2132:
of polygynous societies. This slight inclination towards men reproducing with a small number of women is also seen in genetic evidence. Depending on the period of history, the average man with modern descendents appears to have had children with between 1.5 women (70,000 years ago) to 3.3 women (45,000 years ago), except in East Asia. This rate varied dramatically by era, possibly due to male mortality, environmental conditions, food availability, and other influences on mortality, and migration patterns. These rates may be consistent with a society that practices serial monogamy. However, there was a temporary but sharp decrease in the ratio during the start of the
Neolithic resolution, where the average man with modern descendants had children with 17 women (circa 8,000 years ago). Given the dramatic cultural shifts towards sedentary agriculture at the time, this is speculated to represent a dramatic change from a community-based society towards the hoarding of power and resources more consistent with a harem model; however, the rapid movement back towards 4.5 women per man after this dip, accompanied by evidence for the move towards monogamy as the agricultural revolution progressed, may suggest a dramatic, unknown factor such as catastrophic male mortality.
2583:"The 1950 Marriage Law called for sweeping changes in many areas of family life. It forbade any 'arbitrary and compulsory' form of marriage that would be based on the superiority of men and would ignore women's interests. The new democratic marriage system was based on the free choice of couples, monogamy, equal rights for both sexes, and the protection of the lawful interests of women. It abolished the begetting of male offspring as the principal purpose of marriage and weakened kinship ties which reduced the pressure on women to bear many children, especially sons. With arranged marriages prohibited, young women could choose their own marriage partners, share the financial cost of setting up a new household, and have equal status in household and family decision-making. The Government then initiated an extensive campaign of marriage-law education, working jointly with the Communist Party, women's federations, trade unions, the armed forces, schools and other organizations."
1781:. The rates of extrapair paternity ranged from 0.03% to 11.8% although most of the locations had low percentages of extrapair paternity. The median rate of extrapair paternity was 1.8%. A separate review of 17 studies by Bellis, Hughes, Hughes, and Ashton found slightly higher rates of extrapair paternity. The rates varied from 0.8% to 30% in these studies, with a median rate of 3.7% extrapair paternity. A range of 1.8% to 3.7% extrapair paternity implies a range of 96% to 98% genetic monogamy. Although the incidence of genetic monogamy may vary from 70% to 99% in different cultures or social environments, a large percentage of couples remain genetically monogamous during their relationships. A review paper, surveying 67 other studies, reported rates of extrapair paternity, in different societies, ranging from 0.4% to over 50%.
1985:) are the preferred marriage partners to keep property within the group. A molecular genetic study of global human genetic diversity argued that sexual polygyny was typical of human reproductive patterns until the shift to sedentary farming communities approximately 10,000 to 5,000 years ago in Europe and Asia, and more recently in Africa and the Americas. A further study drawing on the Ethnographic Atlas showed a statistical correlation between increasing size of the society, the belief in "high gods" to support human morality, and monogamy. A survey of other cross-cultural samples has confirmed that the absence of the plough was the only predictor of polygamy, although other factors such as high male mortality in warfare (in non-state societies) and pathogen stress (in state societies) had some impact.
1579:
marriage or "spouse swapping" to be socially acceptable. Some consider a relationship monogamous even if partners separate and move to a new monogamous relationship through death, divorce, or simple dissolution of the relationship, regardless of the length of the relationship (serial monogamy). The need to accurately define monogamy was highlighted in a 2012 work, which defined practices as either formal or informal polyandry. The researchers found 53 communities studied between 1912 and 2010 that practiced polyandry (in which women have multiple male partners). This broader definition indicated that polyandry was more common worldwide than previously believed.
2095:
women reproducing with different men rather than multiple women reproducing with the same man), which suggests that reproductive monogamy became more common at that time. This would correspond to the
Neolithic agricultural revolution. During this time, formerly nomadic societies began to claim and settle land for farming, leading to the advent of property ownership and therefore inheritance. Men would therefore seek to ensure that their land would go to direct descendants and had a vested interest in limiting the sexual activities of their reproductive partners. It is possible that the concept of marriage and permanent monogamy evolved at this time. See also
2125:
whole-genome dataset. They found that the
Southern Han Chinese had a male bias (45% female, indicating that women were likely to reproduce with multiple men). This region is known for its lack of a concept of paternity and for a sense of female equality or superiority. The Musharoff study also found a male bias in Europeans (20% female) during an out-of-Africa migration event that may have increased the number of men successfully reproducing with women, perhaps by replenishing the genetic pool in Europe. The study did confirm a more typical female bias in Yorubans (63% female), Europeans (84%), Punjabis (82%), and Peruvians (56%).
1860:
1934:
2121:
with the existence of a "honeymoon period", a period of intense interest in a single sexual partner (with less interest in other women) which may help to keep men invested in staying with the mother of their child for this period. When reciprocated, this "honeymoon period" lasts 18 months to three years in most cases. This would correspond to the period necessary to bring a child to relative independence in the traditionally small, interdependent, communal societies of pre-Neolithic humans, before they settled into more separate agricultural communities.
2086:
does not place any formal limits on love." Later, "Modern love always sins, because it absorbs the thoughts and feelings of 'loving hearts' and isolates the loving pair from the collective. In the future society, such a separation will not only become superfluous but also psychologically inconceivable." One of the tenets of the new proletarian morality is "mutual recognition of the rights of the other, of the fact that one does not own the heart and soul of the other (the sense of property, encouraged by bourgeois culture)."
1596:
2635:. Sexual monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male based on observations of sexual interactions. Finally, the term genetic monogamy is used when DNA analyses can confirm that a female-male pair reproduce exclusively with each other. A combination of terms indicates examples where levels of relationships coincide, e.g., sociosexual and sociogenetic monogamy describe corresponding social and sexual, and social and genetic monogamous relationships, respectively.
1717:
results. Sampling bias may, therefore, be why early surveys of extramarital sex in the United States have produced widely differing results: such early studies using convenience samples (1974, 1983, 1993) reported the wide ranges of 12–26% of married women and 15–43% of married men engaged in extramarital sex. Three studies have used nationally representative samples. These studies in 1994 and 1997 found that about 10–15% of women and 20–25% of men engage in extramarital sex.
11006:
1838:; however, in humans, the main theoretical sources of monogamy are paternal care and extreme ecological stresses. Paternal care should be particularly important in humans due to the extra nutritional requirement of having larger brains and the lengthier developmental period. Therefore, the evolution of monogamy could be a reflection of this increased need for bi-parental care. Similarly, monogamy should evolve in areas of ecological stress because male
10052:
42:
2243:
their careers although even then they lived with only one wife. Egyptian women had the right to ask for a divorce if their husband took a second wife. Many tomb reliefs testify to the monogamous character of
Egyptian marriages; officials are usually accompanied by a supportive wife. "His wife X, his beloved" is the standard phrase identifying wives in tomb inscriptions. The instruction texts belonging to wisdom literature, e.g.,
1749:. Extrapair paternity is when offspring raised by a monogamous pair come from the female mating with another male. Rates of extrapair paternity have not been extensively studied in people. Many reports of extrapair paternity are little more than quotes based on hearsay, anecdotes, and unpublished findings. Simmons, Firman, Rhodes, and Peters reviewed 11 published studies of extra-pair paternity from various locations in the
1849:
members in rearing the offspring. Furthermore, human intelligence and material culture allows for better adaptation to different and rougher ecological areas, thus reducing the causation and even correlation of monogamous marriage and extreme climates. However, some scientists argue that monogamy evolved by reducing within-group conflict, thus giving certain groups a competitive advantage against less monogamous groups.
1989:
1587:. Anthropological observations indicate that even when polygyny is accepted in the community, the majority of relationships in the society are monogamous in practice – while couples remain in the relationship, which may not be lifelong. Thus, in prehistoric communities and communities categorized as polygamous, short- or long-term serial monogamy may be the most common practice rather than a lifelong monogamous bond.
691:
1814:
2886:
prairie voles are OT and AVP receptors located along the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway, presumably conditioning the voles to their mates odor while consolidating the social memory of the mating episode. This finding highlights the role of genetic evolution in altering the neuroanatomical distribution of receptors, resulting in certain neural circuits becoming sensitive to changes in
2103:
men and women are born and survive to reproduce, however, this would indicate that historically, only a subset of men fathered children and did so with multiple women (and may suggest that many men either did not procreate or did not have children that survived to create modern ancestors). This circumstance could occur for several reasons, but there are three common interpretations:
2287:(530 BCE to 70 CE), apart from an economic situation which supported monogamy even more than in earlier period, the concept of "mutual fidelity" between husband and wife was a quite common reason for strictly monogamous marriages. Some marriage documents explicitly expressed a desire for the marriage to remain monogamous. Examples of these documents were found in
2857:. Male prairie voles with the longest DNA strings spend more time with their mates and pups than male prairie voles with shorter strings. However, other scientists have disputed the gene's relationship to monogamy, and cast doubt on whether the human version plays an analogous role. Physiologically, pair-bonding behavior has been shown to be connected to
2019:
rule-making elite used cultural processes to ensure greater reproductive fitness for themselves and their offspring, leading to a larger genetic influence in future generations. According to B. S. Low, culture would appear to have a much larger impact on monogamy in humans than the biological forces that are important for non-human animals.
2604:). While the protocol does not suggest making polygamous marriage illegal, Article 6 does state that "monogamy is encouraged as the preferred form of marriage and that the rights of women in marriage and family, including in polygamous marital relationships are promoted and protected." The protocol entered into force on 25 November 2005.
2706:, further suggests that Western culture's inundation of choice has devalued relationships based on lifetime commitments and singularity of choice. It has been suggested, however, that high mortality rates in centuries past accomplished much the same result as divorce, enabling remarriage (of one spouse) and thus serial monogamy.
2762:
birds in any nest sired by someone other than the resident male." Patricia Adair Gowaty has estimated that, out of 180 different species of socially monogamous songbirds, only 10% are sexually monogamous. Offspring are far more successful when both the male and the female members of the social pair contribute food resources.
2478:
Jesus avoids entangling himself in juridical or casuistic controversies; instead, he appeals twice to the "beginning". By doing so, he clearly refers to the relevant words of
Genesis, which his interlocutors also know by heart. ... it clearly leads the interlocutors to reflect about the way in which,
2242:
official stated as proof of his love to his deceased wife that he had stayed married to her since their youth, even after he had become very successful (P. Leiden I 371). This may suggest that some men abandoned first wives of a low social status and married women of higher status in order to further
1968:
that practice social monogamy, sexual monogamy and dowry (i.e. "diverging devolution", that allow property to be inherited by children of both sexes). Goody demonstrates a statistical correlation between this cultural complex and the development of intensive plough agriculture in those areas. Drawing
1855:
and genetic studies offer two perspectives on when monogamy evolved in the human species: paleoanthropologists offer tentative evidence that monogamy may have started very early in human history whereas genetic studies suggest that monogamy might have increased much more recently, less than 10,000 to
1833:
Monogamy exists in many societies around the world, resulting in extensive scientific research which tries to understand how these marriage systems might have evolved. In any species, there are three main aspects that combine to promote a monogamous mating system: paternal care, resource access, and
1804:
Pedigree errors are a well-known source of error in medical studies. When attempts are made to try to study medical afflictions and their genetic components, it becomes very important to understand non-paternity rates and pedigree errors. There are numerous software packages and procedures that exist
3703:
National AIDS Council, Ministry of Health and Child
Welfare, The MEASURE Project, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Zimbabwe). AIDS in Africa During the Nineties: Zimbabwe. A review and analysis of survey and research results. Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at
2102:
More recent genetic data has clarified that, in most regions throughout history, a smaller proportion of men contributed to human genetic history compared to women. This could occur if male mortality outpaced female mortality. This cannot be assumed with the available evidence. If an equal number of
2676:
Serial monogamy may also refer to sequential sexual relationships, irrespective of marital status. A pair of humans may remain sexually exclusive, or monogamous, until the relationship has ended and then each may go on to form a new exclusive pairing with a different partner. This pattern of serial
2566:
The first class antagonism which appears in history coincides with the development of the antagonism between man and woman in monogamian marriage, and the first class oppression with that of the female sex by the male. ... he wellbeing and development of the one group are attained by the misery and
2131:
Anthropologists characterize human beings as "mildly polygynous" or "monogamous with polygynous tendencies." This slight inclination towards polygamy is reinforced by the low rate of polygamy even in polygamist societies; less than five percent of men marry more than one woman in approximately half
2124:
While genetic evidence typically displays a bias towards a smaller number of men reproducing with more women, some regions or time periods have shown the opposite. In a 2019 investigation, Musharoff et al. applied modern techniques to the 1000 Genomes
Project Phase 3 high-coverage Complete Genomics
2111:
Second, it may suggest that some men had either more sex or more reproductive success with multiple women simultaneously; this could be caused by sexual liaisons outside of a lifelong "monogamous" relationship (which may or may not be acceptable in their society), having multiple committed partners
2094:
Recent anthropological data suggest that the modern concept of life-long monogamy has been in place for only the last 1,000 years. Genetic evidence has demonstrated that a greater proportion of men began contributing to the genetic pool between 5,000–10,000 years ago (i.e., there was an increase in
2085:
argues that monogamy is an artifact of capitalist concepts of property and inheritance and wrote, "The social aims of the working class are not affected one bit by whether love takes the form of a long and official union or is expressed in a temporary relationship. The ideology of the working class
2022:
Other theorists use cultural factors influencing reproductive success to explain monogamy. During times of major economic/demographic transitions, investing more in fewer offspring (social monogamy not polygyny) increases reproductive success by ensuring the offspring themselves have enough initial
2761:
The incidence of sexual monogamy appears quite rare in other parts of the animal kingdom. It is becoming clear that even animals that are overtly socially monogamous engage in extra-pair copulations. For example, while over 90% of birds are socially monogamous, "on average, 30% or more of the baby
2685:
Evolutionary theory predicts that males would be apt to seek more mating partners than females because they obtain higher reproductive benefits from such a strategy. Men with more serial marriages are likely to have more children than men with only one spouse, whereas the same is not true of women
2885:
administration of oxytocin and vasopressin have been shown to promote affiliative behavior in the prairie vole but not in similar, but non-monogamous montane voles. This difference in neuropeptide effect is attributed to the location, density, and distribution of OT and AVP receptors. Only in the
2120:
The serial monogamy interpretation of genetic history would be congruent with other findings, such as the fact that humans form pair bonds (although not necessarily for life) and that human fathers invest in at least the early upbringing of their children. Serial monogamy would also be consistent
1848:
have solved many problems that generally lead to monogamy, such as those mentioned above. For example, monogamy is certainly correlated with paternal care, as shown by
Marlowe, but not caused by it because humans diminish the need for bi-parental care through the aid of siblings and other family
2741:
Social monogamy refers to the overtly observed living arrangement whereby a male and female share territory and engage in behaviour indicative of a social pair, but does not imply any particular sexual fidelity or reproductive pattern. The extent to which social monogamy is observed in animals
2107:
The first interpretation is a harem model, where one man will out-compete other men (presumably through acts of violence or power) for exclusive sexual access to a group of women. Groups of women could be related or unrelated. This does not seem to reflect real-world observations in more modern
1796:
The detection of unsuspected illegitimacy can occur in the context of medical genetic screening, in genetic family name research, and in immigration testing. Such studies show that covert illegitimacy is in fact less than 10% among the sampled
African populations, less than 5% among the sampled
2115:
Third, it may suggest that some men were more likely than other men to have a series of monogamous relationships that led to children with different women throughout the man's life (serial monogamy). There are a variety of explanations for this that range from the woman's influence (more woman
2018:
enforced monogamy because wealth passed to the closest living, legitimate male relative, often resulting in the wealthy oldest brother being without a male heir. Thus, the wealth and power of the family would pass to the "celibate" younger brother of the church. In both of these instances, the
1685:
by men is described as "universal" in 6 cultures, "moderate" in 29 cultures, "occasional" in 6 cultures, and "uncommon" in 10 cultures. The amount of extramarital sex by women is described as "universal" in 6 cultures, "moderate" in 23 cultures, "occasional" in 9 cultures, and "uncommon" in 15
2426:
customs, which prohibited polygamy, may have enhanced such an attitude - especially after 212 AD, when all the Jews became Roman citizens. However, some Jews continued to practice bigamy (e.g. up to medieval times in Egypt and Europe). Fourth-century Roman law forbade Jews to contract plural
2140:
The historical record offers contradictory evidence on the development and extent of monogamy as a social practice. Laura Betzig argues that in the six large, highly stratified early states, commoners were generally monogamous but that elites practiced de facto polygyny. Those states included
1716:
have relied on convenience samples: surveys given to whoever happens to be easily available (e.g., volunteer college students or volunteer magazine readers). Convenience samples may not accurately reflect the population of the United States as a whole, which can cause serious biases in survey
1582:
Terminology may also affect how data on polygamy is interpreted. While the genetic record indicates that genetic monogamy increased within the last 5,000-10,000 years, the form of prehistoric non-monogamy is less clear. A lack of genetic monogamy could be interpreted as polygamy despite other
1578:
Defining monogamy across cultures can be difficult because of different cultural assumptions. Some societies believe that monogamy requires limiting sexual activity to a single partner for life. Others accept or endorse pre-marital sex prior to marriage. Some societies consider sex outside of
2630:
Social monogamy refers to a male and female's social living arrangement (e.g., shared use of a territory, behaviour indicative of a social pair, and/or proximity between a male and female) without inferring any sexual interactions or reproductive patterns. In humans, social monogamy equals
1945:
Despite the human ability to avoid sexual and genetic monogamy, social monogamy still forms under many different conditions, but most of those conditions are consequences of cultural processes. These cultural processes may have nothing to do with relative reproductive success. For example,
2777:
where more than 65% of chicks are fathered by males outside the supposed breeding pair. This discordantly low level of genetic monogamy has been a surprise to biologists and zoologists, as social monogamy can no longer be assumed to determine how genes are distributed in a species.
8531:
6124:
1913:, living approximately 2.3 mya, is the most sexually dimorphic early hominid. Plavcan and van Schaik conclude their examination of this controversy by stating that, overall, sexual dimorphism in australopithecines is not indicative of any behavioral implications or mating systems.
4955:
2686:
with consecutive spouses. A study done in 1994 found that remarried men often had a larger age difference from their spouses than men who were married for the first time, suggesting that serial monogamy helps some men extract a longer reproductive window from their spouses.
2698:
practices. Whenever procedures for obtaining divorce have been simple and easy, serial monogamy has been found. As divorce has continued to become more accessible, more individuals have availed themselves of it, and many go on to remarry. Barry
Schwartz, author of
6389:
2757:
powder tracing of females to track physical contact. This type of analysis can uncover reproductively successful sexual pairings or physical contact. Genetic monogamy refers to DNA analyses confirming that a female-male pair reproduce exclusively with each other.
2869:
levels, with the genetic influence apparently arising via the number of receptors for these substances in the brain; the pair-bonding behavior has also been shown in experiments to be strongly modifiable by administering some of these substances directly.
2570:
The monogamous family is distinguished from the pairing family by the far greater durability of wedlock, which can no longer be dissolved at the pleasure of either party. As a rule, it is only the man who can still dissolve it and cast off his wife.
2742:
varies across taxa, with over 90 percent of avian species being socially monogamous, compared to only 3 percent of mammalian species and up to 15 percent of primate species. Social monogamy has also been observed in reptiles, fish, and insects.
2009:
encouraged marriage and reproduction to force the aristocracy to divide their wealth and power among multiple heirs, but the aristocrats kept their socially monogamous, legitimate children to a minimum to ensure their legacy while having many
2530:, Article 16 of which requires nations to give women and men equal rights in marriage. Polygamy is viewed as inconsistent with the Article as it gives men the right of multiple wives, but not to women. The United Nations has established the
1652:
Divorce and remarriage can thus result in "serial monogamy", i.e. multiple marriages but only one legal spouse at a time. This can be interpreted as a form of plural mating, as are those societies dominated by female-headed families in the
8528:
6121:
2039:. Similarly, in modern industrialized societies, fewer yet better-invested offspring, i.e. social monogamy, can provide a reproductive advantage over social polygyny, but this still allows for serial monogamy and extra-pair copulations.
2221:
texts, he could be obliged to wait for two or three years before he was allowed to take another wife. The position of the second wife was that of a "slave girl" in respect to the first wife, as many marriage contracts explicitly state.
3084:
6877:
6053:
Betzig, Laura (1993). "Sex, succession, and stratification in the first six civilizations: How powerful men reproduced, passed power on to their sons, and used power to defend their wealth, women, and children". In Lee, Ellis (ed.).
2812:, that in its female-male pairings in the human body is monogamous. The diversity of species with social monogamy suggests that it is not inherited from a common ancestor but instead evolved independently in many different species.
2665:
Serial monogamy is a mating practice in which individuals may engage in sequential monogamous pairings, or in terms of humans, when men or women can marry another partner but only after ceasing to be married to the previous partner.
2612:
Recent discoveries have led biologists to talk about the three varieties of monogamy: social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy. The distinction between these three are important to the modern understanding of monogamy.
4943:
2880:
or prairie vole indicate that the neuroendocrine hormones, oxytocin (in female prairie voles) and vasopressin (in male prairie voles) play a central role in the development of affiliative connections during mating. The effects of
2208:
In the patriarchal society of Mesopotamia the nuclear family was called a "house". In order "to build a house" a man was supposed to marry one woman and if she did not provide him with offspring, he could take a second wife. The
2737:
observed in animals. However, a pair of animals may be socially monogamous without necessarily being sexually or genetically monogamous. Social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy can occur in different combinations.
2873:
The North American microtine rodent's (vole) complex social structure and social behavior has provided unique opportunities to study the underlying neural bases for monogamy and social attachment. Data from studies using the
6386:
2790:
remain closely associated during both reproductive and non-reproductive periods, and often reside in same cleaning station to serve client fish. Fish of this genus frequently mate with a new partner after they are widowed.
1736:
report, that "LGBT" young people... want to spend their adult life in a long-term relationship raising children." Specifically, over 80% of the homosexuals surveyed expected to be in a monogamous relationship after age 30.
1788:
is a situation which arises when someone who is presumed to be a child's father (or mother) is in fact not the biological father (or mother). Frequencies as high as 30% are sometimes assumed in the media, but research by
2004:
Betzig postulated that culture/society can also be a source of social monogamy by enforcing it through rules and laws set by third-party actors, usually in order to protect the wealth or power of the elite. For example,
1881:, a human ancestor from approximately 3.9–3.0 million years ago, was within the modern human range, based on dental and postcranial morphology. Although careful not to say that this indicates monogamous mating in early
7838:
Lim, Miranda M.; Wang, Zuoxin; Olazábal, Daniel E.; Ren, Xianghui; Terwilliger, Ernest F.; Young, Larry J. (2004). "Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene".
2616:
Monogamous pairs of animals are not always sexually exclusive. Many animals that form pairs to mate and raise offspring regularly engage in sexual activities with partners other than their primary mate. This is called
2718:
as it also can establish a series of households that may continue to be tied by shared paternity and shared income. As such, they are similar to the household formations created through divorce and serial monogamy.
1478:("marriage"), referring to the functional social behaviour of pair-bonding. The term can then be subsequently subclassified by context-dependent relational types. Generally, there are four intersecting definitions.
2645:
Whatever makes a pair of animals socially monogamous does not necessarily make them sexually or genetically monogamous. Social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy can occur in different combinations.
1924:
of Southern Africa. Most San are monogamous, but if a hunter is able to obtain enough food, he can afford to have a second wife as well. The monogamy practiced by this ethnic group is the serial monogamy.
2745:
Sexual monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male based on observations of sexual interactions. However, scientific analyses can test for paternity, for example by
4099:
2843:, has promiscuously mating males, and scientists have changed adult male meadow voles' behaviour to resemble that of prairie voles in experiments in which a single gene was introduced into the brain by a
2805:
Socially monogamous species are scattered throughout the animal kingdom: A few insects, a few fish, about nine-tenths of birds, and a few mammals are socially monogamous. There is even a parasitic worm,
8583:
2527:
2495:
Western European societies established monogamy as their marital norm. Monogamous marriage is normative and is legally enforced in most developed countries. Laws prohibiting polygyny were adopted in
2556:
stated that compulsory monogamy could only lead to increased prostitution and general immorality, with the benefits of restricting capital and solidifying the class structure. As he spelled out in
2823:
estrus females generally mate with any proximate male nor any correlation between sexual and social monogamy. Birds, which are notable for a high incidence of social monogamy, do not have estrus.
4723:
Gordon AD, Green DJ, Richmond BG (2008). "Strong postcranial size dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis: Results from two new resampling methods for multivariate data sets with missing data".
2579:
chose to take the Western viewpoint of monogamy as giving women and men equal rights in marriage. The newly formed Communist government established monogamy as the only legal form of marriage.
3081:
4757:
Moller AP (2003) The evolution of monogamy: mating relationships, parental care and sexual selection. Monogamy: Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans and Other Mammals:29–41.
1454:
at any one given time. In a human cultural context, monogamy typically refers to the custom of two individuals, regardless of orientation, committing to a sexually exclusive relationship.
8177:
Tolekova, Anna; Hadzhibozheva, Petya; Georgiev, Tsvetelin; Mihailova, Stanislava; Ilieva, Galina; Gulubova, Maya; Leventieva-Necheva, Eleonora; Milenov, Kiril; Kalfin, Reni (2012-09-19).
6148:
G. Pinch: "Egyptian society seems to have been based on the "conjugal household." The basic family unit consisted of a man and a woman living together and any children they might have".
2116:
choosing a specific man based on his perceived attractiveness or ability to produce food) to the man's (social or coercive power or increased mortality/absence in men compared to women).
1842:
should be higher if their resources are focused on ensuring offspring survival rather than searching for other mates. Due to the extreme sociality and increased intelligence of humans,
5050:
6527:
Amnesty International, 2006. The Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa: Strengthening the promotion and protection of women's human rights in Africa. Retrieved May 29, 2006 from
7708:
6554:
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library, 2006. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. Retrieved May 29, 2006 from
5184:
3863:
2112:
at once (polygyny), or simply sexual reproduction with multiple partners entirely outside of committed relationships (i.e., casual sex without relationships or pair-bonding).
2067:, and thus the only means of making true human love possible. Some writers have suggested that monogamy may solve the problems they view as associated with non-monogamy and
2625:
raised by a monogamous pair come from the female mating with an extra-pair male partner. These discoveries have led biologists to adopt new ways of talking about monogamy:
3374:
2531:
6361:
Scheidel W. 2009. A peculiar institution? Greco-Roman monogamy in global context. History Family14, 280–291 (doi:10.1016/j.hisfam.2009.06.001)10.1016/j.hisfam.2009.06.001
1311:
8551:
5113:
Gibson MA, Lawson DW (2011). "Modernization" increases parental investment and sibling resource competition: evidence from a rural development initiative in Ethiopia".
6790:
2558:
1871:
seen in the fossil record because, in general, the reduced male-male competition seen in monogamous mating results in reduced sexual dimorphism. According to Reno
7312:
9009:
7398:
2819:
has been claimed to be related to the presence or absence of estrus—or oestrus—the duration of sexual receptivity of a female. This, however, does not explain
2450:
The ancient Greeks and Romans were monogamous in the sense that men were not allowed to have more than one wife or to cohabit with concubines during marriage.
2335:, in contrast, states that "Polygyny continued to be practised well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the second century CE."
5214:
1503:
refers to two individuals co-habitating, maintaining a sexual relationship, and sharing basic resources such as shelter, food, and parenting responsibilities.
2374:
speaks solely of monogamous marriages. Also prophets have in front of their eyes monogamous marriage as an image of the relationship of God and Israel. (Cf.
8580:
5573:
2835:
is an animal example for its monogamous social behaviour, since the male is usually socially faithful to the female, and shares in the raising of pups. The
4113:
Gilding, M. (2009). "Paternity Uncertainty and Evolutionary Psychology: How a Seemingly Capricious Occurrence Fails to Follow Laws of Greater Generality".
3953:
Simmons, L.W.; Firman, R.E.C.; Rhodes, G.; Peters, M. (2004). "Human sperm competition: testis size, sperm production and rates of extrapair copulations".
7768:
Elizabeth A. Whiteman; Isabelle M.Côté (August 2003). "Social monogamy in the Cleaning goby Elacatinus evelynae: ecological constraints or net benefit?".
2479:
in the mystery of creation, man was formed precisely as "male and female," in order to understand correctly the normative meaning of the words of Genesis.
7896:
2267:
As against Betzig's contention that monogamy evolved as a result of Christian socio-economic influence in the West, monogamy appeared widespread in the
7616:. For deeper, scholarly analysis, see e.g. David Silverman, "The Construction of 'Delicate' Objects in Counselling", in ed. Margaret Wetherell et al.,
4976:
Ember, Carol R. (2011). "What we know and what we don't know about variation in social organization: Melvin Ember's approach to the study of kinship".
4038:
2649:
Social monogamy does not always involve marriage in humans. A married couple is almost always a socially monogamous couple. But couples who choose to
10350:
8498:
Lathrop GM, Huntsman JW, Hooper AB, Ward RH (1983). "Evaluating pedigree data. II. Identifying the cause of error in families with inconsistencies".
4262:
King, Turi E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2009), "Founders, Drift, and Infidelity: The Relationship between Y Chromosome Diversity and Patrilineal Surnames",
1701:
suggests about 16–34% of men engage in extramarital sex while a much smaller (unreported) percentage of women engage in extramarital sex. Studies in
1351:
4773:
3811:
3399:
Dupanloup, Isabelle; Pereira, Luisa; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Calafell, Francesc; Prata, Maria; Amorim, Antonio; Barbujani, Guido; et al. (2003).
1973:, Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies in intensive plough agriculture and extensive shifting horticulture. In plough agriculture
1889:"do not imply that monogamy is any less probable than polygyny". However, Gordon, Green and Richmond claim that in examining postcranial remains,
8407:
Lim, Miranda M.; et al. (June 2004). "Enhanced Partner Preference in a Promiscuous Species by Manipulating the Expression of a Single Gene".
3797:
Clements, M. (7 August 1994). "Sex in America today: A new national survey reveals how our attitudes are changing". Parade Magazine. pp. 4–6.
3493:
8000:
2304:
6111:. J. M. Sasson (ed.), J. Baines, G. Beckman, K. S. Rubinson (assist. ed.). Vol. 1. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1995, pp. 488–493.
6511:
2299:. Study shows that ancient Middle East societies, though not strictly monogamous, were practically (at least on commoners' level) monogamous.
1689:
Surveys conducted in non-Western nations (2001) also found cultural and gender differences in extramarital sex. A study of sexual behavior in
2673:
in its reproductive consequences because both men and women are able to utilize both sexes reproductive lifespan through repeated marriages.
2543:
656:
3464:
10088:
9667:
5862:
Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark (2014-09-24).
3120:
Kramer, Karen L.; Russell, Andrew F. (2014). "Kin-selected cooperation without lifetime monogamy: human insights and animal implications".
7287:
2714:
According to Danish scholar Miriam K. Zeitzen, anthropologists treat serial monogamy, in which divorce and remarriage occur, as a form of
7653:
6560:
1282:
6865:
5271:
2470:
described in the Book of Genesis 1:26–31, 2:4–25, whereby a man and woman by their nature are each ready to be a beautifying, total and
9002:
3314:
3035:
2370:
portray a woman in a strictly monogamous family (cf. Pr 5:15-19; Qo 9:9; Si 26:1-4 and eulogy of perfect wife, Proverbs 31:10-31). The
6345:
3661:
Ladebo, O.J.; Tanimowo, A.G. (2002). "Extension personnel's sexual behaviour and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS in South-Western Nigeria".
1705:
have found around 47–53% of men and to 18–36% of women engage in extramarital sex. A 1999 survey of married and cohabiting couples in
8936:
8619:
7972:
7705:
6533:
3102:
6696:
6484:
6315:
5176:
3855:
10647:
3599:
O'Connor, M.L. (2001). "Men who have many sexual partners before marriage are more likely to engage in extramarital intercourse".
10242:
9715:
1607:, Poland, which commemorates their monogamous fidelity, through the time of their separation, while he temporarily worked in the
7420:
6004:
5235:
Kollontai, Aleksandra (2019-12-31). "Make way for Winged Eros: A Letter to Working youth Love as a Socio-psychological Factor".
2992:
7528:
1977:
is largely men's work and is associated with private property; marriage tends to be monogamous to keep the property within the
8548:
8995:
8488:
8336:
8303:
8279:
8237:
8218:
8188:
7554:
7447:
7103:
6530:"The Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa: Strengthening the promotion and protection of women's human rights in Africa"
6242:
5758:
5490:
5456:
5159:
3029:
2205:
families were monogamous in principle but not entirely so in practice since polygyny was frequently practiced by the rulers.
1344:
7002:
10025:
8251:. Vol. 11. Jerusalem-New York: Encyclopaedia Judaica Jerusalem — The MacMillan Company. 1971. pp. 1026–1051.
7917:
Hammock, E. A. D.; Young, LJ (2005). "Microsatellite Instability Generates Diversity in Brain and Sociobehavioral Traits".
3780:
2800:
1499:
1294:
1665:
where there is frequent rotation of unmarried partners. In all, these account for 16 to 24% of the "monogamous" category.
8750:
8260:. Vol. 12. Jerusalem-New York: Encyclopaedia Judaica Jerusalem — The MacMillan Company. 1971. pp. 258–260.
3889:
17:
3282:"Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally"
10805:
9500:
8581:
UK website on childsupport and paternity with many links to studies of paternity, nonpaternity and pedigree error rates
7302:
3767:
Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1983). American Couples: Money, Work, Sex. New York, NY: William Morrow and Company.
1303:
5599:"Can a sex-biased human demography account for the reduced effective population size of chromosome X in non-Africans?"
2407:
2:10 etc.). Some sages condemned marriage to two wives even for the purpose of procreation (Ketubot 62b). R. Ammi, an
9948:
8468:
8460:
8363:
7625:
7613:
7128:
7052:
Solomon, N.G.; Keane, B.; Knoch, L.R.; Hogan, P.J. (2004). "Multiple paternity in socially monogamous prairie voles (
6996:
6462:
6116:
6089:
5296:
5257:
3401:"A recent shift from polygyny to monogamy in humans is suggested by the analysis of worldwide Y-chromosome diversity"
3212:
3188:
2882:
2786:, also widely known as neon gobies, also exhibit social monogamy. Hetereosexual pairs of fish belonging to the genus
1405:
649:
7395:
1673:
The prevalence of sexual monogamy can be roughly estimated as the percentage of married people who do not engage in
1641:. (This does not take into account the relative population of each of the societies studied; the actual practice of
10081:
10037:
10020:
9582:
5864:"Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences"
5206:
2984:, W. Little, H.W. Fowler, J. Coulson (ed.), C.T. Onions (rev. & ed.,) Oxford 1969, 3rd edition, vol.1, p.1275;
1867:
Paleoanthropological estimates of the time frame for the evolution of monogamy are primarily based on the level of
1337:
10230:
2621:. Sometimes these extra-pair sexual activities lead to offspring. Genetic tests frequently show that some of the
2523:
1709:
reports that 38% of men and 13% of women engaged in extra-couple sexual relationships within the last 12 months.
5922:
3547:
2552:
determined that monogamous marriage inherently oppressed women and therefore had no place in communist society.
10986:
10578:
1801:
populations, less than 2% of the sampled Middle Eastern population, and generally 1–2% among European samples.
1678:
2128:
According to other studies, coupling began or evolved gradually towards monogamy since millions of years ago.
10595:
10573:
10264:
9908:
9672:
8612:
7886:
2728:
2653:
without getting married can also be socially monogamous. The popular science author Matt Ridley in his book
1079:
382:
8180:
The Effects of Some Neuropeptides on Motor Activity of Smooth Muscle Organs in Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities
5645:
4147:
Philipp EE (1973) "Discussion: moral, social and ethical issues". In: Wolstenholme GEW, Fitzsimons DW, eds.
1681:
describes the amount of extramarital sex by men and women in over 50 pre-industrial cultures. The amount of
9657:
6924:
Westneat, D.F.; Stewart, I.R.K. (2003). "Extra-pair paternity in birds: causes, correlates, and conflict".
4069:
2765:
The highest known frequency of reproductively successful extra-pair copulations are found among fairywrens
1121:
673:
642:
10690:
10225:
10074:
9938:
9708:
4883:
2256:
2239:
1168:
6650:
Foltz, D.W. (1981). "Genetic evidence for long-term monogamy in a small rodent, Peromyscus polionotus".
11010:
10740:
10032:
9814:
9662:
9572:
9332:
8849:
7570:
FALEN, DOUGLAS J. (2009-10-23). "Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis by Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard".
7151:
Wright R (1994) The moral animal: the new science of evolutionary psychology. Pantheon Books, New York.
5017:
4039:"How Well Does Paternity Confidence Match Actual Paternity? Evidence from Worldwide Nonpaternity Rates"
3488:
1877:
1495:
refers to two partners remaining sexually exclusive with each other and having no outside sex partners.
794:
245:
195:
46:
4825:
Plavcan JM; Van Schaik, CP (1997). "Interpreting hominid behavior on the basis of sexual dimorphism".
10842:
10015:
10005:
9745:
9312:
7695:
Barash, D.P. & Lipton, J.E. (2001). The Myth of Monogamy. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.
4306:
Forster, P; Hohoff, C; Dunkelmann, B; Schürenkamp, M; Pfeiffer, H; Neuhuber, F; Brinkmann, B (2015).
3554:. Jamaica, NY: York College, CUNY. Distributed by World Cultures. See Variable 170 and Variable 171.
1522:
623:
31:
6508:
3425:
2189:
of the United States, apparently unrelated to the development of the Christian monogamous paradigm.
11037:
10310:
10220:
10055:
8605:
5513:
Musharoff, Shaila; Shringarpure, Suyash; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Ramachandran, Sohini (2019-09-20).
4449:"Evaluating pedigree data. I. The estimation of pedigree error in the presence of marker mistyping"
2915:
2320:
1048:
573:
52:
2108:
polygyny societies, where the majority of individuals seldom have more than one partner at a time.
10667:
10642:
10010:
9682:
9204:
8870:
6954:
Birkhead, T.R.; Møller, A.P. (1995). "Extra-pair copulations and extra-pair paternity in birds".
6747:
Hubrecht, R.C. (1985). "Home range size and use and territorial behavior in the common marmoset,
3468:
2350:, which cover entire period of monarchy, record only one instance of commoner polygamy - that of
2244:
2235:
2052:
1785:
389:
2238:
did have more than one wife, monogamy was the norm. There may have been some exceptions, e.g. a
1645:
in a tolerant society may actually be low, with the majority of aspirant polygamists practicing
1218:
10862:
10583:
10398:
9875:
9824:
9794:
9701:
9677:
8911:
8844:
8725:
7249:
5807:"Female-to-Male Breeding Ratio in Modern Humans—an Analysis Based on Historical Recombinations"
3420:
1725:
1144:
1001:
714:
8328:
8322:
7668:
6556:
5151:
5145:
3634:
Isiugo-Abanihe, U.C. (1994). "Extramarital relations and perceptions of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria".
2230:
Although an Egyptian man was free to marry several women at a time, and some wealthy men from
1213:
10814:
10315:
9996:
9870:
9865:
9789:
9772:
9652:
8961:
8956:
8941:
8814:
6937:
6029:
5480:
5236:
3828:
Wiederman, M. W. (1997). "Extramarital sex: Prevalence and correlates in a national survey".
3717:
Wiederman, M. W. (1997). "Extramarital sex: Prevalence and correlates in a national survey".
2747:
2701:
2618:
2415:
Whoever takes a second wife in addition to his first one shall divorce the first and pay her
2032:
2011:
1729:
1327:
1287:
568:
481:
272:
235:
5805:
Labuda, Damian; Lefebvre, Jean-François; Nadeau, Philippe; Roy-Gagnon, Marie-Hélène (2010).
4593:
Barrett L, Dunbar RIM, Lycett J (2002) Human evolutionary psychology. Palgrave, Basingstoke.
3017:
1793:
Michael Gilding traced these overestimates back to an informal remark at a 1972 conference.
1533:
in the sense of sexual, if not genetic (reproductive), exclusivity. When cultural or social
10867:
10857:
10852:
10819:
10790:
10330:
9955:
9740:
9632:
9607:
9327:
8916:
8807:
8416:
8009:
7962:
7926:
7850:
7094:
Reichard, U.H. (2003). "Monogamy: Past and present". In Reichard, U.H.; Boesch, C. (eds.).
6844:
6342:
5670:
4834:
4674:
4509:
3412:
3129:
2876:
2284:
2231:
1933:
1859:
1839:
1746:
1526:
970:
954:
883:
476:
471:
258:
6584:Ågren, G.; Zhou, Q.; Zhong, W. (1989). "Ecology and social behaviour of Mongolian gerbils
4400:"PedCheck: a program for identification of genotype incompatibilities in linkage analysis"
3091:. Monogamy: Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans and Other Mammals:161–176.
2342:
and the monarchy, old restrictions went into disuse, especially among royalty, though the
1629:, of 1,231 societies from around the world noted, 186 were monogamous; 453 had occasional
8:
10877:
10872:
10824:
10795:
10767:
10685:
10568:
10526:
10357:
9970:
9855:
9819:
9115:
8641:
7891:
6477:
6284:
6234:
5948:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture"
2935:
2808:
2632:
2078:
1323:
996:
819:
814:
618:
254:
8420:
8013:
7930:
7854:
7583:
6848:
6509:
A speculative analysis of socio-economic influences on the fertility transition in China
5674:
4838:
4678:
4513:
3416:
3133:
2390:
states that "it is clear that the most common form of marriage in Israel was monogamy".
1698:
10695:
10536:
10385:
10364:
10320:
10247:
10235:
10175:
10170:
10097:
9943:
9915:
9860:
9799:
9505:
9384:
9262:
8976:
8921:
8890:
8829:
8795:
8529:
Age at Marriage and the Household: A Study of the Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian Forms
8440:
8395:
8293:
8269:
8151:
8118:
8091:
8056:
8032:
7995:
7967:
7950:
7874:
7785:
7750:
7505:
7489:
7440:
Family and Divorce in California, 1850–1890: Victorian illusions and everyday realities
7352:
7327:
7279:
7187:
7162:
7043:
7018:
6971:
6912:
6856:
6768:
6708:
6667:
6638:
6605:
6435:
6410:
6307:
6122:
Age at Marriage and the Household: A Study of the Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian Forms
5980:
5947:
5898:
5863:
5839:
5806:
5691:
5658:
5623:
5598:
5549:
5514:
5418:
5402:
5263:
5126:
5095:
4993:
4629:
4604:
4573:
4465:
4448:
4424:
4399:
4380:
4332:
4307:
4284:
4239:
4214:
4190:
4165:
4130:
4061:
4014:
3989:
3970:
3935:
3678:
3616:
3581:
3446:
3366:
3334:
2930:
2248:
2162:
1952:
1937:
Plough agriculture. The castle in the background is Lusignan. Detail from the calendar
1621:
1443:
1426:. Having only one partner at any one time, whether that be for life or whether that be
1253:
1103:
1099:
1094:
960:
506:
436:
6529:
4697:
4658:
4561:
4487:
Murdock GP (1981) Atlas of world cultures. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
11032:
10759:
10745:
10713:
10675:
10600:
10590:
10448:
10393:
10378:
10291:
10269:
10259:
10197:
10192:
10165:
10116:
9960:
9920:
9903:
9465:
9120:
9105:
9070:
8966:
8875:
8824:
8713:
8515:
8484:
8477:
8464:
8456:
8432:
8387:
8359:
8332:
8318:
8314:
8299:
8275:
8233:
8214:
8184:
8156:
8138:
8096:
8078:
8037:
7942:
7866:
7820:
7742:
7621:
7609:
7587:
7550:
7497:
7443:
7417:
7357:
7192:
7134:
7124:
7099:
6992:
6967:
6810:
McKinney, F.; Derrickson, S.R.; Mineau, P. (1983). "Forced copulation in waterfowl".
6700:
6601:
6440:
6238:
6112:
6085:
5985:
5967:
5903:
5885:
5844:
5826:
5787:
5774:
Scheidel, Walter (2008). "Monogamy and Polygyny in Greece, Rome, and World History".
5754:
5731:
5696:
5628:
5554:
5536:
5486:
5452:
5410:
5359:
5267:
5253:
5155:
5141:
5099:
5036:
4997:
4850:
4807:
4740:
4702:
4634:
4565:
4525:
4470:
4429:
4372:
4337:
4289:
4244:
4195:
4134:
4019:
3927:
3923:
3686:
3643:
3438:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3251:
3208:
3184:
3153:
3145:
3025:
2989:
2816:
2767:
2519:
2463:
2431:
2312:
2268:
2259:
suggests that it is wrong to abandon a wife because she is not capable of pregnancy.
2210:
1956:
demonstrated that monogamy is part of a cultural complex found in the broad swath of
1868:
1852:
1733:
1626:
1538:
1423:
1258:
1238:
949:
878:
868:
809:
804:
608:
578:
513:
240:
215:
70:
8399:
7954:
7803:
Beltran S, Boissier J (September 2008). "Schistosome monogamy: who, how, and why?".
7789:
7754:
7715:" ("of" rather than "or" is how it shows in the article !). The New York Times.
7523:
7509:
7328:"The relationship between serial monogamy and rape in the United States (1960–1995)"
6975:
6772:
6712:
6671:
6642:
6609:
6311:
5422:
5338:"Genetic evidence for unequal effective population sizes of human females and males"
4944:"The Size of Societies, Monogamy, and Belief in High Gods Supporting Human Morality"
4577:
4384:
4065:
3974:
3939:
10991:
10981:
10950:
10471:
10428:
10305:
9848:
9762:
9480:
9337:
8971:
8931:
8730:
8575:
8507:
8444:
8424:
8379:
8146:
8130:
8086:
8068:
8027:
8017:
7934:
7878:
7858:
7841:
7812:
7777:
7734:
7579:
7479:
7375:
Kunz J, Kunz PR (1994). "Social setting and remarriage: ages of husband and wife".
7347:
7339:
7283:
7269:
7261:
7228:
7182:
7174:
7065:
7038:
7030:
6963:
6933:
6904:
6852:
6819:
6760:
6733:
6692:
6659:
6630:
6597:
6430:
6422:
6299:
5975:
5959:
5893:
5875:
5834:
5818:
5779:
5723:
5686:
5678:
5618:
5610:
5544:
5526:
5394:
5349:
5245:
5122:
5087:
5040:
5032:
4985:
4842:
4799:
4732:
4692:
4682:
4624:
4616:
4557:
4517:
4460:
4419:
4411:
4364:
4327:
4319:
4279:
4271:
4234:
4226:
4185:
4177:
4122:
4053:
4009:
4001:
3962:
3919:
3837:
3726:
3670:
3608:
3573:
3450:
3430:
3370:
3326:
3293:
3241:
3176:
3137:
2905:
2850:
The behaviour is influenced by the number of repetitions of a particular string of
2553:
2379:
2363:
2324:
2316:
2280:
2015:
1818:
1682:
1674:
1447:
1419:
1370:
1243:
1043:
1038:
1018:
864:
749:
432:
335:
7738:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7019:"Sexual dimorphism in birds: why are there so many different forms of dimorphism?"
5482:
The Eighteen Stages of Love: Its Natural History, Fragrance, Celebration and Chase
3966:
3910:
Macintyre, S.; Sooman, A. (1991). "Non-paternity and prenatal genetic screening".
10918:
10800:
10627:
10495:
10466:
10456:
10336:
10279:
10274:
10180:
10148:
9977:
9890:
9809:
9732:
9567:
9546:
9453:
9433:
9402:
9371:
9110:
9100:
9031:
9022:
9018:
8946:
8780:
8755:
8662:
8628:
8587:
8555:
8535:
7712:
7532:
7424:
7402:
6984:
6515:
6393:
6349:
6303:
6227:
6128:
5531:
5446:
5378:
4777:
4770:
4521:
3815:
3808:
3784:
3551:
3497:
3180:
3088:
2996:
2773:
2601:
2343:
2339:
2276:
2213:
states that he loses his right to do so if the wife herself gives him a slave as
2202:
2006:
1595:
1486:
1415:
1277:
1233:
1228:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1173:
1089:
1084:
944:
843:
835:
799:
603:
518:
301:
7096:
Monogamy: Mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans, and other mammals
6387:
The establishment and maintenance of socially imposed monogamy in Western Europe
5383:"Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution: The Curious Case of "Homo sapiens""
4869:
10906:
10901:
10657:
10632:
10541:
10461:
10433:
10411:
10403:
10371:
10343:
10284:
10252:
10138:
10126:
10111:
9992:
9982:
9898:
9637:
9597:
9526:
9347:
9085:
8987:
8895:
8880:
8834:
8802:
8765:
8672:
8597:
8453:
Monogamy: Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans and Other Mammals
7463:
7203:
5822:
5682:
5442:
5091:
4087:
3952:
3777:
3141:
3022:
Monogamy: Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans and Other Mammals
2985:
2851:
2387:
2383:
2355:
2347:
2332:
2186:
1997:
1978:
1762:
1534:
1183:
1033:
965:
924:
919:
719:
399:
276:
188:
8232:. M. Waldstein (trans.). Boston: Paoline Books & Media. pp. 132–133.
7178:
6738:
6721:
5249:
3885:
3841:
3730:
3434:
3330:
11026:
10959:
10913:
10730:
10680:
10438:
10325:
10202:
10121:
9784:
9757:
9724:
9602:
9592:
9562:
9541:
9531:
9490:
9458:
9407:
9242:
9095:
8885:
8839:
8760:
8718:
8693:
8667:
8592:
8142:
8082:
7816:
7591:
7250:"From Polygyny to Serial Monogamy: A Unified Theory of Marriage Institutions"
5971:
5889:
5830:
5791:
5735:
5540:
5398:
4989:
4181:
4126:
4005:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3255:
3149:
2925:
2910:
2836:
2734:
2593:
2375:
2371:
2047:
1993:
1970:
1778:
1774:
1750:
1713:
1608:
1467:
1223:
1188:
1028:
909:
888:
784:
724:
551:
501:
404:
362:
157:
8294:
J. M. Sasson; J. Baines; G. Beckman; K. S. Rubinson (assist.), eds. (1995).
8270:
J. M. Sasson; J. Baines; G. Beckman; K. S. Rubinson (assist.), eds. (1995).
8073:
8022:
7938:
7265:
7233:
7216:
7138:
7051:
6866:"Aardwolf mating system: overt cuckoldry in an apparently monogamous mammal"
6823:
6617:
Barash, D.P. (1981). "Mate guarding and gallivanting by male hoary marmots (
5614:
5354:
5337:
4803:
4687:
4275:
3987:
3298:
3281:
10976:
9930:
9880:
9843:
9587:
9577:
9485:
9297:
9199:
9174:
9130:
8708:
8686:
8652:
8436:
8298:. Vol. 1. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan. pp. 486–501.
8274:. Vol. 1. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan. pp. 363–381.
8178:
8160:
8134:
8100:
8041:
7946:
7870:
7824:
7781:
7361:
7343:
7307:
7196:
7034:
6895:
Welsh, D.; Sedinger, J.S. (1990). "Extra-Pair copulations in Black Brant".
6704:
6458:
6444:
6426:
5989:
5907:
5880:
5848:
5700:
5632:
5558:
5512:
5414:
5363:
4846:
4744:
4706:
4638:
4620:
4569:
4529:
4376:
4355:
Suna L, Wildera K, McPeeka MS (2002). "Enhanced Pedigree Error Detection".
4341:
4323:
4293:
4248:
4199:
4023:
3809:
The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States
3690:
3647:
3545:
Pre-Coded Variables for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, Volume I and II
3442:
3400:
3362:
3157:
2920:
2887:
2832:
2751:
2650:
2423:
2367:
2328:
2166:
2146:
2056:
postulated that monogamy, as an institutional union of two people being in
1844:
1822:
1431:
1023:
914:
873:
839:
829:
734:
311:
296:
230:
9510:
9257:
9147:
8519:
7746:
7501:
5963:
4854:
4811:
4474:
4433:
3931:
3173:
Cassava and the Makushi: A Shared History of Resiliency and Transformation
2528:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
10896:
10718:
10521:
9804:
9642:
9397:
9292:
9252:
9164:
9142:
9125:
9075:
8951:
8790:
8681:
8391:
7274:
7023:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
5783:
5646:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/human-monogamy-has-deep-roots/
5045:
4652:
4650:
4648:
3807:
Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T, & Michaels, S. (1994).
2858:
2840:
2288:
2214:
2174:
2150:
2142:
1974:
1835:
1798:
1790:
1758:
1248:
1126:
779:
769:
613:
598:
536:
394:
325:
262:
110:
9307:
8428:
7862:
7418:
Till death do us part? The risk of first and second marriage dissolution
7217:"Serial monogamy increases reproductive success in men but not in women"
5714:
Frost, Peter (2008). "Sexual selection and human geographic variation".
5657:
Brown, Gillian R.; Laland, Kevin N.; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff (2009).
5406:
5382:
4151:. Ciba Foundation symposium. Vol 17. London: Associated Scientific 63–66
3246:
3229:
2534:(CEDAW) to monitor the progress of nations implementing the convention.
10652:
10500:
10160:
9779:
9536:
9428:
9392:
9342:
9272:
9247:
9184:
8926:
8698:
8657:
7493:
6916:
6764:
6722:"Social mating systems and extrapair fertilizations in passerine birds"
6697:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(200005)51:1<89::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-7
6634:
6233:(1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p.
5323:
Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain
4929:
Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain
4914:
Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain
4899:
Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain
4736:
3801:
3682:
3620:
3585:
3531:
Reproduction & Succession: Studies in Anthropology, Law and Society
2966:
1. The practice or principle of marrying only once. opp. to digamy now
2782:
2657:, described the human mating system as "monogamy plagued by adultery".
2308:
2271:
much earlier. In Israel's pre-Christian era, an essentially monogamous
2178:
2161:
Monogamy has appeared in some traditional tribal societies such as the
1947:
1921:
1898:
1721:
1600:
1193:
1178:
893:
563:
377:
286:
250:
225:
10772:
10131:
8511:
8176:
8123:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
7303:"Love hurts more than ever before (blame the internet and capitalism)"
6809:
6415:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4645:
4609:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4548:
Marlowe FW (2000). "Paternal investment and the human mating system".
4368:
3758:
Hunt, M. (1974). Sexual behavior in the 1970s. Chicago: Playboy Press.
3712:
3710:
2466:
19:3–8), Christ emphasized the primordial beauty of monogamic spousal
1513:
of only two people, within the context of the institution of marriage.
10933:
10847:
10637:
10516:
10066:
9831:
9438:
9287:
9277:
9137:
9080:
8865:
8785:
8740:
8561:
7639:
Changing Families: An Ethnographic Approach to Divorce and Separation
7468:"Changes in Widowhood and Divorce and Expected Durations of Marriage"
6831:
Reichard, U. (1995). "Extra-pair Copulations in a Monogamous Gibbon (
5727:
5515:"The inference of sex-biased human demography from whole-genome data"
3564:
Murdock, G.P.; White, D.R. (1969). "Standard cross-cultural sample".
3544:
3504:
recording the marital composition of 1231 societies from 1960 to 1980
2839:
is also usually monogamous. Another species from the same genus, the
2622:
2549:
2522:
movements seek to make monogamy the only legal form of marriage. The
2512:
2459:
2439:
2435:
2296:
2198:
2068:
1902:
1863:
Orangutan males are not monogamous and compete for access to females.
1658:
1654:
1638:
1552:
1518:
1485:
refers to sexually monogamous relationships with genetic evidence of
1439:
774:
558:
491:
441:
367:
330:
306:
220:
171:
7767:
7484:
7467:
7069:
6908:
4771:
The emergence of humans: an exploration of the evolutionary timeline
3981:
3674:
3612:
3577:
1941:
from the 15th century. This is a detail from the painting for March.
1808:
1450:
of animal mating systems, referring to the state of having only one
10938:
10928:
10782:
10735:
10185:
10155:
9836:
9752:
9647:
9612:
9357:
9220:
9152:
8819:
8775:
8745:
8735:
8703:
8632:
8383:
8356:
The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People
6663:
4596:
4415:
4230:
4166:"Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences"
4057:
3990:"Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences"
3707:
2866:
2862:
2715:
2670:
2399:
2251:, support fidelity to monogamous marriage life, calling the wife a
2072:
2036:
1982:
1770:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1572:
1556:
1510:
1435:
764:
759:
739:
729:
628:
486:
320:
176:
166:
130:
74:
8479:
Mean Genes: from Sex to Money to Food, Taming Our Primal Instincts
5177:"An Interview with Robin Hanson, the Sex Redistribution Professor"
4790:
McHenry HM (1992). "Body size and proportions in early hominids".
4305:
3398:
2042:
1541:
use the term monogamy, the meaning is social or marital monogamy.
41:
10834:
10531:
9475:
9470:
9448:
9322:
9282:
9267:
9157:
8119:"Oxytocin, vasopressin and pair bonding: implications for autism"
5923:"More women than men have added their DNA to the human gene pool"
5574:"The kingdom of women: the society where a man is never the boss"
2975:
2754:
2695:
2394:
2300:
2292:
2218:
2182:
2024:
1988:
1965:
1957:
1916:
Currently the oldest ethnic group in Africa, the continent where
1906:
1885:, the authors do say that reduced levels of sexual dimorphism in
1882:
1745:
The incidence of genetic monogamy may be estimated from rates of
1728:(2010) found that 45% had monogamous relationships. However, the
1702:
744:
682:
464:
446:
427:
409:
145:
115:
83:
9693:
8057:"The Monogamy Paradox: What Do Love and Sex Have to Do With It?"
6285:"A peculiar institution? Greco-Roman monogamy in global context"
4718:
4716:
4589:
4587:
4088:"Rampant misattributed paternity: the creation of an urban myth"
1567:, marriage with only one other person at a time, in contrast to
10923:
10606:
10477:
10297:
9767:
9423:
9352:
9317:
9230:
9225:
9189:
9090:
9065:
9042:
8209:
de Vaux R. O.P. (1973). "Marriage - 1. Polygamy and monogamy".
7606:
Is Monogamy Dead?: Rethinking Relationships in the 21st Century
7442:. Albany NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 7–8.
6719:
2971:
2900:
2471:
2458:
As John Paul II interpreted the dialogue between Jesus and the
2404:
2359:
2351:
2061:
2028:
1813:
1766:
1754:
1662:
1604:
1568:
1451:
709:
690:
372:
140:
120:
103:
98:
93:
88:
8539:, "Comparative Studies in Society and History" 29 (1987), and
7725:
Morell, V. (1998). "EVOLUTION OF SEX:A New Look at Monogamy".
6459:"Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women"
6132:, "Comparative Studies in Society and History" 29 (1987), and
5804:
5376:
2970:
2. The condition, rule or custom of being married to only one
10725:
10485:
9495:
9235:
9194:
9055:
8483:(First ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub.
6923:
4713:
4584:
2844:
2576:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2272:
2170:
1961:
1894:
789:
591:
546:
541:
451:
8358:. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co./Henry Hold and Co., 2001.
7215:
Jokela M, Rotkirch A, Rickard I, Pettay J, Lummaa V (2010).
2532:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
10490:
9965:
9302:
9060:
8770:
8230:
Man and Woman He created Them. A Theology of the Body 1,2-4
7214:
6521:
6373:
Man and Woman He created Them. A Theology of the Body 1,2-4
4780:. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK;Hoboken, NJ.
4164:
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton JR (September 2005).
3988:
Bellis, M.A.; Hughes, K.; Hughes, S.; Ashton, J.R. (2005).
2467:
2057:
1555:, remain sexually exclusive their entire lives, and become
1397:
1391:
1376:
824:
496:
150:
7016:
6982:
6953:
6583:
6548:
6478:"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"
6352:, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, June 2008
4447:
Lathrop GM, Hooper AB, Huntsman JW, Ward RH (March 1983).
3660:
3230:"Functions and Limitations of Alaskan Eskimo Wife Trading"
2035:
and is currently being seen in the modernization of rural
1385:
9443:
9050:
8497:
6679:
Gursky, S.L. (2000). "Sociality in the spectral tarsier,
6056:
Social Stratification and socioeconomic inequality Vol. 1
4656:
4446:
3697:
2854:
1388:
8319:"Marriage. Monogamy and the indissolubility of Marriage"
7963:"DNA of Voles May Hint at Why Some Fathers Shirk Duties"
7098:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–25.
6343:
Monogamy and polygyny in Greece, Rome, and world history
6030:"8,000 YEARS AGO, 17 WOMEN REPRODUCED FOR EVERY ONE MAN"
5722:(4). American Psychological Association (APA): 169–191.
5716:
Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology
5336:
Wilder, Jason; Mobasher, Zahra; Hammer, Michael (2004).
5142:"Marriage. Monogamy and the indissolubility of Marriage"
4818:
4163:
3761:
3563:
3533:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 34.
2988:. March 2010. Oxford University Press. 23 Jun. 2010 Cf.
2559:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
7996:"Mammalian monogamy is not controlled by a single gene"
7332:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6894:
6268:
de Vaux R. O.P. "Marriage - 1. Polygamy and monogamy".
5945:
4931:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–4.
4916:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–9.
4312:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3909:
2403:
clearly reflect a monogamist viewpoint within Judaism (
1544:
Marital monogamy may be further distinguished between:
8213:. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. pp. 24–26.
7415:
In Canada, 46% of divorcées will remarry according to
7319:
6337:
6335:
6005:"Neolithic culture may have kept most men from mating"
3903:
3654:
8117:
Hammock, Elizabeth A.D; Young, Larry J (2006-12-29).
7154:
6991:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 323–343.
4765:
4763:
3020:. In Reichard, Ulrich H.; Boesch, Christophe (eds.).
2978:
The habit of living in pairs, or having only one mate
2677:
monogamy is common among people in Western cultures.
1551:, "a single relationship between people who marry as
1406:
1382:
7121:
The Red Queen: sex and the evolution of human nature
6926:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
6588:, at Xilfudjeudeyjxidiuhot, Inner Mongolia, China".
6408:
5335:
4824:
4657:
Reno PL, Meindl RS, McCollum MA, Lovejoy CO (2003).
4308:"Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers"
3633:
3082:
Ecological and social complexities in human monogamy
2655:
The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature
1442:). More generally, the term is used to describe the
8541:
Babylonian Marriage Agreements 7th–3rd Centuries BC
8451:Reichard, Ulrich H., and Christophe Boesch (eds.).
7706:
Mating for Life? It's Not for the Birds of the Bees
7437:
6791:"Social organization of the South American monkey,
6332:
6134:
Babylonian Marriage Agreements 7th–3rd Centuries BC
5448:
Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love
5377:Fletcher, Garth; Simpson, Jeffry; Campbell, Lorne;
5106:
4901:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
4722:
4036:
3627:
3557:
2826:
1422:in which they form a mutual and exclusive intimate
1394:
1379:
1373:
8549:Why pairing up for life is hardly ever a good idea
8476:
7837:
7247:
6863:
6751:, at the Tapacura Field Station, Recife, Brazil".
6226:
5874:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 13.
5435:
4760:
4397:
4354:
3598:
3592:
3202:
2694:Serial monogamy has always been closely linked to
2445:
2192:
1805:for correcting research data for pedigree errors.
1712:Many surveys asking about extramarital sex in the
1614:
7604:For a popular press angle, see e.g. Rosie Wilby,
7248:de la Croix, David; Mariani, Fabio (2015-01-01).
5656:
5596:
5525:(9). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1008293.
3770:
3312:
2964:, R.C. Preble (ed.), Oxford-London 1962, p. 1275:
1809:Evolutionary and historical development in humans
1740:
11024:
9017:
8627:
8370:Kleiman DG (March 1977). "Monogamy in mammals".
8054:
7368:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
4543:
4541:
4539:
3827:
3313:Starkweather, Katherine; Hames, Raymond (2012).
3306:
3100:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2974:at a time (opp. to polygamy or bigamy) 1708. 3.
2319:). Christianity adopted a similar attitude (cf.
1668:
8406:
8208:
8055:Carter, C. Sue; Perkeybile, Allison M. (2018).
8001:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7802:
7393:It is said to have been "rife" in ancient Rome
6404:
6402:
4495:
4493:
3856:"Many gay couples negotiate open relationships"
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
2307:saw prohibition of polygamy as coming from the
2043:Arguments from outside the scientific community
8455:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
7691:
7689:
7300:
7093:
6746:
6557:"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library"
5479:Leggett, John C.; Malm, Suzanne (March 1995).
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5011:
5009:
5007:
3821:
2023:wealth to be successful. This is seen in both
10082:
9709:
9003:
8613:
8474:
7645:
7396:Alternative Forms of Marriage Serial Monogamy
7325:
7078:
6475:
5958:(4). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: 459–466.
5861:
4536:
4159:
4157:
3790:
3279:
3175:, Bloomsbury, T&T Clark, pp. 15–30,
3119:
3024:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–25.
3002:
2537:
1345:
650:
9668:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
8227:
8116:
7916:
7160:
7145:
6989:Partnerships in Birds: The Study of Monogamy
6830:
6678:
6616:
6399:
5855:
5650:
5590:
5506:
5329:
5244:. Academic Studies Press. pp. 160–172.
5112:
4783:
4751:
4490:
4481:
4106:
3994:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
3796:
3537:
3381:
3240:(1). The Arctic Institute of North America.
3203:Beckerman, Stephen; Valentine, Paul (2002).
3076:
3074:
3072:
2291:. They resemble those found in neighbouring
1603:married couple located in Kaszubski square,
7718:
7698:
7686:
7163:"Serial Monogamy as Polygyny or Polyandry?"
6788:
6649:
6518:. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 6, 3-24.
6501:
6267:
5478:
5064:
5004:
4299:
4261:
4141:
4079:
3787:. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3280:Schacht, Ryan; Kramer, Karen (2019-07-19).
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
2709:
2358:, which provides a picture of the society,
1283:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies
10089:
10075:
10051:
9716:
9702:
9010:
8996:
8620:
8606:
8369:
8354:Barash, David P., and Lipton, Judith Eve.
8327:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp.
6720:Hasselquist, D. S.; Sherman, P.W. (2001).
5946:Karmin, Monika; et al. (2015-03-13).
5659:"Bateman's principles and human sex roles"
5207:"Opinion | the Redistribution of Sex"
5150:. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp.
4789:
4547:
4499:
4212:
4154:
3601:International Family Planning Perspectives
2575:However, the communist revolutionaries in
2544:Marriage in the People's Republic of China
2060:with one another, was an embodiment of an
1584:
1352:
1338:
657:
643:
8937:Sexual and reproductive health and rights
8211:Ancient Israel. Its Life and Institutions
8150:
8090:
8072:
8031:
8021:
7483:
7351:
7273:
7232:
7186:
7042:
6985:"Monogamy and sperm competition in birds"
6737:
6434:
6270:Ancient Israel. Its Life and Institutions
6205:
6203:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6082:Ancient Israel. Its Life and Institutions
5979:
5897:
5879:
5838:
5690:
5622:
5548:
5530:
5353:
5234:
5174:
5077:
5044:
5015:
4696:
4686:
4628:
4602:
4464:
4423:
4331:
4283:
4238:
4189:
4149:Law and ethics of AID and embryo transfer
4013:
3752:
3716:
3424:
3297:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3245:
2815:The low occurrence of social monogamy in
2669:Serial monogamy may effectively resemble
2598:Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa
2485:
7651:
7538:
7374:
6938:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439
6409:Henrich J, Boyd R, Richerson PJ (2012).
6370:
6282:
5773:
5325:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4500:Lovejoy CO (1981). "The Origin of Man".
4255:
3049:
3015:
2089:
1987:
1932:
1858:
1812:
1594:
8313:
7636:
7618:Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader
7544:
7462:
6229:God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says
6058:. Westport CT: Praeger. pp. 37–74.
5204:
5139:
5078:Betzig L. (1995). "Medieval Monogamy".
4112:
4085:
3818:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3513:
3377:from the original on 25 September 2015.
3227:
3170:
2794:
2680:
2607:
2096:
2050:(later, Pope John Paul II) in his book
1893:is more sexually dimorphic than modern
1828:
14:
11025:
10096:
8296:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
8272:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
8172:
8170:
8112:
8110:
7887:"Gene Linked to Lasting Love in Voles"
7884:
7724:
7118:
6224:
6218:
6200:
6178:
6172:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
6154:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
6144:
6142:
6109:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
6099:
6097:
6052:
5920:
5811:The American Journal of Human Genetics
5441:
5294:
4948:Tijdschrift voor Sociale Wetenschappen
3776:Janus, S.S. & Janus, C.L. (1993).
3663:African Journal of Reproductive Health
3262:
2956:
2954:
2952:
1590:
10070:
9697:
8991:
8601:
7569:
7545:Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008).
7017:Owens, I.P.F.; Hartley, I.R. (1998).
6983:Birkhead, T.R.; Møller, A.P. (1996).
5713:
5571:
5387:Perspectives on Psychological Science
5320:
5314:
4975:
4926:
4911:
4896:
4663:was similar to that of modern humans"
3514:Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008).
3482:
3315:"A Survey of Non‑Classical Polyandry"
2982:The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2453:
2434:around 1000 CE banned polygamy among
1928:
8475:Burnham, Terry; Phelan, Jay (2000).
7993:
7960:
7608:(Cardiff: Accent Press, 2017), 107.
7315:from the original on 2 January 2017.
6753:International Journal of Primatology
6027:
4941:
4867:
4398:O'Connell JR, Weeks DE (July 1998).
3743:
2962:Britannica World Language Dictionary
2801:Social monogamy in mammalian species
2275:underlay the Jewish creation story (
2135:
2014:. Similarly—according to Betzig—the
1562:
1427:
1295:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
8751:Friends with benefits relationships
8290:Private Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
8167:
8107:
7584:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2009.00088_20.x
7547:Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
7428:by Warren Clark and Susan Crompton.
7301:McVeigh, Tracy (11 February 2012).
6623:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
6411:"The puzzle of monogamous marriage"
6396:. Politics Life Sci. 1995. 14, 3–23
6139:
6105:Private Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
6094:
5748:
5238:From Symbolism to Socialist Realism
4605:"The puzzle of monogamous marriage"
3848:
3778:The Janus Report on Sexual Behavior
3528:
3516:Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
2949:
2156:
1950:'s comparative study utilizing the
24:
8347:
8061:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
7654:"Monogamy—A variable relationship"
6857:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00319.x
5127:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.002
4868:Neil, Shasha (December 24, 2018).
3101:Sheff, Elisabeth (July 22, 2014).
2660:
1720:Research by Colleen Hoffon of 566
1430:, contrasts with various forms of
1304:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
25:
11049:
9723:
8569:
6214:. Vol. 11. pp. 1026–27.
6196:. Vol. 12. pp. 258–260.
6084:, London 1980 (5th impr.), p. 24
6002:
3866:from the original on 20 July 2010
3500:derived from George P. Murdock's
3122:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2262:
795:Parallel / cross cousins
11005:
11004:
10050:
9583:Attraction to transgender people
8048:
7987:
7910:
7831:
7796:
7761:
7630:
7598:
7563:
7516:
7456:
7431:
7409:
7387:
7294:
7290:from the original on 2016-02-03.
7241:
7112:
6946:
6870:South African Journal of Science
6781:
6575:
6469:
6465:from the original on 2014-01-03.
6451:
6379:
6364:
6355:
6276:
6261:
6225:Coogan, Michael (October 2010).
5175:Weissmann, Jordan (2018-05-04).
4102:from the original on 2020-10-02.
3228:Hennigh, Lawrence (1970-01-01).
2827:Genetic and neuroendocrine bases
2722:
2490:
2225:
1369:
689:
40:
8201:
7975:from the original on 2014-11-08
7899:from the original on 2012-10-18
7704:Angier, Natalie (1990-08-21). "
7123:. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co.
7005:from the original on 2020-08-06
6883:from the original on 2020-10-02
6685:American Journal of Primatology
6563:from the original on 2016-04-09
6536:from the original on 2020-10-02
6490:from the original on 2017-08-29
6321:from the original on 2019-05-22
6159:
6074:
6062:
6046:
6021:
5996:
5939:
5914:
5798:
5767:
5742:
5707:
5639:
5565:
5472:
5370:
5288:
5277:from the original on 2020-01-01
5228:
5217:from the original on 2020-02-01
5198:
5187:from the original on 2018-05-06
5168:
5133:
5053:from the original on 2020-10-02
4969:
4958:from the original on 2018-07-13
4935:
4920:
4905:
4890:
4876:
4861:
4440:
4391:
4348:
4264:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4215:"Surnames and the Y chromosome"
4206:
4030:
3946:
3892:from the original on 2010-03-14
3878:
3737:
3522:
3507:
3457:
3207:. University Press of Florida.
3038:from the original on 2016-06-03
2524:United Nations General Assembly
2446:Ancient Greece and ancient Rome
2193:Ancient Mesopotamia and Assyria
1901:with levels closer to those of
1615:Distribution of social monogamy
1599:Bronze sculpture of an elderly
10987:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
7620:(London: Sage, 2001), 123–27.
5753:. Princeton University Press.
5297:"Monogamy and Human Evolution"
3221:
3196:
3164:
3113:
3094:
2515:is illegal in most countries.
2386:50:1; 54:6-7; 62:4-5; Ez 16).
1741:Prevalence of genetic monogamy
1679:Standard Cross-Cultural Sample
1559:upon the death of the partner"
1457:
13:
1:
10596:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
9673:Social construction of gender
8266:Private Life in Ancient Egypt
7961:Wade, Nicholas (2005-06-10).
7739:10.1126/science.281.5385.1982
6167:Private Life in Ancient Egypt
6150:Private Life in Ancient Egypt
4562:10.1016/S0376-6357(00)00118-2
3967:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.11.013
3886:"HRC | Equally Speaking"
3746:Sampling: Design and Analysis
3103:"Seven Forms of Non-Monogamy"
2999:in Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2942:
2729:Monogamous pairing in animals
1669:Prevalence of sexual monogamy
937:Household forms and residence
9658:Sex as a biological variable
7885:Graham, Sarah (2004-06-17).
7438:Griswold, Robert L. (1983).
7326:Starks P, Blackie C (2000).
6968:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80217-7
6602:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90002-X
6304:10.1016/j.hisfam.2009.06.001
6028:Diep, Francie (2017-06-14).
5749:Low, Bobbi S. (2015-01-04).
5572:Booth, Hannah (2017-04-01).
5532:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008293
5485:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5205:Douthat, Ross (2018-05-02).
5115:Evolution and Human Behavior
5037:10.1016/0162-3095(92)90009-S
4522:10.1126/science.211.4480.341
4170:J Epidemiol Community Health
4037:Anderson, Kermyt G. (2006).
3924:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91513-T
3465:"Kaszubski square in Gdynia"
3205:Cultures of Multiple Fathers
3181:10.5040/9781350042162.ch-001
3128:(11). Elsevier BV: 600–606.
3018:"Monogamy: past and present"
3016:Reichard, Ulrich H. (2003).
2083:Make Way for the Winged Eros
1002:Classificatory terminologies
7:
9939:Child-on-child sexual abuse
7161:Mulder M, Mulder B (2009).
7058:Canadian Journal of Zoology
6864:Richardson, P.R.K. (1987).
5817:(3). Elsevier BV: 353–363.
5295:Zimmer, Carl (2013-08-02).
4213:Sykes, B; Irven, C (2000).
3490:Ethnographic Atlas Codebook
3467:(in Polish). Archived from
2893:
2733:Monogamy is one of several
2354:'s father. The wisdom e.g.
2327:1:6), which conformed with
2279:2) and the last chapter of
2257:Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
1875:, the sexual dimorphism of
27:Form of dyadic relationship
10:
11054:
9573:Androphilia and gynephilia
7254:Review of Economic Studies
6749:Callithrix jacchus jacchus
6003:O, Cathleen (2015-03-24).
5921:Sample, Ian (2014-09-24).
5823:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.029
5683:10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.005
5597:Keinan A, Reich D (2010).
5092:10.1177/036319909602000204
4661:Australopithecus afarensis
3518:. Oxford: Berg. p. 5.
3142:10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.001
2798:
2726:
2689:
2640:Reichard, 2003, (p. 4)
2541:
2538:People's Republic of China
1878:Australopithecus afarensis
1523:biological anthropologists
29:
11000:
10969:
10949:
10886:
10833:
10781:
10758:
10706:
10666:
10620:
10561:
10552:
10509:
10447:
10421:
10213:
10104:
10046:
9991:
9929:
9889:
9731:
9625:
9555:
9519:
9416:
9383:
9370:
9173:
9041:
9030:
8904:
8858:
8639:
7179:10.1007/s12110-009-9060-x
6799:Tulane Studies in Zoology
5250:10.1515/9781618111449-019
5080:Journal of Family History
4870:"7 Oldest African Tribes"
4769:Ash P, Robinson D (2010)
4086:Gilding, Michael (2005).
3842:10.1080/00224499709551881
3731:10.1080/00224499709551881
3435:10.1007/s00239-003-2458-x
3331:10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x
3171:Schacht, Ryan N. (2013),
2587:
2567:repression of the other.
32:Monogamy (disambiguation)
9121:Non-binary / genderqueer
7817:10.1016/j.pt.2008.05.009
6987:. In Black, J.M. (ed.).
5399:10.1177/1745691614561683
4990:10.1177/1069397110383947
4667:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
4182:10.1136/jech.2005.036517
4127:10.1177/0038038508099102
4006:10.1136/jech.2005.036517
3636:Health Transition Review
2980:; The same text repeats
2916:Polygamy in Christianity
2710:Similarity with polygamy
2245:Instruction of Ptahhotep
1920:species emerged, is the
1633:; 588 had more frequent
9683:Transgender archaeology
8871:Physical attractiveness
8593:Web MD page on Monogamy
8324:Love and Responsibility
8074:10.3389/fevo.2018.00202
8023:10.1073/pnas.0602380103
7939:10.1126/science.1111427
7652:Reichard, U.H. (2002).
7535:2nd edition, April 2006
6824:10.1163/156853983X00390
6795:: a preliminary report"
6739:10.1093/beheco/12.4.457
6119:; Cf. Martha T. Roth,
5776:SSRN Electronic Journal
5147:Love and Responsibility
5140:Wojtyla, Karol (1981).
4978:Cross-Cultural Research
4942:Roes, Frans L. (1992).
4804:10.1002/ajpa.1330870404
4688:10.1073/pnas.1133180100
3830:Journal of Sex Research
3748:. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
3719:Journal of Sex Research
3299:10.3389/fevo.2019.00230
2883:intracerebroventricular
2053:Love and Responsibility
1992:Woman farming, using a
1769:, and among the native
1732:has stated, based on a
10584:Chinese ghost marriage
9678:Split attraction model
9663:Sex–gender distinction
8912:Human female sexuality
8845:Split attraction model
8726:Committed relationship
8135:10.1098/rstb.2006.1939
7782:10.1006/anbe.2003.2200
7667:: 62–7. Archived from
7406:at Trivia-Library.com.
7344:10.1098/rspb.2000.1136
7035:10.1098/rspb.1998.0308
6427:10.1098/rstb.2011.0290
6069:The Ethnographic Atlas
5881:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13
5868:Investigative Genetics
4847:10.1006/jhev.1996.0096
4659:"Sexual dimorphism in
4621:10.1098/rstb.2011.0290
4324:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898
2637:
2585:
2573:
2486:Contemporary societies
2481:
2421:
2012:extra-pair copulations
2001:
1942:
1939:Les très riches heures
1864:
1825:
1726:San Francisco Bay Area
1724:male couples from the
1649:monogamous marriage.)
1611:
1585:plausible explanations
1312:"The Traffic in Women"
1145:Coming of Age in Samoa
9871:Sex-positive movement
9866:Sex-positive feminism
9790:Obesity and sexuality
9653:Queer heterosexuality
8962:Sex-positive movement
8957:Sex-positive feminism
8942:Sex Addicts Anonymous
8815:Queer heterosexuality
8258:Encyclopaedia Judaica
8249:Encyclopaedia Judaica
8228:John Paul II (2006).
7637:Simpson, Bob (1998).
7377:Psychological Reports
7266:10.1093/restud/rdv001
7234:10.1093/beheco/arq078
7119:Ridley, Matt (1994).
6586:Meriones unguiculatus
6292:History of the Family
6283:Scheidel, W. (2009).
6212:Encyclopaedia Judaica
6194:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5964:10.1101/gr.186684.114
5615:10.1093/molbev/msq117
5451:. Scarborough House.
5355:10.1093/molbev/msh214
4276:10.1093/molbev/msp022
2748:DNA paternity testing
2702:The Paradox of Choice
2628:
2619:extra-pair copulation
2581:
2564:
2476:
2474:gift to one another:
2413:
2315:4:20–5:5, one of the
2090:Prehistoric societies
2033:industrial revolution
1991:
1936:
1862:
1816:
1730:Human Rights Campaign
1598:
1527:behavioral ecologists
1328:Cultural anthropology
1288:Feminist anthropology
1080:Australian Aboriginal
465:Emotions and feelings
9956:Cybersex trafficking
9741:Adolescent sexuality
9633:Anti-gender movement
9608:Romantic orientation
8917:Human male sexuality
8808:Romantic orientation
8576:The Myth of Monogamy
7054:Microtus ochrogaster
6789:Mason, W.A. (1966).
5784:10.2139/ssrn.1214729
5321:Goody, Jack (1976).
4927:Goody, Jack (1976).
4912:Goody, Jack (1976).
4897:Goody, Jack (1976).
4046:Current Anthropology
3744:Lohr, S. L. (2019).
2877:Microtus ochrogaster
2795:Evolution in animals
2681:Reproductive success
2608:Varieties in biology
2526:in 1979 adopted the
2430:A synod convened by
2285:Second Temple period
1840:reproductive success
1829:Biological arguments
1797:Native American and
1474:("one"), and γάμος,
1219:Bronisław Malinowski
30:For other uses, see
10825:Royal intermarriage
10527:Mystery of Crowning
9876:Sex workers' rights
9856:Reproductive rights
9385:Sexual orientations
9116:Masculine of center
8694:Casual relationship
8642:Sexual relationship
8429:10.1038/nature02539
8421:2004Natur.429..754L
8129:(1476): 2187–2198.
8014:2006PNAS..10310956F
8008:(29): 10956–10960.
7931:2005Sci...308.1630H
7892:Scientific American
7863:10.1038/nature02539
7855:2004Natur.429..754L
7733:(5385): 1982–1983.
7661:Max Planck Research
7572:Social Anthropology
7522:Timothy J. Owston,
7338:(1449): 1259–1263.
6849:1995Ethol.100...99R
6652:American Naturalist
6476:Engels, Friedrich.
6375:. pp. 132–133.
6174:. pp. 371–375.
6071:, George P. Murdock
5675:2009TEcoE..24..297B
4886:. 6 September 2017.
4839:1997JHumE..32..345P
4792:Am J Phys Anthropol
4725:Am J Phys Anthropol
4679:2003PNAS..100.9404R
4514:1981Sci...211..341L
3543:Divale, W. (2000).
3529:Fox, Robin (1997).
3417:2003JMolE..57...85D
3247:10.14430/arctic3151
3134:2014TEcoE..29..600K
2936:The seven-year itch
2809:Schistosoma mansoni
2633:monogamous marriage
2269:ancient Middle East
2153:, India and China.
2079:Alexandra Kollontai
1747:extrapair paternity
1591:Frequency in humans
1324:Social anthropology
1214:Claude Lévi-Strauss
997:Kinship terminology
820:Joking relationship
815:Posthumous marriage
619:Narcissistic parent
18:Monogamous marriage
10691:Marriage allowance
10321:Widow conservation
10098:Types of marriages
9944:Child sexual abuse
9916:Child prostitution
9861:Right to sexuality
9506:Same gender loving
9417:Alternative labels
8977:Stanley v. Georgia
8922:Right to sexuality
8891:Sexual frustration
8830:Sexual orientation
8586:2016-05-30 at the
8554:2016-03-22 at the
8534:2018-07-13 at the
7968:The New York Times
7711:2017-03-14 at the
7531:2008-12-19 at the
7423:2008-11-07 at the
7401:2008-07-06 at the
6765:10.1007/BF02735575
6726:Behavioral Ecology
6635:10.1007/BF00302936
6514:2016-03-16 at the
6507:Cheng, C. (1991).
6392:2020-10-02 at the
6348:2013-10-19 at the
6127:2018-07-13 at the
5301:The New York Times
5211:The New York Times
5016:Betzig L. (1992).
4776:2019-05-23 at the
4737:10.1002/ajpa.20745
4603:Henrich J (2012).
4318:(1803): 20142898.
3814:2019-05-22 at the
3783:2020-10-02 at the
3704:Chapel Hill, 2002.
3550:2008-12-17 at the
3502:Ethnographic Atlas
3496:2012-11-18 at the
3087:2018-07-13 at the
2995:2015-06-23 at the
2960:Cf. "Monogamy" in
2931:Sexual intercourse
2704:: Why More is Less
2454:Early Christianity
2249:Instruction of Any
2240:Nineteenth Dynasty
2097:Cultural arguments
2065:personalistic norm
2002:
1953:Ethnographic Atlas
1943:
1929:Cultural arguments
1865:
1856:20,000 years ago.
1826:
1622:Ethnographic Atlas
1612:
1549:classical monogamy
1444:behavioral ecology
1254:David M. Schneider
1100:Polyandry in Tibet
437:marital separation
11020:
11019:
10754:
10753:
10741:Mixed-orientation
10591:Widow inheritance
10270:Marriage in Islam
10260:Clerical marriage
10064:
10063:
9921:Child sex tourism
9904:Child pornography
9691:
9690:
9638:Gender assignment
9621:
9620:
9366:
9365:
9106:Gender neutrality
8985:
8984:
8967:Sexual revolution
8876:Sexual attraction
8825:Sexual abstinence
8714:Celibacy syndrome
8559:(February 2016),
8546:Gabbatiss, Josh.
8512:10.1159/000153406
8490:978-0-14-200007-6
8338:978-0-89870-445-7
8305:978-0-684-19720-3
8281:978-0-684-19720-3
8264:Pinch Geraldine,
8239:978-0-8198-7421-4
8220:978-0-232-51219-9
8190:978-953-51-0740-8
7994:Fink, S. (2006).
7556:978-1-84520-220-0
7449:978-0-87395-634-5
7105:978-0-521-52577-0
7029:(1394): 397–407.
6793:Callicebus moloch
6341:Walter Scheidel,
6272:. pp. 24–26.
6244:978-0-446-54525-9
6165:Pinch Geraldine,
5760:978-0-691-16388-8
5492:978-1-882289-33-2
5458:978-0-8128-6286-7
5161:978-0-89870-445-7
4673:(16): 9404–9409.
4615:(1589): 657–669.
4508:(4480): 341–350.
4369:10.1159/000067666
3918:(8771): 869–871.
3286:Front. Ecol. Evol
3031:978-0-521-52577-0
2817:placental mammals
2768:Malurus splendens
2464:Gospel of Matthew
2432:Gershom ben Judah
2313:Damascus Document
2253:Lady of the house
2211:Code of Hammurabi
2136:Ancient societies
1869:sexual dimorphism
1853:Paleoanthropology
1734:Rockway Institute
1627:George P. Murdock
1619:According to the
1539:social scientists
1466:derives from the
1362:
1361:
1259:Marilyn Strathern
1239:Stephen O. Murray
1153:
1152:
1060:
1059:
978:
977:
932:
931:
667:
666:
624:Power and control
348:
347:
344:
343:
216:Significant other
196:Mixed-orientation
56:
16:(Redirected from
11045:
11008:
11007:
10982:Mail-order bride
10559:
10558:
10429:Marriageable age
10243:Eastern Orthodox
10091:
10084:
10077:
10068:
10067:
10054:
10053:
9718:
9711:
9704:
9695:
9694:
9481:Non-heterosexual
9381:
9380:
9039:
9038:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8989:
8988:
8972:Sexual surrogate
8932:Sexual addiction
8731:Conventional sex
8622:
8615:
8608:
8599:
8598:
8526:Roth, Martha T.
8523:
8494:
8482:
8448:
8403:
8342:
8309:
8285:
8261:
8252:
8243:
8224:
8195:
8194:
8174:
8165:
8164:
8154:
8114:
8105:
8104:
8094:
8076:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8035:
8025:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7958:
7925:(5728): 1630–4.
7914:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7882:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7805:Trends Parasitol
7800:
7794:
7793:
7770:Animal Behaviour
7765:
7759:
7758:
7722:
7716:
7702:
7696:
7693:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7673:
7658:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7634:
7628:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7549:. Oxford: Berg.
7542:
7536:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7487:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7435:
7429:
7413:
7407:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7355:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7277:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7212:
7201:
7200:
7190:
7158:
7152:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7091:
7076:
7073:
7048:
7046:
7013:
7011:
7010:
6979:
6956:Animal Behaviour
6950:
6944:
6941:
6920:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6882:
6860:
6827:
6806:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6743:
6741:
6716:
6681:Tarsius spectrum
6675:
6646:
6619:Marmota caligata
6613:
6590:Animal Behaviour
6579:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6525:
6519:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6489:
6482:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6438:
6421:(1589): 657–69.
6406:
6397:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6353:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6320:
6289:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6232:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6207:
6198:
6197:
6189:
6176:
6175:
6163:
6157:
6146:
6137:
6101:
6092:
6080:Cf. R. de Vaux,
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6034:Pacific Standard
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5983:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5883:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5842:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5728:10.1037/h0099346
5711:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5663:Trends Ecol Evol
5654:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5626:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5534:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5379:Overall, Nickola
5374:
5368:
5367:
5357:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5243:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5075:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5031:(5–6): 351–383.
5022:
5018:"Roman Monogamy"
5013:
5002:
5001:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4884:"The San people"
4880:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4787:
4781:
4767:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4690:
4654:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4545:
4534:
4533:
4497:
4488:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4287:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4225:(4): 1417–1419.
4210:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4161:
4152:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4092:People and Place
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4068:. Archived from
4043:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4017:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3955:Animal Behaviour
3950:
3944:
3943:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3862:. 16 July 2010.
3852:
3846:
3845:
3825:
3819:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3561:
3555:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3428:
3396:
3379:
3378:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3277:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:Psychology Today
3098:
3092:
3080:Low B.S. (2003)
3078:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3013:
3000:
2958:
2906:Amatonormativity
2641:
2596:has adopted the
2554:Friedrich Engels
2548:The founders of
2317:Dead Sea Scrolls
2157:Tribal societies
2016:Christian Church
2000:, southern Sudan
1981:. Close family (
1819:New Zealand kaka
1771:Yanomami Indians
1683:extramarital sex
1675:extramarital sex
1507:marital monogamy
1483:genetic monogamy
1448:sexual selection
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1272:Related articles
1244:Michelle Rosaldo
1073:
1072:
991:
990:
859:
858:
846:
704:
703:
693:
681:Anthropology of
669:
668:
659:
652:
645:
210:
209:
67:
66:
50:
44:
37:
36:
21:
11053:
11052:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11044:
11043:
11042:
11038:Sexual fidelity
11023:
11022:
11021:
11016:
10996:
10965:
10945:
10882:
10829:
10777:
10750:
10702:
10662:
10616:
10554:
10548:
10505:
10457:Sister exchange
10443:
10417:
10209:
10149:Serial monogamy
10105:Legal scenarios
10100:
10095:
10065:
10060:
10056:Topical outline
10042:
9987:
9978:Sex trafficking
9925:
9891:Child sexuality
9885:
9795:Objectification
9733:Human sexuality
9727:
9722:
9692:
9687:
9617:
9568:Analloeroticism
9551:
9547:Heterosociality
9515:
9412:
9375:
9373:
9362:
9177:
9169:
9111:Gender variance
9101:Gender fluidity
9033:
9026:
9016:
8986:
8981:
8947:Sexual jealousy
8900:
8859:Sexual dynamics
8854:
8781:One-night stand
8756:Heterosexuality
8663:Gray asexuality
8646:
8644:
8635:
8629:Human sexuality
8626:
8588:Wayback Machine
8572:
8567:
8556:Wayback Machine
8536:Wayback Machine
8491:
8415:(6993): 754–7.
8350:
8348:Further reading
8345:
8339:
8306:
8282:
8255:
8246:
8240:
8221:
8204:
8199:
8198:
8191:
8175:
8168:
8115:
8108:
8053:
8049:
7992:
7988:
7978:
7976:
7915:
7911:
7902:
7900:
7849:(6993): 754–7.
7836:
7832:
7801:
7797:
7766:
7762:
7723:
7719:
7713:Wayback Machine
7703:
7699:
7694:
7687:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7656:
7650:
7646:
7641:. Oxford: Berg.
7635:
7631:
7603:
7599:
7568:
7564:
7557:
7543:
7539:
7533:Wayback Machine
7521:
7517:
7485:10.2307/2061160
7464:Goldman, Noreen
7461:
7457:
7450:
7436:
7432:
7425:Wayback Machine
7414:
7410:
7403:Wayback Machine
7392:
7388:
7373:
7369:
7324:
7320:
7299:
7295:
7246:
7242:
7213:
7204:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7146:
7131:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7092:
7079:
7070:10.1139/z04-142
7064:(10): 1667–71.
7008:
7006:
6999:
6951:
6947:
6909:10.2307/1368407
6886:
6884:
6880:
6786:
6782:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6537:
6532:. 4 June 2004.
6528:
6526:
6522:
6516:Wayback Machine
6506:
6502:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6474:
6470:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6407:
6400:
6394:Wayback Machine
6384:
6380:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6350:Wayback Machine
6340:
6333:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6266:
6262:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6208:
6201:
6191:
6190:
6179:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6147:
6140:
6129:Wayback Machine
6102:
6095:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6051:
6047:
6038:
6036:
6026:
6022:
6013:
6011:
6001:
5997:
5952:Genome Research
5944:
5940:
5931:
5929:
5919:
5915:
5860:
5856:
5803:
5799:
5778:. Elsevier BV.
5772:
5768:
5761:
5751:Why Sex Matters
5747:
5743:
5712:
5708:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5640:
5609:(10): 2312–21.
5595:
5591:
5582:
5580:
5570:
5566:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5443:Tennov, Dorothy
5440:
5436:
5427:
5425:
5375:
5371:
5348:(11): 2047–57.
5334:
5330:
5319:
5315:
5306:
5304:
5293:
5289:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5260:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5218:
5203:
5199:
5190:
5188:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5138:
5134:
5111:
5107:
5076:
5065:
5056:
5054:
5025:Ethol Sociobiol
5020:
5014:
5005:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4959:
4940:
4936:
4925:
4921:
4910:
4906:
4895:
4891:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4866:
4862:
4823:
4819:
4788:
4784:
4778:Wayback Machine
4768:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4721:
4714:
4655:
4646:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4550:Behav Processes
4546:
4537:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4445:
4441:
4396:
4392:
4353:
4349:
4304:
4300:
4270:(5): 1093–102,
4260:
4256:
4211:
4207:
4162:
4155:
4146:
4142:
4111:
4107:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4041:
4035:
4031:
3986:
3982:
3951:
3947:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3826:
3822:
3816:Wayback Machine
3806:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3785:Wayback Machine
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3742:
3738:
3715:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3675:10.2307/3583130
3659:
3655:
3632:
3628:
3613:10.2307/2673807
3597:
3593:
3578:10.2307/3772907
3562:
3558:
3552:Wayback Machine
3542:
3538:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3508:
3498:Wayback Machine
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3426:10.1.1.454.1662
3397:
3382:
3311:
3307:
3278:
3263:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3169:
3165:
3118:
3114:
3099:
3095:
3089:Wayback Machine
3079:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3014:
3003:
2997:Wayback Machine
2959:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2896:
2829:
2803:
2797:
2774:Malurus cyaneus
2731:
2725:
2712:
2692:
2683:
2663:
2661:Serial monogamy
2643:
2639:
2610:
2602:Maputo Protocol
2590:
2546:
2540:
2493:
2488:
2456:
2448:
2344:Books of Samuel
2265:
2236:Middle Kingdoms
2228:
2217:. According to
2195:
2159:
2138:
2092:
2045:
2007:Augustus Caesar
1969:on the work of
1960:societies from
1946:anthropologist
1931:
1909:. Furthermore,
1831:
1811:
1743:
1671:
1617:
1593:
1564:serial monogamy
1535:anthropologists
1500:social monogamy
1493:sexual monogamy
1460:
1428:serial monogamy
1420:two individuals
1408:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1278:Alliance theory
1273:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1234:Lewis H. Morgan
1229:Henrietta Moore
1209:Eleanor Leacock
1204:Louise Lamphere
1199:Roger Lancaster
1174:Tom Boellstorff
1163:
1162:Major theorists
1155:
1154:
1131:
1108:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1049:Dravidian
988:
980:
979:
959:
844:Nurture kinship
834:
800:Cousin marriage
701:
663:
634:
633:
594:
584:
583:
569:Sexual activity
532:
524:
523:
467:
457:
456:
423:
415:
414:
358:
350:
349:
340:
316:
302:Mutual monogamy
183:
162:
64:
49:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11051:
11041:
11040:
11035:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10973:
10971:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10955:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10943:
10942:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10916:
10911:
10910:
10909:
10899:
10893:
10891:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10839:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10808:
10806:Middle Eastern
10798:
10787:
10785:
10779:
10778:
10776:
10775:
10770:
10764:
10762:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10710:
10708:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10678:
10672:
10670:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10624:
10622:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10598:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10565:
10563:
10556:
10553:Circumstantial
10550:
10549:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10544:
10539:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10482:
10481:
10474:
10464:
10459:
10453:
10451:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10425:
10423:
10419:
10418:
10416:
10415:
10408:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10368:
10361:
10354:
10347:
10340:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10302:
10301:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10262:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10239:
10238:
10223:
10217:
10215:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10190:
10189:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10141:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10129:
10119:
10114:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10101:
10094:
10093:
10086:
10079:
10071:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10047:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10029:
10028:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10002:
10000:
9993:Age of consent
9989:
9988:
9986:
9985:
9983:Sexual slavery
9980:
9975:
9974:
9973:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9941:
9935:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9901:
9899:Child marriage
9895:
9893:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9829:
9828:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9776:
9775:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9749:
9748:
9737:
9735:
9729:
9728:
9721:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9698:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9629:
9627:
9623:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9598:Plurisexuality
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9559:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9527:Sociosexuality
9523:
9521:
9520:Social aspects
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9466:Heteroflexible
9463:
9462:
9461:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9420:
9418:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9389:
9387:
9378:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9348:Vakasalewalewa
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9181:
9179:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9140:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9047:
9045:
9036:
9028:
9027:
9015:
9014:
9007:
9000:
8992:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8908:
8906:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8896:Sociosexuality
8893:
8888:
8883:
8881:Sexual capital
8878:
8873:
8868:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8835:Sexual partner
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8766:Hypersexuality
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8673:Fictosexuality
8670:
8655:
8649:
8647:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8625:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8590:
8578:
8571:
8570:External links
8568:
8566:
8565:
8544:
8524:
8495:
8489:
8472:
8449:
8404:
8384:10.1086/409721
8367:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8337:
8315:Wojtyła, Karol
8311:
8304:
8286:
8280:
8262:
8253:
8244:
8238:
8225:
8219:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8189:
8183:. IntechOpen.
8166:
8106:
8047:
7986:
7959:Summarized in
7909:
7883:Referenced in
7830:
7795:
7776:(2): 281–291.
7760:
7717:
7697:
7685:
7674:on 14 May 2011
7644:
7629:
7597:
7578:(4): 510–511.
7562:
7555:
7537:
7515:
7478:(3): 297–307.
7455:
7448:
7430:
7408:
7386:
7367:
7318:
7293:
7260:(2): 565–607.
7240:
7227:(5): 906–912.
7202:
7173:(2): 130–150.
7153:
7144:
7129:
7111:
7104:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7049:
7014:
6997:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6921:
6892:
6861:
6828:
6818:(3): 250–294.
6780:
6778:
6777:
6759:(5): 533–550.
6744:
6717:
6676:
6664:10.1086/283751
6658:(5): 665–675.
6647:
6629:(3): 187–193.
6614:
6574:
6547:
6520:
6500:
6468:
6450:
6398:
6378:
6371:John Paul II.
6363:
6354:
6331:
6275:
6260:
6243:
6217:
6199:
6177:
6158:
6138:
6093:
6073:
6061:
6045:
6020:
5995:
5938:
5913:
5854:
5797:
5766:
5759:
5741:
5706:
5669:(6): 297–304.
5649:
5638:
5589:
5564:
5505:
5491:
5471:
5457:
5434:
5381:(2015-01-01).
5369:
5328:
5313:
5287:
5258:
5227:
5197:
5167:
5160:
5132:
5105:
5086:(2): 181–216.
5063:
5003:
4968:
4934:
4919:
4904:
4889:
4875:
4860:
4833:(4): 345–374.
4817:
4798:(4): 407–431.
4782:
4759:
4750:
4731:(3): 311–328.
4712:
4644:
4595:
4583:
4556:(1–3): 45–61.
4535:
4489:
4480:
4459:(2): 241–262.
4453:Am J Hum Genet
4439:
4416:10.1086/301904
4410:(1): 259–266.
4404:Am J Hum Genet
4390:
4357:Human Heredity
4347:
4298:
4254:
4231:10.1086/302850
4219:Am J Hum Genet
4205:
4153:
4140:
4105:
4078:
4075:on 2006-08-30.
4058:10.1086/504167
4029:
4000:(9): 749–754.
3980:
3961:(2): 297–302.
3945:
3902:
3877:
3847:
3836:(2): 167–174.
3820:
3800:
3789:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3736:
3725:(2): 167–174.
3706:
3696:
3653:
3642:(2): 111–125.
3626:
3591:
3572:(4): 329–369.
3556:
3536:
3521:
3506:
3481:
3456:
3380:
3305:
3261:
3220:
3213:
3195:
3189:
3163:
3112:
3093:
3048:
3030:
3001:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2852:microsatellite
2828:
2825:
2796:
2793:
2735:mating systems
2727:Main article:
2724:
2721:
2711:
2708:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2662:
2659:
2627:
2609:
2606:
2589:
2586:
2542:Main article:
2539:
2536:
2520:women's rights
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2388:Roland de Vaux
2372:Book of Tobias
2356:Book of Wisdom
2333:Michael Coogan
2264:
2263:Ancient Israel
2261:
2227:
2224:
2194:
2191:
2187:Pueblo Indians
2158:
2155:
2137:
2134:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2091:
2088:
2044:
2041:
1998:Nuba Mountains
1979:nuclear family
1930:
1927:
1830:
1827:
1810:
1807:
1763:United Kingdom
1742:
1739:
1670:
1667:
1616:
1613:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1517:For instance,
1515:
1514:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1459:
1456:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:W. D. Hamilton
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:Eskimo (Inuit)
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
976:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
957:
952:
947:
939:
938:
934:
933:
930:
929:
928:
927:
925:Patrilineality
922:
920:Matrilineality
917:
912:
904:
903:
899:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
855:
854:
850:
849:
848:
847:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
702:
700:Basic concepts
699:
698:
695:
694:
686:
685:
678:
677:
665:
664:
662:
661:
654:
647:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
555:
554:
549:
544:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
511:
510:
509:
504:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
430:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
386:
385:
383:Bachelor's Day
375:
370:
365:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
280:
279:
269:
268:
267:
266:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
192:
191:
189:Group marriage
182:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
161:
160:
155:
154:
153:
148:
137:
134:
133:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
107:
106:
101:
91:
86:
78:
77:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11050:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11013:
11012:
11003:
11002:
10999:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10968:
10962:
10961:
10960:Mariage blanc
10957:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10948:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10908:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10885:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10863:International
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10832:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10757:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10712:
10711:
10709:
10705:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10683:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10669:
10665:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10609:
10608:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10564:
10560:
10557:
10551:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10480:
10479:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10414:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10388:
10387:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10374:
10373:
10369:
10367:
10366:
10362:
10360:
10359:
10355:
10353:
10352:
10348:
10346:
10345:
10341:
10339:
10338:
10334:
10333:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10300:
10299:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10290:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10267:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10191:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10150:
10147:
10146:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10092:
10087:
10085:
10080:
10078:
10073:
10072:
10069:
10057:
10049:
10048:
10045:
10039:
10038:South America
10036:
10034:
10031:
10027:
10026:United States
10024:
10023:
10022:
10021:North America
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9950:
9947:
9946:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9928:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9830:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9785:Miscegenation
9783:
9781:
9778:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9747:
9746:Rainbow party
9744:
9743:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9725:Sexual ethics
9719:
9714:
9712:
9707:
9705:
9700:
9699:
9696:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9624:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9603:Postgenderism
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9593:Monosexuality
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9563:Allosexuality
9561:
9560:
9558:
9554:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9542:Homosociality
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9532:Antisexuality
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9419:
9415:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9369:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9205:Bugis genders
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9176:
9175:Third genders
9172:
9166:
9163:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9096:Gender bender
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9086:Cross-dresser
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9029:
9024:
9020:
9013:
9008:
9006:
9001:
8999:
8994:
8993:
8990:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8903:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8886:Sexual ethics
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8840:Single person
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8803:Romantic love
8801:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8761:Homosexuality
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8719:Herbivore men
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8680:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8668:Demisexuality
8666:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8618:
8616:
8611:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8557:
8553:
8550:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8506:(6): 377–89.
8505:
8501:
8496:
8492:
8486:
8481:
8480:
8473:
8470:
8469:0-521-52577-2
8466:
8462:
8461:0-521-81973-3
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8368:
8365:
8364:0-8050-7136-9
8361:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8340:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8288:Stol Marten:
8287:
8283:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8235:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8216:
8212:
8207:
8206:
8192:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8173:
8171:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8113:
8111:
8102:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8051:
8043:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7990:
7974:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7913:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7834:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7811:(9): 386–91.
7810:
7806:
7799:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7701:
7692:
7690:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7640:
7633:
7627:
7626:9780761971566
7623:
7619:
7615:
7614:9781786154521
7611:
7607:
7601:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7566:
7558:
7552:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7519:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7451:
7445:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7276:
7275:2078.1/110739
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7244:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7198:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7130:0-02-603340-2
7126:
7122:
7115:
7107:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7015:
7004:
7000:
6998:9780191590542
6994:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6843:(2): 99–112.
6842:
6838:
6834:
6833:Hylobates lar
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6794:
6784:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6732:(4): 457–66.
6731:
6727:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6691:(1): 89–101.
6690:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6504:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6403:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6385:MacDonald K.
6382:
6374:
6367:
6358:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6221:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6195:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6118:
6117:0-684-19720-0
6114:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6091:
6090:0-232-51219-1
6087:
6083:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6057:
6049:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5603:Mol Biol Evol
5600:
5593:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5519:PLOS Genetics
5516:
5509:
5494:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5475:
5460:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5342:Mol Biol Evol
5339:
5332:
5324:
5317:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5259:9781618111449
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5239:
5231:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5121:(2): 97–105.
5120:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5052:
5047:
5046:2027.42/29876
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4923:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4879:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4717:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:(2): 99–110.
4362:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4176:(9): 749–54.
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3471:on 2011-09-16
3470:
3466:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:(2): 149–72.
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3214:0-8130-2456-0
3210:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3190:9781350042162
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Paternal care
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Human bonding
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2888:neuropeptides
2884:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:woodland vole
2834:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2723:Mating system
2720:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:African Union
2584:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:International
2483:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2419:(Yevamot 65a)
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:Dead Sea Sect
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:. During the
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:Ancient Egypt
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:Karol Wojtyła
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1994:digging stick
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:Ester Boserup
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1935:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1779:South America
1776:
1775:Amazon forest
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:United States
1748:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1714:United States
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Côte d'Ivoire
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1610:
1609:United States
1606:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1366:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Margaret Mead
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:Gilbert Herdt
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:
984:
983:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
936:
935:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:Ambilineality
908:
907:
906:
905:
901:
900:
895:
892:
890:
889:House society
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
857:
856:
852:
851:
845:
841:
837:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
785:Bride service
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Consanguinity
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
697:
696:
692:
688:
687:
684:
680:
679:
675:
671:
670:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
640:
638:
637:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:
588:
587:
580:
577:
575:
574:Transgression
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
508:
507:Unconditional
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
461:
460:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
419:
418:
411:
408:
406:
405:Singles event
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
278:
274:
271:
270:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
247:
246:Queerplatonic
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:Open marriage
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:Relationships
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
11009:
10977:Dishu system
10958:
10888:
10843:Human–animal
10815:Same-surname
10605:
10476:
10410:
10384:
10377:
10370:
10363:
10356:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10316:Self-uniting
10296:
10280:Nikah mut'ah
10181:Nikah mut'ah
10143:
9931:Sexual abuse
9881:Survival sex
9844:Prostitution
9643:Gender roles
9588:Kinsey scale
9578:Aromanticism
9454:Gray asexual
9403:Heterosexual
9328:Sworn virgin
9298:Mukhannathun
9200:Binabinaaine
8709:Love shyness
8687:Pansexuality
8653:Aromanticism
8560:
8547:
8540:
8527:
8503:
8499:
8478:
8452:
8412:
8408:
8378:(1): 39–69.
8375:
8371:
8355:
8323:
8295:
8289:
8271:
8265:
8257:
8256:"Monogamy".
8248:
8247:"Marriage".
8229:
8210:
8202:Bibliography
8179:
8126:
8122:
8064:
8060:
8050:
8005:
7999:
7989:
7979:November 17,
7977:. Retrieved
7966:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7901:. Retrieved
7890:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7808:
7804:
7798:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7730:
7726:
7720:
7700:
7676:. Retrieved
7669:the original
7664:
7660:
7647:
7638:
7632:
7617:
7605:
7600:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7546:
7540:
7524:
7518:
7475:
7471:
7458:
7439:
7433:
7416:
7411:
7394:
7389:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7308:The Guardian
7306:
7296:
7257:
7253:
7243:
7224:
7220:
7170:
7167:Human Nature
7166:
7156:
7147:
7120:
7114:
7095:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7026:
7022:
7007:. Retrieved
6988:
6962:(3): 843–8.
6959:
6955:
6948:
6929:
6925:
6903:(1): 242–4.
6900:
6896:
6885:. Retrieved
6873:
6869:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6815:
6811:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6783:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6729:
6725:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6655:
6651:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6577:
6565:. Retrieved
6550:
6538:. Retrieved
6523:
6503:
6492:. Retrieved
6471:
6453:
6418:
6414:
6381:
6372:
6366:
6357:
6323:. Retrieved
6295:
6291:
6278:
6269:
6263:
6256:god and sex.
6255:
6248:. Retrieved
6228:
6220:
6211:
6210:"Marriage".
6193:
6192:"Monogamy".
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:, pp. 370–71
6153:
6149:
6133:
6120:
6108:
6104:
6081:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6055:
6048:
6037:. Retrieved
6033:
6023:
6012:. Retrieved
6009:Ars Technica
6008:
5998:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5930:. Retrieved
5927:the Guardian
5926:
5916:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5775:
5769:
5750:
5744:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5641:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5581:. Retrieved
5578:The Guardian
5577:
5567:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5496:. Retrieved
5481:
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5447:
5437:
5426:. Retrieved
5393:(1): 20–36.
5390:
5386:
5372:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5322:
5316:
5305:. Retrieved
5300:
5290:
5279:. Retrieved
5237:
5230:
5219:. Retrieved
5210:
5200:
5189:. Retrieved
5180:
5170:
5146:
5135:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5083:
5079:
5055:. Retrieved
5028:
5024:
4984:(1): 27–30.
4981:
4977:
4971:
4960:. Retrieved
4954:(1): 53–58.
4951:
4947:
4937:
4928:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4892:
4878:
4863:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4753:
4728:
4724:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4612:
4608:
4598:
4553:
4549:
4505:
4501:
4483:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4173:
4169:
4148:
4143:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4098:(12): 1–11.
4095:
4091:
4081:
4070:the original
4052:(3): 511–8.
4049:
4045:
4032:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3894:. Retrieved
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3859:
3850:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3803:
3792:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3722:
3718:
3699:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3489:
3484:
3473:. Retrieved
3469:the original
3459:
3411:(1): 85–97.
3408:
3404:
3322:
3319:Human Nature
3318:
3308:
3289:
3285:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3204:
3198:
3172:
3166:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3106:
3096:
3040:. Retrieved
3021:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2921:Pair bonding
2875:
2872:
2849:
2833:prairie vole
2830:
2820:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2713:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2547:
2517:
2494:
2482:
2477:
2457:
2449:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2337:
2266:
2252:
2229:
2219:Old Assyrian
2207:
2196:
2181:in northern
2160:
2147:Aztec Mexico
2139:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2101:
2093:
2082:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2046:
2021:
2003:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1918:Homo sapiens
1917:
1915:
1911:Homo habilis
1910:
1891:A. afarensis
1890:
1887:A. afarensis
1886:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1845:Homo sapiens
1843:
1832:
1823:Auckland Zoo
1803:
1795:
1786:illegitimacy
1783:
1744:
1719:
1711:
1688:
1672:
1651:
1646:
1637:; and 4 had
1620:
1618:
1581:
1577:
1563:
1548:
1543:
1530:
1516:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1432:non-monogamy
1416:relationship
1364:
1363:
1302:
1293:
1143:
1102: /
1069:Case studies
1050:
915:Unilineality
874:Matrilateral
867: /
842: /
838: /
830:Cohabitation
754:
735:Incest taboo
312:Polyfidelity
297:Non-monogamy
291:
241:Life partner
231:Cohabitation
10897:Concubinage
10868:Interracial
10858:Interethnic
10853:Inter-caste
10791:Consanguine
10719:Watta satta
10668:Convenience
10522:Handfasting
10311:Scientology
10285:Nikah 'urfi
10127:Nikah 'urfi
9805:Pornography
9800:Orientation
9501:Questioning
9374:orientation
9293:Mudoko dako
9253:Femminiello
9165:Transsexual
9143:Trans woman
9126:Transgender
8952:Sexual norm
8791:Promiscuity
8682:Bisexuality
6932:: 365–396.
6876:: 405–412.
4121:: 140–691.
3669:(2): 51–9.
3607:(1): 48–9.
2859:vasopressin
2841:meadow vole
2752:fluorescent
2507:(1955) and
2427:marriages.
2289:Elephantine
2143:Mesopotamia
2031:during the
1899:chimpanzees
1836:mate choice
1821:parrots at
1791:sociologist
1759:Switzerland
1458:Terminology
1424:partnership
1249:Gayle Rubin
987:Terminology
902:Linealities
780:Bride price
770:Concubinage
537:Bride price
395:Meet market
326:Concubinage
111:Grandparent
11027:Categories
10889:monogamous
10878:Morganatic
10873:Interfaith
10796:Avunculate
10768:Common-law
10686:Green card
10653:Tongyangxi
10569:Posthumous
10510:Ceremonial
10501:Tongyangxi
10358:Prajapatya
10161:Remarriage
9961:Harassment
9780:Infidelity
9537:Asociality
9491:Polysexual
9459:Demisexual
9429:Bi-curious
9408:Homosexual
9376:identities
9343:Two-spirit
9248:Fakafifine
9243:Fa'afafine
9185:Androgynos
9034:identities
9025:identities
8927:Sexecology
8699:Casual sex
8658:Asexuality
8500:Hum. Hered
8372:Q Rev Biol
7903:2020-06-08
7472:Demography
7383:: 719–722.
7221:Behav Ecol
7009:2017-03-10
6897:The Condor
6887:2020-10-02
6567:2016-03-06
6540:2016-03-06
6494:2018-09-13
6325:2018-07-13
6298:(3): 289.
6039:2023-06-30
6014:2023-06-30
5932:2023-06-30
5583:2023-06-28
5428:2023-06-28
5307:2023-06-28
5303:. New York
5281:2018-11-14
5221:2018-05-06
5191:2018-05-06
5057:2019-09-02
4962:2018-07-13
4827:J Hum Evol
3896:2010-10-03
3860:sfgate.com
3475:2011-11-02
3405:J Mol Evol
3042:2016-01-05
2986:OED Online
2943:References
2799:See also:
2788:Elacatinus
2783:Elacatinus
2331:approach.
2309:Pentateuch
2199:Babylonian
2185:, and the
2163:Andamanese
1948:Jack Goody
1922:San people
1903:orangutans
1817:A pair of
1799:Polynesian
1722:homosexual
1686:cultures.
1537:and other
1529:often use
1519:biologists
1509:refers to
1194:Don Kulick
1179:Jack Goody
1169:Diane Bell
1095:Philippine
971:Patrilocal
955:Matrilocal
950:Matrifocal
894:Avunculate
884:Collateral
579:Repression
564:Infidelity
477:Attachment
378:Engagement
357:Activities
251:Friendship
226:Girlfriend
204:Partner(s)
10934:Polyandry
10848:Hypergamy
10696:Predatory
10638:Hypergamy
10621:Financial
10537:Las Vegas
10517:Betrothal
10472:Abduction
10394:Ayyavazhi
10386:Paishacha
10365:Gandharva
10236:Josephite
10226:Christian
10214:Religious
10176:Hollywood
10171:Temporary
10122:Customary
9832:Pregnancy
9825:(women's)
9820:(lesbian)
9763:Fetishism
9758:Education
9511:Takatāpui
9486:Pansexual
9439:Ex-ex-gay
9278:Koekchuch
9258:Güevedoce
9178:and sexes
9148:Fakaleitī
9138:Trans man
9131:Akava'ine
9081:Cisgender
9071:Androgyne
8866:Hypergamy
8786:Polyamory
8741:Free love
8645:phenomena
8562:BBC Earth
8143:0962-8436
8083:2296-701X
7592:0964-0282
6812:Behaviour
6596:: 11–27.
6103:M. Stol:
5972:1088-9051
5890:2041-2223
5831:0002-9297
5792:1556-5068
5736:1933-5377
5541:1553-7404
5268:213927887
5100:220072319
4998:143952998
4135:145367552
4115:Sociology
3566:Ethnology
3421:CiteSeerX
3355:879353439
3347:1045-6767
3339:1936-4776
3256:1923-1245
3150:0169-5347
2623:offspring
2550:Communism
2513:Polyandry
2460:Pharisees
2440:Sephardic
2436:Ashkenazi
2297:Babylonia
2215:concubine
2197:Both the
2151:Inca Peru
2145:, Egypt,
2069:hypergamy
1659:Mauritius
1655:Caribbean
1639:polyandry
1601:Kashubian
1511:marriages
1487:paternity
1462:The word
1440:polyamory
1136:Sexuality
1051:(debated)
869:Bilateral
775:Polyandry
559:Hypergamy
531:Practices
519:Sexuality
492:Limerence
452:Widowhood
442:Annulment
368:Courtship
331:Courtesan
307:Polyamory
259:cross-sex
221:Boyfriend
172:Polyandry
11033:Monogamy
11011:Category
10939:Polygyny
10929:Polygamy
10820:Homogamy
10783:Endogamy
10760:De facto
10746:Sororate
10736:Sologamy
10714:Exchange
10676:Lavender
10601:Levirate
10449:Arranged
10379:Rakshasa
10292:Levirate
10231:Catholic
10198:Putative
10193:Voidable
10186:Wedlease
10166:Same-sex
10156:Marriage
10144:Monogamy
10117:Covenant
9837:Abortion
9753:Adultery
9648:Intersex
9626:See also
9613:Sapphism
9398:Bisexual
9358:X-gender
9333:Travesti
9308:Nádleehi
9221:Chibados
9153:Mak nyah
8905:See also
8850:Swinging
8820:Sex life
8776:Marriage
8746:Foreplay
8736:Flirting
8704:Celibacy
8633:sexology
8584:Archived
8552:Archived
8532:Archived
8437:15201909
8400:25675086
8317:(1981).
8161:17118932
8101:31840025
8042:16832060
7973:Archived
7955:18899853
7947:15947188
7897:Archived
7871:15201909
7825:18674968
7790:53176199
7755:31391458
7709:Archived
7678:24 April
7529:Archived
7525:Divorce.
7510:30103970
7466:(1984).
7421:Archived
7399:Archived
7362:10902693
7313:Archived
7288:Archived
7197:25526955
7139:28337617
7003:Archived
6976:53156057
6878:Archived
6837:Ethology
6773:36907987
6713:46636797
6705:10811442
6672:84172119
6643:36862635
6610:53152632
6561:Archived
6534:Archived
6512:Archived
6485:Archived
6463:Archived
6445:22271782
6390:Archived
6346:Archived
6316:Archived
6312:52211464
6125:Archived
5990:25770088
5908:25254093
5849:20188344
5701:19403194
5633:20453016
5559:31539367
5498:12 March
5464:12 March
5445:(1999).
5423:16530399
5415:25910380
5407:44281912
5364:15317874
5272:Archived
5215:Archived
5185:Archived
5051:Archived
4956:Archived
4774:Archived
4745:18044693
4707:12878734
4639:22271782
4578:26937001
4570:11074311
4530:17748254
4385:26992288
4377:12566741
4342:25694621
4294:19204044
4249:10739766
4200:16100312
4100:Archived
4066:56318457
4024:16100312
3975:52483925
3940:41787746
3890:Archived
3870:26 April
3864:Archived
3812:Archived
3781:Archived
3691:12476716
3648:10150513
3548:Archived
3494:Archived
3443:12962309
3375:Archived
3363:22688804
3158:25267298
3085:Archived
3036:Archived
2993:Archived
2990:Monogamy
2894:See also
2867:oxytocin
2863:dopamine
2716:polygamy
2671:polygyny
2562:(1884),
2511:(1963).
2503:(1953),
2499:(1880),
2472:personal
2417:kettubah
2411:states:
2400:baraitot
2397:and the
2364:Proverbs
2323:3:2,12;
2281:Proverbs
2203:Assyrian
2073:inceldom
2071:such as
2037:Ethiopia
1983:endogamy
1958:Eurasian
1907:gorillas
1883:hominids
1707:Zimbabwe
1695:Tanzania
1691:Thailand
1647:de facto
1643:polygamy
1635:polygyny
1631:polygyny
1573:polygamy
1557:celibate
1531:monogamy
1464:monogamy
1436:polygamy
1365:Monogamy
1113:Feminist
1104:in India
1044:Sudanese
1039:Hawaiian
1019:Iroquois
1010:By group
961:Neolocal
945:Extended
865:Cognatic
810:Sororate
805:Levirate
765:Polygamy
760:Polygyny
755:Monogamy
740:Endogamy
730:Marriage
720:Affinity
674:a series
672:Part of
629:Stalking
609:Domestic
502:Platonic
487:Jealousy
482:Intimacy
472:Affinity
336:Mistress
321:Cicisbeo
292:Monogamy
273:Intimate
255:romantic
236:Same-sex
177:Polygyny
167:Polygamy
131:marriage
75:adoptive
10992:Walking
10951:Sexless
10835:Exogamy
10773:Plaçage
10579:Germany
10532:Wedding
10496:Shotgun
10331:Vivaaha
10306:Natural
10265:Islamic
10132:Plaçage
10033:Oceania
9476:Lesbian
9471:Khanith
9449:Gay men
9393:Asexual
9323:Sipiniq
9283:Lhamana
9268:Kathoey
9215:Calalai
9212:Calabai
9158:Rae-rae
9043:Genders
8520:6585347
8445:4340500
8417:Bibcode
8329:211–216
8152:1764849
8092:6910656
8033:1544156
8010:Bibcode
7927:Bibcode
7919:Science
7879:4340500
7851:Bibcode
7747:9767050
7727:Science
7502:6479390
7494:2061160
7353:1690656
7284:8044548
7188:5486523
7044:1688905
6917:1368407
6845:Bibcode
6805:: 23–8.
6436:3260845
6136:(1989).
5981:4381518
5899:4174254
5840:2833377
5692:3096780
5671:Bibcode
5624:2944028
5550:6774570
5152:211–213
4855:9085186
4835:Bibcode
4812:1580350
4675:Bibcode
4630:3260845
4510:Bibcode
4502:Science
4475:6573130
4466:1685535
4434:9634505
4425:1377228
4333:4345458
4285:2668828
4240:1288207
4191:1733152
4015:1733152
3932:1681226
3683:3583130
3621:2673807
3586:3772907
3451:2673314
3413:Bibcode
3371:2008559
3130:Bibcode
2755:pigment
2696:divorce
2690:Breakup
2651:cohabit
2405:Yevamot
2395:Mishnah
2368:Qohelet
2303:of the
2301:Halakha
2293:Assyria
2183:Eurasia
2099:above.
2062:ethical
2025:England
1996:in the
1975:farming
1966:Ireland
1784:Covert
1703:Nigeria
1553:virgins
1470:μονός,
1434:(e.g.,
1414:) is a
1122:Chambri
1090:Chinese
1085:Burmese
966:Nuclear
853:Descent
836:Fictive
745:Exogamy
715:Lineage
683:kinship
614:Elderly
552:service
514:Passion
447:Divorce
428:Breakup
422:Endings
410:Wedding
400:Romance
363:Bonding
253: (
146:Husband
116:Sibling
84:Kinship
71:Genetic
53:Outline
10924:Bigamy
10919:Plural
10801:Cousin
10628:Boston
10607:Yibbum
10574:France
10478:Raptio
10467:Forced
10337:Brahma
10298:Yibbum
10275:Misyar
10253:Quaker
10248:Mormon
10221:Jewish
10016:Europe
10006:Africa
9997:reform
9768:Incest
9434:Ex-gay
9424:Banjee
9372:Sexual
9353:Winkte
9338:Tumtum
9318:Palopa
9231:Eunuch
9226:Enaree
9190:Apwint
9091:Femboy
9066:Female
9032:Gender
9023:sexual
9019:Gender
8796:Female
8543:(1989)
8518:
8487:
8467:
8459:
8443:
8435:
8409:Nature
8398:
8392:857268
8390:
8362:
8335:
8302:
8292:, in:
8278:
8236:
8217:
8187:
8159:
8149:
8141:
8099:
8089:
8081:
8040:
8030:
7953:
7945:
7877:
7869:
7842:Nature
7823:
7788:
7753:
7745:
7624:
7612:
7590:
7553:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7446:
7360:
7350:
7282:
7195:
7185:
7137:
7127:
7102:
7041:
6995:
6974:
6915:
6771:
6711:
6703:
6670:
6641:
6608:
6443:
6433:
6310:
6250:May 5,
6241:
6115:
6107:, in:
6088:
5988:
5978:
5970:
5906:
5896:
5888:
5847:
5837:
5829:
5790:
5757:
5734:
5699:
5689:
5631:
5621:
5557:
5547:
5539:
5489:
5455:
5421:
5413:
5405:
5362:
5266:
5256:
5158:
5098:
4996:
4853:
4810:
4743:
4705:
4698:170931
4695:
4637:
4627:
4576:
4568:
4528:
4473:
4463:
4432:
4422:
4383:
4375:
4340:
4330:
4292:
4282:
4247:
4237:
4198:
4188:
4133:
4064:
4022:
4012:
3973:
3938:
3930:
3912:Lancet
3689:
3681:
3646:
3619:
3584:
3449:
3441:
3423:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3254:
3234:Arctic
3211:
3187:
3156:
3148:
3028:
2972:person
2901:Affair
2865:, and
2750:or by
2588:Africa
2442:Jews.
2378:2:4f;
2360:Sirach
2352:Samuel
2340:Judges
2338:Under
2329:Jesus'
2255:. The
2029:Sweden
1895:humans
1873:et al.
1767:Mexico
1761:, the
1755:France
1677:. The
1663:Brazil
1605:Gdynia
1569:bigamy
1525:, and
1411:-ə-mee
879:Lineal
750:Moiety
710:Family
676:on the
604:Dating
390:Mating
373:Dating
287:Casual
277:sexual
141:Spouse
121:Cousin
104:mother
99:father
94:Parent
89:Family
10970:Other
10902:Group
10726:Heqin
10707:Other
10658:Trial
10643:Naked
10633:Flash
10562:Death
10555:basis
10542:Proxy
10486:Heqin
10462:Flash
10434:Child
10412:Manus
10404:Yogic
10399:Vedic
10372:Asura
10351:Arsha
10344:Daiva
10326:Hindu
10139:Fleet
10112:Civil
9815:(law)
9810:(gay)
9556:Other
9496:Queer
9313:Nullo
9273:Köçek
9263:Hijra
9236:Galli
9209:Bissu
9195:Bakla
9056:Woman
8441:S2CID
8396:S2CID
7951:S2CID
7875:S2CID
7786:S2CID
7751:S2CID
7672:(PDF)
7657:(PDF)
7506:S2CID
7490:JSTOR
7280:S2CID
6972:S2CID
6913:JSTOR
6881:(PDF)
6769:S2CID
6709:S2CID
6668:S2CID
6639:S2CID
6606:S2CID
6488:(PDF)
6481:(PDF)
6319:(PDF)
6308:S2CID
6288:(PDF)
5419:S2CID
5403:JSTOR
5275:(PDF)
5264:S2CID
5242:(PDF)
5181:Slate
5096:S2CID
5021:(PDF)
4994:S2CID
4574:S2CID
4381:S2CID
4131:S2CID
4073:(PDF)
4062:S2CID
4042:(PDF)
3971:S2CID
3936:S2CID
3679:JSTOR
3617:JSTOR
3582:JSTOR
3447:S2CID
3367:S2CID
3335:eISSN
2976:Zool.
2845:virus
2600:(the
2577:China
2509:Nepal
2505:India
2501:China
2497:Japan
2424:Roman
2409:amora
2382:2:2;
2348:Kings
2273:ethos
2171:Burma
2167:Karen
1962:Japan
1476:gamos
1472:monos
1468:Greek
1127:Mosuo
1029:Omaha
790:Dowry
599:Child
592:Abuse
547:dowry
542:dower
433:Legal
63:Types
10914:Open
10907:Line
10887:Non-
10731:Love
10681:Sham
10648:Peer
10491:Miai
10439:Teen
10203:Void
10011:Asia
9966:Rape
9303:Muxe
9288:Māhū
9061:Male
9021:and
8771:LGBT
8631:and
8516:PMID
8485:ISBN
8465:ISBN
8457:ISBN
8433:PMID
8388:PMID
8360:ISBN
8333:ISBN
8300:ISBN
8276:ISBN
8268:in:
8234:ISBN
8215:ISBN
8185:ISBN
8157:PMID
8139:ISSN
8097:PMID
8079:ISSN
8038:PMID
7981:2017
7943:PMID
7867:PMID
7821:PMID
7743:PMID
7680:2013
7622:ISBN
7610:ISBN
7588:ISSN
7551:ISBN
7498:PMID
7444:ISBN
7358:PMID
7193:PMID
7135:OCLC
7125:ISBN
7100:ISBN
7056:)".
6993:ISBN
6835:)".
6701:PMID
6621:)".
6441:PMID
6252:2011
6239:ISBN
6169:in:
6152:in:
6113:ISBN
6086:ISBN
5986:PMID
5968:ISSN
5904:PMID
5886:ISSN
5845:PMID
5827:ISSN
5788:ISSN
5755:ISBN
5732:ISSN
5697:PMID
5629:PMID
5555:PMID
5537:ISSN
5500:2011
5487:ISBN
5466:2011
5453:ISBN
5411:PMID
5360:PMID
5254:ISBN
5156:ISBN
4851:PMID
4808:PMID
4741:PMID
4703:PMID
4635:PMID
4566:PMID
4526:PMID
4471:PMID
4430:PMID
4373:PMID
4338:PMID
4290:PMID
4245:PMID
4196:PMID
4020:PMID
3928:PMID
3872:2018
3687:PMID
3644:PMID
3439:PMID
3359:PMID
3351:OCLC
3343:ISSN
3252:ISSN
3209:ISBN
3185:ISBN
3154:PMID
3146:ISSN
3026:ISBN
2968:rare
2831:The
2771:and
2592:The
2518:The
2468:love
2438:and
2393:The
2346:and
2321:1 Tm
2295:and
2234:and
2201:and
2177:and
2175:Sami
2058:love
2027:and
1905:and
1897:and
1697:and
1661:and
1452:mate
1446:and
1024:Crow
840:Milk
825:Clan
497:Love
275:and
263:zone
151:Wife
10422:Age
9971:law
9949:law
9909:law
9849:law
9773:law
9444:Gay
9076:Boi
9051:Man
8508:doi
8425:doi
8413:429
8380:doi
8147:PMC
8131:doi
8127:361
8087:PMC
8069:doi
8028:PMC
8018:doi
8006:103
7935:doi
7923:308
7859:doi
7847:429
7813:doi
7778:doi
7735:doi
7731:281
7580:doi
7480:doi
7348:PMC
7340:doi
7336:267
7270:hdl
7262:doi
7229:doi
7183:PMC
7175:doi
7066:doi
7039:PMC
7031:doi
7027:265
6964:doi
6934:doi
6905:doi
6853:doi
6841:100
6820:doi
6761:doi
6734:doi
6693:doi
6683:".
6660:doi
6656:117
6631:doi
6598:doi
6431:PMC
6423:doi
6419:367
6300:doi
5976:PMC
5960:doi
5894:PMC
5876:doi
5835:PMC
5819:doi
5780:doi
5724:doi
5687:PMC
5679:doi
5619:PMC
5611:doi
5545:PMC
5527:doi
5395:doi
5350:doi
5246:doi
5123:doi
5088:doi
5041:hdl
5033:doi
4986:doi
4843:doi
4800:doi
4733:doi
4729:135
4693:PMC
4683:doi
4671:100
4625:PMC
4617:doi
4613:367
4558:doi
4518:doi
4506:211
4461:PMC
4420:PMC
4412:doi
4365:doi
4328:PMC
4320:doi
4316:282
4280:PMC
4272:doi
4235:PMC
4227:doi
4186:PMC
4178:doi
4123:doi
4054:doi
4010:PMC
4002:doi
3963:doi
3920:doi
3916:338
3838:doi
3727:doi
3671:doi
3609:doi
3574:doi
3431:doi
3327:doi
3294:doi
3242:doi
3177:doi
3138:doi
2855:DNA
2847:.
2821:why
2380:Jer
2247:or
2232:Old
2179:Ket
2169:in
2081:in
1964:to
1777:in
1773:of
1625:by
1571:or
1438:or
1418:of
1409:NOG
1407:mə-
129:By
73:or
11029::
8514:.
8504:33
8502:.
8463:,
8439:.
8431:.
8423:.
8411:.
8394:.
8386:.
8376:52
8374:.
8331:.
8321:.
8169:^
8155:.
8145:.
8137:.
8125:.
8121:.
8109:^
8095:.
8085:.
8077:.
8067:.
8063:.
8059:.
8036:.
8026:.
8016:.
8004:.
7998:.
7971:.
7965:.
7949:.
7941:.
7933:.
7921:.
7895:.
7889:.
7873:.
7865:.
7857:.
7845:.
7819:.
7809:24
7807:.
7784:.
7774:66
7772:.
7749:.
7741:.
7729:.
7688:^
7663:.
7659:.
7586:.
7576:17
7574:.
7504:.
7496:.
7488:.
7476:21
7474:.
7470:.
7381:75
7379:.
7356:.
7346:.
7334:.
7330:.
7311:.
7305:.
7286:.
7278:.
7268:.
7258:82
7256:.
7252:.
7225:21
7223:.
7219:.
7205:^
7191:.
7181:.
7171:20
7169:.
7165:.
7133:.
7080:^
7062:82
7060:.
7037:.
7025:.
7021:.
7001:.
6970:.
6960:49
6958:.
6930:34
6928:.
6911:.
6901:92
6899:.
6874:83
6872:.
6868:.
6851:.
6839:.
6816:86
6814:.
6803:13
6801:.
6797:.
6767:.
6755:.
6730:12
6728:.
6724:.
6707:.
6699:.
6689:51
6687:.
6666:.
6654:.
6637:.
6625:.
6604:.
6594:37
6592:.
6559:.
6483:.
6461:.
6439:.
6429:.
6417:.
6413:.
6401:^
6334:^
6314:.
6306:.
6296:14
6294:.
6290:.
6254:.
6237:.
6235:78
6202:^
6180:^
6141:^
6096:^
6032:.
6007:.
5984:.
5974:.
5966:.
5956:25
5954:.
5950:.
5925:.
5902:.
5892:.
5884:.
5870:.
5866:.
5843:.
5833:.
5825:.
5815:86
5813:.
5809:.
5786:.
5730:.
5718:.
5695:.
5685:.
5677:.
5667:24
5665:.
5661:.
5627:.
5617:.
5607:27
5605:.
5601:.
5576:.
5553:.
5543:.
5535:.
5523:15
5521:.
5517:.
5417:.
5409:.
5401:.
5391:10
5389:.
5385:.
5358:.
5346:21
5344:.
5340:.
5299:.
5270:.
5262:.
5252:.
5213:.
5209:.
5183:.
5179:.
5154:.
5144:.
5119:32
5117:.
5094:.
5084:20
5082:.
5066:^
5049:.
5039:.
5029:13
5027:.
5023:.
5006:^
4992:.
4982:45
4980:.
4952:37
4950:.
4946:.
4849:.
4841:.
4831:32
4829:.
4806:.
4796:87
4794:.
4762:^
4739:.
4727:.
4715:^
4701:.
4691:.
4681:.
4669:.
4665:.
4647:^
4633:.
4623:.
4611:.
4607:.
4586:^
4572:.
4564:.
4554:51
4552:.
4538:^
4524:.
4516:.
4504:.
4492:^
4469:.
4457:35
4455:.
4451:.
4428:.
4418:.
4408:63
4406:.
4402:.
4379:.
4371:.
4361:54
4359:.
4336:.
4326:.
4314:.
4310:.
4288:,
4278:,
4268:26
4266:,
4243:.
4233:.
4223:66
4221:.
4217:.
4194:.
4184:.
4174:59
4172:.
4168:.
4156:^
4129:.
4119:43
4117:.
4096:13
4094:.
4090:.
4060:.
4050:48
4048:.
4044:.
4018:.
4008:.
3998:59
3996:.
3992:.
3969:.
3959:68
3957:.
3934:.
3926:.
3914:.
3888:.
3858:.
3834:34
3832:.
3723:34
3721:.
3709:^
3685:.
3677:.
3665:.
3638:.
3615:.
3605:27
3603:.
3580:.
3568:.
3445:.
3437:.
3429:.
3419:.
3409:57
3407:.
3403:.
3383:^
3373:.
3365:.
3357:.
3349:.
3341:.
3333:.
3323:23
3321:.
3317:.
3292:.
3288:.
3284:.
3264:^
3250:.
3238:23
3236:.
3232:.
3183:,
3152:.
3144:.
3136:.
3126:29
3124:.
3105:.
3051:^
3034:.
3004:^
2951:^
2890:.
2861:,
2384:Is
2376:Ho
2366:,
2362:,
2325:Tt
2277:Gn
2173:,
2165:,
2149:,
2075:.
1765:,
1757:,
1753:,
1693:,
1657:,
1521:,
261:/
257:/
10090:e
10083:t
10076:v
9999:)
9995:(
9717:e
9710:t
9703:v
9011:e
9004:t
8997:v
8621:e
8614:t
8607:v
8522:.
8510::
8493:.
8471:.
8447:.
8427::
8419::
8402:.
8382::
8366:.
8341:.
8310:.
8308:.
8284:.
8242:.
8223:.
8193:.
8163:.
8133::
8103:.
8071::
8065:6
8044:.
8020::
8012::
7983:.
7957:.
7937::
7929::
7906:.
7881:.
7861::
7853::
7827:.
7815::
7792:.
7780::
7757:.
7737::
7682:.
7665:3
7594:.
7582::
7559:.
7512:.
7482::
7452:.
7364:.
7342::
7272::
7264::
7237:.
7231::
7199:.
7177::
7141:.
7108:.
7072:.
7068::
7047:.
7033::
7012:.
6978:.
6966::
6952:*
6940:.
6936::
6919:.
6907::
6890:.
6859:.
6855::
6847::
6826:.
6822::
6787:*
6775:.
6763::
6757:6
6742:.
6736::
6715:.
6695::
6674:.
6662::
6645:.
6633::
6627:9
6612:.
6600::
6572:.
6570:.
6545:.
6543:.
6497:.
6447:.
6425::
6328:.
6302::
6042:.
6017:.
5992:.
5962::
5935:.
5910:.
5878::
5872:5
5851:.
5821::
5794:.
5782::
5763:.
5738:.
5726::
5720:2
5703:.
5681::
5673::
5635:.
5613::
5586:.
5561:.
5529::
5502:.
5468:.
5431:.
5397::
5366:.
5352::
5310:.
5284:.
5248::
5224:.
5194:.
5164:.
5129:.
5125::
5102:.
5090::
5060:.
5043::
5035::
5000:.
4988::
4965:.
4872:.
4857:.
4845::
4837::
4814:.
4802::
4747:.
4735::
4709:.
4685::
4677::
4641:.
4619::
4580:.
4560::
4532:.
4520::
4512::
4477:.
4436:.
4414::
4387:.
4367::
4344:.
4322::
4274::
4251:.
4229::
4202:.
4180::
4137:.
4125::
4056::
4026:.
4004::
3977:.
3965::
3942:.
3922::
3899:.
3874:.
3844:.
3840::
3733:.
3729::
3693:.
3673::
3667:6
3650:.
3640:4
3623:.
3611::
3588:.
3576::
3570:8
3478:.
3453:.
3433::
3415::
3329::
3302:.
3296::
3290:7
3258:.
3244::
3217:.
3179::
3160:.
3140::
3132::
3109:.
3045:.
2462:(
2311:(
1489:.
1401:/
1398:i
1395:m
1392:ə
1389:ɡ
1386:ɒ
1383:n
1380:ˈ
1377:ə
1374:m
1371:/
1367:(
1353:e
1346:t
1339:v
658:e
651:t
644:v
435:/
265:)
55:)
51:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
