:"L'Aurès au VIe siècle. Note sur le récit de Procope"
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975:, a capable and experienced general, to the post of
484:. Nevertheless, a peace existed, since at least the
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1946:"La pacification de l'Afrique byzantine 534 – 546"
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47:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
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712:, the Moorish forces remained relatively intact.
674:. The situation in Africa was so precarious that
1967:
1938:Sixth-century fortifications in Byzantine Africa
1153:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
540:inflicted defeat on the army of the vandal king
1940:vol.1, DPhil. University of Oxford, 1979, 346p.
1655:History of the Wars: The Vandalic War, Volumes
732:The outbreak of the Second Moorish insurrection
1891:The Moors and Roman Africa (4th–7th centuries)
1333:
51:Please help improve this article, possibly by
1931:North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam
1336:North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam
408:kingdoms which formed after the collapse of
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1587:(DPhil). University of Oxford. p. 205
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1943:
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1235:The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples
400:were a series of wars fought between the
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958:Restoration of Byzantine rule in Africa
740:We see here the road Théveste (current
456:which wanted to praise the exploits of
14:
1968:
788:triggered a 2nd Moorish insurrection.
492:and the Vandals. However, The Emperor
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1801:
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1138:Books 3-4, translated by H. B. Dewing
1092:Corippus, Flavius Cresconius (1998).
950:of Africa that Justinian grants him.
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1976:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire
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1279:Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991).
1095:The Iohannis, or, De bellis Libycis
784:. However, a diplomatic affront to
24:
1281:The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium
1150:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
914:Solomon's death at Cillium caused
25:
2012:
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1058:Family tree of Byzantine emperors
486:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
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200:Other tribes and confederations
59:, or discuss this issue on the
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748:)-Carthage. Sufetula (current
598:, situated in and outside the
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1952:. 93-94–95-96 (1): 129–158.
1944:Richardot, Philippe (2009).
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619:kingdom established by king
422:battle of the Fields of Cato
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1846:Bury, John Bagnell (1958).
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998:Corippus mentions 100,000.
666:, the former lieutenant of
416:and the Vandalic rebels of
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2017:
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922:To remedy the situation,
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1875:. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
1541:Corippe, J Alix (1998).
1232:Wolfram, Herwig (2005).
1075:Corippe, J Alix (1998).
772:are visible on this map.
610:Kingdom of Great Dorsale
1923:10.3406/antaf.1986.1131
1869:Diehl, Charles (1896).
1406:10.3406/antaf.1980.1053
583:except for the city of
581:Mauretania Caesariensis
550:Battle of Great Dorsale
1996:Byzantine North Africa
1958:10.3917/strat.093.0129
1888:Moderan, Yves (2003).
1388:Janon, Michel (1980).
1043:Byzantine North Africa
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477:
398:Byzantine–Moorish wars
211:Commanders and leaders
83:Byzantine–Moorish wars
1991:6th century in Africa
1911:Antiquités africaines
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1394:Antiquités africaines
1016:Africa after Troglita
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382:Casualties and losses
561:Kingdom of the Aurès
490:Eastern Roman Empire
488:in 476, between the
430:Kingdom of the Aurès
170:Kingdom of the Aurès
1936:Pringle, R. Denys,
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1819:, pp. 147–148.
1714:, pp. 604–644.
1635:, pp. 198–201.
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1522:, pp. 336–339.
1376:Moderan et al. 2003
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1321:, pp. Para 34.
1309:, pp. 541–561.
1222:, pp. 124–138.
1189:, pp. 195–212.
804:offended the chief
724:. An army general,
639:. It is similar to
464:, leading to bias.
342:Stotzas the younger
165:Mauro-Roman kingdom
159:kingdoms and rebels
57:disambiguation page
1852:Dover Publications
1581:Pringle, Denys R.
1378:, p. 585-606.
1145:Kazhdan, Alexander
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758:Proconsular Africa
690:praetorian prefect
645:Christian Courtois
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410:Roman North Africa
1901:978-2-7283-1003-6
1729:, pp. 64–65.
1488:, pp. 52–53.
1245:978-0-520-24490-0
764:), Carthage, and
682:. He became both
572:Kingdom of Altava
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150:Pro-Roman Berbers
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1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1489:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1164:
1140:
1117:
1088:
1048:Battle of Mammes
1022:Byzantine Africa
977:magister militum
948:magister militum
685:magister militum
653:
592:Kingdom of Hodna
404:and the various
402:Byzantine Empire
372:
361:
350:
339:
328:
305:
277:
258:
248:
237:
225:
143:Byzantine Empire
89:
88:
80:
79:
73:
70:
64:
40:
39:
32:
21:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1902:
1862:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1539:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1246:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1134:
1120:
1106:
1074:
1071:
1039:
1031:Muslim conquest
1018:
965:
960:
912:
875:
858:
842:, who was then
819:
734:
660:
647:
600:Hodna Mountains
470:
438:
374:
368:
362:
352:
346:
340:
330:
324:
318:
314:
310:
306:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
267:
263:
259:
249:
239:
233:
227:
221:
205:
204:
161:
160:
149:
145:
120:
74:
68:
65:
50:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2014:
2004:
2003:
2001:Berber history
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:540s conflicts
1983:
1981:530s conflicts
1978:
1963:
1962:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1917:(1): 195–212.
1906:
1900:
1885:
1866:
1860:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1806:
1804:, p. 363.
1794:
1792:, p. 370.
1782:
1780:, p. 147.
1770:
1768:, p. 346.
1758:
1756:, p. 345.
1746:
1744:, p. 146.
1731:
1716:
1695:
1693:, p. 344.
1683:
1671:
1637:
1610:
1598:
1573:
1571:, p. 145.
1556:
1524:
1509:
1505:Richardot 2009
1490:
1473:
1471:, p. 143.
1458:
1443:
1441:, p. 141.
1431:
1429:, p. 339.
1419:
1400:(1): 345–351.
1380:
1368:
1351:
1344:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1289:
1271:
1269:, p. 139.
1259:
1244:
1224:
1212:
1210:, p. 123.
1200:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1147:, ed. (1991).
1141:
1132:
1118:
1104:
1089:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1017:
1014:
964:
961:
959:
956:
911:
908:
874:
871:
857:
854:
818:
815:
733:
730:
659:
656:
629:
628:
613:
606:
588:
568:
469:
466:
437:
434:
392:
391:
388:
384:
383:
379:
378:
295:
213:
212:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
191:
186:
181:
178:
175:
172:
167:
155:
154:
153:
151:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
103:
101:
97:
96:
93:
85:
84:
76:
75:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2013:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1861:0-486-20399-9
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1629:
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1623:
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1615:
1607:
1602:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1565:
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1552:
1548:
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1516:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1456:, p. 42.
1455:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1345:9780884024088
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1295:Mauri (Moors)
1292:
1290:9780195046526
1286:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1162:
1160:0-19-504652-8
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1133:9780674990906
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
989:
987:
983:
978:
974:
973:John Troglita
970:
955:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
917:
907:
903:
899:
896:
891:
887:
885:
880:
870:
868:
863:
862:John Troglita
853:
851:
847:
846:
841:
835:
831:
828:
824:
814:
811:
807:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
729:
727:
723:
717:
713:
711:
706:
703:
699:
693:
691:
687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
557:
556:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
474:
465:
463:
459:
458:John Troglita
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:
386:
385:
380:
377:
373:
371:
365:
360:
355:
351:
349:
343:
338:
333:
329:
327:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
299:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:
270:
266:
265:John Troglita
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
238:
236:
230:
226:
224:
218:
215:
214:
209:
201:
198:
195:
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190:
187:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
171:
168:
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163:
162:
158:
152:
148:
144:
141:
140:
135:
127:
124:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
86:
81:
72:
62:
58:
54:
48:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1949:
1937:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1890:
1871:
1847:
1839:Bibliography
1824:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1712:Moderan 2003
1686:
1681:p. 146.
1678:
1674:
1664:– via
1654:
1633:Modéran 1986
1606:Moderan 2003
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1583:
1576:
1543:La Johannide
1542:
1434:
1422:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1371:
1364:Moderan 2003
1335:
1319:Moderan 2003
1314:
1307:Moderan 2003
1302:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1262:
1234:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1194:
1187:Modéran 1986
1182:
1148:
1137:
1122:
1094:
1077:La Johannide
1076:
1019:
1011:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
976:
966:
952:
947:
921:
913:
904:
900:
892:
888:
876:
859:
856:Consequences
843:
836:
832:
820:
798:
794:Tripolitania
786:Leptis Magna
775:
718:
714:
707:
694:
683:
661:
633:Vandalic War
630:
625:Tripolitania
594:led by king
574:led by king
563:led by king
554:
536:and his son
525:Tripolitania
522:
513:
509:Roman Africa
498:
479:
439:
397:
395:
369:
347:
325:
274:
234:
222:
206:Other rebels
199:
137:Belligerents
128:Inconclusive
66:
46:
29:
18:Moorish wars
1950:Stratégique
1591:22 February
938:overthrows
648: [
637:High Empire
631:During the
269:Putzintulus
194:Tingitanian
180:Mastraciani
104:Modern day
1970:Categories
1802:Diehl 1896
1790:Diehl 1896
1766:Diehl 1896
1754:Diehl 1896
1727:Diehl 1896
1691:Diehl 1896
1666:Wikisource
1520:Diehl 1896
1486:Diehl 1896
1454:Diehl 1896
1427:Diehl 1896
1174:References
1105:0773482423
1069:Literature
1029:until the
1027:Byzantines
982:Hadrumetum
940:Areobindus
924:Areobindus
770:Hadrumetum
702:barbarians
680:Diocletian
668:Belisarius
501:Belisarius
468:Background
450:Belisarius
261:Athanasius
251:Areobindus
69:March 2022
1881:457835755
1829:Bury 1958
1817:Bury 1958
1778:Bury 1958
1742:Bury 1958
1569:Bury 1958
1551:494554524
1469:Bury 1958
1439:Bury 1958
1414:0066-4871
1267:Bury 1958
1220:Bury 1958
1208:Bury 1958
1169:Citations
1085:494554524
944:Artabanes
936:Guntharic
916:Justinian
879:Visigoths
840:Guntharic
817:Procedure
801:Laguatans
760:(and the
698:Procopius
676:Justinian
548:, in the
518:barbarian
494:Justinian
454:panegyric
446:Procopius
418:Guntarith
285:Ifisdaïas
281:Geisirith
189:Laguatans
61:talk page
53:splitting
1254:57751591
1114:39692299
1053:Cutzinas
1037:See also
967:The 2nd
895:Laguatan
884:Cutzinas
867:Carthage
827:Cutzinas
823:Theveste
810:Byzacena
782:Corippus
766:Byzacena
726:Germanus
662:General
617:Laguatan
585:Ceaserea
546:Byzacena
542:Hilderic
529:Genseric
505:Carthage
499:General
442:Corippus
428:and the
364:Carcasan
312:Mastigas
298:Cutzinas
184:Ifuraces
100:Location
986:Antalas
850:Numidia
806:Antalas
790:Sergius
754:Tunisia
750:Sbeïtla
746:Algeria
742:Tébessa
672:Stotzas
664:Solomon
604:Sitifis
596:Ortaias
538:Antalas
534:Guenfan
482:Vandals
462:Antalas
436:Sources
414:Stotzas
390:Unknown
387:Unknown
370:†
348:†
332:Antalas
326:†
320:Stotzas
316:Ortaïas
293:Althias
275:†
241:Rufinus
235:†
223:†
217:Solomon
196:Berbers
118:Morocco
110:Algeria
106:Tunisia
95:533–548
1898:
1879:
1858:
1659:&
1549:
1412:
1342:
1287:
1252:
1242:
1157:
1130:
1112:
1102:
1083:
1007:Berber
994:foedus
932:defeat
928:Thacia
722:Sicily
621:Cabaon
587:by 533
576:Masuna
565:Iabdas
426:Altava
406:Berber
376:Bruten
366:
356:
344:
334:
322:
308:Iabdas
300:
289:Masuna
271:
253:
243:
231:
219:
174:Frexes
157:Berber
125:Result
116:, and
1679:Ibid.
778:Moors
752:, in
744:, in
652:]
641:Fœdus
514:limes
354:Ierna
229:Aïgan
114:Libya
1896:ISBN
1877:OCLC
1856:ISBN
1593:2022
1547:OCLC
1410:ISSN
1340:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1250:OCLC
1240:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1110:OCLC
1100:ISBN
1081:OCLC
969:Moor
893:The
688:and
615:The
608:The
590:The
570:The
559:The
444:and
396:The
147:Huns
92:Date
1954:doi
1919:doi
1661:II.
1402:doi
984:at
848:of
845:dux
544:in
1972::
1948:.
1915:22
1913:.
1854:.
1850:.
1809:^
1734:^
1719:^
1698:^
1657:I.
1653:.
1640:^
1613:^
1559:^
1527:^
1512:^
1493:^
1476:^
1461:^
1446:^
1408:.
1398:15
1396:.
1392:.
1354:^
1326:^
1293:.
1248:.
1136:.
1108:.
1033:.
886:.
869:.
768:,
692:.
650:fr
432:.
112:,
108:,
1960:.
1956::
1925:.
1921::
1904:.
1883:.
1864:.
1668:.
1595:.
1553:.
1507:.
1416:.
1404::
1348:.
1256:.
1163:.
1116:.
1087:.
627:.
71:)
67:(
63:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
