Mount Etna - Knowledge

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eruption would stop before the artificial basins created behind the barriers would be completely filled. Instead, the eruption continued, and lava surmounted the barriers, heading directly toward Zafferana. Engineers then decided to use explosives near the source of the lava flow, to disrupt a very efficient lava tube system through which the lava travelled for up to 7 km (4 mi) without losing significant heat or fluidity. The main explosion on 23 May 1992 destroyed the tube and forced the lava into a new artificial channel, far from Zafferana, and it would have taken months to re-establish a long lava tube. Shortly after the blasting, the rate of lava emission dropped, and during the remainder of the eruption (until 30 March 1993) the lava never advanced close to the town again.

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stopping in the rear of the Benedictine monastery, without reaching the centre of the town. Contrary to widespread reports of up to 15,000 (or even 20,000) human fatalities caused by the lava, contemporaneous accounts written both in Italian and English mention no deaths related to the 1669 eruption (but give very precise figures of the number of buildings destroyed, the area of cultivated land lost, and the economic damage). Therefore, it is uncertain where the enormous number of fatalities can be attributed. One possibility is confusion between this eruption and an earthquake that devastated southeast Sicily (including Catania) 24 years later in

1175: 273: 237: 1511: 133: 941: 230: 911:, close to or even well within inhabited areas. Numerous villages and small towns lie around or on cones of past flank eruptions. Since the year AD 1600, at least 60 flank eruptions and countless summit eruptions have occurred; nearly half of these have happened since the start of the 20th century. Since 2000, Etna has had four flank eruptions – in 2001, 2002–2003, 2004–2005, and 2008–2009. Summit eruptions occurred in 2006, 2007–2008, January–April 2012, in July–October 2012, December 2018, and again in February 2021. 266: 3674: 588: 1431: 1158: 1503: 1423: 1267: 596: 920: 4038: 81: 1587: 1105: 1228:. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano experienced structural damage. The eruption also completely destroyed the tourist station Piano Provenzana, on the northeastern flank of the volcano, and part of the tourist station "Etna Sud" around the Rifugio Sapienza on the south flank. Footage from the eruptions was recorded by 1263:

the longest flank eruption of Etna since the 1991–1993 eruption that lasted 473 days. Previous eruptions, in 2001, 2002–2003, and 2004–2005 had lasted 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. Lava flows advanced 6.5 km during the first few days of this eruption but thereafter stagnated at many minor distances from the vents; during the last months of the eruption lava rarely advanced more than 1 km downslope.

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the villages of Santa Tecla and Stazzo are built on the broad delta built by this lava flow into the sea; (2) an eruption in about 1160 (or 1224), from a fissure at only 350–450 m (1,148–1,476 ft) elevation on the south-southeast flank near the village of Mascalucia, whose lava flow reached the sea just to the north of Catania, in the area now occupied by the portion of the city named Ognina.

1205: 1125:, lying down-slope of the Ripe della Naca, was almost completely destroyed in two days. Only a church and a few surrounding buildings survived in the north part of the village, called Sant'Antonino or "il quartiere". During the last days of the eruption, the flow interrupted the Messina-Catania railway line and destroyed the train station of Mascali. The event was used by 1778: 2219:. This claim has been contested, however, as "there is no evidence of tsunami deposits, nor of sudden and catastrophic changes such as damaged structures, whole animal carcases or evidence of traumatic injury, such as might be expected to result from a tsunami event" (Galili E., Rosen B., Evron M.W., Hershkovitz I., Eshed V., Horwitz L.K. (2020) 1310:

was blown west by the wind and then turned southeast. There was large lava flow in the western flank. On 19 February at 10.15 am there was an explosive eruption, again from the Southeast Crater, high lava fountains and lava flows, the longest of which went down the north-eastern flank towards the Bove Valley.

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An eruption on 24 December 2018, following a dyke intrusion at shallow depth, spewed ash into the air, forcing the closure of airspace around Mount Etna. Two days later, a magnitude 4.9 earthquake shook the town of Fleri and surrounding towns and hamlets in the Province of Catania, damaging buildings

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The most recent collapse event at the summit of Etna is thought to have occurred about 2,000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions but is still visible as a distinct break in the slope of the mountain near

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Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about 500,000 years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily. About 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the summit (centre top of the volcano), then activity moved towards the present

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Through January 2011 to February 2012, the summit craters of Etna were the site of intense activity. Frequent eruptions and ash columns forced the authorities to shut down the Catania airport on several occasions. The July 2011 episode also endangered the Sapienza Refuge, the main tourist hub on the

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An eruption on the morning of 13 May 2008, immediately to the east of Etna's summit craters was accompanied by a swarm of more than 200 earthquakes and significant ground deformation in the summit area. The eruption continued at a slowly diminishing rate for 417 days, until 6 July 2009, making this

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On 4 September 2007, a major episode of lava fountaining occurred from the new vent on the east side of the Southeast Crater, also producing a plume of ash and scoriae which fell over the east flank of the volcano. A lava flow travelled about 4.5 km (2.8 mi) into the uninhabited Valle del

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Following six years (1995–2001) of unusually intense activity at the four summit craters of Etna, the volcano produced its first flank eruption since 1991–1993 in July–August 2001. This eruption, which involved activity from seven distinct eruptive fissures mostly on the south slope of the volcano,

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Other major 20th-century eruptions occurred in 1949, 1971, 1979, 1981, 1983 and 1991–1993. In 1971, lava buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century), destroyed the first generation of the Etna cable-car, and seriously threatened several small villages on Etna's east flank. In March

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five weeks later, on 15 April. The lava was largely diverted by these walls into the sea to the south of the city, filling the harbour of Catania. A small portion of lava eventually broke through a fragile section of the city walls on the western side of Catania and destroyed a few buildings before

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During the first 1500 years CE, many eruptions went unrecorded (or records have been lost); among the more significant are: (1) an eruption in about 1030 CE near Monte Ilice on the lower southeast flank, which produced a lava flow that travelled about 10 km, reaching the sea north of Acireale;

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In February 2022 there were two eruptions. On 11 February 2022, at 6 pm, there were lava fountains from the Southeast Crater which became a single Strombolian eruption by 7 pm. Between 10 and 11 pm it had reached a height of almost 1,000 m and lava bombs were thrown at a considerable distance. Ash

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On 3 December 2015, an eruption occurred which climaxed between 03:20 and 04:10 local time. The Voragine crater exhibited a lava fountain which reached 1 km (3,300 ft) in height, with an ash plume which reached 3 km (9,800 ft) in height. The activity continued on the following

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Eruptions of Etna follow multiple patterns. Most occur at the summit, where there are five distinct craters: the Northeast Crater, the Voragine, the Bocca Nuova, and two at the Southeast Crater Complex. Other eruptions occur on the flanks, which have more than 300 vents ranging in size from small

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station which had previously been destroyed in the 1983 eruption; it has now been rebuilt. Following a slow and non-destructive lava outflow on the upper southeastern flank between September 2004 and March 2005, intense eruptions occurred at the Southeast Crater in July–December 2006. These were

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stages (Monte Calanna; Trifoglietto 1; Trifoglietto 2), then to the present Mongibello system (which has developed in two successive stages from about 15,000 years ago). The volcanic activity has gradually shifted from SE to NW (from offshore to onshore). The Valle del Bove is the former eastern

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A major eruption took place in June 1923, lasting from 6 June until 29 June. A large lava flow from an eruption in 1928 led to the destruction of a population centre for the first time since the 1669 eruption. The eruption started high on Etna's northeast flank on 2 November. Then new eruptive

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On 29 May 2022 a sudden collapse of the Southeast Crater created a fracture on its northern flank at an elevation of circa 2,800 m (9,186 ft). A small lava flow emerged and headed in the direction of the Leone Valley, just above the much larger Bove Valley. It continued for three days and was

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threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres from the town's margin. Initially, such efforts consisted of the construction of earth barriers built perpendicularly to the flow direction; it was hoped that the

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Beginning in February 2021, Mount Etna began a series of explosive eruptions, which have had an impact on nearby villages and cities, with volcanic ash and rock falling as far away as Catania. As of 12 March 2021, the volcano has erupted 11 times in three weeks. The eruptions have

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centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions, leading to the collapse of the summit to form

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fissures opened at decreasing elevations down the flank of the volcano. The third and most vigorous of these fissures opened late on 4 November at an unusually low elevation, approximately 1,200 m (3,937 ft) above sea-level, in a zone known as Ripe della Naca. The village of

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with a current height (September 2024) of 3,403 m (11,165 ft), though this varies with summit eruptions. For instance, in 2021 the southeastern crater reached a height of 3,357 m, but was then surpassed by the Voragine crater after the summer 2024 eruptions.

1090:. A study on the damage and fatalities caused by eruptions of Etna in historical times reveals that only 77 human deaths are attributable with certainty to eruptions of Etna, most recently in 1987 when two tourists were killed by a sudden explosion near the summit. 2960:

Aiuppa, Alessandro; Moretti, Roberto; Federico, Cinzia; Giudice, Gaetano; Gurrieri, Sergio; Liuzzo, Marco; Papale, Paolo; Shinohara, Hiroshi; Valenza, Mariano (1 December 2008). "Forecasting Etna eruptions by real-time observation of volcanic gas composition".

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The elevation varies with volcanic activity. The volcano last erupted 21 May 2023. It is frequently given as 3,350 m (10,990 ft), but many sources that support this concede that this is approximate. The coordinates given, which are consistent with

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for propaganda purposes, with the evacuation, aid, and rebuilding operations being presented as models of fascist planning. Mascali was rebuilt on a new site, and its church contains the Italian fascist symbol of the torch, placed above the statue of

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Etna is one of Sicily's main tourist attractions, with thousands of visitors every year. The most common route is through the road leading to Sapienza Refuge ski area, lying at the south of the crater at elevation of 1,910 m. From the Refuge, a

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holes in the ground to large craters hundreds of metres across. Summit eruptions can be highly explosive and spectacular but rarely threaten the inhabited areas around the volcano. In contrast, flank eruptions can occur down to a few hundred metres

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1981, the town of Randazzo on the northwestern flank of Etna narrowly escaped destruction by unusually fast-moving lava flows. That eruption was remarkably similar to one in 1928 that destroyed Mascali. The 1991–1993 eruption saw the town of

886:, while it is clear from her name that the fairy queen in question is Morgan le Fay, the rich underworld queendom of which she is the mistress is accessed not through a fiery grotto on the slopes of Etna, but through a 'fountain' (i.e., a 890:) – a circumstance more in keeping with Morgan's original watery, rather than fiery, associations, before her incorporation into the folklore of Sicily. Another Sicilian conception of the fairy realm or castle of Morgan le Fay is the 843:(dating from the late twelfth century) featuring accounts of Arthur's returning of a lost horse which had strayed into his subterranean kingdom beneath Etna. Caesarius quotes as his authority for the story a certain canon 5415: 979:. The landslide left a large depression in the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bove' (Valley of the Ox). Research published in 2006 suggested this occurred around 8,000 years ago, and caused a huge 2934: 1108: 1081:, Etna's most destructive since 122 BCE, started on 11 March 1669 and produced lava flows that destroyed at least 10 villages on its southern flank before reaching the city walls of the town of 1748: 5306: 1051:, where many roofs collapsed. To help with reconstruction after the devastating effects of the eruption, the Roman government exempted the population of Catania from paying taxes for ten years. 1283:

days, with an ash plume that reached 7 km (23,000 ft) in height that forced Catania airport to shut down for a few hours. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a

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Mount Etna is moving towards the Mediterranean Sea at an average rate of 14 mm (0.55 in) per year, the massif sliding on an unconsolidated layer above the older sloping terrain.

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As "Europe's most active volcano", eruptions occur frequently (with as many as 16 eruptions taking place in 2001). However, several eruptions of note have occurred over the last century.

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spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south. Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a

1666: 831:" and were then transplanted into a Sicilian milieu, by Bretons impressed by the already otherworldly associations of the great, volcanic mountain of their new home. Mediaevalist 3357: 2636:

Duncan, Angus M.; Dibben, Christopher; Chester, David K.; Guest, John E. (1996). "The 1928 Eruption of Mount Etna Volcano, Sicily, and the Destruction of the Town of Mascali".

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Mount Etna is one of the world's most active volcanoes and is in an almost constant state of activity. The fertile volcanic soils produced from this activity support extensive

1541:– Round-Etna railway – is a narrow-gauge railway constructed between 1889 and 1895. It runs around the volcano in a 110-km long semi-circle starting in Catania and ending in 2143:

Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages: A Collaborative History ed. Roger Sherman Loomis, pub. Oxford University Press 1959, special edition for Sandpiper Books Ltd. 2001,

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5th edition (1817) quotes from the eyewitness report of Lord Winchelsea, Ambassador to Constantinople, to the Court of England. It happens not to mention casualties.

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was well covered by the mass-media because it occurred at the height of the tourist season and numerous reporters and journalists were already in Italy to cover the

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Etna covers an area of 1,190 km (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km (87 miles). This makes it by far the largest of the three

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of the Mt. Etna volcanic complex (not to scale), showing its evolution from an early stage of submarine fissural activity, producing pillow lavas and a first

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Comment on "Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities" by Maria Teresa Pareschi, Enzo Boschi, and Massimiliano Favalli

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On August 14, 2024, Mt. Etna erupted violently sending an ash cloud 9.5km into the atmosphere. Catania Airport was forced to close the following day.

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The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from Their Commencement, in 1665, to the Year 1800; Abridged...: From 1665 to 1672. 1

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followed by four episodes of lava fountaining, again at the Southeast Crater, on 29 March, 11 April, 29 April and 7 May 2007. Ash emissions and

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consistently sent ash clouds over 10 km (33,000 ft) into the air, closing Sicilian airports. There have been no reports of injuries.

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Thomaidis, Konstantinos; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Freda, Carmela; Corsaro, Rosa A.; Behncke, Boris; Rafailidis, Savvas (2021).

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Pareschi, M. T.; Boschi, E. & Favalli, M. (2007), "Holocene tsunamis from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic communities",

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Bove. This eruption was visible far into the plains of Sicily, ending the following morning between the hours of 5 to 7 a.m. local time.

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There are two ski resorts on Etna: one at the Sapienza Refuge, with a chairlift and three ski lifts, and a smaller one on the north, at

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Barberi, F.; Carapezza, M. L.; Valenza, M.; Villari, L. (1993). "The control of lava flow during the 1991–1992 eruption of Mt. Etna".

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Coltelli, M.; Del Carlo, P. & Vezzoli, L. (1998), "Discovery of a Plinian basaltic eruption of Roman age at Etna Volcano, Italy",

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Loomis, Roger Sherman, Arthurian Tradition And Chrétien de Troyes pub. Columbia University Press, New York 1948, pp. 66 & 306.

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In 2002–2003, a much larger eruption threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as

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A lateral crater of the 2002–2003 eruption near the Torre del Filosofo, about 450 m (1,480 ft) below Etna's summit

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Since 1750, seven of Etna's eruptions have had durations of more than 5 years, more than any other volcano except Vesuvius.

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flank of the volcano, which collapsed about 64,000 years ago and thus allows the older volcanic edifices to be recognized.

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Thousands of years ago, the eastern flank of the mountain experienced a catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous

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Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved

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volcano, but the lava flow was successfully diverted. In 2014, a flank eruption started involving lava flows and

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Neri, M.; et al. (2008), "The changing face of Mount Etna's summit area documented with Lidar technology",

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Israel: Submerged Prehistoric Sites and Settlements on the Mediterranean Coastline—the Current State of the Art

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From about 35,000 to 15,000 years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large

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exposed in the valley walls provide an important and easily accessible record of Etna's eruptive history.

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Chevedden, Paul E. (2010), "A Crusade from the First: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–1091",

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runs uphill to an elevation of 2,500 m, from where the crater area at 2,920 m is accessible.

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Mount Etna from the south with the smoking peak in the upper left and a lateral crater in the centre

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accompanied by small and sporadic eruptions from two of the many vents at the top of this crater.

804:, localised at Etna, according to traditions concerning them derived from the stories told by the 132: 5340: 5330: 5265: 5062: 5053: 4659: 4025: 3947: 3557: 3292: 2532: 2524: 2254: 1174: 924: 641: 616: 63: 3464: 2431:". (the Encyclopædia Britannica has been wrongly cited as one source of this false information). 1799: 5390: 5269: 4774: 4689: 4211: 2428: 2121:, pub. University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1956 and reprinted by Folcroft Press 1973, Chapter 5 1642: 1467: 1087: 461: 314: 110: 3631: 2997: 2738: 2456: 1891:"A message from the 'underground forge of the gods': history and current eruptions at Mt Etna" 5385: 4507: 3698: 2908: 2860: 1572: 1564: 891: 124: 3670: 1890: 1180:

Long exposure image of a "dual-vent" eruption from Mount Etna's NSEC (New South East Crater)

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The steep walls of the valley have suffered subsequent collapses on numerous occasions. The

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Southern flank of Mount Etna showing lateral cones and flow from the eruption of 2001.

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surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region west of the Black Sea.

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Tanguy, J. C.; Condomines, M.; Goff, M.; Chillemi, V.; Delfa, S.; Patanè, G. (2007).

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started from a vent on the eastern side of the Southeast Crater in mid-August 2007.

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Bruce, Christopher W. (1999). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Taylor & Francis.

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Map of municipalities in the Metropolitan City of Catania (Mount Etna at top right)

1126: 1071: 1040: 1010: 957: 940: 879: 429: 418: 410: 4411: 4050: 2069: 1830: 1074:, a Chinese traveller to the West, recorded the eruption of Etna on 18 June 1287. 587: 5416:

Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe

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deposits. Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as south of

882:, the composition of which is dated to between 1180 and 1230. However, in 5620: 5479: 5451: 5335: 5239: 5202: 5194: 4837: 4761: 4714: 4649: 4614: 4476: 4356: 4346: 4331: 4281: 3989: 2473:"Eruption of Snow-Covered Mt. Etna Kills 2 Tourists and Injures 7 Others" 2454: 2206: 1978: 1733: 1455: 1439: 1276: 801: 561: 4163: 4110: 3433:"Vortex rings made of water vapour rise from Italy's Mount Etna volcano" 2225:

The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes. Coastal Research Library

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became attached to the quasi-historic figure of Arthur as "Ruler of the

706:, 'the Mountain of Fire'). According to both Greek and Roman mythology, 5590: 5545: 5492: 5273: 5212: 5040: 5001: 4921: 4807: 4674: 4560: 4396: 4341: 4306: 4276: 4261: 4238: 4229: 4128: 4100: 3572:

Chester, D. K.; Duncan, A. M.; Guest, J. E.; Kilburn, C. R. J. (1985).

3076: 2247:"Gravitational sliding of the Mt. Etna massif along a sloping basement" 2228: 1987: 1523: 961: 844: 824: 793: 711: 554: 80: 4609: 2982: 2935:"Etna show, nuova fontana di lava: non-si ferma l'emissione di cenere" 2223:. In: Bailey G., Galanidou N., Peeters H., Jöns H., Mennenga M. (eds) 1914: 1058:

gave what was probably a first-hand description of an eruption in the

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of Bonn, who considered it a matter of historical fact of the time of

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Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale

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It has been suggested that this was the reason why the settlement of

1229: 1189: 828: 667: 632: 553:, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of 4321: 1985:. Room dismisses the hypothesis that 'Etna' has a Greek derivation. 5503: 5475: 5457: 5244: 5036: 5019: 4817: 4784: 4684: 4654: 4644: 4599: 4451: 4406: 4401: 2075: 1707:(Light Detection and Ranging) survey carried out in June 2007, see 1586: 1532: 1519: 1479: 1475: 1459: 1295: 1287:, which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving 1233: 1214: 908: 820: 638: 565: 531: 522:, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, 2754:"Spectacular Eruptions of Mt. Etna in Sicily from Space and Earth" 5560: 5488: 5471: 5463: 5425: 5376: 5361: 5278: 5226: 5030: 4943: 4766: 4547: 4502: 4497: 4446: 4371: 4366: 4311: 3002: 2529:

Global Volcanism Program — Volcanoes of the World (Version 4.9.2)

1542: 1471: 1331: 1196: 1122: 1082: 1048: 991: 980: 950: 733:

in Italian, generally regarded as deriving from the Romance word

673: 569: 495: 86: 4426: 5615: 5467: 5253: 5174: 5154: 5110: 5087: 5082: 4993: 4917: 4594: 4584: 4386: 4326: 3678: 3673: 2179: 1451: 1060: 1055: 1044: 874: 546: 507: 479: 100: 2861:"Etna Volcano (Italy): Eruption Update & Current Activity" 2678: 1298:

television crew, after magma exploded upon contact with snow.

1259:

shut down operations during the night for safety precautions.

861:('within Etna') to describe the location of Arthur's kingdom. 773:

is used for the area of Mount Etna containing the two central

498:. It is located above the convergent plate margin between the 5610: 5230: 5169: 4997: 4912: 4900: 4756: 4748: 4206: 4168: 3385:"Mt Etna – Sicily, Italy – the greatest show on earth !" 3103:"Mount Etna Erupts for the 11th Time in Three Weeks (PHOTOS)" 1704: 1221: 1043:) summit eruption occurred in 122 BCE, and caused heavy 1024:

In 396 BCE, an eruption of Etna reportedly thwarted the

816: 661: 626: 527: 483: 469: 62:"Mongibello" redirects here. For the fictional location, see 3210:"Sicily's Catania airport reopens after Mount Etna eruption" 2959: 2317: 2245:

Murray, J.B.; van Wyk de Vries, B.; Pitty, A. (April 2018).

1294:

An eruption on 16 March 2017 injured 10 people, including a

1279:

eruptions. This was the first flank eruption since 2008–09.

714:, the god of blacksmithing, had his forge under mount Etna. 5159: 3621:

Youtube video: eruption phases of Etna in 2018 (in Italian)

2392:

10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<1095:DOAPBE>2.3.CO;2

2244: 1696: 1344:(VEI) to all of Mount Etna's eruptions since January 1955: 1204: 965: 550: 511: 3526:"Skiing Mount Etna: Hit the slopes one day, sail the next" 3463:, National Geographic Travel, 8 April 2011, archived from 3360:. WJLA (ABC) Storm Watch 7. 16 August 2011. Archived from 2839:"BBC News – Footage shows Mount Etna spewing lava and ash" 1096: 5421:

Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries

2884:"Italy's Etna Unleashes a Short but Spectacular Eruption" 2779:"There she blows! Stunning images of Mount Etna eruption" 2307:

Gravitational collapse of Mount Etna’s southeastern flank

1888: 1812:"Etna & Aeolian Islands 2012 – Cambridge Volcanology" 777:, and the craters located southeast and northeast of the 3411:"Mount Etna blows smoke rings during volcanic eruptions" 3136:"Etna spews smoke and ashes in spectacular new eruption" 2635: 2367: 1831:"Mount Etna is 100 feet taller than it was 6 months ago" 1749:"L'Etna si supera. Nuovo record di altezza a 3357 metri" 855:

1194. Caesarius employs in his account the Latin phrase

3626:

Smithsonian Institution: Global Volcanism Program: Etna

983:, which left its mark in several places in the eastern 59:

Active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy

5093:

City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto

3163:"Mount Etna volcano in Italy puts on spectacular show" 2455:

Charles Hutton; Georges Shaw; Richard Pearson (1809).

1779:"Watch: Ash from Etna Eruption Closes Catania Airport" 1426:

Vortex ring above Mount Etna observed on 9 August 2023

1009:

The first known record of eruption at Etna is that of

3160: 2183: 1878:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

2998:"Volcanic explosion on Mount Etna injures 10 people" 1582: 644:. Another view is that the name is derived from the 5357:

Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)

4080: 3051:"Mount Etna: 4.8-magnitude earthquake jolts Sicily" 2417:

The history of the life and travels of Rabban Sawma

1317:Etna erupted once again on 4 July 2024 causing the 968:'s border, 800 km (497 mi) to the north. 2516: 1490:) meet on the summit of Mount Etna, making this a 4878: 3025:"Mount Etna: BBC crew caught up in volcano blast" 2559: 2557: 2159: 2010:"Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary Page Image" 5638: 3630:Footage of the 1971 eruption is featured in the 3603:Mount Etna Nord Live Webcams by Linguaglossa H24 3236:Watch: Spectacular Mount Etna eruption in Sicily 2629: 2525:"What volcanoes have had the longest eruptions?" 1325:in the air. The airport reopened the next day. 1232:and integrated into the landscape of the planet 901: 650: 591:Multidirectional Hillshade relief of Mount Etna 506:. It is one of the tallest active volcanoes in 3057:. Rome. Agence France-Presse. 26 December 2018 2798:Eruption of Mt. Etna closes airport in Catania 2681:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2554: 2037:Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean 1332:Volcanic explosivity index of recent eruptions 1047:falls to the southeast, including the town of 878:, the only surviving Arthurian romance in the 740: 718: 447: 200: 5519: 5130:Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme 4864: 4066: 3656: 2461:. London. pp. 357–358, 383–387, 637–638. 1242:. The Rifugio Sapienza is near the site of a 1224:, 600 km (370 mi) south across the 1208:House destroyed by lava on the slopes of Etna 734: 728: 510:, and the tallest peak in Italy south of the 423: 1828: 1239:Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith 1163:Etna's 2002 eruption, photographed from the 752: 701: 580:. In June 2013, it was added to the list of 1020:An artist's impression of the 1766 eruption 856: 764: 758: 685: 23: 5672:Locations associated with Arthurian legend 5526: 5512: 5411:Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps 4871: 4857: 4073: 4059: 3663: 3649: 3358:"Erupting Mt. Etna coughs up a smoke ring" 3314:"SwissEduc – Stromboli online – Etna 2000" 3161:Washington Post Staff (11 February 2022). 3100: 2751: 1445: 815:occupiers of Sicily. What were originally 606: 131: 24: 2567:. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 23 July 2001 2283: 2205: 2034: 1732: 1661: 1659: 1657: 998:the base of the present-day summit cone. 819:conceptions concerning a dwarf king of a 5223:Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park 5068:Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles 2881: 2863:. Volcanodiscovery.com. 10 February 2022 1988:"Volcano – Podictionary Word of the Day" 1964:Mount Etna Becomes a World Heritage Site 1690: 1688: 1623:List of Italian regions by highest point 1509: 1501: 1429: 1421: 1265: 1203: 1195: 1103: 1015: 975:in an event similar to that seen in the 939: 918: 594: 586: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3275: 1740: 1097:Modern-day eruptions (1923–present day) 1004: 14: 5639: 4953:Residences of the Royal House of Savoy 3258:"Etna eruption closes Catania Airport" 2995: 2522: 2500:. Boris.vulcanoetna.it. Archived from 1654: 1116:Video of Etna's November 2013 eruption 894:, an optical phenomenon common in the 441: 5507: 4852: 4054: 3644: 2739:"Italy's Mt Etna erupts – WORLD News" 2585: 2565:"The Continuing Eruption of Mt. Etna" 2012:. Artflx.uchicago.edu. Archived from 1685: 1506:Sapienza Refuge, the main tourist hub 914: 428: 417: 129:998.79 km (620.62 mi) 105:3,403 m (11,165 ft)(varies) 5533: 3574:Mount Etna: The Anatomy of a Volcano 3101:Bonaccorso, Nicole (10 March 2021). 2523:Venzke, E., ed. (10 December 2020). 1746: 1708: 1703:. The elevation data are based on a 1556:, with three lifts and a chairlift. 557:were said also to be underneath it. 5115:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi 3197:Mount Etna Eruption of 29 May 2022 2081:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana 1450:The borders of ten municipalities ( 1285:multi-component gas analyzer system 753: 702: 656:meaning 'furnace' or 'chimney'. In 549:was trapped under this mountain by 56: 5717:Volcanoes of the Mediterranean Sea 2996:Balmer, Crispian (16 March 2017). 2882:Klemetti, Erik (3 December 2015). 2658:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb00511.x 1559:Sapienza Refuge was the finish of 1039:A particularly violent explosive ( 835:quotes passages from the works of 272: 236: 57: 5743: 5667:Highest points of Italian regions 3596: 3382: 977:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 676:and the city originally known as 599:February 2021 eruption seen from 89:in the foreground (December 2007) 5312:Archaeological Area of Agrigento 4037: 4036: 3762: 3672: 2909:"Etna volcano – eruption update" 1599: 1585: 1173: 1156: 1145: 637:), meaning "I burn", through an 271: 264: 235: 228: 79: 4985:Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan 4082:Ultra-prominent peaks of Europe 3518: 3503:, Lonely Planet, archived from 3491: 3471: 3451: 3425: 3403: 3387:. Geoff Mackley. Archived from 3376: 3350: 3324: 3306: 3250: 3227: 3202: 3191: 3180: 3154: 3128: 3117: 3094: 3069: 3043: 3017: 2989: 2953: 2927: 2901: 2875: 2853: 2831: 2805: 2789: 2771: 2745: 2731: 2707: 2672: 2579: 2490: 2465: 2434: 2421: 2410: 2397: 2361: 2311: 2300: 2238: 2168: 2153: 2137: 2128: 2111: 2094: 2062: 2028: 2002: 1971: 1955: 1949:United States Geological Survey 1937: 1882: 1849:"Italy volcanoes and Volcanics" 1829:Laura Geggel (16 August 2021). 1673:(in Italian). 18 September 2024 1417: 1355:Number of eruptions (total=49) 1289:prediction of volcanic activity 1028:in their attempt to advance on 5400:Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo 4990:Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont 2752:Ken Kremer (15 January 2011). 2119:Wales and the Arthurian Legend 1859: 1841: 1822: 1804: 1793: 1771: 13: 1: 5732:World Heritage Sites in Italy 4880:World Heritage Sites in Italy 3539: 2941:(in Italian). 4 December 2015 2588:"The Recent Eruption of Etna" 2123:King Arthur and the Antipodes 1990:. Blog.oup.com. 29 April 2010 1545:28 km north of Catania. 1497: 902:History of volcanic eruptions 717:The volcano is also known as 115:3,403 m (11,165 ft) 5677:Locations in Greek mythology 5652:17th-century volcanic events 4972:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica 3908:List of presidents of Sicily 3480:Rifugio Sapienza: who we are 2815:. Ct.ingv.it. Archived from 2701:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90048-V 2233:Geophysical Research Letters 2186:Geophysical Research Letters 2049:10.1080/09503110.2010.488891 1967:, Italy Magazine, 4 May 2013 1755:(in Italian). Archived from 1712:Geophysical Research Letters 1257:Catania-Fontanarossa Airport 668: 633: 488:Metropolitan City of Catania 250:Metropolitan City of Catania 7: 5687:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 3955:Derby di Sicilia (football) 3818:War of the Sicilian Vespers 2429:Mount Etna (volcano, Italy) 1816:www.volcano.group.cam.ac.uk 1578: 872:(Fairy of Etna) appears in 747: 696: 601:Naval Air Station Sigonella 582:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 10: 5748: 3936:List of people from Sicily 3913:Sicilian Regional Assembly 3749:Cities, towns and villages 1628:List of volcanoes in Italy 1494:of elevenfold complexity. 1438:In the 1970s Etna erupted 1342:Volcanic Explosivity Index 1302:and injuring four people. 662: 627: 621:One view is that the word 610: 470: 465: 342:UNESCO World Heritage Site 61: 5541: 5446: 5349: 5292: 5193: 5119:Etruscan Necropolises of 5101: 5010: 4886: 4833:Mount Addala-Shukhgelmeer 4783: 4703: 4577: 4521: 4485: 4247: 4195: 4152: 4088: 4034: 4013: 3921: 3881: 3868:Allied invasion of Sicily 3863:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 3771: 3760: 3685: 3637:, hosted by Vincent Price 3460:Etna National Park, Italy 3413:. NBC News. 12 April 2013 2813:"INGV – Etna Observatory" 2801:, Agi.it, 23 October 2011 2715:"press_text_booklet.indd" 2541:10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013 2347:10.1007/s00445-007-0121-x 2276:10.1007/s00445-018-1209-1 1401: 1387: 1373: 1359: 1354: 1351: 520:active volcanoes in Italy 396: 388: 380: 368: 358: 348: 339: 335: 325: 313: 303: 298: 221: 216: 196: 191: 152: 140: 123: 109: 99: 94: 78: 73: 5697:Stratovolcanoes of Italy 5218:Castel del Monte, Apulia 4980:of Piedmont and Lombardy 4089:Scandinavia & Arctic 3858:1848 Sicilian revolution 3616:Mount Etna Regional Park 3553:Global Volcanism Program 3288:Global Volcanism Program 3283:"Etna: Eruptive History" 2841:. Bbc.co.uk. 12 May 2011 2442:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1983:Place-names of the World 1872:xi. 3, referenced under 1648: 1338:Global Volcanism Program 925:geological cross section 841:Caesarius of Heisterbach 672:), a name given also to 490:, between the cities of 39:latest accepted revision 5692:Quadripoints and higher 5484:with 17 other countries 5341:Villa Romana del Casale 5331:Necropolis of Pantalica 5266:Royal Palace of Caserta 5063:Orto botanico di Padova 5054:Torre della Ghirlandina 3970:Norman-Sicilian culture 3948:List of Sicilian dishes 3558:Smithsonian Institution 3293:Smithsonian Institution 3246:– via apnews.com. 2586:Ponte, Gaetano (1923). 2533:Smithsonian Institution 2327:Bulletin of Volcanology 2255:Bulletin of Volcanology 2160:Martin-Schutz, Alicia. 1446:Geopolitical boundaries 960:, which left extensive 741: 719: 651: 617:King asleep in mountain 607:Etymology and mythology 448: 443:[mʊntʃɪbˈbɛɖɖʊ] 438: 309:350,000 – 500,000 years 201: 64:The Talented Mr. Ripley 5270:Aqueduct of Vanvitelli 5150:Piazza del Duomo, Pisa 4442:Grande Tête de l'Obiou 4212:Roque de los Muchachos 2117:Loomis, Roger Sherman 1851:. USGS. Archived from 1643:Volcanic Seven Summits 1619:, the Mount Etna broom 1527: 1507: 1468:Castiglione di Sicilia 1435: 1427: 1271: 1249:Strombolian explosions 1209: 1201: 1117: 1021: 945: 937: 857: 851:'s conquest of Sicily 800:and her half-brother, 765: 759: 735: 729: 686: 603: 592: 457: 430:[mondʒiˈbɛllo] 424: 414: 85:Etna with the city of 5727:Wine regions of Italy 5386:Campello sul Clitunno 5058:Piazza Grande, Modena 4704:Mediterranean islands 4387:Grigna Settentrionale 3105:. The Weather Channel 1747:Pezzella, Francesca. 1513: 1505: 1433: 1425: 1269: 1207: 1199: 1115: 1019: 943: 922: 796:castle (or realm) of 792:, as the name of the 745:plus the Arabic word 598: 590: 545:, the deadly monster 478:on the east coast of 5702:Subduction volcanoes 5073:Porticoes of Bologna 3873:Sicilian nationalism 2405:Theodore C. Williams 2207:10.1029/2007GL030717 1800:Suda, alphaiota, 375 1734:10.1029/2008GL033740 1539:Ferrovia Circumetnea 1005:Historical eruptions 833:Roger Sherman Loomis 811:who accompanied the 5682:Mountains of Sicily 5436:Peschiera del Garda 5382:Temple of Clitumnus 5367:Cividale del Friuli 4753:Other Greek islands 3903:Elections in Sicily 3838:Sicilian Parliament 3689:metropolitan cities 3580:. pp. 412 pp. 3391:on 30 December 2012 3167:The Washington Post 2975:2007Geo....35.1115A 2939:Corriere della Sera 2693:1993JVGR...56....1B 2650:1996Disas..20....1D 2607:1923Natur.112..546P 2403:Aeneid, edition of 2384:1998Geo....26.1095C 2339:2007BVol...70...55T 2268:2018BVol...80...40M 2198:2007GeoRL..3416317P 1907:2021GeolT..37..141T 1876:in William Smith's 1725:2008GeoRL..35.9305N 1348: 1034:Second Sicilian War 176:37.7550°N 14.9950°E 172: / 29:Page version status 5722:Vulcan (mythology) 5274:San Leucio Complex 4217:Pico de las Nieves 4144:Mount Kruzenshtern 3893:Politics of Sicily 3823:Lombards of Sicily 3364:on 2 February 2014 3332:"Etna hoops it up" 3142:. 16 February 2021 1945:"Decade Volcanoes" 1565:2011 Giro d'Italia 1528: 1508: 1466:(from two sides), 1436: 1428: 1347: 1272: 1215:G8 summit in Genoa 1210: 1202: 1118: 1022: 946: 938: 915:Geological history 837:Gervase of Tilbury 625:is from the Greek 604: 593: 285:Mount Etna (Italy) 255:Show map of Sicily 95:Highest point 35: 5707:Three-thousanders 5634: 5633: 5501: 5500: 5404:Monte Sant'Angelo 5317:Barumini nuraghes 5235:Certosa di Padula 4927:Monte San Giorgio 4846: 4845: 4533:Gerlachovský štít 4255: 4116:Store Lenangstind 4048: 4047: 3898:Statute of Sicily 3813:Kingdom of Sicily 3587:978-0-8047-1308-5 3500:Funivia dell'Etna 3318:www.stromboli.net 2983:10.1130/G24149A.1 2915:. 3 December 2015 2913:Volcano Discovery 2785:, 9 February 2012 2758:Universetoday.com 2601:(2815): 546–548. 2378:(12): 1095–1098, 2016:on 24 August 2014 1915:10.1111/gto.12362 1789:. 15 August 2024. 1783:uk.news.yahoo.com 1759:on 10 August 2021 1699:data, are from a 1616:Genista aetnensis 1415: 1414: 1236:in the 2005 film 1226:Mediterranean Sea 1113: 958:pyroclastic flows 896:Strait of Messina 868:of the Castle of 790:Arthurian Romance 400: 399: 288:Show map of Italy 47:20 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 5739: 5662:Decade Volcanoes 5657:Active volcanoes 5535:Decade Volcanoes 5528: 5521: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5050:Modena Cathedral 4958:Rhaetian Railway 4873: 4866: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4723:Punta La Marmora 4553:Pietrosul Rodnei 4503:Serra Dolcedorme 4317:Barre des Écrins 4249: 4196:Atlantic islands 4174:Torre de Cerredo 4134:Hvannadalshnúkur 4075: 4068: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4040: 4039: 3975:Sicilian Baroque 3808:County of Sicily 3786:Sicilia province 3766: 3754:List of communes 3677: 3676: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3612: 3591: 3578:Chapman and Hall 3568: 3566: 3564: 3534: 3533: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3487:on 26 March 2013 3483:, archived from 3475: 3469: 3468: 3467:on 17 April 2011 3455: 3449: 3448: 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755: 750: 744: 738: 732: 722: 705: 704: 699: 689: 671: 665: 664: 654: 636: 630: 629: 474:), is an active 473: 472: 467: 451: 445: 432: 427: 421: 389:Buffer zone 289: 275: 274: 268: 256: 239: 238: 232: 212: 204: 187: 186: 184: 183: 182: 181:37.7550; 14.9950 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 136: 135: 83: 71: 70: 21: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5712:VEI-6 volcanoes 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5537: 5532: 5502: 5497: 5442: 5345: 5302:Aeolian Islands 5288: 5284:Sassi di Matera 5259:Historic Centre 5189: 5140:Hadrian's Villa 5097: 5035:Le Colline del 5006: 4906:Historic center 4882: 4877: 4847: 4842: 4823:Mount Dyultydag 4779: 4699: 4573: 4517: 4481: 4417:Jôf di Montasio 4297:Hoher Dachstein 4243: 4191: 4148: 4084: 4079: 4049: 4044: 4030: 4021:Railway network 4009: 3980:Sicilian School 3923: 3917: 3884: 3877: 3798:Theme of Sicily 3767: 3758: 3690: 3688: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3609:"VONA bulletin" 3607: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3562: 3560: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532:, 12 March 2010 3524: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3507:on 12 July 2013 3497: 3496: 3492: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3338:. 31 March 2000 3330: 3329: 3325: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3031:. 16 March 2017 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2994: 2990: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2677: 2673: 2634: 2630: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 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October 2012. 1810: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1745: 1741: 1701:2005 GPS survey 1693: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1518:and Etna South 1500: 1488:Zafferana Etnea 1448: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1340:has assigned a 1334: 1319:Catania Airport 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1104: 1099: 1054:The Roman poet 1007: 917: 904: 694:, it is called 660:, it is called 658:Classical Greek 619: 609: 543:Greek mythology 419:[ˈɛtna] 344: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 281: 280: 276: 259: 258: 257: 254: 253: 252:, Sicily, Italy 247: 246: 245: 244: 240: 206: 180: 178: 174: 171: 166: 163: 161: 159: 158: 130: 116: 90: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5745: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 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2489: 2464: 2433: 2420: 2409: 2396: 2360: 2310: 2299: 2237: 2192:(16): L16317, 2167: 2152: 2136: 2127: 2110: 2093: 2079:(in Italian). 2061: 2027: 2001: 1970: 1954: 1936: 1901:(4): 141–149. 1881: 1858: 1840: 1821: 1803: 1792: 1770: 1739: 1684: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1633:Mount Vesuvius 1630: 1625: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1596: 1580: 1577: 1526:of the volcano 1499: 1496: 1447: 1444: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1333: 1330: 1179: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1162: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1131:fascist regime 1098: 1095: 1006: 1003: 929:shield volcano 916: 913: 903: 900: 858:in monte Gyber 608: 605: 578:United Nations 574:Decade Volcano 536:Canary Islands 524:Mount Vesuvius 504:Eurasian Plate 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 378: 377: 370: 366: 365: 360: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 331:14 August 2024 329: 323: 322: 317: 311: 310: 307: 301: 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