936:
913:(370–368 BC) display considerable experience in the use of Greek language. They used a Greek dialect which was not borrowed by nearby Corinthian colonies, but a distinct northwestern Greek dialect similar to Akarnanian, Aetolian and Lokrian, which also exhibited several unique features. Thus, the possibility of being borrowed is rejected. Most inscriptions comes from the late Classical or the Hellenistic era, in which they were under influence from a northwestern Doric dialect also used by the adjacent populations. The epigraphic corpus unearthed during the recent decades also yielded a great number of onomastics which is of Greek origin akin to the onomastic areas of Thessaly and Macedon. Based on these points the possibility of Greek being not the ancestral language among Epirotes can be easily rejected.
4077:
704:(171–168 BC). After the Roman victory, a total of 150,000 Epirotes, mostly Molossians, were enslaved and sent to Italy, by decision of the Roman Senate. This decision is the only such act of the Roman senate and the largest, single, slave-hunting operation in Roman history. In the following years, Epirote slaves in Italy outnumbered slaves of other origins and the majority of slave marriages were between Epirotes. In historiography, the decision of the senate has been the subject of much debate, as the two main anti-Roman powers of the time in that region, the Macedonians and the Illyrians, suffered few consequences in contrast to the Molossians in terms of punishment. In past scholarship, the theory of
3975:
3733:
3835:
3984:, pp. 140–141: "It is equally inconstestable that the Epirote tribes practised the same religion as the other Greeks. The supreme god of the Epirotes was Zeus and his sanctuary at Dodona attracted believers from all over the Greek world. Foreign deities are not attested...The most convincing proof, however, that the Epirotes belonged firmly within the religious body of Greece, is provided by the catalogue of thearodokoi listing Greek cities and tribes to which the major hellenic sanctuaries sent theoroi to... only Greeks were allowed to, participate in the pan-hellenic games and festivals.".
3742:, pp. 140–141: "It is equally incontestable that the Epirote tribes practised the same religion as the other Greeks. The supreme god of the Epirotes was Zeus and his sanctuary at Dodona attracted believers from all over the Greek world. Foreign deities are not attested...The most convincing proof, however, that the Epirotes belonged firmly within the religious body of Greece, is provided by the catalogue of thearodokoi listing Greek cities and tribes to which the major hellenic sanctuaries sent theoroi to... only Greeks were allowed to, participate in the pan-hellenic games and festivals".
3844:, p. 141: "...date not from the end but from the beginning of the fourth century B.C.. And it is clear that the composers of the Molossian decrees incised in the reign of Neoptolemos of Alketas between 370 and 368 already had a considerable experience in the use of Greek. Second, it was established that the dialect in which they are written is not, as we believed, the Doric of Corinth, but a north-west dialect, akin to others of the same family (Akarnanian, Aitolian, Lokrian etc.), but exhibiting several distinctive features that preclude the possibility of its being borrowed.".
3435:) and minor... tribes, spoke a North-West Doric variety akin to that of the numerous neighboring populations of central and western Greece (Aettolia, Acarnania, Phocis, Doris, cf. also certain affinities with the dialects of Elis and Macedonia), even though there were obviously some inevitable local peculiarities... the contact with non-Greek populations (Illyrians) in the northern part of Epirus may have further boosted sub-dialectal variation in this part of the region at least (e.g. lexicon), although we lack any concrete evidence, especially outside the field of onomastics..."
3619:, pp. 284, 285: "Greek speech of the tribes in Epirus should not be ascribed to the influence of the Greek colonies on the coast. Nowhere in fact did the Greek colonies convert the peoples of a large hinterland to Greek speech. If these tribes of the hinterland spoke Greek, it was because they had done so before the Dark Age. What we have seen in this chapter is the consolidation of the Greek-speaking in the north, which enable them to fulfill their future role of defending the frontiers of a city-state civilization and later of leading that civilisation into wider areas."
4038:, p. 7: "Nilsson argues persuasively that the bold mythological inventions were due to Proxenos, who flattered the royal house with an unsurpassed and excessive abuse of mythology, and that apart from the native names of Tharyps and Arrybas "all other male members of the house have names take from the Trojan myth (...) This plundering of mythical names is contrary to the principles of Greek nomenclature in the classical age in which the heroic names were not given to living men. The whole story shows the overdone eagerness of a barbarian house to appear as heroic Greeks."
4014:
754:
38:
363:
4074:, p. 237 In fact it was not Greek needs, ambitions or curiosity which eventually eliminated the barriers, so much as a calculated effort by the ruling dynasty of one Epeirote people, the Molossoi, to manoeuvre themselves into a position of predominance within the region. (..) One truck was cultural – to present themselves as Greek (with a Trojan War ancestry) to take from Greek culture what could be turned to political use, and to manipulate the Greek political process in their own interest as best they could.
4023:, p. 141: "Common descent was not demonstrated by anthropometric research or blood analysis, but by resource to genealogies and the foundation-legends of cities and tribes. And it is known that only the royal households but also the tribes and cities of Epirus traced their origin or their foundation to Achaian heroes of the Mycenaean period. These genealogies were known and accepted as early as the end of the Archaic period at the latest, and are projected in the work of Pindar as fully established and beyond dispute".
685:, was murdered. Her death brought the Epirote royal family to an abrupt extinction and a federal republic was set up. The reasons for the swift fall of the Aeacid dynasty were probably complex. Aetolian pressure must have played a part, and the alliance with Macedonia may have been unpopular; in addition, there were perhaps social tensions. However, Epirus remained a substantial power, unified under the auspices of the Epirote League as a federal state with its own parliament (or
3859:
117:
1021:(early 4th century BC). This use of names from Iliad was contrary to ancient Greek name giving customs of classical antiquity in which names from the Iliad were not given to living people. When the ruling class of the Molossians began to construct such a genealogy is unclear. The various theories place it chronologically from a post-Odyssey framework to the 5th century BC. The initial reasons for doing so are also debated.
1033:
heroize their house. In this context, the purpose of the constructed genealogy was to provide the
Molossian dynasty with a "cultural passport as Greeks" in their relations with other ruling houses. These genealogical claims from the Molossian ruling dynasty were part of a planned effort by them in order to use elements of Greek culture for their own political ends in order to dominate in regional power struggles.
307:, settled there among the Molossians. At the time, among writers of the classical era these stories were not doubted . According to Johannes Engels (2010) in the Oxford Companion to Macedonia, genealogical links through the Trojan cycle and other myths strongly connected Epirus with the rest of Greece, precluding serious debate about the Greekness of the Epirotes, including the Molossians.
3868:, p. 141: "The epigraphic evidence of recent decades has also yielded a vast number of personal names. There are not only purely Greek from the very... Indeed the affinities they reveal are not with the onomasticon of the Corinthian colonies, but with those of Macedonia and Thessaly. There is thus no longer any doubt that the ancestral speech of the inhabitants of Epirus was Greek.".
3622:
4086:, pp. 507–508: "'They relate', says Plutarch in introducing Pyrrhus, 'that Tharyps was the first to become renowned, as he organized the states on a system of Greek customs, and rules and regulations of a humane kind' (Θαρρύπαν πρῶτον ἱστοροῦσιν Ἑλληνικοῖς ἔθεσι καὶ γράμμασι καὶ νόμοις φιλανθρώποις διακοσμήσαντα τὰς πόλεις ὀνομαστὸν γενέσθαι. (Plu. Ρ. 1)).
3823:
811:. A wider hellenization process among Molossians and other Epirotes continued after the Roman conquest, nevertheless most scholars don't object the fact that they were Greek in terms of language. In the view of Irad Malkin, following Hammond, Greek was spoken at least since the 5th century BC, and notes that it may have been the
3631:, p. 222: "...posited a possible (partial) Hellenization of pre-classical Epirus, with Greek elites ruling over non-Greek populations; cf. also Nilsson (1909) Nonetheless, such views, which largely rely on subjective ancient testimonies, are not supported by the earliest (and not only) epigraphic texts.".
3121:
Hammond, 1997, p. 56: "The
Molossian expansion was at the expense of the Thesprotian group especially. The Chaonians may have lost some pastures, but they kept control of these on the greenstone formation which run from Grammos to the south-western side of the lakeland (by Moschopolis and Shipischa).
144:. The Chaonians ruled Epirus at an earlier time, and afterwards the Thesprotians and Molossians controlled the region. The Thesprotians, the Chaonians, and the Molossians were the three principal clusters of Greek tribes that had emerged from Epirus and were the most powerful among all other tribes.
916:
Historian
Elizabeth Meyer, in 2013 suggested a new chronology for some inscriptions in Dodona (from early 4th century to one century later), if accurate this would have larger implications about local history, but not all historians will be convinced by the interpretations suggested in this account
908:
The first inscriptions come from
Corinthian colonies or dedications to Dodona and are not representative of sites in Epirus, although some of the early Dodona tablets may be related to Epirus. The first epigraphic evidence in Epirus outside of Dodona and the nearby colonies dates from the beginning
819:
The ancient historians and geographers did not follow the scientific methods of modern linguists, who record in detail the speech of the groups they study; their information was based, more rarely on personal experiences, and mostly on the impressions of each of their informants, who as a rule, had
773:
migrations. After the split of proto-Greek (c. 1700 BC) the northern Greek dialect was spoken in Epirus. Greek speech continued to be spoken in Epirus from the beginning of the
Mycenaean period (c.1600) and onwards. As such the Molossians were among the 32 known Greek tribes of the Mycenaean Age in
733:
and many other tribes were enslaved in the same year. However, recent research and new interpretations on the scale of the devastation has challenged those traditional views by some contemporary authors, as such those claims about 70 razed settlements and 150,000 captured slaves were not exact, but
598:
In 330 BC, upon
Alexander the Molossian's death, the term "Epirus" appears as a single political unit in the ancient Greek records for the first time, under the leadership of the Molossian dynasty. Subsequently, the coinages of the three major Epirote tribal groups came to an end, and a new coinage
815:
language without the
Molossians themselves necessarily being regarded as Greeks. Moreover, Malkin specifies that they were Greek-speakers, though not universally regarded as "Greek" by other Greeks. According to Johannes Engels, however, the way of life in Epirus was more archaic than that in the
720:
calls him "the most savage and degenerate of all men". The modern interpretation of the events, focuses more on the structural reasons which led to this decision by the Romans rather than the personal politics of regional actors. The plague of 174 BC caused a great reduction of available labor in
806:
In modern research, the question of identity has arisen about what constituted the ancient Greek identity, with mode of life as the main criterion of ethnicity construction, regardless of what language they spoke. In each given historical era, the
Molossians were regarded as "barbarians" by many
3969:
The inscription was dated, by
Cabanes, in the years before 330 / 328 BC, the last years of Alexander I.s reign. M. seems to trust in Hammond's restoration of the name of the king (Neoptolemus, Alexander's son) in the last line of the inscription: in fact, it is very unlikely (an unicum, in all
1032:
of the
Molossians in the 5th century BC have been argued as contributing factors for these constructions. An important point is that the function of this construction of a fictional genealogy by the ruling dynasty of the Molossians was not to Hellenize the ethnic origin of their people, but to
3879:
3832:, p. 222: "..most epigraphic texts date to the late Classical/Hellenistic period i.e. to a time when the impact of a supraregional NW Doric koina was already felt, even though the Attic-Ionic koine eventually established itself in the region at a later time, i.e. in ca 1st c.AD.".
807:
contemporary Greeks, not on the basis of language, but because of their tribal way of life, their organization, and their pastoral economy. In this context, the Epirotes were more similar to the Macedonians and the non-Greek Illyrians than to those ancient Greeks who were organized in
721:
Italy, which was supplied almost exclusively by slave labor. In the following years, slave-hunting became a central feature of Roman campaigns. The Roman senate, which represented the landowning elite, specifically targeted the Molossians because of the proximity of their territory to
403:(from 9th century B.C). At the earliest burial at Liatovouni Mycenaean weapons were unearthed. This Molossian cemetery consist of a total of 103 burials and was in use until late 5th to early 4th century B.C. A large Molossian cemetery, was also found at Koutsokrano, Pogoni.
88:, they formed the main tribal groupings of the northwestern Greek group. On their northern frontier, they neighbored the Chaonians and on their southern frontier neighbored the kingdom of the Thesprotians. They formed their own state around 370 BC and were part of the
3480:, p. 221: "...the epigraphic evidence from the late Archaic period (6th – 5th c. BC) onwards indicates that the population of Epirus proper at least spoke a dialectal variety akin to the so-called 'North-West (NW) Doric' (or 'North-West Greek')..."
4090:... It is probable that Tharyps was responsible for the kind of written rules and regulations which we find in the earliest known decrees of the Molossian state in 370–368 B.C. But the institutions were, of course, much earlier in origin.".
3152:
Thanks to their peaceful trade with the Molossians, the Epirotes were always friends of the Corinthians down to the last decades of the fifth century B . C ., when the king of the Molossoi, Tharyps, embarked upon a pro - Athenian policy
958:
In terms of religion they worshipped the same gods like the rest of the Greeks. No traces of non-Greek deities were found until the Hellenistic age (with the introduction of oriental deities in the Greek world). Their supreme deity was
3799:
1156:
was used for the display of public decisions. Despite having a monarchy, the Molossians sent princes to Athens to learn of democracy, and they did not consider certain aspects of democracy incompatible with their form of government.
875:
The oracle of Dodona was located in the center of the homeland of the Molossians, the Molossis, which has always been regarded as a Greek oracle, the latter being a well-established religious sanctuary of Zeus since at least the
1147:
When King was Alexandros when of Molossoi prostatas was Aristomachos Omphalas secretary was Menedamos Omphalas resolved by the assembly of the Molossoi; Kreston is benefactor hence to give citizenship to Kteson and descent
2771:, common name of tribes forming a tribal state (koinon) in Epirus, which originated in northern Pindus including the Orestae, FGrH 1 F 107) and expanded southwards, reaching the Ambraciote Gulf (see AMBRACIA) c.370 BC."
395:, mainly scattered in the river valleys and lakeside areas of central Epirus. Among those settlements the most excavated were located in Liatovouni at the confluence of the Aoös and Voidomatis rivers at the valley of
419:
during the period of its colonization (1020–900 BC). The Molossian expansion in Epirus possibly began in the early 6th century BC. As such they became a leading power in the region already from the time of historian
1048:
was the first in his dynasty to become renowned, as he organized his cities on a system of Greek customs, rules and regulations. He was probably responsible for the earliest known decrees of the Molossian state in
797:
of pre-classical Epirus, with Greek elites ruling over a population of non-Greek origin. However, such views were based on subjective ancient testimonies and are not supported by the earliest epigraphic evidence.
1006:– 438 BC) dedicated to the Achaean Neoptolemos. As such, in order to increase their prestige, the ruling dynasty of the Molossians in classical antiquity constructed a prestigious genealogy going back to the
716:– a Roman ally – who in order to gain command of the region, pushed for the extermination of the Molossians. This interpretation is based on the negative assessment of Charops, already in ancient sources, as
1124:)—from the region of north Pindus—a region which had evidently entered Molossian rule. The state officials now were: the king, the prostates, the secretary (grammateus) and a board of fifteen synarchontes (
1108:
as god of war, made a formal exchange of oaths with the Molossian tribes, swearing to rule in accordance to the laws. A later inscription, dating probably within the reign of Neoptolemus (shortly before
3970:
epigraphic sources in Epirus) that the name of the king would be listed after the name of the prostatas and of the other officials (political, in common scholars' opinion, or religious, as M. suggests).
489:) but not before ravaging the region and killing 15,000 Molossians. Alcetas eventually managed to restore his power and brought the Molossian state closer to Athens (the traditional enemy of Sparta).
391:
has been regarded as the heartland of the Molossian tribes due to the large number of tumuli burials found in this region dating from that time. They initially lived in small unwalled settlements,
642:(280 BC). Subsequently, Pyrrhus's forces nearly reached the outskirts of Rome, but had to retreat to avoid an unequal conflict with a more numerous Roman army. The following year, Pyrrhus invaded
765:, akin to that of Aetolia, Phocis, and certain other regions, this is also attested by the available epigraphic evidence in Epirus. Eugene Borza argues that the Molossians originated from those
734:
symbolic figures. Though the region witnessed widescale destruction the Greek language in Epirus showed remarkable vitality in the following centuries both in the cities as well as outside them.
2865:
The proposition, that the Molossian kings aroud 500 B.C. were descended from the grandfather of Achilles, Aiakos, born some 800 years earlier, was not doubted by writers of the Classical period.
669:(275 BC). Having lost the vast majority of his army, he decided to return to Epirus, which finally resulted in the loss of all his Italian holdings. Because of his costly victories, the term "
4220:
Its emblem was the Molossian hound, and the issuing authority, the Molossoi, was inscribed around a Molossian shield and it was accompanied by a bronaze coinage which laster until c. 330 B.C.
769:
tribes that inhabited northwestern Greece in c. 2.600 BC. Linguist Vladimir Georgiev argues that northwestern Greece, including Molossia, was part of the proto-Greek region, before the
4273:, p. 191: "ANTI'NOUS (Άντίνους), a chief among the Molossians in Epeirus, who became involved, against his own will, in the war of Perseus, king of Macedonia, against the Romans."
100:(171–168 BC) and were defeated. Following the war, the region witnessed devastation while a considerable number of Molossians and other Epirotes were enslaved and transported to the
983:
In ancient Greece common descent was demonstrated thorough genealogies and foundation legends. As such the local royal household, the settlements and tribes traced their origin to
431:–476 BC). Their expansion was primarily directed towards the Thesprotians. However, the nearby Chaonians also lost some pastures but they kept control of an area stretching from
1100:(Greek: δημιουργοί) literally meaning "creators"; one each for the ten tribes which made up the Molossian group (Arctanes, Tripolies, Celaethoi, Genoaei, Ethnestes, Triphyles,
935:
3808:, p. 77: "The original home of the Hellenes was 'Hellas', the area round Dodona in Epirus, according to Aristotle. In the Iliad it was the home of Achilles' Hellenes.".
1053:
BC, during the reign of his grandson Neoptolemus I; though, the institutions originated much earlier, and the dialect in which they are written is not, as was believed, the
4524:
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1994). "CHAPTER 9d. ILLYRIANS AND NORTH-WEST GREEKS". In Lewis, David Malcolm; Boardman, John; Hornblower, Simon; Ostwald, M. (eds.).
3548:
3466:
We are left with the vexed question as to what language there Epirotes tribes spoke. Greek scholars, followed by most people in the West, would have them speaking Greek
820:
neither philological training nor particularly linguistic interests. A far more reliable source about the actual views of the Greeks regarding Epirus is the list of
860:
and festivals. The list, which was compiled in 360 BC, includes the sacred envoys (members of the ruling family of each tribe or subtribe) of the Molossians,
3122:
They suffered losses too at the hands of the Taulantioi and the settlers at Apollonia, who captured the southern part of the coastal plain, the Malakastra."
665:, Sicily. This prompted the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities to defect to Pyrrhus. His Italian campaign came to an end following the inconclusive
454:
4566:
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1982). "CHAPTER 40 ILLYRIS, EPIRUS AND MACEDONIA". In Boardman, John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (eds.).
595:
and let the Illyrians loot freely. The stratagem worked, and the Molossians fell upon the Illyrians, who were encumbered with booty, and defeated them.
263:, Neoptolemus and his armies settled in Epirus where they joined with the local population. Molossus inherited the kingdom of Epirus after the death of
4742:
2959:
A very large cemetery, estimated to have a hundred tumuli, is being excavated at Koutsokrano in Pogoni, the homeland of the Molossian group of tribes.
3646:, p. 8 In terms of mode of life, moreover, the tribal Epirotes were more similar to Illyrians than they were to those Greeks dwelling in poleis.
1116:), named the Molossian state as "koinon of the Molossians" and mentioned not only the previous ten tribes but also additional five (among them the
782:(1100–800 BC). The language the Epirotes spoke was regarded as a primitive Northwestern Greek dialect, but there was no question that it was Greek.
3094:
900:
and Ionians) are associated with Dodona and Epirus. Aristotle also considered the region around Dodona the region where the Hellenes originated.
967:
found in the land of the Molossians attracted pilgrims from all over the Greek world. As with the rest of the Epirotes they were included in the
469:, attacked the faction of Molossian dynasty who had overthrown him and attempted to take power. Dionysius planned to control all the Ionian Sea.
4710:Το λεκανοπέδιο των Ιωαννίνων και η ευρύτερη περιοχή της Μολοσσίας στην Κεντρική Ηπειρο: αρχαιολογικά κατάλοιπα, οικιστική οργάνωση και οικονομία
1017:
In the case of the Molossian ruling class, the philosopher who has been credited with much of the mythological construction of their origins is
2927:
856:, which includes all of the Epirotic tribes. The weight of this evidence is decisive because only Greeks were allowed to participate in the
3423:, p. 224: "There is an overall consensus nowadays that the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, despite its fragmentation into major (
4456:
Franke, P. R. (1989). "CHAPTER 10 PYRRHUS". In Astin, A. E.; Walbank, F. W.; Frederiksen, M. W.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Drummond, A. (eds.).
4308:
Anson, Edward M. (2010). "Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).
3919:"The Inscriptions of Dodona and a New History of Molossia. Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien (HABES), 54"
2832:
4371:
Davies, J. K. (2002). "A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy". In Brock, Roger (ed.).
2816:
2153:
517:, expanding their power at the expense of rival tribes. The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of
1061:
dialect with several distinctive features, so as to rule out the case of it having been borrowed. In the early 4th century BC (
951:
4715:
The basin of Ioannina and the wider area of Molossia in Central Epirus: archaeological remains sattlement patterns and economy
4665:
4319:
4298:
4005:
3787:
3706:
3598:
3501:
3459:
2895:
4518:
The Molossian group was the leading power in the time of Hekataios. Its expansion may have begun early in the sixth century.
179:). "Never, with them on guard," says Virgil, "need you fear for your stalls a midnight thief, or onslaught of wolves, or
3535:
The Proto Greek Region... Μολοσσία, Μολοττία, a derivative of the tribal name Μολοσσοί, and the personal name Μολοσσός ,
1132:), literally meaning "co-rulers", instead of the earlier ten damiourgoi. The king also held the military command as an '
761:
There is today an overall consensus that the Molossians were among the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, which spoke
412:
4880:
4794:
4773:
4752:
4686:
4644:
4616:
4577:
4556:
4535:
4511:
4488:
4467:
4437:
4361:
4340:
4213:
3571:
3528:
3145:
3085:
2984:
2858:
1239:
Eidymmas prostates, secretary Amphikorios gave citizenship το Philista, wife of Antimachos from Arrhonos, under King
892:. Moreover, according to Malkin, two of the three comprehensive names used for the Greeks still in use to this day (
3713:
In Epirus the peoples involved seem to have been Greek-speakers not universally regarded as "Greek" by other Greeks.
279:
after Neoptolemus's death. According to some historians, their first king was Phaethon, one of those who came into
3779:
Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours
2977:
Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and Their Neighbours
375:
During the Late Bronze Age the Molossians were probably located over much of the central and western ranges of the
89:
4605:
Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1997). "The Boundaries of Hellenism in Epirus During Antiquity". In Sakellariou, M. B. (ed.).
1209:
1010:
and then these names from the Trojan cycle were used for contemporary rulers of the dynasty like Neoptolemos and
1028:
tribes to the east (who claimed similar mythological ancestry as the later Molossians) and the beginning of the
4382:
3667:
4678:
New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: A Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1979
2099:
1215:
666:
244:
199:
366:
Political structure of the ancient Greek world (8th–5th centuries BC). Tribal social structures in purple.
4890:
4697:
812:
816:
Corinthian and Corcyrean colonies on the coast, but there was never a discussion about their Greekness.
4744:
Late Classical – Hellenistic Fortifications in Epirus : Fourth to Second century BC
498:
4447:
Filos, Panagiotis (December 18, 2017). Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.).
2108:
626:
came to the throne in 295 BC. Pyrrhus, being a skillful general, was encouraged to aid the Greeks of
991:
era. Such genealogies were known and widely accepted in Ancient Greece at least from the end of the
4593:
Epirus: The geography, the ancient remains, the history and topography of Epirus and adjacent areas
2315:
2073:
569:
17:
3181:
4597:
3880:"MOLOSSIA – (E.A.) Meyer The Inscriptions of Dodona and a New History of Molossia"
2477:
1672:
1240:
910:
458:
96:, considered one of the greatest generals of antiquity. The Molossians sided against Rome in the
4572:
Vol. III, Part 3 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–285.
4569:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C.
3994:
Currie, Associate Professor in Classical Languages and Literature Bruno; Currie, Bruno (2005).
2325:
2115:
2091:
926:
827:
3995:
3777:
2972:
4885:
3657:
2676:
2659:
2649:
2337:
1911:
1856:
1278:
1272:
1261:
1140:
845:
705:
696:, which fought a series of wars with Macedonia. The League remained neutral in the first two
682:
59:
3588:
3491:
4374:
Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece
2705:
2493:
2305:
2084:
2064:
1882:
1838:
1285:
1205:
1018:
766:
701:
534:
421:
384:
256:
97:
31:
4393:
3605:"Proto-Greek has been located by Georgiev (1981) to northwestern Greece... around 2500 BC.
140:, were the most famous among the fourteen tribes of Epirus, who once ruled over the whole
8:
4833:
Ziolkowski, Adam (1986). "The Plundering of Epirus in 167 B.C: Economic Considerations".
2157:
2053:
1545:
1192:
1058:
778:(1982) argues that the Molossians and other Epirote tribes spoke Greek at least from the
762:
561:
557:
546:
542:
538:
347:
187:
3103:, p. 411: "The participation of Molossians in the Ionian migration (c. 1020 to 900 BC)".
4858:
4850:
4821:
3960:
3899:
3037:
3029:
2146:
1893:
1268:
1225:
1166:
748:
639:
627:
607:
581:
327:
4530:
Vol. VI (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 422–443.
1104:, Onopernoi and Amymnoi. Once a year the king of the Molossians, having sacrificed to
354:, the mother of Alexander the Great, was a member of this celebrated sovereign house.
124:
on shield, ΜΟΛΟΣΣΩΝ (of Molossians) around shield. Reverse: Thunderbolt within wreath.
4862:
4790:
4769:
4748:
4682:
4661:
4640:
4612:
4573:
4552:
4531:
4507:
4484:
4463:
4433:
4378:
4357:
4336:
4315:
4294:
4209:
4202:"The Affinity of the Epirote Tribes with their Neighbours in the Central Balkan Area"
4001:
3964:
3940:
3903:
3783:
3702:
3663:
3594:
3567:
3524:
3497:
3455:
3141:
3081:
3021:
2980:
2891:
2854:
2504:
2486:
2125:
1709:
1230:
1182:
1011:
972:
857:
841:
786:
709:
647:
638:. Due to its superior martial abilities, the Epirote army defeated the Romans in the
631:
623:
530:
311:
151:, which were used by shepherds to guard their flocks. This is where the canine breed
105:
93:
37:
3041:
1054:
753:
564:
the Molossian led an expedition in southern Italy in support of the Greek cities of
4842:
4813:
4587:
3952:
3891:
3559:
3493:
Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and Topography: Presented to Eugene Vanderpool
3013:
2643:
1904:
1117:
988:
984:
775:
447:
380:
339:
4606:
4462:. Vol. VII, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–485.
4427:
729:
would require a much lower cost of transportation. In comparison, at least 65,000
362:
4784:
4763:
4731:
4676:
4655:
4634:
4591:
4567:
4546:
4525:
4499:
4478:
4457:
4372:
4351:
4330:
4309:
4288:
4201:
3696:
3518:
3449:
3133:
3075:
2952:
2885:
2846:
877:
779:
708:
was the most recognized theory. He connected the measures taken by the Romans to
697:
670:
651:
462:
315:
2800:
1080:) literally meaning "protectors" like most Greek tribal states at the time, the
1125:
1085:
1073:
1044:
writes a story that was related to him, according to which, the Molossian king
992:
885:
693:
577:
573:
432:
319:
160:
152:
148:
101:
70:
50:
4846:
3941:"Elizabeth A. Meyer, The Inscriptions of Dodona and a New History of Molossia"
3895:
3563:
1281:(died circa 233 BC), last surviving representative of the royal Aeacid dynasty
4874:
3918:
3025:
1029:
794:
662:
576:. After some successes on the battlefield, he was defeated by a coalition of
565:
206:
4391:
3323:
2732:
692:
In the following years, Epirus faced the growing threat of the expansionist
4804:
Woodbury, Leonard (1979). "Neoptolemus at Delphi: Pindar, "Nem." 7.30 ff".
3956:
3523:. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. pp. 156–157.
3006:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
1234:
1096:(Greek: ἱερομνήμονες) literally meaning "of the sacred memory" and the ten
869:
790:
486:
168:
137:
85:
3017:
700:. However, they sided with the anti-Roman Macedonian-Illyrian pact in the
4708:
1267:
Aristomachos prostates secretary Menedamos gave citizenship to Simias of
1247:
1197:
909:
of 4th century BC. The Molossian decrees issued during the reign of king
822:
248:
121:
4854:
4500:"The Tribal Systems of Epirus and Neighbouring Areas down to 400 B . C "
3033:
3001:
4825:
3002:"A New Type of Early Iron Age Fibula from Albania and Northwest Greece"
1422:
1258:
1219:
1045:
1007:
770:
730:
722:
443:
416:
343:
276:
243:
The Molossian ruling dynasty claimed to be descended from mythological
4765:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 7, Part 1: The Hellenistic World
4747:(University of Helsinki, PhD thesis). Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto.
1251:
881:
865:
853:
713:
611:
522:
504:
482:
474:
466:
292:
231:
133:
81:
4817:
4410:
3451:
Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania
442:, however in 5th century BC during the last decades of the reign of
3794:
In the centre of all this... real origin of the Greek were Epirote.
2939:
The proto-Greeks split progressively... are known (Molosssians...).
2137:
1847:
1357:
1201:
1188:
1133:
1121:
1101:
1041:
1025:
897:
889:
717:
673:" is often used for a victory with devastating cost to the victor.
658:
526:
507:
478:
351:
335:
323:
288:
284:
252:
180:
3306:
3304:
116:
2700:
968:
893:
861:
836:
726:
592:
588:
518:
439:
396:
264:
681:
In 233 BC, the last surviving member of the Aeacid royal house,
510:
dynasty managed to create the first centralized state in Epirus
411:
Molossians were also among the Greek colonists that reached the
4654:
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012) .
4335:(Revised ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3301:
1153:
996:
964:
947:
930:
834:; sacred envoy-receivers whose duty was to host and assist the
643:
635:
470:
388:
376:
331:
304:
296:
280:
272:
214:
164:
156:
141:
129:
77:
73:
4736:. Vol. I. London: Taylor and Walton, Upper Gower Street.
4608:
Epirus, Four Thousand Years of Greek History and Civilization
3723:
3721:
3556:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
2883:
808:
400:
268:
971:
catalogues where only Greeks were allowed to participate in
610:, who succeeded him, espoused the cause of Olympias against
457:, the deposed Molossian king who was exiled to the court of
4411:"Liatovouni: a Molossian cemetery and settlement in Epirus"
4353:
Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization
2973:"Komai, Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania"
1105:
960:
940:
438:
The Epirotes were traditionally on friendly terms with the
300:
260:
218:
4653:
3718:
3520:
Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages
2764:
1284:
Kephalos, Antinoos sided with Perseus against the Romans (
4768:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
4459:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC
1139:
An inscription from the 4th century stated (referring to
587:
In another Illyrian attack in 360 BC, the Molossian king
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
1165:
The typical emblem inscribed on Molossian coins was the
844:), listing Greek cities and tribes, to which the major
591:(or Arybbas) evacuated his non-combatant population to
27:Αncient Greek tribe that inhabited the region of Epirus
4527:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Fourth Century B.C.
473:
intervened and expelled the Illyrians who were led by
4733:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
4408:
4053:
4047:
4035:
3757:
3682:
3643:
3390:
2954:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The fourth century B.C
2910:
2870:
1068:–368 BC), the Molossian officials were the king, the
275:
of Troy, who had married his erstwhile sister-in-law
186:
Strabo records that the Thesprotians, Molossians and
3847:
3811:
3402:
147:
The Molossians were also renowned for their vicious
30:"Molossia" redirects here. For the micronation, see
3698:
The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity
549:of Macedon, succeeded to the throne with the title
450:policy. This change had also its effects in trade.
310:The most famed member of the Molossian dynasty was
64:
4717:] (PhD) (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki
4332:In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon
4206:Epirus: 4000 Years of Greek Cilization and Culture
3138:Epirus: 4000 Years of Greek Cilization and Culture
2851:Epirus: 4000 Years of Greek Cilization and Culture
435:(ancient Boion) to the southwest of Ohrid-Prespa.
163:the heavier Molossian dogs were often used by the
120:Coin of Molossi, 360–330/25 BC. Obverse: Vertical
4660:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1292:
801:
630:and decided to initiate a major offensive in the
537:(r. 359–336 BC). She was to become the mother of
4872:
4681:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
4432:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
4415:Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
4409:Douzougli, Angelika; Papadopoulos, John (2010).
3938:
379:. They were among the known Greek tribes of the
3701:. University of California Press. p. 142.
3489:
3443:
3441:
2884:Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011).
978:
4812:(2). Classical Association of Canada: 95–133.
4349:
4187:
4163:
4151:
4696:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889).
4545:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1986).
4477:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1998).
4286:
4175:
4031:
4029:
3934:
3932:
3639:
3637:
3490:Shear, T. Leslie; Vanderpool, Eugene (1982).
3206:
3204:
3202:
3074:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1993).
763:the North-West Doric dialect of Ancient Greek
399:established in the 13th–12th century B.C and
175:) and to watch over the house and livestock (
4695:
4114:
4112:
3993:
3438:
3131:
2999:
2970:
2828:
2812:
774:particular after the split of Proto-Greek.
525:raids, and in 359 BC the Molossian princess
4604:
4392:Encyclopædia Britannica ("Epirus") (2013).
4020:
3981:
3865:
3841:
3739:
3727:
2957:. Cambridge University Press. p. 433.
4832:
4632:
4314:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–20.
4103:
4041:
4026:
3929:
3655:
3634:
3447:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3316:
3199:
80:in classical antiquity. Together with the
4425:
4350:Brock, Roger; Hodkinson, Stephen (2000).
4287:Alcock, Susan E.; Osborne, Robin (2007).
4109:
3593:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
2921:
2919:
2890:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 83–84.
2847:"The Greek Heroes and the Greek Colonies"
2791:
2789:
2780:
2736:
2129:king of Epirus 306–302 BC and 297–272 BC,
1185:(318–272 BC), most prominent Epirote king
946:bearing a thunderbold from the oracle of
676:
225:meant "grey". Their senators were called
4803:
4789:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Limited.
4293:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
4249:
4000:. Oxford University Press. p. 342.
3586:
3546:
3516:
3510:
3414:
2765:Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012
934:
752:
361:
115:
36:
4761:
4706:
4674:
4586:
4565:
4544:
4523:
4497:
4476:
4199:
4139:
4127:
4099:
4083:
3805:
3616:
3310:
3259:
3234:
3210:
3193:
3164:
3100:
3073:
3061:
2844:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:Encyclopædia Britannica ("Epirus") 2013
1036:
646:(279 BC) and the two armies met in the
521:, in part against the common threat of
155:, native to Greece, received its name.
14:
4873:
4782:
4455:
4370:
4071:
4065:
4059:
3877:
3775:
3763:
3694:
3295:
3283:
3271:
2925:
2916:
2786:
2752:
793:(1878)) argued for a possible partial
499:Epirus (ancient state) § History
485:were defeated by the Spartans (led by
406:
92:. The most famous Molossian ruler was
4729:
4699:An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon
4446:
4328:
4307:
4270:
3916:
3853:
3829:
3817:
3751:
3628:
3477:
3420:
3408:
3222:
2971:Papadopoulos, John (31 August 2016).
2950:
2728:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2656:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
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2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2584:
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2576:
2574:
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2530:
2528:
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2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2501:
2492:
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2485:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
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2446:
2444:
2416:
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2348:
2335:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2244:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2144:
2124:
2106:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2006:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1940:
1903:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1797:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1708:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1613:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
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1488:
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1478:
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1468:
1466:
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1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1176:
952:National Archeological Museum, Athens
917:and further investigation is needed.
903:
650:where the Epirotes won the eponymous
4835:Papers of the British School at Rome
4740:
3396:
2951:Press, Cambridge University (1994).
2935:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
2928:"Proto-Greeks and the Kurgan Theory"
1271:, resident at Theptinon, under King
342:, the daughter of a war hero in the
314:, who became famous for his several
238:
4356:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
617:
481:and 500 suits of Greek armour, the
477:. Even with the aid of 2,000 Greek
229:(Πελιγόνες), similar to Macedonian
24:
4639:. New York and London: Routledge.
4426:Errington, Robert Malcolm (1990).
3517:Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov (1981).
1224:Alcon (6th century BC), suitor of
1057:of the Corinthian colonies, but a
995:, as demonstrated in the poems of
217:", so-called because of its dusky
111:
25:
4902:
4048:Douzougli & Papadopoulos 2010
4036:Douzougli & Papadopoulos 2010
3695:Malkin, Irad (30 November 1998).
3683:Douzougli & Papadopoulos 2010
3644:Douzougli & Papadopoulos 2010
3587:Trudgill, Peter (16 April 2020).
2911:Douzougli & Papadopoulos 2010
492:
370:
346:. Pyrrhus was a second cousin of
132:, the Molossians, along with the
4311:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
3776:Molloy, Barry (31 August 2016).
3080:. Adolf M. Hakkert. p. 27.
2887:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
888:" was located around Dodona and
657:In 277 BC, Pyrrhus captured the
4762:Walbank, Frank William (1984).
4657:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
4449:The Dialectal Variety of Epirus
4264:
4255:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4193:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4093:
3987:
3910:
3871:
3769:
3745:
3688:
3676:
3649:
3610:
3580:
3540:
3483:
3471:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3187:
3170:
3158:
3125:
3115:
3106:
3067:
3055:
2993:
2964:
2944:
842:Panhellenic games and festivals
840:(θεωροί, "viewers") before the
614:, but was dethroned in 313 BC.
446:, the Molossians adopted a pro-
299:, having set up the worship of
4548:A History of Greece to 322 B.C
4396:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
3000:Papadopoulos, John K. (2010).
2904:
2838:
2822:
2806:
2774:
2758:
2722:
1293:Family tree of kings of Epirus
802:Society and views among Greeks
757:Map of Ancient Greek dialects.
712:, member of a rival tribe the
13:
1:
3997:Pindar and the Cult of Heroes
3330:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
2711:
2666:
1136:'; a descendant of Achilles.
1110:
1062:
1000:
511:
425:
4611:. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon.
3939:D'Alessandro, Adele (2015).
3782:. Oxbow Books. p. 464.
3590:Millennia of Language Change
3554:. In Olander, Thomas (ed.).
3132:Vokotopoulou, Julia (1997).
2716:
1169:on a shield with the legend
979:Mythological royal genealogy
7:
4636:The Greek World, 479–323 BC
4551:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4377:. Oxford University Press.
2694:
1092:) meaning "secretary", the
920:
742:
606:After Alexander's I death,
599:was issued with the legend
541:. On the death of Arybbas,
247:, one of the three sons of
221:color. Ancient Greek πελός
65:
10:
4907:
4702:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4675:Horsley, G. H. R. (1987).
4633:Hornblower, Simon (2002).
4498:Hammond, N. G. L. (1997).
4279:
4200:Hammond, N. G. L. (1997).
4188:Brock & Hodkinson 2000
4164:Brock & Hodkinson 2000
4152:Brock & Hodkinson 2000
3923:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
2845:Hammond, N. G. L. (1997).
1160:
924:
831:
746:
737:
496:
357:
194:(πελιοί) and old women as
29:
4847:10.1017/S0068246200008850
4707:Pliakou, Georgia (2007).
4329:Borza, Eugene N. (1992).
4176:Alcock & Osborne 2007
3896:10.1017/S0009840X14000055
3564:10.1017/9781108758666.011
3547:van Beek, Lucien (2022).
3454:. Duckworth. p. 47.
2747:, pp. 430, 433–434;
2596:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2514:
2483:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2384:
2382:
2344:
2333:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2212:
2210:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2142:
2122:
2104:
2088:
2070:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1901:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1844:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1486:
1484:
1218:, son of Neoptolemus and
1129:
1089:
1077:
383:(1600–1100 BC) after the
326:, Pyrrhus was the son of
54:
4881:Ancient tribes in Epirus
4208:. Ekdotike Athenon: 59.
3662:. Springer. p. 73.
3656:Winnifrith, Tom (1983).
3448:Winnifrith, Tom (2002).
3140:. Ekdotike Athenon: 64.
2979:. Oxbow Books: 444–446.
2853:. Ekdotike Athenon: 46.
2829:Liddell & Scott 1889
2813:Liddell & Scott 1889
832:θεωρόδοκοι or θεαροδόκοι
259:. Following the sack of
183:brigands at your back."
104:, overwhelmingly in the
4730:Smith, William (1844).
4598:Oxford University Press
4261:Cabanes, L'Épire 540,4.
4231:Cabanes, L'Épire 534,1.
3878:Nakkas, Yannis (2014).
3328:Encyclopædia Britannica
3324:"Linear A and Linear B"
2731:, pp. 62, 78, 98;
2133:of Syracusse 278–276 BC
2092:Demetrius I Poliorketes
987:mythical heroes of the
846:Panhellenic sanctuaries
543:Alexander the Molossian
190:referred to old men as
76:tribes which inhabited
4783:Wilkes, John (1995) .
4429:A History of Macedonia
3957:10.1515/klio-2015-0052
3917:Smith, Philip (2014).
2926:Katona, A. L. (2000).
2131:of Macedon 274–272 BC,
2116:Agathocles of Syracuse
1150:
1024:The conflict with the
955:
927:Ancient Greek religion
758:
677:Koinon of the Epirotes
367:
125:
42:
41:Molossia in antiquity.
4483:. London: Duckworth.
4290:Classical Archaeology
3558:. pp. 173, 189.
3134:"Archaeology and Art"
3018:10.2972/hesp.79.2.233
2665:235 –
1912:Menon IV of Pharsalus
1300:Family of Molossians
1279:Deidamia II of Epirus
1233:, who gave asylum to
1145:
1141:Alexander I of Epirus
938:
756:
706:Howard Hayes Scullard
365:
119:
40:
4741:Suha, Mikko (2021).
4451:. Walter de Gruyter.
4240:IG IV²,1 95 Line 31.
3884:The Classical Review
3496:. ASCSA. p. 7.
3250:, 14.92, 15.2, 16.2.
3112:Hammond, 1997, p. 55
2706:Invasion of Molossia
2306:Antigonos II Gonatas
1286:Third Macedonian War
1037:Politics and offices
1019:Proxenus of Atarneus
785:Earlier historians (
702:Third Macedonian War
667:Battle of Beneventum
556:In 334 BC, the time
535:Philip II of Macedon
98:Third Macedonian War
78:the region of Epirus
66:Molossoi or Molottoi
55:Μολοσσοί or Μολοττοί
32:Republic of Molossia
3286:, pp. 477–480.
3274:, pp. 462–479.
2054:Alexander the Great
1257:Arybbas, winner in
1193:Alexander the Great
939:Bronze figurine of
568:against the nearby
560:crossed into Asia,
558:Alexander the Great
547:Alexander the Great
539:Alexander the Great
407:Molossian expansion
387:split. The area of
348:Alexander the Great
318:in battle over the
4891:Ancient Molossians
3246:Diodorus Siculus.
3176:Diodorus Siculus.
1226:Agariste of Sicyon
1177:List of Molossians
963:and the Oracle of
956:
904:Local Greek script
880:(c. 1100–800 BC).
759:
749:Northwestern Greek
654:, at a high cost.
640:Battle of Heraclea
608:Aeacides of Epirus
582:Battle of Pandosia
368:
328:Aeacides of Epirus
126:
69:) were a group of
43:
4667:978-0-19-954556-8
4588:Hammond, N. G. L.
4480:Philip of Macedon
4321:978-1-4051-7936-2
4300:978-0-631-23418-0
4252:, pp. 95–133
4118:Pliakou, 2007, p.
4007:978-0-19-927724-7
3789:978-1-78570-234-1
3708:978-0-520-92026-2
3659:Greeks and Romans
3600:978-1-108-47739-0
3503:978-0-87661-519-5
3461:978-0-7156-3201-7
3399:, pp. 31–32.
3077:Collected Studies
2897:978-1-4443-5163-7
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2654:
2160:
2140:
2120:
2102:
1914:
1183:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1012:Pyrrhus of Epirus
973:Panhellenic Games
858:Panhellenic games
789:(1909 and 1951),
710:Charops of Epirus
648:Battle of Asculum
632:Italian peninsula
572:and the emerging
531:Arybbas of Epirus
316:Pyrrhic victories
239:Molossian royalty
159:tells us that in
106:Italian Peninsula
94:Pyrrhus of Epirus
63:
16:(Redirected from
4898:
4866:
4829:
4800:
4779:
4758:
4737:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4703:
4692:
4671:
4650:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4601:
4583:
4562:
4541:
4520:
4494:
4473:
4452:
4443:
4422:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4388:
4367:
4346:
4325:
4304:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4107:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4024:
4021:Hatzopoulos 1997
4018:
4012:
4011:
3991:
3985:
3982:Hatzopoulos 1997
3979:
3973:
3972:
3936:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3875:
3869:
3866:Hatzopoulos 1997
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3842:Hatzopoulos 1997
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3740:Hatzopoulos 1997
3737:
3731:
3728:Hatzopoulos 1997
3725:
3716:
3715:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3553:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3445:
3436:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2842:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2810:
2804:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2756:
2726:
2671:
2668:
2653:king of Syracuse
2647:
2319:military officer
2150:
2135:
2112:
2097:
1908:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1191:, the mother of
1131:
1115:
1112:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1064:
1052:
1005:
1002:
833:
776:N. G. L. Hammond
618:Reign of Pyrrhus
516:
513:
465:with aid by the
430:
427:
381:Mycenaean period
177:canis pastoralis
90:League of Epirus
68:
58:
56:
21:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4818:10.2307/1087989
4797:
4776:
4755:
4720:
4718:
4689:
4668:
4647:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4580:
4559:
4538:
4514:
4491:
4470:
4440:
4399:
4397:
4385:
4364:
4343:
4322:
4301:
4282:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4104:Hornblower 2002
4102:, p. 243;
4098:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3937:
3930:
3915:
3911:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3719:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3446:
3439:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3385:Ziolkowski 1986
3383:
3379:
3373:Ziolkowski 1986
3371:
3367:
3361:Ziolkowski 1986
3359:
3355:
3349:Ziolkowski 1986
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3148:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2969:
2965:
2949:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2882:
2871:
2861:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2811:
2807:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2763:
2759:
2751:, p. 284;
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2697:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2663:queen of Epirus
2662:
2652:
2646:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2481:king of Macedon
2480:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2318:
2309:king of Macedon
2308:
2152:
2149:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2096:
2095:king of Macedon
2094:
2078:
2076:
2058:
2057:king of Macedon
2056:
1910:
1907:
1899:331–316, 313 BC
1898:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1861:
1859:
1842:king of Macedon
1841:
1714:
1712:
1677:
1675:
1550:
1548:
1427:
1425:
1295:
1275:342–330/329 BC.
1179:
1163:
1113:
1065:
1059:Northwest Greek
1050:
1039:
1003:
981:
975:and festivals.
933:
925:Main articles:
923:
906:
804:
771:Late Bronze Age
751:
745:
740:
698:Macedonian Wars
679:
671:Pyrrhic victory
652:Pyrrhic victory
622:Aeacides's son
620:
533:, married King
514:
501:
495:
428:
409:
373:
360:
322:. According to
287:. According to
241:
205:, "grey"). Cf.
173:canis venaticus
114:
112:Ancient sources
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4868:
4867:
4830:
4801:
4795:
4780:
4774:
4759:
4753:
4738:
4727:
4704:
4693:
4687:
4672:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4630:
4617:
4602:
4584:
4578:
4563:
4557:
4542:
4536:
4521:
4512:
4495:
4489:
4474:
4468:
4453:
4444:
4438:
4423:
4406:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4347:
4341:
4326:
4320:
4305:
4299:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4263:
4254:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4214:
4192:
4190:, p. 256.
4180:
4178:, p. 392.
4168:
4166:, p. 257.
4156:
4154:, p. 250.
4144:
4142:, pp. 431
4132:
4130:, p. 431.
4120:
4108:
4106:, p. 199.
4092:
4076:
4064:
4062:, p. 242.
4052:
4040:
4025:
4013:
4006:
3986:
3974:
3928:
3909:
3870:
3858:
3856:, p. 222.
3846:
3834:
3822:
3820:, p. 233.
3810:
3798:
3788:
3768:
3766:, p. 247.
3756:
3744:
3732:
3730:, p. 141.
3717:
3707:
3687:
3675:
3668:
3648:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3599:
3579:
3572:
3539:
3529:
3509:
3502:
3482:
3470:
3460:
3437:
3413:
3411:, p. 242.
3401:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3315:
3313:, p. 452.
3300:
3298:, p. 468.
3288:
3276:
3264:
3262:, p. 442.
3252:
3239:
3237:, p. 438.
3227:
3215:
3213:, p. 428.
3198:
3196:, p. 470.
3186:
3169:
3167:, p. 479.
3157:
3146:
3124:
3114:
3105:
3093:
3086:
3066:
3064:, pp. 433
3054:
3012:(2): 243–244.
2992:
2985:
2963:
2943:
2915:
2903:
2896:
2869:
2859:
2837:
2821:
2805:
2797:Parallel Lives
2785:
2781:Errington 1990
2773:
2757:
2755:, p. 104.
2743:, p. 19;
2739:, p. 43;
2737:Errington 1990
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2680:king of Epirus
2674:
2672:
2657:
2655:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:king of Epirus
2502:
2500:
2497:king of Epirus
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2329:king of Epirus
2322:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2143:
2141:
2123:
2121:
2119:king of Sicily
2105:
2103:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2077:king of Epirus
2074:Neoptolemus II
2071:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1902:
1900:
1897:king of Epirus
1891:
1889:
1886:king of Epirus
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:king of Epirus
1854:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:king of Epirus
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1676:king of Epirus
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1549:king of Epirus
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1426:king of Epirus
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:) circa 170 BC
1282:
1276:
1265:
1255:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1210:Aeacid dynasty
1195:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1162:
1159:
1152:The shrine of
1038:
1035:
993:Archaic period
980:
977:
922:
919:
905:
902:
803:
800:
747:Main article:
744:
741:
739:
736:
694:Roman Republic
678:
675:
619:
616:
580:tribes at the
574:Roman Republic
570:Italian tribes
551:King of Epirus
497:Main article:
494:
493:Unified Epirus
491:
408:
405:
372:
371:Molossian core
369:
359:
356:
240:
237:
198:(πελιαί) (<
161:ancient Greece
113:
110:
102:Roman Republic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4903:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4796:0-631-19807-5
4792:
4788:
4787:
4786:The Illyrians
4781:
4777:
4775:0-521-23445-X
4771:
4767:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4754:9789515176738
4750:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4728:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4688:0-85837-599-0
4684:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4646:0-415-16326-9
4642:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4620:
4618:960-213-377-5
4614:
4610:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4579:0-521-23447-6
4575:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4558:0-19-873096-9
4554:
4550:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4537:0-521-23348-8
4533:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4513:9789602133712
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4490:0-7156-2829-1
4486:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4469:0-521-23446-8
4465:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4439:0-520-06319-8
4435:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4363:0-19-815220-5
4359:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4342:0-691-00880-9
4338:
4334:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4272:
4267:
4258:
4251:
4250:Woodbury 1979
4246:
4237:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4215:9789602133712
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3754:, p. 219
3753:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3573:9781108758666
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3530:9789535172611
3526:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3387:, p. 75.
3386:
3381:
3375:, p. 80.
3374:
3369:
3363:, p. 71.
3362:
3357:
3351:, p. 79.
3350:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3147:9789602133712
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3118:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3087:9789025610500
3083:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2986:9781785702327
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2860:9789602133712
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2783:, p. 43.
2782:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2685:
2678:
2670: 231 BC
2661:
2651:
2645:
2601:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2570:
2562:
2560:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2443:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2271:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2127:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1978:
1976:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1877:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1698:
1696:
1674:
1673:Neoptolemus I
1654:
1651:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1577:
1575:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1495:
1493:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:Neoptolemos I
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:molossian dog
1158:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114: 360 BC
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:hieromnemones
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1030:Hellenization
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
998:
994:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
953:
949:
945:
942:
937:
932:
928:
918:
914:
912:
911:Neoptolemos I
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:stated that "
883:
879:
878:Geometric Age
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
829:
828:Ancient Greek
825:
824:
817:
814:
810:
799:
796:
795:Hellenization
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
755:
750:
735:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
596:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Magna Graecia
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515: 370 BC
509:
506:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
423:
418:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
236:
235:(Πελιγᾶνες).
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:Ancient Greek
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
171:for hunting (
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:According to
123:
118:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
67:
61:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
4886:Greek tribes
4838:
4834:
4809:
4805:
4785:
4764:
4743:
4732:
4719:. Retrieved
4714:
4709:
4698:
4677:
4656:
4635:
4622:. Retrieved
4607:
4592:
4568:
4547:
4526:
4517:
4503:
4479:
4458:
4448:
4428:
4418:
4414:
4398:. Retrieved
4373:
4352:
4331:
4310:
4289:
4266:
4257:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4219:
4205:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4140:Hammond 1994
4135:
4128:Hammond 1994
4123:
4100:Horsley 1987
4095:
4084:Hammond 1967
4079:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4016:
3996:
3989:
3977:
3968:
3948:
3944:
3922:
3912:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3806:Hammond 1986
3801:
3793:
3778:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3712:
3697:
3690:
3678:
3658:
3651:
3624:
3617:Hammond 1982
3612:
3604:
3589:
3582:
3555:
3542:
3534:
3519:
3512:
3492:
3485:
3473:
3465:
3450:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3311:Walbank 1984
3291:
3279:
3267:
3260:Hammond 1994
3255:
3247:
3242:
3235:Hammond 1994
3230:
3225:, p. 5.
3218:
3211:Hammond 1994
3194:Hammond 1986
3189:
3177:
3172:
3165:Hammond 1986
3160:
3151:
3137:
3127:
3117:
3108:
3101:Hammond 1967
3096:
3076:
3069:
3062:Hammond 1994
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3009:
3005:
2995:
2976:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2906:
2886:
2864:
2850:
2840:
2824:
2808:
2796:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2749:Hammond 1982
2745:Hammond 1994
2741:Hammond 1998
2724:
2478:Demetrius II
2326:Alexander II
2059:lord of Asia
1862:343/2–331 BC
1235:Themistocles
1212:till 231 BC)
1170:
1164:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1040:
1023:
1016:
982:
957:
943:
915:
907:
874:
870:Thesprotians
849:
835:
821:
818:
805:
784:
760:
691:
686:
680:
661:fortress in
659:Carthaginian
656:
621:
605:
600:
597:
586:
555:
550:
502:
452:
437:
410:
392:
374:
350:. Moreover,
309:
242:
230:
226:
222:
210:
202:
195:
191:
185:
176:
172:
146:
138:Thesprotians
127:
86:Thesprotians
46:
44:
4721:28 November
4072:Davies 2002
4060:Davies 2002
4050:, p. 6
3764:Davies 2002
3685:, p. 7
3296:Franke 1989
3284:Franke 1989
3272:Franke 1989
3047:20 December
2913:, p. 8
2767:, p. 966: "
2753:Wilkes 1995
2677:Pyrrhus III
2660:Deidamia II
2338:Olympias II
2151:daughter of
2113:daughter of
1909:daughter of
1857:Alexander I
1273:Alexander I
1248:theorodokos
1198:Neoptolemus
1130:συνάρχοντες
1106:Zeus Areios
969:thearodokoi
823:theorodokoi
809:city-states
767:Proto-Greek
584:in 331 BC.
562:Alexander I
545:, uncle of
529:, niece of
503:The ruling
453:In 385 BC,
440:Corinthians
385:Proto-Greek
334:woman from
249:Neoptolemus
188:Macedonians
122:thunderbolt
4875:Categories
4384:0199258104
4271:Smith 1844
3951:(2): 769.
3854:Filos 2017
3830:Filos 2017
3818:Filos 2017
3752:Filos 2017
3669:1349051233
3629:Filos 2017
3478:Filos 2017
3429:Thesprotoi
3421:Filos 2017
3409:Filos 2017
3223:Anson 2010
2795:Plutarch.
2729:Borza 1992
2712:References
2510:238–235 BC
2499:242–238 BC
2494:Pyrrhus II
2331:272–242 BC
2158:Berenice I
2085:Deidamia I
2079:302–297 BC
1888:313–306 BC
1883:Alcetas II
1715:370–343 BC
1678:370–357 BC
1551:390–370 BC
1428:430–392 BC
1423:Tharrhypas
1259:Tethrippon
1243:370–368 BC
1220:Andromache
1098:damiourgoi
1090:γραμματεύς
1082:grammateus
1066: 370
1046:Tharrhypas
1026:Thessalian
1008:Trojan War
1004: 518
862:Kassopeans
731:Sardinians
723:Brundisium
429: 550
417:Asia Minor
393:kata komas
344:Lamian War
277:Andromache
47:Molossians
4863:154313895
4841:: 69–80.
4624:14 August
3965:193681863
3904:231892260
3397:Suha 2021
3026:0018-098X
2833:πελιγᾶνες
2717:Citations
2126:Pyrrhus I
2065:Cleopatra
1839:Philip II
1546:Alcetas I
1269:Apollonia
1252:Epidauros
1246:Tharyps,
1200:, son of
1078:προστάται
1070:prostatai
989:Mycenaean
944:Keraunios
882:Aristotle
866:Chaonians
854:Epidaurus
780:Dark Ages
714:Chaonians
687:synedrion
612:Cassander
505:Molossian
487:Agesilaus
483:Illyrians
475:Bardyllis
467:Illyrians
459:Dionysius
422:Hecataeus
415:shore of
293:Deucalion
267:, son of
251:, son of
232:Peliganes
227:Peligones
153:Molossoid
134:Chaonians
82:Chaonians
60:romanized
4855:40310829
4590:(1967).
4394:"Epirus"
3425:Molossoi
3042:59130541
3034:40835486
2695:See also
2147:Antigone
2138:Bircenna
1894:Aeacides
1848:Olympias
1358:AEACIDAE
1262:Olympics
1216:Molossus
1206:Deidamia
1202:Achilles
1189:Olympias
1171:Μολοσσοί
1134:Aeacidae
1120:and the
1102:Omphales
1042:Plutarch
921:Religion
898:Hellenes
890:Achelous
813:prestige
743:Language
718:Polybius
683:Deidamia
628:Tarentum
601:Epirotes
527:Olympias
523:Illyrian
508:Aeacidae
479:hoplites
463:Syracuse
448:Athenian
352:Olympias
336:Thessaly
324:Plutarch
289:Plutarch
285:Pelasgus
257:Deidamia
253:Achilles
245:Molossus
108:itself.
84:and the
18:Molossia
4826:1087989
4806:Phoenix
4280:Sources
3549:"Greek"
3433:Chaones
3334:3 March
3248:Library
3182:15.13.1
3178:Library
2801:Pyrrhus
2769:Molossi
2701:Chaonia
2505:Ptolemy
2316:Ptolemy
2109:Lanassa
1710:Arybbas
1264:344 BC.
1231:Admetus
1161:Symbols
1122:Paroroi
1118:Orestae
1049:370–368
985:Achaean
894:Graikoi
850:theoroi
837:theoroi
787:Nilsson
738:Culture
727:Taranto
624:Pyrrhus
593:Aetolia
589:Arymbas
519:Macedon
455:Alcetas
444:Tharyps
433:Grammos
397:Konitsa
358:History
312:Pyrrhus
265:Helenus
209:πέλεια
181:Iberian
71:ancient
62::
4861:
4853:
4824:
4793:
4772:
4751:
4685:
4664:
4643:
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4555:
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4506:: 55.
4504:Epirus
4487:
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4400:1 July
4381:
4360:
4339:
4318:
4297:
4212:
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2983:
2937:: 87.
2894:
2857:
2682:235 BC
2644:Nereis
2487:Phthia
2154:Philip
1905:Phthia
1254:365 BC
1154:Dodona
1051:
997:Pindar
965:Dodona
948:Dodona
931:Dodona
886:Hellas
644:Apulia
636:Sicily
578:Italic
471:Sparta
413:Ionian
389:Pogoni
377:Pindos
340:Phthia
338:named
330:and a
320:Romans
305:Dodona
297:Pyrrha
281:Epirus
273:Hecuba
215:pigeon
211:peleia
196:peliai
192:pelioi
169:Romans
165:Greeks
157:Virgil
149:hounds
142:region
130:Strabo
4859:S2CID
4851:JSTOR
4822:JSTOR
4713:[
3961:S2CID
3900:S2CID
3890:(2).
3552:(PDF)
3038:S2CID
3030:JSTOR
2931:(PDF)
2817:πελός
2100:Phila
1867:Troas
1126:Greek
1086:Greek
1074:Greek
1055:Doric
848:sent
791:Meyer
401:Vitsa
332:Greek
283:with
269:Priam
223:pelos
203:*pel-
74:Greek
51:Greek
4791:ISBN
4770:ISBN
4749:ISBN
4723:2020
4683:ISBN
4662:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4626:2020
4613:ISBN
4574:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4532:ISBN
4508:ISBN
4485:ISBN
4464:ISBN
4434:ISBN
4402:2013
4379:ISBN
4358:ISBN
4337:ISBN
4316:ISBN
4295:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4002:ISBN
3945:Klio
3784:ISBN
3703:ISBN
3664:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3525:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3336:2016
3142:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3049:2022
3022:ISSN
2981:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2650:Gelo
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2324:(2)
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2156:and
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1204:and
1148:line
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634:and
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295:and
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255:and
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