3691:
1497:
3149:
3644:, mainly expressed in painted miniatures, as well as small luxury objects, was eclectic, borrowing from Iranian, Indian, Chinese and Renaissance European stylistic and thematic elements. Mughal emperors often took in Iranian bookbinders, illustrators, painters and calligraphers from the Safavid court due to the commonalities of their Timurid styles, and due to the Mughal affinity for Iranian art and calligraphy. Miniatures commissioned by the Mughal emperors initially focused on large projects illustrating books with eventful historical scenes and court life, but later included more single images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings displaying a profound appreciation for the serenity and beauty of the natural world. For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as
1334:
1289:, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community. From the imperial perspective, conversion to Islam integrated local elites into the king's vision of network of shared identity that would join disparate groups throughout the empire in obedience to the Mughal emperor. His campaign to conquer South and Western India nominally increased the size of Mughal Empire but had a ruinous effect on Mughal Empire. This campaign also had a ruinous effect on Mughal Treasury, and Emperor's absence led to a severe decline in Governance in Northern India. Marathas started expanding northwards shortly after the death of Aurangzeb, defeated the Mughals in Delhi and
1602:
1419:
986:
3937:
1349:
4079:
3633:
3795:
2859:
1191:
5990:
The emperors' will was frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their own account: continual pacification was required of the rulers."
2978:
2009:
5161:
1734:. The hierarchy of division was ambiguous sometimes, as a territory could fall under multiple overlapping jurisdictions. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geography – the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority to undertake detailed land surveys, and hence the geographical limits of these divisions were not formalised and maps were not created. The Mughals instead recorded detailed statistics about each division, to assess the territory's capacity for revenue, based on simpler land surveys.
2441:
1758:. Power often shifted back and forth between these capitals. Sometimes this was necessitated by political and military demands, but shifts also occurred for ideological reasons (for example, Akbar's establishment of Fatehpur Sikri), or even simply because the cost of establishing a new capital was marginal. Situations where there were two simultaneous capitals happened multiple times in Mughal history. Certain cities also served as short-term, provincial capitals, as was the case with Aurangzeb's shift to
4580:
4982:
4534:
1116:
14039:
1794:
5319:
4827:
5073:
4683:
4632:
4441:
4250:
5264:
4927:
4877:
4729:
1825:(censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire. However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. This was due to Persianate influences on Mughal ideology, and that the Mughal Empire governed a non-Muslim majority. Scholar Mouez Khalfaoui notes that legal institutions in the Mughal Empire systemically suffered from the corruption of local judges.
2341:
2835:
4773:
69:
2333:
5209:
5113:
5030:
2419:, others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. But Birbal said, "The cotton boll". There was a scornful laughter and Akbar asked for an explanation. Birbal said, "Your Majesty, from the cotton boll, comes the fine fabric prized by merchants across the seas that has made your empire famous throughout the world. The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower.
2827:
1153:. He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. He increased trade with European trading companies. India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion,
4391:
4348:
4488:
3687:) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings.
1557:, whose financial support was increasingly needed; the bankers then helped the Maratha and the British. In a religious interpretation, some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty. Finally, other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence, thus weakening the imperial court.
2037:
brass utensils. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. The dam's value was later worth 30 to a rupee towards the end of
Jahangir's reign, and then 16 to a rupee by the 1660s. The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without
4265:, which functioned as workshops for craftsmen. These Karkhanas were producing arms, ammunition, and also various items for the court and emperor's need such as clothes, shawls, turbans, jewelry, gold and silverware, perfumes, medicines, carpets, beddings, tents, and for the imperial stable-harnesses for the horses in irons, copper and other metals.
1360:, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. "However, after he died in 1712, the Mughal dynasty began to sink into chaos and violent feuds. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne", as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to the
2731:
exceed 13% of its total population, while
British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.
777:
standardized rule. The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.
1273:), seized the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed. Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until he died in 1666. Aurangzeb oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the
2314:, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India to pay for South Asian imports. Indian goods, especially those from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Japan.
6268:
Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well regulated
5622:
We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India's population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew
2722:
According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than
2077:
estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18th century Bengal and South India were comparable to
Britain. Similarly, Sivramkrishna analyzed agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan during 1800–1801, arrived at estimates using a "subsistence basket" that aggregated
1972:
The economy in the Indian
Subcontinent during the Mughal era performed just as it did in ancient times, though now it would face the stress of extensive regional tensions. The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. India's
1447:
took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of
British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control.
5989:
Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war, and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of
Rajasthan and the Deccan.
3740:
in the Indian subcontinent, and by the end of the 16th-century Turki (Chagatai) was understood by relatively few at court. Accompanied by literary patronage was the institutionalisation of
Persian as an official and courtly language; this led to Persian reaching nearly the status of a first language
2410:
across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the
2405:
handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi
Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion
2557:
Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. Economic historian
Indrajit Ray estimates the shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in
2460:
wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. Domestically, much of India depended on
Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports
2076:
According to Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta, grain wages in India were comparable to England in the 16th and 17th centuries, but diverged in the 18th century when they fell to 20-40% of England's wages. This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. Parthasarathi cites his
2036:
during his brief rule. The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar's reign, before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s, with the dam's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper, such as in bronze cannons and
6029:
Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to
2822:
argued instead that although it was true that the Mughal has their origin as nomadic civilization, they became more sendentarized as the time passed, as exemplified by their military tradition. The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its
2730:
Under Akbar's reign in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, 15% of the empire's total population. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not
2177:
among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops, the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity. Indian peasants were also quick to
2085:
According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century. This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. Compared to food
1999:
The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger
1777:
The imperial camp, used for military expeditions and royal tours, also served as a kind of mobile, "de facto" administrative capital. From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. All
1521:
In fiscal terms, the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers, the emirs (nobles) and their entourages. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their deals with local men of influence. The imperial
1434:
was fought between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761, in which the Afghans were victorious, the emperor had ignominiously taken temporary refuge with the British to the east. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the
1175:. He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. One way he did this was by bestowing many more
5881:
Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb's later
2776:
Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. However, several cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce
2368:
was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century. Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to
1613:
The Mughal Empire had a highly centralised, bureaucratic government, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor Akbar. The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. The finance/revenue ministry, headed by an
1403:
shattering the remnants of Mughal power and prestige, and taking off all the accumulated Mughal treasury. The Mughals could no longer finance the huge armies with which they had formerly enforced their rule. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their affairs and broke away to form
1259:. The cost of maintaining the court, however, began to exceed the revenue coming in. His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty and forcing the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute.
780:
The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and an increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court. There was more
776:
Although the Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices, and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and
1509:
Historians have offered numerous accounts of the several factors involved in the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. A succession of short-lived incompetent and weak rulers, and civil wars over the succession, created political
2461:
from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan.
1541:
Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. The psychological interpretations emphasise depravity in high places, excessive luxury, and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external
2596:
India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60% to 253% in 200 years during 1500–1700. The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in
4022:
The Indian war rockets ... were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket body lashed to the rod and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. The use of mines and
2369:
Japan. By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. The most important centre of cotton production was the Bengal province, particularly around its capital city of
2068:
The historian Shireen Moosvi estimates that in terms of contributions to the Mughal economy, in the late 16th century, the primary sector contributed 52%, the secondary sector 18% and the tertiary sector 29%; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th-century
2385:
for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century.
5760:
Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some 750,000 square miles , ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the
1404:
independent kingdoms. But lip service continued to be paid to the Mughal Emperor as the highest manifestation of sovereignty. Not only the Muslim gentry, but the Maratha, Hindu, and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.
2125:, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. The civil administration was organised hierarchically based on merit, with promotions based on performance. The Mughal government funded the building of
1071:
After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India. The instability of the empire became evident under his son,
9034:
5795:
Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use
2164:
cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation. The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665
6656:
5838:
Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600, when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur's grandson
2081:
income could be almost five times subsistence level, while corresponding rice income was three times that much. That could be comparable to advance part of Europe. Due to the scarcity of data, however, more research is needed before drawing any conclusion.
2464:
Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. As soon as he conquered the region, he brought tools and men to clear jungles to expand cultivation and brought
3886:, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battles throughout the empire's history. In India, guns made of
1923:(local tax collector) was another kind of official approach, especially for high-stakes cases. Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local
1266:, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar. With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (
2237:. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets.
2489:
festivals. The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments. After Akbar, there are notable contributive factor during the era of Aurangzeb, as Siddiqui M. Azizuddin Hussein from
1088:
and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year.
1067:
which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries.
6571:
1620:, was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. The ministry of the military (army/intelligence) was headed by an official titled
1991:
The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a
1296:
Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king, with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society, while other historians question this, noting that he built
5882:
years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed."
6311:
Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money
2073:, where the secondary sector only contributed 11% to the economy. In terms of the urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively.
6660:
2745:(1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people, with larger cities including
2086:
per capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 1901–1910. However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for
13389:
7028:
From Babur's memoirs we learn that Sanga's successes against the Mughal advance guard commanded by Abdul Aziz, and other forces at Bayana, ... severely demoralised the fighting spirit of Babur's troops encamped near
1179:(tax-free personal land revenue grants given to religiously learned or spiritually worthy individuals) than Akbar had. In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the
10987:
10885:
10750:
9996:
9946:
9436:
5963:
Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century, when warfare destroyed
2169:
edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people."
2376:
Bengal accounted for more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia, Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan, and
1468:
and some of the remaining members of the family accompanied him. At 4 am on 7 October 1858, Zafar along with his wives, and two remaining sons began his journey towards Rangoon in bullock carts escorted by
2302:, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the
12370:
10157:
1149:, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the
7895:
Even more disturbing was the fact that the assertion of independence had spread to other part of the empire too, and the governors of Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh soon established independent kingdoms as
3690:
2401:
era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century, and is still used in India through to the present day. Another innovation, the incorporation of the
13837:
11886:
11384:
6555:
1407:
Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the
6468:
Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewelry, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes."
2275:, and foods such as sugar, oils and butter. The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th–18th centuries has been referred to as a form of
1157:, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge.
2792:
1853:
was commissioned by Emperor Aurangzeb. This compendium of Hanafi law sought to serve as a central reference for the Mughal state that dealt with the specifics of the South Asian context.
765:, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the
4000:
while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting, Bidar was captured by the Mughals.
3105:
considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage", attracting 7–8 million unique visitors a year. The palaces, tombs,
2090:. In Mughal India, there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers, with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour. While
2229:, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than early 20th-century
7788:
12523:
8966:
8000:
3148:
2310:
from Asia. In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some
10700:
6390:
Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts."
8480:
1718:
Mughal administrative divisions were not static. Territories were often rearranged and reconstituted for better administrative control, and to extend cultivation. For example, a
2456:
The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757. Historian
1533:
Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to underscore the need for a British-led rejuvenation.
1496:
13386:
8187:"How an unfortunate circumcision event by Mughals on Baniya's and failure of protection from Shivaji Loot forces after capturing the mainland lead to decline of Mughal empire"
2993:
The procession of marriage among the royals of the Mughal empire was recorded with many reports of extravagant gifts. One occasion was during the marriage of a son of emperor
10480:
10974:
10872:
10737:
9983:
9933:
9423:
7865:
The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk..... Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat.....Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army...
7717:
13482:
12073:
10911:
936:
was applied to them in India by association with the Mongols and to distinguish them from the Afghan elite which ruled the Delhi Sultanate. The term remains disputed by
9305:
624:
599:
585:
11362:
Wrestling in modern India is a synthesis of two different traditions: the Persian form of the art brought into South Asia by the Moguls, and an indigenous Hindu form.
7836:
I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own.....I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri(raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them.
6554:
Hardy, P. (1979). "Modern European and Muslim Explanations of Conversion to Islam in South Asia: A Preliminary Survey of the Literature". In Levtzion, Nehemia (ed.).
12034:
2573:
design. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in
1856:
The Mughal Empire also drew on Persian notions of kingship. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs.
12378:
8501:
Burton-Page, J.; Islam, Riazul; Athar Ali, M.; Moosvi, Shireen; Moreland, W. H.; Bosworth, C. E.; Schimmel, Annemarie; Koch, Ebba; Hall, Margaret (24 April 2012),
2178:
adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650.
1575:
later causing further deindustrialization. According to Williamson, the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity, which drove up
9757:"Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence"
9707:"Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence"
9672:"Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence"
1837:
system of jurisprudence. In its early years, the empire relied on Hanafi legal references inherited from its predecessor, the Delhi Sultanate. These included the
8894:
7576:
8518:
2545:
community dominated banking and shipping in major cities and towns. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. By the late 18th century, the
2148:
at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo,
16914:
6351:
Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion."
1996:
department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct.
9229:
7811:
7759:
became virtual rulers and 'de facto' sovereigns when they began to make and unmake emperors. They had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves
1043:
in 1526. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. However, by this time
7470:
7746:
1952:
Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. For example, it is unclear how
1518:, played no real part in the initial decline; they were still racing to get permission from the Mughal rulers to establish trades and factories in India.
2048:, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of
16909:
13821:
The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language by Jouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty
11374:
11247:
8335:
6593:
2415:
Once, the Mughal emperor Akbar asked his courtiers, which was the most beautiful flower. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious
1778:
administration and governance were carried out within them. The Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps.
1309:. Despite these allegations, it has been acknowledged that Emperor Aurangzeb enacted repressive policies towards non-Muslims, which also resulted to a
12655:
3753:, developed in the imperial capital of Delhi in the late Mughal era. It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of
7374:
2604:
The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of South Asia including the regions of modern
7015:
11838:
4240:
1872:
was responsible for dispensing justice; this included settling disputes, judging people for crimes, and dealing with inheritances and orphans. The
7446:
3749:
political culture, to unite their diverse empire. Persian had a profound impact on the languages of South Asia; one such language, today known as
2806:
Generally, classical historiographies depicted the Mughal empire's origin was a sedentarized agrarian society. However, modern historians such as
2202:
for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may also date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Geared sugar
1636:
who appointed judges and managed charities and stipends. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works, headed by the
16904:
6429:
Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods, and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times."
10663:
10449:
2102:
Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and
1945:(provincial governor). In some cases, the emperor dispensed justice directly. Jahangir was known to have installed a "chain of justice" in the
15433:
12129:
11189:
9615:
10545:
7772:
68:
16919:
14388:
8950:
7984:
1801:
The Mughal Empire's legal system was context-specific and evolved throughout the empire's rule. Being a Muslim state, the empire employed
12843:
12726:
10697:
10239:
9278:
9201:
9154:
6456:
6417:
6378:
6339:
6299:
6256:
6223:
Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land-mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture."
6211:
6169:
6125:
6057:
5951:
5869:
5826:
5748:
3711:
2044:
Despite India having its stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own but mostly minted coins from imported
11654:
11209:
10419:
10336:
10307:
10113:
10074:
10033:
9899:
9585:
9527:
9488:
8387:
7196:
6730:
6691:
6532:
6017:
5909:
12876:
10357:
8454:
2481:. The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the
2286:, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers,
2245:
South Asia during the Mughal's rule was a very fertile ground for manufacturing technologies which coveted by the Europeans before the
8919:
4176:. The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.
14373:
2299:
1583:
wages, and then textile prices, which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior
1550:) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime.
1023:
origin. Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. He established himself in
825:, which is described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."
11733:
7878:
3866:, who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation—artillery and firearm-equipped infantry protected by wagons in the centre and the
1526:, and lost its fighting spirit. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. After the execution of
10692:
10472:
7675:
2052:
into India. Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver, with major sources of imported bullion including the
10922:
16934:
16576:
14028:
7701:
4127:
4069:
13462:
9381:
8423:
2173:
Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the
16924:
14978:
14328:
14323:
14196:
13080:
2000:
markets. In circa 1595, Modern historians estimated the state's annual revenues of Mughal empire were around 99,000,000 Rupee.
12057:
2569:
that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped
16386:
15768:
13476:
13441:
13399:
Parodi, Laura E. (2021). "Kabul, a Forgotten Mughal Capital: Gardens, City, and Court at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century".
13347:
13324:
13294:
13216:
13184:
13140:
13040:
12970:
12870:
12812:
12784:
12720:
12692:
12559:
12465:
12432:
12259:
12201:
12164:
12108:
12067:
12028:
11962:
11945:(2003). "A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture". In Pollock, Sheldon (ed.).
11880:
11824:
11647:
11603:
11355:
11046:
10844:
10810:
10589:
10516:
10413:
10270:
10215:
10107:
10068:
9893:
9859:
9579:
9521:
9482:
9272:
9195:
9148:
9102:
9067:
8842:
8616:
8583:
8550:
8474:
8381:
8299:
8272:
8030:
7962:
7935:
7829:
7782:
7711:
7651:
7626:
7570:
7543:
7518:
7440:
7405:
7310:
7285:
7260:
7231:
7190:
7159:
7009:
6940:
6892:
6865:
6838:
6774:
6724:
6685:
6632:
6565:
6526:
6450:
6411:
6372:
6333:
6293:
6250:
6205:
6163:
6119:
6087:
6051:
6011:
5983:
5945:
5903:
5863:
5820:
5782:
5742:
5712:
5656:
5615:
4317:
4185:
2495:
1580:
13353:
13222:
13190:
13146:
12818:
10522:
10276:
2118:. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators began to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco.
16929:
14532:
3948:
By the 17th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in
16292:
12480:
Teltscher, Kate (2000). "The Shampooing Surgeon and the Persian Prince: Two Indians in Early Nineteenth-century Britain".
12018:
12712:
Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity : Questions, Methods and Resources in a Multicultural Perspective
3909:), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi-gun shot. As opposed to the
1514:
became clear, and the situation could not be recovered. The seemingly innocuous European trading companies, such as the
1470:
11995:
7075:
2381:
textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as "Dhaka textiles". Indian textiles dominated the
1084:(reigned 1540–1545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule. Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the
16438:
15438:
13564:
13113:
12753:
12457:
11763:
11631:
11543:
11420:
11163:
10559:
8237:
7888:
5584:
3811:
2152:, tree crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand. Under the
8878:
7560:
2601:
before the Mughal era. By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.
1587:. Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century.
16610:
15082:
13755:
13727:
13090:
12388:
11918:
11623:
11513:
11486:
11455:
11121:
9335:
8502:
8060:
7485:
7339:
7050:
6982:
6781:
In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani, after Temür's title Gurkân, the Persianized form of the Mongolian
1646:
1510:
instability at the centre. The Mughals appeared virtually unassailable during the 17th century but, once gone, their
1388:
457:
13811:(1907) v. 9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic, oriental, and occidental, by A.V.W. Jackson
10154:
7618:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
5921:
Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair."
15024:
14705:
8809:
8758:
8715:
8664:
5479:
4228:
3071:, carefully-composed and polished façades, and the use of hard red sandstone and marble as construction materials.
3009:, where the gift presented by Bhagwant Das consisted of many horses, 100 elephants, many male and female slaves of
1949:
that any aggrieved subject could shake to get the attention of the emperor and bypass the inefficacy of officials.
1695:
9314:, p. "...Mughal rulers pursued a more laissez-faire economic approach, benefiting from the prosperity of...".
9226:
2558:
nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.
1984:
Modern historians and researchers generally agreed that The Mughal empire economic policy character is resembling
16064:
14567:
14378:
14343:
14201:
12367:
Khan, Nasir Raza. Art and Architectural Traditions of India and Iran: Commonality and Diversity. Routledge, 2022.
11776:
10779:
Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13
10612:
8186:
7467:
6677:
From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China
5551:
4224:
2521:
in 1717. The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region, including firms from
1596:
15226:
14006:
7740:
6490:
1333:
14953:
14870:
14542:
14318:
13050:
Faruqui, Munis D. (2005), "The Forgotten Prince: Mirza Hakim and the Formation of the Mughal Empire in India",
12352:
10247:
6960:
2503:
11239:
9768:
9718:
9683:
9317:
7852:
16502:
14963:
8324:
2918:
and in turn, the development of later Rajput and Sikh palatial architecture. A famous Mughal landmark is the
993:
The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the
17:
6604:
4292:
and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern
1255:. During the reign of Shah Jahan, the splendour of the Mughal court reached its peak, as exemplified by the
16497:
16381:
14907:
14186:
13842:
12647:
7366:
5414:
3048:
1967:
1474:
1328:
334:
2738:, who consider them exaggerations. According to Dyson urbanization of the Mughal empire was less than 9%.
1379:(reigned 1719–1748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to
16569:
16507:
15544:
14680:
14577:
14021:
13964:
13953:
13939:
13925:
13893:
13875:
13850:
13819:
13783:
8412:
Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600–1850
6999:
4305:
3479:
2542:
1571:
in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with
1515:
794:
9609:"The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 1500–1800"
8143:
Habib, Irfan (March 1969). "Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India".
2255:
and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. Key industries included textiles,
1884:
did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. For example, the most basic kind was the
1742:
The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established throughout their rule. These were the cities of
14777:
14759:
14547:
14038:
13921:
13907:
13468:
13176:
12962:
11478:
10983:
10881:
10746:
9992:
9942:
9885:
9432:
9237:
7430:
5375:
3102:
2966:
2522:
2233:. The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices. In turn, this benefited the Indian
1807:(Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the
1440:
757:. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson,
292:
7810:
Richard M. Eaton (2013). Eaton, Richard M.; Faruqui, Munis D.; Gilmartin, David; Kumar, Sunil (eds.).
1601:
1418:
985:
761:. This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor,
16465:
15613:
15177:
14797:
14496:
14491:
14338:
14206:
14191:
13864:
11012:
Rob, Md. Abdur; Asaduzzaman, Md. (December 1997). "Historical Growth of Urbanization in Dhaka City".
7510:
4524:
3989:
3776:
3732:
words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child. Though the Mughals were of
3415:
3040:
2882:, jewellery and fashion, utilizing richly decorated fabrics such as muslin, silk, brocade and velvet.
2586:
2526:
1564:
1547:
1384:
11195:
10650:
10441:
5623:
over the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707.
3936:
3794:
1348:
1187:, whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal empire and the Sikh community.
16742:
16423:
16398:
16248:
15907:
15902:
14891:
14486:
14461:
14401:
14368:
14313:
12125:
10606:"Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution"
4123:
4008:
3455:
3319:
3204:
3039:
with the development of their distinctive architectural style. This style was derived from earlier
2727:
in the 19th century; the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15% until the 19th century.
2307:
1449:
1436:
818:
770:
418:
13672:
10376:(November 2011). "Where is Bengal? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy".
9608:
7131:
3013:, Caucasian, and native Indian origins, who brought with them various gold and silver utensils as
16722:
16490:
16371:
15912:
15865:
15808:
15507:
15451:
15199:
14825:
14769:
14598:
14466:
14456:
14348:
13860:
13557:
Empires of the Weak: The Real Story of European Expansion and the Creation of the New World Order
12318:
11859:
Abidi, S. A. H.; Gargesh, Ravinder (2008), Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N (eds.),
10708:
7182:
7101:
5385:
4105:
3871:
3763:(prose romances) and replaced Persian as the informal language of the Muslim elite. According to
3632:
3252:
3114:
2276:
1974:
1677:
1431:
1040:
994:
750:
444:
392:
170:
43:
4078:
16899:
16562:
16512:
16413:
16408:
16096:
16044:
15964:
15897:
15801:
15786:
15679:
15446:
15400:
15241:
15128:
14802:
14754:
14406:
14014:
12524:"A CELESTIAL GLOBE, MADE BY MUGHAL ASTROLABIST MUHAMMAD SALIH OF THATTA, DATED 1074 AH/1663 AD"
12268:
10150:
4254:
3425:
2795:
2435:
2378:
2323:
1939:(an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the
997:
431:
230:
12835:
12710:
12251:
12245:
12193:
12187:
11472:
10830:
10579:
10408:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.1. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
10233:
9256:
9185:
9138:
8289:
8127:
7149:
6882:
6440:
6401:
6362:
6323:
6283:
6240:
6195:
6153:
6109:
6041:
5935:
5853:
5810:
5732:
5702:
2823:
legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as:
1481:
assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new
16443:
16403:
16216:
16091:
15155:
15145:
15104:
15075:
14901:
14855:
14817:
11942:
11670:
Soucek, Priscilla (1987). "Persian Artists in Mughal India: Influences and Transformations".
11651:
11347:
11217:
11105:
10403:
10330:
10301:
10097:
10054:
10027:
9879:
9565:
9511:
9472:
9222:
8367:
8363:
8320:
7927:
7848:
7616:
7176:
6855:
6828:
6714:
6675:
6516:
6001:
5893:
5772:
5642:
5380:
4161:
4142:
4097:
2349:
2246:
1978:
1584:
1560:
1444:
1231:
16331:
12860:
12594:"An Eighteenth Century Survey of Jaipur "Chhapakhana" Based on Jaipur "Karkhanajat" Records"
11339:
10800:
8039:
7952:
5638:
4122:, Jahangir and Shah Jahan intended to build observatories too but were unable to do so. The
1190:
16536:
16366:
16336:
16211:
16142:
16113:
16032:
15366:
15204:
15194:
14938:
14431:
13574:
Heesterman, J.C. (2004), "The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction",
12630:
10551:
8927:
8466:
7097:
4603:
3651:
The literary works Akbar and Jahangir ordered to be illustrated ranged from epics like the
3557:
3509:
3391:
3083:
3052:
3044:
2977:
2858:
2786:
2491:
2214:
2111:
1511:
353:
16316:
8542:
A History of Public Administration Volume II: From the Eleventh Century to the Present Day
4023:
counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and
3086:
structure existed in Delhi. Emperor Shah Jahan has recorded to establish an ice-houses in
2818:, Thomas J. Barfield, and others, argued the Mughals was originated from nomadic culture.
1305:
in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and
8:
16228:
16108:
16074:
15976:
15796:
15791:
15603:
15322:
15258:
15133:
15118:
14719:
14618:
14476:
14451:
14179:
14148:
13845: – Other Persian Texts in Translation; historical books: Author List and Title List)
12986:
Blake, Stephen P. (November 1979), "The Patrimonial-Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals",
12424:
11741:
9571:
9187:
Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics
7813:
Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards
7121:
5390:
5175:
4372:
3750:
3719:
3696:
3503:
3491:
3437:
3385:
3060:
3036:
3026:
2958:
2915:
2911:
2890:
2283:
2157:
1849:
1568:
1281:
1252:
1227:
872:
786:
676:
552:
156:
15944:
15934:
13802:
ed. by W.M. Thackston Jr. (2002); this was the first autobiography in Islamic literature
13779:
13667:....contrast between the Oriental despotic state and the occidental laissez faire state.
7668:
1685:, and finance minister that reported directly to the central government rather than the
1632:
system. The ministry in charge of law/religious patronage was the responsibility of the
16341:
16321:
16304:
16255:
16120:
15929:
15880:
15813:
15731:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15618:
15588:
15480:
15378:
15246:
15221:
14782:
14572:
14511:
14481:
14416:
14308:
14158:
14128:
14093:
13993:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge & Chandrika Kaul (
13903:
13812:
13619:
13591:
13530:
13522:
13450:
13416:
13274:
13266:
13067:
13011:
13003:
12945:
12937:
12613:
12505:
12153:
12097:
11968:
11830:
11714:
11687:
11278:
11149:
11087:
10970:
10918:
10868:
10733:
9979:
9929:
9419:
9264:
9026:
8801:
8750:
8707:
8656:
8331:
8229:
8221:
8168:
8160:
8108:
8100:
5576:
5471:
5288:
4996:
4415:
4135:
4126:
and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from
4060:. The new curriculum produced a series of eminent scholars, engineers and architects.
3957:
3914:
3539:
3367:
3216:
3056:
2945:
2819:
2382:
2252:
1457:
1453:
864:
323:
13889:
13674:
12276:
8962:
7996:
7599:
6766:
1051:
Confederacy which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of
932:. The Mughal dynasty's early followers were Chagatai Turks, and not Mongols. The term
16450:
16346:
16282:
16277:
16206:
16103:
15818:
15746:
15741:
15583:
15512:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15285:
15236:
15044:
14865:
14860:
14840:
14807:
14685:
14613:
14552:
14506:
14501:
14471:
14426:
13909:
History of India: From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire (Vol. 4)
13751:
13723:
13651:
13560:
13534:
13472:
13437:
13430:
13420:
13343:
13320:
13290:
13278:
13249:
Richards, J.F. (April 1981), "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy",
13212:
13180:
13166:
13136:
13086:
13036:
13015:
12966:
12949:
12866:
12808:
12780:
12749:
12716:
12688:
12605:
12555:
12551:
Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development
12509:
12497:
12461:
12454:
The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India
12428:
12384:
12348:
12288:
12255:
12226:
12197:
12160:
12104:
12063:
12024:
11972:
11958:
11924:
11914:
11876:
11834:
11820:
11759:
11643:
11627:
11599:
11539:
11529:
11509:
11482:
11451:
11416:
11351:
11340:
11317:
11210:"Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)"
11159:
11117:
11091:
11079:
11062:
Chaudhuri, K. N. (2008). "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India".
11042:
10840:
10806:
10585:
10555:
10512:
10409:
10399:
10344:
10315:
10266:
10211:
10103:
10064:
10041:
9889:
9855:
9575:
9517:
9478:
9389:
9331:
9268:
9259:. In Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (eds.).
9191:
9144:
9098:
9073:
9063:
9030:
9018:
8848:
8838:
8793:
8699:
8648:
8612:
8579:
8546:
8514:
8470:
8410:
8377:
8295:
8268:
8261:
8112:
8056:
8026:
7958:
7931:
7920:
7884:
7825:
7778:
7707:
7647:
7622:
7566:
7539:
7514:
7481:
7436:
7411:
7401:
7345:
7335:
7306:
7281:
7256:
7252:
7227:
7223:
7186:
7155:
7127:
7046:
7005:
6978:
6936:
6888:
6861:
6834:
6770:
6756:
6720:
6681:
6638:
6628:
6561:
6522:
6446:
6407:
6368:
6329:
6289:
6246:
6201:
6159:
6115:
6083:
6047:
6007:
5979:
5941:
5899:
5859:
5816:
5778:
5738:
5708:
5652:
5611:
5568:
5524:
5463:
5160:
4804:
4220:
4190:
3899:
3875:
3817:
3807:
3729:
3449:
3361:
3355:
3337:
3210:
3075:
2938:
2811:
2802:" around 1780 AD for a language that went by a multiplicity of names before his time.
2566:
2538:
2402:
2344:
Muslim Lady Reclining or An Indian Girl with a Hookah, painted in Dacca, 18th century
2025:
2008:
1864:
Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal Empire. One such court was that of the
1286:
1285:, a collection of Islamic law. Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru
1138:
843:. Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "dominion of Hindustan" (
810:
556:
13505:
Chaudhuri, K.N. (1978), "Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India",
10359:
Fashion And Designing Under The Mughals Akbar To Aurangzeb. A Historical Perspective
8890:
8233:
8172:
2896:
The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through
1387:
in the Deccan, he encouraged the Marathas to invade central and northern India. The
16299:
16086:
16081:
16037:
16024:
15954:
15922:
15917:
15781:
15776:
15758:
15719:
15652:
15635:
15576:
15566:
15561:
15502:
15458:
15428:
15388:
15371:
15354:
15317:
15068:
14845:
14835:
14670:
14582:
14557:
14527:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14421:
14211:
13949:
13935:
13917:
13885:
13643:
13611:
13583:
13514:
13408:
13258:
13059:
12995:
12929:
12684:
The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-1605
12489:
12183:
11950:
11868:
11812:
11679:
11309:
11071:
11021:
10836:
10381:
10169:
10060:
9830:
9468:
9008:
9000:
8958:
8886:
8604:
8571:
8510:
8462:
8213:
8152:
8092:
7992:
7817:
6824:
5698:
5560:
5514:
5370:
5356:
5054:
4719:
4707:
4558:
4269:
4244:
4073:
4012:
3837:
3784:
3745:
argues that the Mughals used Persian purposefully as the vehicle of an overarching
3737:
3715:
3677:
3603:
3545:
3497:
3485:
3443:
3409:
3349:
3343:
3093:
Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially
3087:
2930:
2815:
2742:
2617:
2482:
2478:
2365:
2234:
1847:(religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). During the Mughal Empire's peak, the
1671:
The structure of the central government was mirrored at the provincial level; each
1490:
1290:
1164:
1064:
1060:
1056:
941:
151:
12402:... Shirazi and others revised the syllabi of the madrasas. In the new syllabi ...
11860:
11313:
10912:"Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain"
2133:
and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production.
781:
conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of
16701:
16666:
16517:
16485:
16358:
16326:
16309:
16265:
16260:
16238:
16233:
16191:
16184:
16159:
16019:
16014:
15855:
15736:
15630:
15625:
15593:
15418:
15408:
15302:
15295:
15290:
15275:
15231:
15113:
15099:
15034:
14958:
14943:
14933:
14896:
14830:
14792:
14675:
14650:
14411:
14283:
14268:
14174:
14113:
14050:
14036:
13745:
13714:
13393:
13337:
13314:
13239:
13206:
13170:
13162:
13130:
13096:
13030:
12802:
12771:
12743:
12682:
12576:
12549:
11872:
11658:
11570:
11533:
11503:
11410:
11153:
11109:
11036:
10704:
10506:
10340:
10311:
10260:
10243:
10161:
10037:
9513:
The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750
9325:
9233:
9092:
8608:
8575:
8540:
8047:
7504:
7474:
5333:
4951:
4901:
4851:
4841:
4797:
4273:
4216:
and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire.
4166:
4131:
4090:
3883:
3859:
3641:
3627:
3623:
3473:
3461:
3313:
3294:
3246:
3198:
3145:, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh, such as:
3010:
2879:
2872:
2518:
2474:
2440:
2398:
2327:
2122:
2056:
and Japan, which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the
1369:
1342:
1310:
1085:
1044:
884:
782:
742:
723:
590:
281:
250:
15939:
14333:
7880:
A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
4579:
1605:
India in 1605 and the end of emperor Akbar's reign; the map shows the different
1435:
protectors of the emperor in Delhi, a state of affairs that continued until the
16873:
16671:
16646:
16460:
16455:
16418:
16393:
16376:
16287:
16272:
16243:
16201:
16049:
16009:
16004:
15959:
15885:
15845:
15835:
15825:
15640:
15519:
15413:
15280:
15162:
15039:
15029:
15004:
14973:
14886:
14640:
14562:
14537:
14396:
14353:
14138:
14098:
14078:
13985:
13673:
Masanori Sato (佐藤正哲); Nariaki Nakazato (中里成章); Tsukasa Mizushima (水島司) (1998).
13063:
12745:
The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household
11804:
11406:
10826:
10687:
10373:
10185:
9561:
9252:
9181:
8201:
8083:
Richards, J.F. (1981). "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy".
7117:
6512:
5546:
5542:
5233:
5087:
4697:
4613:
4206:
4119:
3993:
3918:
3867:
3863:
3825:
3821:
3780:
3593:
3563:
3551:
3533:
3515:
3282:
3228:
3192:
3126:
3079:
2981:
2897:
2863:
2843:
Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia.
2598:
2546:
2407:
2222:
2179:
2145:
2136:
A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called
2049:
2033:
1771:
1755:
1523:
1486:
1380:
1361:
1357:
1150:
1142:
1081:
1005:
965:
802:
738:
708:
483:
470:
128:
13647:
13518:
13412:
13262:
12933:
12493:
12314:
11954:
11816:
11075:
10949:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
9835:
9818:
9077:
8217:
8156:
8096:
7415:
6787:, 'son-in-law,' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess.
5608:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
4981:
4533:
2352:, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of
16893:
16782:
16585:
16541:
16428:
16223:
16196:
16169:
16125:
15892:
15875:
15860:
15704:
15657:
15645:
15571:
15463:
15337:
15332:
15307:
15189:
14948:
14358:
14258:
14123:
14118:
14103:
13655:
13587:
12609:
12501:
12292:
12230:
11928:
11321:
11083:
10796:
10659:
10646:
9022:
8852:
8797:
8703:
8652:
7821:
7067:
6642:
5572:
5528:
5467:
4941:
4891:
4743:
4293:
4172:
4150:
4130:. In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic and
4082:
3742:
3581:
3575:
3521:
3264:
3106:
2724:
2574:
2264:
2249:. Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output.
2230:
2087:
2070:
1988:
system in dealing with tradings and bullions, to achieve the economic ends.
1985:
1782:
1572:
1554:
1478:
1443:
became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. The British East India
1430:(1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline. But when the
1408:
1400:
1376:
1365:
1172:
1115:
1013:
365:
32:
15969:
15949:
14000:
13990:
13631:
12380:
Art and Architectural Traditions of India and Iran Commonality and Diversity
12217:
Bag, A.K. (2005). "Fathullah Shirazi: Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu".
10208:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
10099:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
9742:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
9657:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
9642:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
8989:"Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law"
7349:
5564:
2875:, an amalgamation of South Asian, Iranian and Central Asian culinary styles.
2807:
1399:
over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the
16837:
16832:
16757:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16433:
16174:
16164:
16130:
16059:
16054:
15981:
15771:
15753:
15714:
15709:
15689:
15684:
15556:
15549:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15423:
15361:
15342:
15327:
15263:
14968:
14787:
14744:
14630:
14623:
14608:
14273:
14248:
14143:
14108:
13710:
13333:
13310:
11335:
10966:
10864:
10729:
10385:
9975:
9925:
9415:
8419:
7915:
6622:
6236:
6149:
5931:
5849:
5806:
5728:
5318:
5223:
5127:
4826:
4787:
4300:. A 17th-century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in
4281:
4209:
3985:
3844:
3829:
3764:
3746:
3733:
3645:
3467:
3431:
3373:
3331:
3288:
3152:
3068:
3006:
2934:
2904:
2766:
2758:
2534:
2530:
2429:
2303:
2279:, similar to 18th-century Western Europe before the Industrial Revolution.
2256:
2198:
appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. Evidence for the use of a
2191:
2057:
1993:
1781:
After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of
1527:
1465:
1427:
1338:
1306:
1298:
1248:
1134:
1123:
1036:
1009:
840:
746:
734:
726:
379:
220:
13981:
13838:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
11987:
8319:
5547:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
5519:
5502:
5072:
4682:
4440:
2206:
first appeared in Mughal India, using the principle of rollers as well as
1553:
Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu
1530:
in 1719, local Mughal successor states took power in region after region.
16847:
16777:
16691:
16152:
16137:
15986:
15699:
15608:
15598:
15524:
15172:
15167:
15019:
14928:
14739:
14690:
14655:
14278:
14263:
14253:
14243:
14238:
13884:
10962:
10961:
10860:
10859:
10725:
10724:
10326:
10297:
10056:
Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy
10023:
9971:
9970:
9921:
9920:
9567:
Class Structure and Economic Growth: India and Pakistan Since the Moghuls
9474:
The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World
9411:
9410:
8988:
7911:
7562:
The King and the People: Sovereignty and Popular Politics in Mughal Delhi
7400:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 59.
7329:
5418:
5263:
4926:
4917:
4876:
4867:
4728:
4570:
4512:
4478:
4381:
4249:
4149:. In the early 18th century, he built several large observatories called
4115:
4101:
4057:
3961:
3926:
3659:
3587:
3527:
3403:
3379:
3325:
3258:
3240:
3234:
3142:
2847:
2791:
2770:
2570:
2457:
2353:
2226:
2218:
2203:
2187:
1793:
1626:, who was in charge of military organisation, messenger service, and the
1622:
1576:
1543:
1482:
1263:
1154:
1146:
1032:
1028:
937:
814:
766:
754:
730:
718:
The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by
712:
688:
684:
655:
617:
604:
311:
193:
36:
13595:
13071:
12617:
12593:
11282:
9004:
8805:
8781:
8754:
8738:
8711:
8687:
8660:
8636:
7669:"Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India"
5475:
5451:
4772:
4296:
to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any
3648:
to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire.
3030:
2340:
1664:(provinces), each of which was headed by a provincial governor called a
1076:(reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by rebels. The
16822:
16554:
16179:
15996:
15870:
15830:
15763:
15049:
15014:
14994:
14700:
14635:
14363:
14288:
14233:
14133:
14083:
13623:
13007:
12914:
Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh & the Punjab, 1707–48
11691:
11635:
9013:
8164:
5580:
5044:
4548:
4053:
3930:
3922:
3895:
3754:
3725:
3569:
3397:
3270:
3094:
3064:
2851:
2750:
2613:
2562:
2445:
2394:
2195:
2174:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2038:
2029:
1954:
1839:
1759:
1628:
1412:
1396:
1392:
1244:
1215:
1207:
1184:
1106:
1077:
1052:
911:
790:
704:
680:
660:
405:
13602:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1976), "The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire",
13526:
13270:
12941:
12892:
Seyller, John (2011). "A Mughal Manuscript of the "Diwan" of Nawa'i".
11718:
10605:
9057:
8225:
8104:
6482:
5208:
5112:
5029:
4631:
2336:
Miniature painting – Portrait of an Old Mughal Courtier Wearing Muslin
2332:
16878:
16868:
16852:
16762:
16747:
16706:
16681:
16651:
16069:
15840:
15724:
15694:
15475:
15349:
15140:
15009:
14850:
14734:
14695:
14088:
11908:
11379:
10832:
Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries)
9327:
The Oxford World History of Empire Volume Two: The History of Empires
8832:
8420:
The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets
8373:
6760:
5648:
5295:
4656:
4646:
4213:
4194:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4015:
3941:
3910:
3891:
3862:, and a method for deploying them. Babur had employed Ottoman expert
3852:
3799:
3767:, "Urdu was the language of Hindustan by the authority of the King."
3671:
3665:
3300:
3186:
3180:
3098:
2919:
2886:
2735:
2390:
2295:
2291:
2272:
2207:
2107:
2053:
1946:
1256:
1199:
1110:
887:" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole.
860:
835:
822:
798:
762:
81:
13615:
12999:
11683:
4297:
2834:
2826:
2577:
and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution.
1898:(judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the
16842:
16827:
16817:
16802:
16787:
16772:
16767:
16752:
16661:
16656:
16626:
15470:
15253:
15211:
15150:
14749:
14603:
14153:
14073:
11502:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture".
10581:
Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)
9756:
9706:
9671:
5278:
4502:
4049:
4045:
4024:
3653:
3222:
2998:
2926:
2609:
2514:
2199:
2183:
1941:
1919:
1821:
1666:
1314:
1219:
1160:
1102:
806:
696:
650:
243:
215:
204:
10473:"Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar"
9324:
A. Bayly, C.; Fibiger Bang, Peter; Scheidel, Walter, eds. (2020).
9261:
The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000
4390:
3663:) to historical memoirs or biographies of the dynasty such as the
2561:
An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a
2469:
to open the jungles to farming. Bengal was later described as the
1522:
army bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive
683:. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the
16797:
16696:
16686:
16636:
15383:
15312:
15268:
15123:
14665:
14063:
13841:; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy at
13082:
Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700
12635:
Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use
11805:"2. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan"
11705:
Blunt, Wilfrid (1948). "The Mughal Painters of Natural History".
7506:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
6957:
A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century
4465:
4405:
4347:
4277:
4202:
4037:
3997:
3949:
3921:
and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple
3855:
3683:
3276:
3002:
2510:
2486:
2311:
2141:
2091:
2045:
1935:
1886:
1702:
1461:
1223:
1133:(reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad in the Rajput
1073:
980:
927:
692:
225:
210:
15184:
12920:
Ali, M. Athar (1975), "The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case",
10262:
Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America
8358:
8356:
7703:
the Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule
6181:
Quote: "The resource base of Akbar's new order was land revenue"
4487:
1876:
also had additional importance in documents, as the seal of the
900:), a reference to their descent from the Turco-Mongol conqueror
16807:
16676:
15216:
15091:
14660:
13432:
Taj Mahal: Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire
13383:
Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India
10265:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6.
8500:
5503:"East–West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States"
5427:
4958:
4301:
4289:
4268:
Another aspects of remarkable invention in Mughal India is the
4198:
3977:
3887:
3879:
3841:
3833:
3759:
3134:
3130:
2953:
2754:
2364:, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. The cotton
2361:
2357:
2287:
2166:
2161:
2103:
2078:
1929:
1834:
1763:
1751:
1302:
1168:
1163:(born Salim, reigned 1605–1627) was born to Akbar and his wife
1048:
1020:
1016:
134:
92:
12804:
The economy of the Mughal Empire, c. 1595: a statistical study
11108:(2003). "A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1". In
8045:
7246:
16812:
16792:
16600:
15850:
14224:
14068:
14058:
13704:
An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991
8353:
8202:"The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire"
6752:
5343:
5308:
5253:
5240:
5198:
5185:
5150:
5137:
5019:
5006:
4971:
4816:
4762:
4673:
4660:
4455:
4430:
4362:
4285:
4134:, where Islamic observational instruments were combined with
4086:
3973:
3953:
3848:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3014:
2994:
2970:
2949:
2762:
2605:
2466:
2449:
2416:
2370:
2115:
2017:
1815:
1767:
1747:
1660:
1616:
1606:
1275:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1130:
1119:
1098:
1024:
1001:
976:
901:
758:
719:
700:
645:
548:
269:
188:
118:
13948:
13934:
13916:
13427:
12482:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
9323:
8325:"India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries"
7641:
7305:, Macmillan International Higher Education, pp. 97–98,
5501:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006).
3636:
Finial in the form of a parrot, Mughal empire, 17th century.
2830:
Mir Taqi Mir, an Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire
2348:
The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was
2094:
also existed, it was limited largely to household servants.
1700:
which were further divided into groups of villages known as
1383:
hands. As the Mughals tried to suppress the independence of
1251:, a Rajput princess. His reign ushered in the golden age of
875:. Contemporary Chinese chronicles referred to the empire as
16631:
14645:
13824:. Translated by Major Charles Stewart. John Murray, London.
12773:
Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870
12277:"POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE MUGHALS: INFLUENCE ON SOUTH ASIA"
11477:. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I. Vol. 4.
10193:
7642:
Copland, Ian; Mabbett, Ian; Roy, Asim; et al. (2013).
5423:
4669:
3929:
loaded with gunpowder. It may be considered a version of a
3110:
2746:
2268:
2260:
1809:
1803:
1743:
1180:
105:
15060:
13632:"The Mughal Polity – A Critique of Revisionist Approaches"
12155:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
12099:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
11811:, University of California Press, pp. 158–167, 2019,
10645:
9227:
India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries
4164:, and to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the
3736:
origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the
2498:, has viewed that aside from religious and legal context,
2259:, and steel. Processed products included cotton textiles,
16641:
13747:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
13455:
The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
13032:
The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty : Delhi, 1857
12274:
11949:. University of California Press. pp. 807–808, 811.
11593:
11399:
11342:
The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India
11300:
and the Indian Wrestler: The Anatomy of a Relationship".
8125:
7770:
4110:
1715:
were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire.
13576:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
13237:
13052:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
13023:
The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals
10019:
10017:
7853:"Maratha-Nizam Relations : Nizam-Ul-Mulk's Letters"
7538:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 98.
6833:. Vol. 3. University of Chicago Press. p. 62.
4141:
During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king
4044:(Rational Sciences) and introduced new subjects such as
1977:, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the
1214:
and Babur, with Abu Sa'id of Samarkand and Timur's son,
1145:
princess. Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent,
1012:
on his mother's side. Paternally, Babur belonged to the
13542:
Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps
13123:
Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps
11910:
The languages of political Islam : India 1200–1800
11785:
9257:"The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India"
7667:
Verghese, Ajay; Foa, Roberto Stefan (5 November 2018).
7480:, by Josef W. Meri, Jere L Bacharach. Routledge, 2005.
7249:
The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India
6880:
1171:
princess. Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint,
13709:
12862:
Empire of the Moghul: Brothers at War: Brothers at War
12769:
12748:. Volume 6 of Rulers & Elites. Brill. p. 74.
11867:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 105,
11774:
11505:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
11136:
11130:
9795:
9783:
9542:
7922:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
4197:
and understood the techniques used to produce various
2129:
systems across the empire, which produced much higher
1247:(reigned 1628–1658) was born to Jahangir and his wife
1122:
holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the
14003:, From BBC Radio 4's Incarnations: India in 50 Lives.
12250:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
12192:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
11508:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 182.
11269:
Fatma, Sadaf (2012). "Waterworks in Mughal Gardens".
10172:, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference US, 2006, pp. 237–240,
10014:
8362:
6751:
6518:
Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man
1711:
consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector.
1644:
held the most importance, and typically acted as the
1473:
under the command of Lieutenant Ommaney. Through the
905:
895:
850:
844:
13866:
The Mogul emperors of Hindustan, A.D. 1398–A.D. 1707
11155:
The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India
10500:
10498:
10235:
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760
9819:"The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 1500–1750)"
8267:. University of Missouri Press. pp. ix, x, 84.
7876:
7857:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
7323:
7321:
6277:
6275:
6189:
6187:
6103:
6101:
6099:
4096:
While there appears to have been little concern for
3996:. Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and
3701:
a Persian dictionary compiled during the Mughal era.
1293:, and extended their empire up to Peshawar by 1758.
13800:
The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor
11568:
10405:
Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire
8369:
Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind
6762:
The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor
6719:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 32.
5065:29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
3078:mentioned that during the final days of the Mughal
2798:, the poet first believed to have coined the name "
1693:were subdivided into administrative units known as
1027:and then pushed steadily southward into India from
833:The closest to an official name for the empire was
13955:Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 3
13941:Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 2
13927:Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India 1653–1708, Vol. 1
13429:
13028:
12982:(April 2012) 62#4 pp. 22–26. full text online
12836:"A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor"
12680:
12210:
12152:
12096:
11913:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 134, 144.
11148:
10133:
9852:Winning the Needed Change: Saving Our Planet Earth
8260:
7919:
7774:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
4304:, 1668 (now in Pakistan). It is now housed at the
989:India in 1525 just before the onset of Mughal rule
13204:
12312:
12178:
12176:
11528:
10802:The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age
10495:
7318:
7151:The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India
6935:. National Geographic Society. pp. 318–320.
6432:
6393:
6354:
6315:
6272:
6184:
6096:
4205:. He was also a notable writer who described the
3976:was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder
3812:History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
1092:
890:The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was
16891:
13895:History of the Mogul dynasty in India, 1399–1657
13696:]. Chuokoron-Shinsha World History 14. 2009.
11158:(Illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 194.
10910:Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2010).
10089:
9849:
9607:Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2003).
9477:. University of California Press. pp. 27–.
9463:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9362:
9176:
9174:
9172:
8409:Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2005).
8287:
7809:
7660:
7558:
7280:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 268–269.
7106:. Oxford at The Clarendon Press. pp. 13–14.
6881:Huskin, Frans Husken; Dick van der Meij (2004).
5500:
4241:History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
3870:on both wings. Babur used this formation at the
2012:Coin of Aurangzeb, minted in Kabul, dated 1691/2
1880:was required to validate deeds and tax records.
1372:, became the de facto sovereigns of the empire.
970:
12637:, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
12376:
12347:(1 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 15.
11177:...Mughal army shed most of its post-nomadic...
11116:. University of California Press. p. 806.
10909:
10547:Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658-1707
9850:Pagaza, Ignacio; Argyriades, Demetrios (2009).
9606:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9062:. University of California Press. p. 272.
8782:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
8688:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
8637:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
8408:
7699:
7597:
7398:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
7367:"BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism"
6933:National Geographic Visual History of the World
6801:God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason
6792:
6782:
6594:"Name of the Monument/ site: Tomb of Aurangzeb"
5494:
5452:"Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals"
4219:In Britain, Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as
3055:), while incorporating further influences from
2397:, which was invented in India during the early
2194:as a major silk-producing region of the world.
2144:system, previously common in India and used by
1958:(village councils) operated in the Mughal era.
1894:. More prestigious positions were those of the
13161:
13078:
12342:
12173:
12055:
11572:History of the Mughal Rule in India, 1526-1761
11557:... Ice House in which Zahir was sheltering...
11405:
11055:
11011:
10641:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10199:
10102:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–45,
9299:
7738:
7478:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
6231:
6229:
6144:
6142:
5885:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5541:
5180: بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ
4261:The society within Mughal empire operated the
3657:(a Persian translation of the Hindu epic, the
3109:and forts built by the dynasty stand today in
2502:codex has provided direct contribution to the
1914:was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
1910:(chief of charities). The jurisdiction of the
1536:
16915:States and territories disestablished in 1857
16570:
15076:
14022:
13554:
13376:Mughal India: Splendour of the Peacock Throne
12770:Kaushik Roy; Peter Lorge (17 December 2014).
12338:
12336:
12315:"Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3"
12159:. Philadelphia: Westview Press. p. 255.
12016:
10791:
10789:
10787:
10785:
10332:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
10303:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
10205:
10095:
10029:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
9754:
9739:
9704:
9669:
9654:
9639:
9454:
9169:
8315:
8313:
8311:
7328:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
7217:
7043:The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant
6975:The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant
6680:. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–94.
6445:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–,
6439:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6406:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–,
6400:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6367:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–,
6361:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6328:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–,
6322:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6288:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–,
6282:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6200:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 158–,
6194:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6114:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–,
6108:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
6046:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–,
6040:Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006),
5993:
5637:
3035:The Mughals made a major contribution to the
2549:displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal.
2156:system, the Mughals also conducted extensive
1906:were usually appointed by the emperor or the
507:4,000,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi)
16533:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
13629:
12741:
12123:
11858:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10681:
10537:
9873:
9871:
9516:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–.
9368:
9357:
9111:
9059:India in the Persianate Age : 1000–1765
8459:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
7745:. Upper India Publishing House. p. 18.
7742:A Social History of Islamic India, 1605–1748
7361:
7359:
7143:
7141:
6620:
5599:
3988:, during the Battle of Sanbal. In 1657, the
2769:) with over 1 million people, and Delhi (in
13785:Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668
13464:The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India
13460:
12978:Black, Jeremy. "The Mughals Strike Twice",
12956:
11328:
11289:
11038:People, Taxation, and Trade in Mughal India
11028:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10693:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
10630:
10146:
10144:
10142:
9216:
8955:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
7989:Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online
7666:
7635:
7614:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7334:. Cambridge University Press. p. 267.
7327:
7278:The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719
6884:Reading Asia: New Research in Asian Studies
6624:The life & poetry of Bahadur Shah Zafar
6438:
6399:
6360:
6321:
6281:
6226:
6193:
6139:
6107:
6039:
5924:
5842:
5721:
5672:
5644:The European Union and Global Social Change
5610:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–71.
5349:28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
3728:, the emperor was only familiar with a few
3712:Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
3306:Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India
2473:by Mughal emperors. The Mughals introduced
2240:
1797:Police in Delhi under Bahadur Shah II, 1842
1653:
1590:
1395:, who had previously reestablished Iranian
16910:States and territories established in 1526
16577:
16563:
15083:
15069:
14029:
14015:
13902:
13835:Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John.
13642:(5). Cambridge University Press: 699–710.
13573:
13251:Comparative Studies in Society and History
12858:
12598:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
12473:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12333:
12243:
12182:
12088:
11501:
11346:. University of California Press. p.
11271:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
10782:
10573:
10571:
10511:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10.
10355:
9812:
9810:
9761:Journal of the Economic and Social History
9711:Journal of the Economic and Social History
9676:Journal of the Economic and Social History
9503:
9140:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History
9094:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History
8986:
8876:
8743:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
8308:
8206:Comparative Studies in Society and History
8085:Comparative Studies in Society and History
7957:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 8.
7944:
7816:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
7777:. Columbia University Press. p. 285.
7294:
6926:
6924:
6860:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
6819:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6798:
6745:
5898:, Cambridge University Press, p. xv,
5764:
5301:19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
5176:Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah
4346:
4311:
3967:
3816:Mughal India was one of the three Islamic
3757:, who described it as the language of his
2565:design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in
863:or endonymous identification from emperor
67:
13743:
13504:
13342:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
13319:(1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
13128:
12807:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
12479:
12447:
12445:
12443:
12150:
12094:
11598:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269.
11061:
10713:
10228:
10226:
10210:, Cambridge University Press, p. 2,
9868:
9834:
9311:
9012:
8948:
8258:
8046:Kirsten McKenzie; Robert Aldrich (2013).
8020:
7982:
7910:
7356:
7147:
7138:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6476:
6474:
6006:, Oxford University Press, pp. 75–,
5799:
5518:
4755:27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
4624:3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
3063:is distinguished, among other things, by
2016:The Mughals adopted and standardised the
1452:which he nominally led, the last Mughal,
16584:
14222:
13873:
13248:
11535:The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857
11445:
11441:
11439:
11041:. Oxford University Press. p. 131.
10825:
10768:
10139:
9560:
9467:
9330:. Oxford University Press. p. 775.
9247:
9245:
9180:
9084:
8830:
8779:
8685:
8634:
8603:. Anthem Press. pp. 69, 75, 77–78.
8452:
8082:
8049:The Routledge History of Western Empires
7883:. Pearson Education India. p. 309.
7644:A History of State and Religion in India
7502:
7491:
6853:
6847:
6716:Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court
6245:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 164–,
6158:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 164–,
5967:
5940:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5891:
5858:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5815:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5737:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159–,
5697:
5633:
5631:
5535:
5449:
5246:16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
5099:10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
4809:11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
4471:11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
4248:
4077:
3935:
3840:, to support his rebellion against Lodi
3793:
3689:
3631:
3147:
2976:
2857:
2833:
2825:
2790:
2552:
2439:
2339:
2331:
2007:
1973:economy has been described as a form of
1792:
1600:
1495:
1460:and exiled in 1858. Zafar was exiled to
1417:
1347:
1332:
1189:
1114:
984:
926:in English) is the Indo-Persian form of
859:) as observed in the epithet of Emperor
733:, who employed aid from the neighboring
16357:
13877:Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire
13778:
13694:From the Mughal Empire to British India
13681:From the Mughal Empire to British India
13428:Diana Preston; Michael Preston (2007).
13049:
12891:
12407:
12128:. Northern Virginia Community College.
11791:
11758:, 2013, pp. 147, 149, British Library,
11642:, Harvard University Press, pp. 33–37,
11596:Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders
10976:The Cambridge Economic History of India
10874:The Cambridge Economic History of India
10739:The Cambridge Economic History of India
10568:
10544:Hussein, Siddiqui M. Azizuddin (2002).
10543:
10252:
10190:Monitoring the World Economy, 1820–1992
9985:The Cambridge Economic History of India
9935:The Cambridge Economic History of India
9807:
9425:The Cambridge Economic History of India
9136:
9090:
8877:Chatterjee, Nandini (1 December 2019),
8601:Statemaking and Territory in South Asia
8598:
8568:Statemaking and Territory in South Asia
8565:
8538:
8199:
7906:
7904:
7706:. Publisher:Columbia University Press.
7428:
7275:
7247:Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999).
7174:
7065:
6823:
6810:
6712:
6706:
5999:
5777:, Oxford University Press, p. 62,
5770:
4964:27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
4517:3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627
4070:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
3609:Shahjahani Mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan
2513:, Bengal gained semi-independence as a
14:
16905:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
16892:
13859:
13817:
13498:
13485:from the original on 27 September 2018
13398:
13149:from the original on 22 September 2023
13135:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press.
12879:from the original on 22 September 2023
12846:from the original on 22 September 2023
12833:
12821:from the original on 22 September 2023
12800:
12729:from the original on 22 September 2023
12574:
12440:
12418:
11941:
11889:from the original on 22 September 2023
11841:from the original on 22 September 2023
11731:
11669:
11618:Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil.
11415:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 150.
11104:
11034:
10525:from the original on 22 September 2023
10279:from the original on 22 September 2023
10223:
10077:from the original on 22 September 2023
10052:
9902:from the original on 22 September 2023
9877:
9823:International Review of Social History
9816:
9801:
9789:
9588:from the original on 22 September 2023
9548:
9530:from the original on 22 September 2023
9491:from the original on 22 September 2023
9157:from the original on 22 September 2023
9037:from the original on 22 September 2023
8736:
8429:from the original on 10 September 2016
8390:from the original on 22 September 2023
8263:The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb
7950:
7847:
7449:from the original on 22 September 2023
7199:from the original on 22 September 2023
7018:from the original on 22 September 2023
6930:
6901:
6857:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective
6733:from the original on 22 September 2023
6621:Parvez, Aslam; Fārūqī, At̤har (2017).
6535:from the original on 22 September 2023
6511:
6505:
6471:
6459:from the original on 22 September 2023
6420:from the original on 22 September 2023
6381:from the original on 22 September 2023
6342:from the original on 22 September 2023
6302:from the original on 22 September 2023
6259:from the original on 22 September 2023
6214:from the original on 22 September 2023
6172:from the original on 22 September 2023
6128:from the original on 22 September 2023
6060:from the original on 22 September 2023
6030:conquer lands they sought to control."
6020:from the original on 22 September 2023
5954:from the original on 22 September 2023
5912:from the original on 22 September 2023
5872:from the original on 22 September 2023
5829:from the original on 22 September 2023
5751:from the original on 22 September 2023
4377:20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
3741:for many inhabitants of Mughal India.
2182:farmers rapidly learned techniques of
1320:
1194:Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from
1047:was already crumbling, and it was the
16558:
15064:
14010:
13869:. New York : C. Scribner's Sons.
13848:
13332:
13309:
12985:
12779:. Taylor & Francis. p. 196.
12708:
12591:
12585:
12547:
12541:
12451:
12321:from the original on 21 December 2021
12247:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
12189:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
11756:Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire
11704:
11470:
11436:
11387:from the original on 26 December 2019
11334:
11295:
11268:
11240:"Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)"
10946:
10795:
10669:from the original on 12 November 2020
10618:from the original on 11 December 2019
10504:
10398:
9509:
9242:
9055:
8917:
8913:
8911:
8897:from the original on 13 December 2021
8872:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8739:"The City of Kabul Under the Mughals"
8630:
8628:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8341:from the original on 13 December 2016
8323:, David Clingingsmith (August 2005).
8240:from the original on 21 December 2019
8142:
8055:. Taylor & Francis. p. 333.
7978:
7976:
7974:
7395:
7255:Oxford University Press. p. 65.
7123:The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-Nāma)
7116:
7096:
6997:
6673:
6627:. New Delhi, India: Hay House India.
6553:
6235:
6148:
5930:
5848:
5805:
5727:
5628:
5605:
5587:from the original on 19 November 2018
4910:6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719
4420:26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540
4318:List of emperors of the Mughal Empire
4186:Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world
4005:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3724:According to Qazvini, by the time of
3617:
2948:schools, where youth were taught the
2496:Maulana Azad National Urdu University
2121:The Mughal administration emphasised
1833:The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni
1609:, or provinces, of his administration
1262:Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal
1226:, and two of Timur's other offspring
910:'son-in-law' after his marriage to a
73:The empire at its greatest extent in
13962:
13683:]. 世界の歴史14 (in Japanese). 中央公論社.
13601:
13284:
13225:from the original on 1 February 2023
13132:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
12578:Mughal Government and Administration
12554:. Pragati Publications. p. 18.
12275:Swati Shiwal; Dolamani Sahu (2022).
12219:Indian Journal of History of Science
12020:Delhi:Pages From a Forgotten History
11985:
11906:
11594:Ross Marlay; Clark D. Neher (1999).
11495:
11446:Petersen, Andrew (1996). "Mughals".
10805:. Penguin Books India. pp. 5–.
10550:. Kanishka Publishers Distributors,
10422:from the original on 8 February 2023
9204:from the original on 20 January 2023
8949:Conermann, Stephan (4 August 2015),
8834:Historic cities of the Islamic world
8467:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
8291:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
7983:Conermann, Stephan (4 August 2015),
7901:
7533:
7300:
7226:Oxford University Press. p. 4.
6765:. New York: Modern Library. p.
6694:from the original on 7 November 2023
6493:from the original on 1 February 2018
6077:
5973:
5191:31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788
5143:10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
5059:3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
4563:19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658
4114:treatises. Humayun built a personal
3789:
2306:province alone accounted for 40% of
1542:challenge. A Marxist school (led by
1504:
707:in the east, and the uplands of the
16920:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan
13984:an interactive experience from the
12919:
12244:Partington, James Riddick (1999) .
12216:
12062:. Partridge Publishing. p. 4.
11734:"The Art of the Mughals After 1600"
11471:Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992).
11250:from the original on 13 August 2018
11202:
11137:Kaushik Roy & Peter Lorge (2014
10598:
10577:
10470:
10372:
9251:
9236:, Global Economic History Network,
8532:
7926:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p.
7377:from the original on 17 August 2018
4422:22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556
2885:Influence of Persian language over
2734:Those estimates were criticised by
2317:
1206:seated in the middle. On the left:
944:view, the dynasty should be called
24:
13829:
13772:
13114:The New Cambridge History of India
12905:
12458:State University of New York Press
12313:MughalistanSipahi (19 June 2010).
11998:from the original on 29 April 2011
11778:History Of Shahjahan Of Dihli 1932
11448:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
11375:"Mughal influence on Indian music"
11296:Alter, Joseph S. (May 1992). "The
10993:from the original on 4 August 2017
10891:from the original on 4 August 2017
10756:from the original on 4 August 2017
10483:from the original on 26 April 2022
10002:from the original on 4 August 2017
9952:from the original on 4 August 2017
9442:from the original on 4 August 2017
9190:. OECD Publishing. pp. 256–.
8969:from the original on 26 March 2022
8908:
8859:
8831:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2008).
8625:
8521:from the original on 31 March 2022
8483:from the original on 29 March 2022
8441:
8294:. Anthem Press. pp. 172–173.
8126:Sir William Wilson Hunter (1908).
8003:from the original on 26 March 2022
7971:
7954:The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia
7771:Columbia University Press (2000).
7040:
6991:
6972:
6874:
6659:. 30 December 2023. Archived from
6560:. Holmes & Meier. p. 69.
6480:
4280:by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998
3001:, with the daughter of a ruler of
2509:After 150 years of rule by Mughal
2028:(copper) currencies introduced by
1422:The remnants of the empire in 1751
1341:. Effective power was held by the
753:, and to sweep down the plains of
25:
16946:
16611:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
13975:
13461:Welch, S.C.; et al. (1987).
13356:from the original on 12 July 2023
13238:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1974).
13172:A Concise History of Modern India
12658:from the original on 14 June 2020
12421:Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy
12076:from the original on 16 July 2023
11624:National Portrait Gallery, London
10652:Atlas of World Population History
10206:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011),
10166:History of World Trade Since 1450
10116:from the original on 4 April 2023
10096:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011),
9881:An Agrarian History of South Asia
9817:Moosvi, Shireen (December 2011).
9740:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011).
9655:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011).
9640:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011).
8963:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206
8761:from the original on 29 June 2021
7997:10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206
7791:from the original on 3 April 2023
7749:from the original on 3 April 2023
7720:from the original on 3 April 2023
7681:from the original on 7 April 2023
7579:from the original on 3 April 2023
6574:from the original on 3 April 2023
5507:Journal of World-Systems Research
5012:29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
4618:31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
4040:which stressed the importance of
2160:to assess the area of land under
1828:
1279:on non-Muslims, and compiled the
1008:) on his father's side, and from
789:, especially during the reign of
14037:
13952:; tr. by William Irvine (1907).
13938:; tr. by William Irvine (1907).
13898:. London : J.M. Richardson.
13880:. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
13193:from the original on 2 July 2023
13129:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) .
12640:
12624:
12568:
12516:
12361:
12345:Bidar: Its History and Monuments
12306:
12237:
12144:
12132:from the original on 26 May 2011
12117:
12103:. Philadelphia: Westview Press.
12049:
12037:from the original on 9 June 2023
12010:
11979:
11935:
11900:
11852:
11797:
11768:
11754:Losty, J. P. Roy, Malini (eds),
11748:
11725:
11698:
11663:
11612:
11587:
11562:
11522:
11464:
11367:
11262:
11232:
11191:Mughal Empire – MSN Encarta
11182:
11142:
11098:
11005:
10955:
10940:
10903:
10853:
10819:
10464:
10452:from the original on 3 June 2016
10434:
10392:
10366:
10349:
10320:
10291:
10179:
10127:
10046:
9964:
9914:
9843:
9748:
9733:
9698:
9663:
9648:
9633:
9621:from the original on 24 May 2022
9600:
9554:
9404:
9374:
9351:
9293:
9281:from the original on 2 July 2023
9049:
8980:
8515:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0778
7130:Royal Asiatic Society. pp.
7103:Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605
7078:from the original on 25 May 2023
5317:
5262:
5224:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar
5207:
5159:
5128:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar
5111:
5071:
5028:
4980:
4925:
4875:
4825:
4771:
4727:
4712:19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
4681:
4630:
4578:
4532:
4486:
4439:
4389:
4284:(1589–90 CE). Twenty other such
3828:. By the time he was invited by
3155:aerial view in Dhaka, Bangladesh
2910:The evolution and refinement of
2213:According to economic historian
1859:
1650:(prime minister) of the empire.
785:, literary forms, textiles, and
622:
597:
583:
14334:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
13549:Agrarian System of Mughal India
13116:, II, 4: The Marathas 1600–1818
12957:Asher, C.B.; Talbot, C (2008),
12953:, on the causes of its collapse
11775:Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1932).
11732:Sardar, Marika (October 2003).
11450:. Routledge. pp. 199–205.
9771:from the original on 2 May 2022
9721:from the original on 2 May 2022
9686:from the original on 2 May 2022
8942:
8891:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_25171
8824:
8812:from the original on 1 May 2022
8773:
8730:
8718:from the original on 1 May 2022
8679:
8667:from the original on 1 May 2022
8592:
8559:
8545:. Routledge. pp. 234–236.
8494:
8402:
8281:
8252:
8193:
8179:
8136:
8132:. Clarendon Press. p. 107.
8119:
8076:
8014:
7870:
7841:
7803:
7764:
7732:
7693:
7615:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
7608:
7591:
7552:
7527:
7461:
7422:
7389:
7269:
7240:
7211:
7168:
7110:
7090:
7059:
7034:
6966:
6949:
6667:
6649:
6614:
6586:
6547:
6481:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
6071:
6033:
5552:International Studies Quarterly
5482:from the original on 1 May 2022
5334:Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad
5259:
5204:
4922:
4872:
4860:28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719
4822:
4768:
3446:in Chapai Nawabganj, Bangladesh
3020:
2984:in Fatehpur Sikiri, Agra, India
2889:lead to the development of the
2717:
2580:
2423:
1730:were often transferred between
1597:Government of the Mughal Empire
1448:After a crushing defeat in the
1337:Delhi under the puppet-emperor
1268:
16935:1857 disestablishments in Asia
14871:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
14329:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)
14324:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)
13849:Adams, W.H. Davenport (1893).
13788:. Archibald Constable, London.
13744:Streusand, Douglas E. (2018).
13559:. Princeton University Press.
13211:. Cambridge University Press.
12419:Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995),
12151:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
12095:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
11620:The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860
10248:University of California Press
10232:Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996),
7432:A History of the Indian People
6961:University of California Press
6082:. Macmillan. pp. 99–100.
5707:. Cambridge University Press.
5443:
5408:
2969:, and instruments such as the
2962:in their indigenous languages.
2587:Demographics of India: History
2097:
1927:. Such officials included the
1774:of Mughals from 1526 to 1681.
1301:, employed significantly more
1093:Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)
839:, which was documented in the
458:Nader Shah's invasion of India
27:1526–1857 empire in South Asia
13:
1:
16925:Early modern history of India
13551:(1963, revised edition 1999).
13035:. Random House Digital, Inc.
12842:. Vol. 34. R. Phillips.
12059:Life, Times and Poetry of Mir
11314:10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070
9755:Sivramkrishna, Sashi (2009).
9705:Sivramkrishna, Sashi (2009).
9670:Sivramkrishna, Sashi (2009).
9386:introduced by Sher Shah Suri"
8924:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
8883:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
8599:Michael, Bernardo A. (2012).
8566:Michael, Bernardo A. (2012).
8259:Hallissey, Robert C. (1977).
8200:Leonard, Karen (April 1979).
7877:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011).
5396:
4665:14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707
4519:(21 years 11 months 23 days)
4234:
4145:continued the work of Mughal
4011:described Indian rockets and
3903:
2907:into the Indian subcontinent.
2761:) with up to 700,000 people,
2753:) with up to 800,000 people,
2591:
1456:, was deposed by the British
1235:
971:Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)
74:
13966:The Fall of the Mogul Empire
13843:Packard Humanities Institute
13368:
13304:The Mughul Empire, 1526–1803
11947:Literary Cultures in History
11873:10.1017/cbo9780511619069.007
11809:Literary Cultures in History
11575:. M. C. Kothari. p. 141
11569:Keshavlal H. Kamdar (1933).
11474:Architecture of Mughal India
11114:Literary Cultures in History
10921:. p. 23. Archived from
10258:
9382:"Picture of original Mughal
9143:. Routledge. pp. 100–.
8987:Chatterjee, Nandini (2014).
8609:10.7135/upo9780857285324.005
8576:10.7135/upo9780857285324.005
8570:. Anthem Press. p. 67.
7601:A Short History Of Aurangzib
7429:Singhal, Damodar P. (1983).
7396:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984) .
7175:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017).
7154:. Aakar Books. p. 300.
6854:Canfield, Robert L. (2002).
6521:. Primus Books. p. 47.
6487:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
6000:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017),
5978:, Macmillan, pp. 108–,
5771:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017),
5436:
5401:
5307:28 September 1837 (aged 77)
4916:18 September 1719 (aged 23)
4565:(30 years 8 months 25 days)
4425:(10 years 3 months 25 days)
4179:
4170:and Islamic observations in
4063:
2773:) with over 600,000 people.
1968:Economy of the Mughal Empire
1843:(the best guidance) and the
1658:The empire was divided into
1475:Government of India Act 1858
1329:Decline of the Mughal Empire
1321:
687:Basin in the west, northern
31:Not to be confused with the
7:
16930:1526 establishments in Asia
15090:
14379:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
13807:Jackson, A.V. et al., eds.
13716:Land Law in Asian Countries
13302:Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal.
13029:Dalrymple, William (2007).
12681:Andrew de la Garza (2016).
12528:www.orientalartauctions.com
9225:& David Clingingsmith,
8993:Journal of Law and Religion
8780:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
8686:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
8635:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
8461:, Oxford University Press,
8145:Journal of Economic History
8129:Imperial gazetteer of India
8021:Dalrymple, William (2007).
7565:. Oxford University Press.
7220:Preface to The Jahangirnama
7178:South Asia in World History
6783:
6657:"Indian History Collective"
6003:South Asia in World History
5774:South Asia in World History
5450:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994).
5364:
5252:19 November 1806 (aged 78)
5149:19 November 1806 (aged 78)
4761:12 February 1713 (aged 51)
4718:27 February 1712 (aged 68)
4620:(48 years 7 months 0 days)
4473:(49 years 9 months 0 days)
4380:26 December 1530 (aged 47)
4306:National Museum of Scotland
4193:had learned much of Mughal
3770:
3705:
3536:in Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh
3480:Khan Mohammad Mridha Masjid
3051:architecture (particularly
1737:
1537:Modern views on the decline
1516:British East Indies Company
1500:Portrait of Bahadur Shah II
1218:. On the right: Aurangzeb,
1202:, with the Mughal ancestor
1063:. However, in the decisive
1059:. He defeated Babur in the
906:
896:
855:), "Sultanate of Al-Hind" (
851:
845:
795:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
10:
16951:
14778:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
13912:. London, Grolier society.
13469:Metropolitan Museum of Art
13336:(2010), Arnold, D. (ed.),
13205:Richards, John F. (1996).
13177:Cambridge University Press
13075:, on Akbar and his brother
13064:10.1163/156852005774918813
12963:Cambridge University Press
12674:
12581:. Hind Kitabs. p. 61.
11479:Cambridge University Press
10984:Cambridge University Press
10882:Cambridge University Press
10747:Cambridge University Press
10584:. Routledge. p. 174.
9993:Cambridge University Press
9943:Cambridge University Press
9886:Cambridge University Press
9854:. IOS Press. p. 129.
9433:Cambridge University Press
9238:London School of Economics
9056:Eaton, Richard M. (2019).
8453:Robinson, Francis (2009),
8288:Claude Markovits (2004) .
7646:. Routledge. p. 119.
7276:Faruqui, Munis D. (2012).
7148:Mohammada, Malika (2007).
6887:. Routledge. p. 104.
5892:Richards, John F. (1995),
5376:Flags of the Mughal Empire
5355:7 November 1862 (aged 87)
4569:22 January 1666 (aged 74)
4523:28 October 1627 (aged 58)
4477:27 October 1605 (aged 63)
4429:27 January 1556 (aged 47)
4315:
4238:
4183:
4067:
4031:
3972:In the sixteenth century,
3805:
3774:
3709:
3681:. Richly finished albums (
3621:
3600:
3596:in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
3578:in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
3422:
3310:
3279:Gardens in Srinagar, India
3177:
3103:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3024:
2988:
2967:Hindustani classical music
2933:, a combination of Indian
2838:The Taj Mahal in the 1870s
2784:
2780:
2584:
2433:
2427:
2321:
2003:
1965:
1961:
1640:. Of these ministers, the
1594:
1441:British East India Company
1326:
1137:, to Humayun and his wife
1096:
1035:. Babur's forces defeated
974:
963:
959:
883:). In the west, the term "
29:
16861:
16715:
16619:
16593:
16526:
16478:
15995:
15399:
15098:
14987:
14921:
14879:
14816:
14798:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
14768:
14727:
14718:
14591:
14520:
14387:
14301:
14167:
14049:
13648:10.1017/S0026749X00001256
13519:10.1017/s0026749x00008155
13413:10.1163/22118993-00381P05
13263:10.1017/s0010417500013311
12934:10.1017/s0026749x00005825
12859:Rutherford, Alex (2010).
12801:Moosvi, Shireen (2015) .
12652:National Museums Scotland
12494:10.1080/13698010020019226
12281:IJRTS Journal of Research
12184:Partington, James Riddick
11955:10.1525/9780520926738-019
11817:10.1525/9780520926738-007
11076:10.1017/S0026749X00008155
10442:"The paradise of nations"
10339:22 September 2023 at the
10310:22 September 2023 at the
10176:. Retrieved 3 August 2017
10036:22 September 2023 at the
9836:10.1017/S0020859011000526
9137:Schmidt, Karl J. (2015).
9091:Schmidt, Karl J. (2015).
8218:10.1017/s0010417500012792
8157:10.1017/s0022050700097825
8097:10.1017/s0010417500013311
7559:Abhishek Kaicker (2020).
7511:Stanford University Press
7503:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
6963:, California 2014, p. 151
6713:Fontana, Michela (2011).
5018:1 January 1775 (aged 49)
4752:9 May 1661 Deccan, India
4118:near Delhi. According to
4036:A new curriculum for the
3777:Army of the Mughal Empire
3642:Mughal artistic tradition
3584:in Munshiganj, Bangladesh
3488:in Chittagong, Bangladesh
3458:in Chittagong, Bangladesh
3041:Indo-Islamic architecture
2625:
2063:
1707:Mughal government in the
1548:Aligarh Muslim University
1385:Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I
1352:Shah Alam II on horseback
638:
562:
544:
540:
530:
520:
516:
511:
503:
498:
494:
480:
467:
454:
441:
428:
415:
402:
389:
385:
375:
371:
359:
349:• 1526–1540 (first)
347:
343:
333:
329:
317:
307:• 1526–1540 (first)
305:
301:
291:
287:
275:
265:• 1526–1530 (first)
263:
259:
249:
239:
176:
165:
144:
98:
88:
66:
61:
54:
14369:Indian Rebellion of 1857
14314:Mughal conquest of Malwa
14001:Sunil Khilnani's "Akbar"
13861:Holden, Edward Singleton
13852:Warriors of the Crescent
13796:(Penguin Classics 2007)
13794:Journal of Emperor Babur
13750:. Taylor & Francis.
13588:10.1163/1568520041974729
13436:. Walker & Company.
13085:. Taylor & Francis.
12988:Journal of Asian Studies
12687:. Taylor & Francis.
12575:Sharma, Sri Ram (1951).
12377:Nasir Raza Khan (2022).
11035:Moosvi, Shireen (2008).
10703:11 November 2020 at the
10649:; Richard Jones (1978).
10508:Bengal: The Unique State
10259:Lakwete, Angela (2003).
10174:World History in Context
10160:18 November 2022 at the
10134:Andrew de la Garza (2016
9510:Tracy, James D. (1997).
7822:10.1017/CBO9781107300002
7700:Audrey Truschke (2021).
7621:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43.
7598:Sarkar Jadunath (1928).
7435:. Methuen. p. 193.
7066:Ballhatchet, Kenneth A.
6805:Persianate Mogul Empire.
5338:ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد
4970:26 April 1748 (aged 45)
4815:19 April 1719 (aged 33)
4525:Jammu and Kashmir, India
4124:astronomical instruments
4009:James Riddick Partington
3992:used rockets during the
3524:in Sonargaon, Bangladesh
3456:Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah
3205:Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani
2241:Industrial manufacturing
1654:Administrative divisions
1591:Administration and state
1437:Second Anglo-Maratha War
1080:(1540–1555), founded by
857:Salṭanat(i) al-Hindīyyah
771:Indian Rebellion of 1857
419:Second Battle of Panipat
411:17 May 1540–22 June 1555
361:• 1775–1797 (last)
319:• 1794–1818 (last)
277:• 1837–1857 (last)
14344:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
13963:Owen, Sidney J (1912).
13874:Malleson, G.B. (1896).
13387:excerpt and text search
13079:J.J.L. Gommans (2002).
12343:Ghulam Yazdani (1995).
12126:"The Gunpowder Empires"
12056:S. R. Sharma · (2014).
11907:Alam, Muzaffar (2004).
11861:"Persian in South Asia"
11781:. Indian Press Limited.
11707:The Burlington Magazine
11481:. pp. 1–2, 15–17.
10709:OECD Development Centre
8920:"Mughal Empire and Law"
8879:"Courts of law, Mughal"
8509:(2nd ed.), Brill,
7849:Pagadi, Setu Madhavarao
7739:Muhammad Yasin (1958).
7183:Oxford University Press
7072:Encyclopædia Britannica
6825:Hodgson, Marshall G. S.
6674:Mosca, Matthew (2013).
5565:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
5386:Mughal-Mongol genealogy
4997:Mujahid al-Din Muhammad
4668:20 June 1707 (aged 53)
4312:List of Mughal Emperors
4288:were later produced in
4106:observational astronomy
3984:, particularly against
3968:Rocketry and explosives
3872:First Battle of Panipat
3554:in Dinajpur, Bangladesh
3542:in Noakhali, Bangladesh
3468:Chawkbazar Shahi Masjid
3398:Mausoleum of Masum Shah
3382:in Sheikhpura, Pakistan
2925:The development of the
2504:Proto-industrialization
2477:, including the modern
2277:proto-industrialization
2217:, citing evidence from
2210:, by the 17th century.
1975:proto-industrialization
1845:Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya
1432:Third Battle of Panipat
1041:First Battle of Panipat
828:
751:First Battle of Panipat
393:First Battle of Panipat
171:languages of South Asia
145:Official languages
44:Mughal (disambiguation)
13711:Oleg Igorevich Krassov
13555:J. C. Sharman (2019).
12834:Morier, James (1812).
12709:Conan, Michel (2007).
12548:Verma, Tripta (1994).
12452:Baber, Zaheer (1996),
12017:Arthur Dudney (2015).
11943:Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman
11865:Language in South Asia
11106:Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman
10578:Ray, Indrajit (2011).
10554:library. p. 158.
10053:Suneja, Vivek (2000).
9878:Ludden, David (1999).
8837:. Brill. p. 127.
8737:Samrin, Farah (2005).
8539:Gladden, E.N. (2019).
8507:Encyclopaedia of Islam
8422:. Utrecht University.
7218:Muhammad-Hadi (1999).
7001:A History of Rajasthan
6931:Berndl, Klaus (2005).
5287:Puppet King under the
5232:Puppet King under the
4950:Puppet King Under the
4900:Puppet King Under the
4866:6 June 1719 (aged 19)
4850:Puppet King Under the
4796:Puppet King Under the
4549:Shihab al-Din Muhammad
4258:
4255:Muhammad Saleh Thattvi
4093:
4029:
3945:
3803:
3702:
3637:
3530:in Tangail, Bangladesh
3506:, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3500:, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3494:, in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3476:in Rangpur, Bangladesh
3156:
2985:
2867:
2839:
2831:
2803:
2796:Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi
2616:, and compared to the
2453:
2436:Muslin trade in Bengal
2421:
2345:
2337:
2324:Muslin trade in Bengal
2013:
1798:
1788:
1610:
1501:
1485:. In 1876 the British
1423:
1353:
1345:
1241:
1127:
990:
849:), "country of Hind" (
691:in the northwest, and
16503:Medieval great powers
14856:Tomb of Salim Chishti
14339:Ahom–Mughal conflicts
14089:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
13888:; tr. from French by
13855:. London: Hutchinson.
13722:. Norma. p. 75.
13702:Rothermund, Dietmar.
13630:M. Athar Ali (2008).
13025:(Cambridge U.P. 2009)
12742:Jorge Flores (2015).
12427:Publ., pp. 8–9,
11992:Encyclopaedia Iranica
11657:26 March 2023 at the
11640:Early Mughal painting
11636:Beach, Milo Cleveland
11014:Social Science Review
10505:Nanda, J. N. (2005).
9232:29 March 2017 at the
9223:Jeffrey G. Williamson
8364:Jeffrey G. Williamson
8321:Jeffrey G. Williamson
7951:Rathod, N.G. (1994).
7674:. Boston University.
7373:. 30 September 2009.
7253:Thackston, Wheeler M.
7224:Thackston, Wheeler M.
7128:Beveridge, Annette S.
7098:Smith, Vincent Arthur
7041:Bayley, Christopher.
7004:. Rupa. p. 454.
6973:Bayley, Christopher.
6757:Thackston, Wheeler M.
6753:Zahir ud-Din Mohammad
6610:on 23 September 2015.
5520:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369
5381:List of Mongol states
5351:(19 years, 360 days)
5325:Bahadur Shah II Zafar
5303:(30 years, 321 days)
5248:(18 years, 339 days)
5145:(27 years, 301 days)
4966:(28 years, 212 days)
4942:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
4842:Shams al-Din Muhammad
4456:Jalal al-Din Muhammad
4406:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
4363:Zahir al-Din Muhammad
4276:. It was invented in
4252:
4201:and soaps to produce
4143:Jai Singh II of Amber
4098:theoretical astronomy
4081:
4020:
3939:
3797:
3775:Further information:
3693:
3635:
3606:in Kabul, Afghanistan
3560:in Sylhet, Bangladesh
3548:in Khulna, Bangladesh
3440:in Sylhet, Bangladesh
3388:in Peshawar, Pakistan
3151:
2980:
2861:
2837:
2829:
2794:
2553:Shipbuilding industry
2443:
2413:
2350:textile manufacturing
2343:
2335:
2247:Industrial Revolution
2011:
1979:Industrial Revolution
1902:(judge of the army).
1796:
1604:
1561:Jeffrey G. Williamson
1499:
1489:assumed the title of
1421:
1368:, whose leaders, the
1351:
1336:
1193:
1118:
988:
904:, who took the title
695:in the north, to the
166:Common languages
16513:European colonialism
16498:Ancient great powers
14818:Tombs and mausoleums
13969:. London, J. Murray.
13958:. London, J. Murray.
13944:. London, J. Murray.
13930:. London, J. Murray.
13636:Modern Asian Studies
13507:Modern Asian Studies
13289:, London: Palgrave,
12922:Modern Asian Studies
12840:The Monthly Magazine
12631:Savage-Smith, Emilie
12329:– via YouTube.
11412:The Mughals of India
11302:American Ethnologist
11220:on 23 September 2009
11064:Modern Asian Studies
10662:. pp. 184–185.
10552:Sambalpur University
10386:10.1093/pastj/gtr009
10242:4 April 2023 at the
9572:Taylor & Francis
9300:J.J.L. Gommans (2002
8792:(2): 296 & 298.
7534:Robb, Peter (2011).
7473:3 April 2023 at the
7301:Robb, Peter (2011),
6998:Hooja, Rima (2006).
6830:The Venture of Islam
6663:on 30 December 2023.
6078:Robb, Peter (2011).
5974:Robb, Peter (2011),
5279:Muin al-Din Muhammad
5061:(5 years, 180 days)
5045:Aziz al-Din Muhammad
4912:(0 years, 105 days)
4892:Rafi al-Din Muhammad
4788:Muin al-Din Muhammad
4757:(0 years, 350 days)
4744:Muiz al-Din Muhammad
4714:(4 years, 253 days)
4698:Qutb al-Din Muhammad
4647:Qutb al-Din Muhammad
4604:Muhi al-Din Muhammad
4272:, hollow, seamless,
3890:were recovered from
3882:forces loyal to the
3802:rifle, 16th century.
3590:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3572:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3566:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3558:Ghayebi Dighi Masjid
3518:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3512:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3510:Kartalab Khan Masjid
3482:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3470:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3464:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3452:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3434:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3428:in Dhaka, Bangladesh
3392:Shahi Eid Gah Mosque
3297:in Aurangabad, India
3053:Timurid architecture
2944:The construction of
2903:The introduction of
2850:and literature with
2846:The amalgamation of
2787:Indo-Persian culture
2492:Jamia Millia Islamia
2215:Immanuel Wallerstein
1933:(local police), the
1819:(jurisconsult), and
1563:has argued that the
1528:Emperor Farrukhsiyar
1512:imperial overstretch
1375:During the reign of
1004:(the founder of the
354:Nizam-ud-din Khalifa
42:For other uses, see
16508:Modern great powers
14783:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
14349:Mughal–Maratha wars
13997:, 26 February 2004)
13904:Lane-Poole, Stanley
13687:second publishment
13499:Society and economy
13451:Schimmel, Annemarie
13392:29 May 2016 at the
12959:India Before Europe
12425:Motilal Banarsidass
12383:. Routledge India.
11744:on 4 February 2019.
11383:. 8 February 2000.
11198:on 28 October 2009.
10947:Dyson, Tim (2018).
10928:on 11 November 2020
9358:M. Athar Ali (2008)
9005:10.1017/jlr.2014.20
8930:on 13 December 2021
7331:India before Europe
6557:Conversion to Islam
6442:India Before Europe
6403:India Before Europe
6364:India Before Europe
6325:India Before Europe
6285:India Before Europe
6197:India Before Europe
6111:India Before Europe
6043:India Before Europe
5606:Dyson, Tim (2018).
5391:Islam in South Asia
5228:جلال الدین علی گوهر
5132:جلال الدین علی گوهر
5014:(6 years, 37 days)
4862:(0 years, 98 days)
4811:(6 years, 48 days)
4503:Nur al-Din Muhammad
4373:Andijan, Uzbekistan
4253:Celestial Globe by
4136:Hindu computational
3915:repeating crossbows
3874:in 1526, where the
3720:Hindustani language
3697:Farhang-i-Jahangiri
3504:Shahbaz Khan Masjid
3492:Shaista Khan Masjid
3418:in Thatta, Pakistan
3412:in Thatta, Pakistan
3406:in Taxila, Pakistan
3400:in Sukkur, Pakistan
3394:in Multan, Pakistan
3386:Mahabat Khan Mosque
3376:in Lahore, Pakistan
3370:in Lahore, Pakistan
3364:in Lahore, Pakistan
3358:in Lahore, Pakistan
3352:in Lahore, Pakistan
3346:in Lahore, Pakistan
3340:in Lahore, Pakistan
3334:in Lahore, Pakistan
3328:in Lahore, Pakistan
3322:in Lahore, Pakistan
3316:in Lahore, Pakistan
3285:in Prayagraj, India
3160:
3061:Mughal architecture
3037:Indian subcontinent
3027:Mughal architecture
2965:The development of
2916:Indian architecture
2891:Hindustani language
2878:The development of
2871:The development of
2471:Paradise of Nations
2284:early modern Europe
2158:cadastral surveying
1569:deindustrialization
1426:The Mughal Emperor
1364:caste known as the
1322:Decline (1707–1857)
1253:Mughal architecture
914:princess. The word
867:as "Land of Hind" (
846:Wilāyat-i-Hindustān
797:in South Asia are:
793:. Among the Mughal
445:Mughal–Maratha Wars
15035:Nizam of Hyderabad
14309:Mughal-Rajput wars
14129:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
14094:Muhammad Azam Shah
13339:A History of India
13316:A History of India
13287:A History of India
13118:(Cambridge, 1993).
12715:. Dumbarton Oaks.
12460:, pp. 82–89,
12124:Charles T. Evans.
11150:Pius Malekandathil
10971:Tapan Raychaudhuri
10919:Warwick University
10869:Tapan Raychaudhuri
10734:Tapan Raychaudhuri
10378:Past & Present
10136:, p. 114-115)
9980:Tapan Raychaudhuri
9930:Tapan Raychaudhuri
9420:Tapan Raychaudhuri
9369:Jorge Flores (2015
9265:Ashgate Publishing
8918:Khalfaoui, Mouez.
8786:Asian Perspectives
8692:Asian Perspectives
8641:Asian Perspectives
8332:Harvard University
7536:A History of India
7303:A History of India
6242:A History of India
6155:A History of India
6080:A History of India
5976:A History of India
5937:A History of India
5855:A History of India
5812:A History of India
5734:A History of India
5545:(September 1997).
5456:Asian Perspectives
5289:East India Company
5197:1790 (aged 40–41)
5105:1772 (aged 60–61)
4988:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
4416:Kabul, Afghanistan
4259:
4221:shampooing surgeon
4212:and the cities of
4108:and produced some
4094:
3946:
3851:was familiar with
3804:
3703:
3638:
3618:Art and literature
3540:Bazra Shahi Masjid
3368:Begum Shahi Mosque
3273:in Srinagar, India
3267:in Srinagar, India
3261:in Srinagar, India
3255:in Srinagar, India
3207:in Sikandra, India
3201:in Sikandra, India
3159:
3157:
3090:, north of Delhi.
3057:Hindu architecture
2986:
2868:
2840:
2832:
2820:Pius Malekandathil
2804:
2454:
2446:Great Caravanserai
2383:Indian Ocean trade
2346:
2338:
2253:Manufactured goods
2140:. He replaced the
2014:
1799:
1722:could turn into a
1614:official called a
1611:
1585:factory technology
1502:
1464:, Burma. His wife
1458:East India Company
1454:Bahadur Shah Zafar
1439:. Thereafter, the
1424:
1354:
1346:
1242:
1128:
1126:in Fatehpur Sikri.
991:
942:Marshall Hodgson's
865:Bahadur Shah Zafar
432:Mughal–Afghan Wars
406:Mughal Interregnum
324:Daulat Rao Sindhia
16887:
16886:
16552:
16551:
16474:
16473:
16439:Polish–Lithuanian
15614:Gurjara-Pratihara
15058:
15057:
15045:Kingdom of Mysore
14979:Foreign relations
14917:
14916:
14866:Tomb of Nur Jahan
14861:Tomb of Aurangzeb
14808:Wazir Khan Mosque
14728:Forts and palaces
14714:
14713:
14686:Guru Gobind Singh
14614:Bayazid of Sylhet
14297:
14296:
14197:Foreign relations
13991:The Mughal Empire
13950:Manucci, Niccolao
13936:Manucci, Niccolao
13918:Manucci, Niccolao
13886:Manucci, Niccolao
13792:Hiro, Dilip, ed,
13780:Bernier, Francois
13478:978-0-87099-499-9
13443:978-0-8027-1673-6
13349:978-1-4051-9509-6
13326:978-0-631-20546-3
13296:978-0-333-69129-8
13285:Robb, P. (2001),
13241:The Mughul Empire
13218:978-0-521-56603-2
13208:The Mughal Empire
13186:978-0-521-68225-1
13142:978-1-84331-004-4
13099:on 2 January 2011
13042:978-0-307-26739-9
13021:Dale, Stephen F.
12972:978-0-521-51750-8
12872:978-0-7553-8326-9
12814:978-0-19-908549-1
12786:978-1-317-58710-1
12722:978-0-88402-329-6
12694:978-1-317-24531-5
12648:"Celestial globe"
12561:978-81-7307-021-1
12467:978-0-7914-2919-8
12434:978-81-208-1256-7
12261:978-0-8018-5954-0
12203:978-0-8018-5954-0
12166:978-0-8133-1359-7
12110:978-0-8133-1359-7
12069:978-1-4828-1478-1
12030:978-93-84544-31-7
11986:Matthews, David.
11964:978-0-520-22821-4
11882:978-0-511-61906-9
11826:978-0-520-92673-8
11648:978-0-674-22185-7
11605:978-0-8476-8442-7
11538:. A&C Black.
11530:William Dalrymple
11357:978-0-520-07697-6
11048:978-0-19-569315-7
10951:. pp. 63–65.
10846:978-90-04-17822-9
10812:978-0-14-310262-5
10591:978-1-136-82552-1
10518:978-81-8069-149-2
10471:Daniyal, Shoaib.
10415:978-0-521-38650-0
10345:Pearson Education
10316:Pearson Education
10272:978-0-8018-7394-2
10217:978-1-139-49889-0
10109:978-1-139-49889-0
10070:978-0-415-23857-1
10042:Pearson Education
9895:978-0-521-36424-9
9861:978-1-58603-958-5
9581:978-0-415-38259-5
9523:978-0-521-57464-8
9484:978-0-520-93935-6
9469:Richards, John F.
9392:on 5 October 2002
9274:978-0-7546-6428-4
9197:978-92-64-10414-3
9150:978-1-317-47681-8
9104:978-1-317-47681-8
9069:978-0-520-97423-4
8844:978-90-04-15388-2
8618:978-0-85728-532-4
8585:978-0-85728-532-4
8552:978-0-429-42321-5
8476:978-0-19-530513-5
8383:978-0-262-29518-5
8301:978-1-84331-004-4
8274:978-0-8262-0222-2
8032:978-0-14-310243-4
8025:. Penguin Books.
7964:978-81-85431-52-9
7937:978-0-203-71253-5
7831:978-1-107-03428-0
7784:978-0-231-11004-4
7713:978-0-231-55195-3
7653:978-1-136-45950-4
7628:978-1-59884-337-8
7572:978-0-19-007067-0
7545:978-0-230-34424-2
7520:978-1-5036-0259-5
7442:978-0-413-48730-8
7407:978-81-207-1015-3
7312:978-0-230-34424-2
7287:978-1-107-02217-1
7262:978-0-19-512718-8
7233:978-0-19-512718-8
7192:978-0-19-976034-3
7161:978-81-89833-18-3
7011:978-81-291-1501-0
6955:Gérard Chaliand,
6942:978-0-7922-3695-5
6894:978-1-136-84377-8
6867:978-0-521-52291-5
6840:978-0-226-34688-5
6776:978-0-375-76137-9
6726:978-1-4422-0588-8
6687:978-0-8047-8538-9
6634:978-93-85827-47-1
6567:978-0-8419-0343-2
6528:978-93-80607-19-1
6452:978-0-521-80904-7
6413:978-0-521-80904-7
6374:978-0-521-80904-7
6335:978-0-521-80904-7
6295:978-0-521-80904-7
6269:silver currency."
6252:978-1-4443-2351-1
6207:978-0-521-80904-7
6165:978-1-4443-2351-1
6121:978-0-521-80904-7
6089:978-0-230-34549-2
6053:978-0-521-80904-7
6013:978-0-19-066137-3
5985:978-0-230-34549-2
5947:978-1-4443-2351-1
5905:978-0-521-56603-2
5895:The Mughal Empire
5865:978-1-4443-2351-1
5822:978-1-4443-2351-1
5784:978-0-19-066137-3
5744:978-1-4443-2351-1
5714:978-0-521-56603-2
5704:The Mughal Empire
5699:Richards, John F.
5658:978-1-135-25580-0
5617:978-0-19-256430-6
5362:
5361:
5291:
5236:
5005:23 December 1725
4954:
4904:
4854:
4805:Aurangabad, India
4800:
4371:14 February 1483
4191:Sake Dean Mahomed
4128:Islamic astronomy
4104:made advances in
3900:Fathullah Shirazi
3820:, along with the
3818:gunpowder empires
3808:Gunpowder empires
3790:Gunpowder warfare
3615:
3614:
3450:Sat Gambuj Mosque
3416:Shah Jahan Mosque
3362:Tomb of Asif Khan
3356:Tomb of Nur Jahan
3338:Wazir Khan Mosque
3303:in Haryana, India
3291:in Jaunpur, India
3249:in Pinjore, India
3076:William Dalrymple
3007:Raja Bhagwant Das
2939:varzesh-e bastani
2862:Badshahi Mosque,
2812:Jos J. L. Gommans
2715:
2714:
2639:% of South Asian
2506:in Bengal Subah.
2041:until the 1720s.
2024:, or silver) and
1505:Causes of decline
1356:Aurangzeb's son,
1139:Hamida Banu Begum
669:
668:
634:
633:
630:
629:
610:
609:
476:21 September 1857
16:(Redirected from
16942:
16620:Cities and towns
16579:
16572:
16565:
16556:
16555:
16355:
16354:
16020:Austro-Hungarian
15720:Chagatai Khanate
15085:
15078:
15071:
15062:
15061:
15025:Nawabs of Bengal
14988:Successor states
14892:Shalimar Gardens
14836:Gardens of Babur
14725:
14724:
14671:Lachit Borphukan
14385:
14384:
14374:Mughal–Sikh wars
14319:Gujarat conquest
14220:
14219:
14212:Mughal artillery
14041:
14031:
14024:
14017:
14008:
14007:
13970:
13959:
13945:
13931:
13913:
13899:
13881:
13870:
13856:
13825:
13809:History of India
13789:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13740:
13738:
13736:
13721:
13697:
13684:
13669:
13664:
13662:
13626:
13604:Social Scientist
13598:
13570:
13537:
13494:
13492:
13490:
13467:. New York: The
13447:
13435:
13424:
13381:Busch, Allison.
13364:
13363:
13361:
13329:
13299:
13281:
13245:
13234:
13232:
13230:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13175:(2nd ed.),
13158:
13156:
13154:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13095:. Archived from
13074:
13046:
13018:
12975:
12952:
12912:Alam, Muzaffar.
12901:
12888:
12886:
12884:
12855:
12853:
12851:
12830:
12828:
12826:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12778:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12738:
12736:
12734:
12705:
12703:
12701:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12644:
12638:
12628:
12622:
12621:
12589:
12583:
12582:
12572:
12566:
12565:
12545:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12520:
12514:
12513:
12477:
12471:
12470:
12449:
12438:
12437:
12416:
12405:
12404:
12399:
12397:
12374:
12368:
12365:
12359:
12358:
12340:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12326:
12310:
12304:
12303:
12301:
12299:
12272:
12266:
12265:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12214:
12208:
12207:
12180:
12171:
12170:
12158:
12148:
12142:
12141:
12139:
12137:
12121:
12115:
12114:
12102:
12092:
12086:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12053:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12014:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12003:
11983:
11977:
11976:
11939:
11933:
11932:
11904:
11898:
11897:
11896:
11894:
11856:
11850:
11849:
11848:
11846:
11801:
11795:
11789:
11783:
11782:
11772:
11766:
11752:
11746:
11745:
11740:. Archived from
11729:
11723:
11722:
11702:
11696:
11695:
11667:
11661:
11616:
11610:
11609:
11591:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11566:
11560:
11559:
11554:
11552:
11526:
11520:
11519:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11443:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11371:
11365:
11364:
11345:
11336:Alter, Joseph S.
11332:
11326:
11325:
11293:
11287:
11286:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11236:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11216:. Archived from
11206:
11200:
11199:
11194:. Archived from
11186:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11172:
11146:
11140:
11134:
11128:
11127:
11110:Pollock, Sheldon
11102:
11096:
11095:
11059:
11053:
11052:
11032:
11026:
11025:
11022:Dhaka University
11009:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10998:
10992:
10981:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10944:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10933:
10927:
10916:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10896:
10890:
10879:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10837:Brill Publishers
10823:
10817:
10816:
10793:
10780:
10777:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10755:
10744:
10722:
10711:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10668:
10657:
10643:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10617:
10610:
10602:
10596:
10595:
10575:
10566:
10565:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10502:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10429:
10427:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10380:(213): 115–146.
10370:
10364:
10363:
10356:دكتور محمد نصر.
10353:
10347:
10324:
10318:
10295:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10256:
10250:
10230:
10221:
10220:
10203:
10197:
10183:
10177:
10170:John J. McCusker
10148:
10137:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10061:Psychology Press
10050:
10044:
10021:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10007:
10001:
9990:
9968:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9957:
9951:
9940:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9875:
9866:
9865:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9829:(S19): 245–261.
9814:
9805:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9776:
9752:
9746:
9745:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9726:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9667:
9661:
9660:
9652:
9646:
9645:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9620:
9613:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9558:
9552:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9465:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9441:
9430:
9408:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9388:. Archived from
9378:
9372:
9366:
9360:
9355:
9349:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9249:
9240:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9178:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9134:
9109:
9108:
9088:
9082:
9081:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9016:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8946:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8926:. Archived from
8915:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8874:
8857:
8856:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8632:
8623:
8622:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8563:
8557:
8556:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8498:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8450:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8428:
8417:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8360:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8340:
8329:
8317:
8306:
8305:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8266:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8054:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8008:
7980:
7969:
7968:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7925:
7908:
7899:
7898:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7754:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7680:
7673:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7500:
7489:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7363:
7354:
7353:
7325:
7316:
7315:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7251:. Translated by
7244:
7238:
7237:
7222:. Translated by
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7145:
7136:
7135:
7126:. Translated by
7114:
7108:
7107:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7023:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6970:
6964:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6928:
6899:
6898:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6821:
6808:
6807:
6799:John Walbridge.
6796:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6603:. Archived from
6601:asiaurangabad.in
6598:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6478:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6319:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6279:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6233:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6191:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6105:
6094:
6093:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5695:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5447:
5430:
5412:
5371:History of India
5357:Rangoon, Myanmar
5342:24 October 1775
5339:
5329:
5321:
5286:
5284:
5274:
5266:
5231:
5229:
5219:
5211:
5181:
5171:
5163:
5133:
5123:
5115:
5093:
5083:
5075:
5055:Burhanpur, India
5050:
5049:عزیز اُلدین محمد
5040:
5032:
5002:
5001:مجاهد الدین محمد
4992:
4984:
4952:Sayyids of Barha
4949:
4947:
4937:
4929:
4902:Sayyids of Barha
4899:
4897:
4887:
4879:
4857:1 December 1699
4852:Sayyids of Barha
4849:
4847:
4837:
4829:
4798:Sayyids of Barha
4795:
4793:
4783:
4775:
4749:
4739:
4731:
4720:Lahore, Pakistan
4708:Burhanpur, India
4706:14 October 1643
4703:
4693:
4685:
4652:
4642:
4634:
4612:3 November 1618
4609:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4559:Lahore, Pakistan
4554:
4544:
4536:
4508:
4498:
4490:
4464:15 October 1542
4461:
4451:
4443:
4411:
4401:
4393:
4368:
4358:
4350:
4322:
4321:
4245:Mughal Karkhanas
4074:Indian astronomy
3917:used earlier in
3908:
3905:
3785:Mughal artillery
3738:Persian language
3716:Persian and Urdu
3678:Tuzk-e-Jahangiri
3498:Musa Khan Masjid
3486:Wali Khan Masjid
3444:Mughal Tahakhana
3410:Makli Necropolis
3350:Tomb of Anarkali
3344:Tomb of Jahangir
3320:Shalimar Gardens
3161:
3158:
3097:, including the
3043:as well as from
2959:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
2931:Indian wrestling
2898:Mughal gardening
2816:Anatoly Khazanov
2743:Nizamuddin Ahmad
2623:
2622:
2618:world population
2500:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
2479:Bengali calendar
2475:agrarian reforms
2366:textile industry
2318:Textile industry
2300:European fashion
2235:textile industry
2186:cultivation and
2110:such as cotton,
1850:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
1491:Empress of India
1450:war of 1857–1858
1323:
1282:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
1272:
1271: 1658–1707
1270:
1240:
1237:
1165:Mariam-uz-Zamani
1065:Battle of Khanwa
1061:Battle of Bayana
909:
899:
854:
848:
819:Shalamar Gardens
741:, to defeat the
626:
625:
614:
613:
601:
600:
587:
586:
580:
579:
564:
563:
486:exiled to Burma
124:
114:
111:
79:
76:
71:
52:
51:
47:
40:
21:
16950:
16949:
16945:
16944:
16943:
16941:
16940:
16939:
16890:
16889:
16888:
16883:
16857:
16711:
16615:
16589:
16583:
16553:
16548:
16537:American Empire
16522:
16518:African empires
16470:
16353:
16045:Central African
15991:
15809:Romano-Germanic
15395:
15129:Middle Assyrian
15102:
15094:
15089:
15059:
15054:
15030:Nawabs of Awadh
14983:
14964:Persian Mughals
14913:
14897:Achabal Gardens
14875:
14846:Jahangir's Tomb
14831:Bibi Ka Maqbara
14812:
14793:Badshahi Mosque
14764:
14710:
14676:Khushal Khattak
14651:Maharana Pratap
14587:
14516:
14497:Thanesar (1710)
14492:Thanesar (1567)
14383:
14293:
14218:
14163:
14159:Bahadur Shah II
14114:Rafi ud-Darajat
14045:
14035:
13978:
13973:
13890:François Catrou
13832:
13830:Older histories
13818:Jouher (1832).
13775:
13773:Primary sources
13762:
13760:
13758:
13734:
13732:
13730:
13719:
13688:
13660:
13658:
13616:10.2307/3516601
13567:
13501:
13488:
13486:
13479:
13457:(Reaktion 2006)
13444:
13401:Muqarnas Online
13394:Wayback Machine
13378:(London, 1998).
13374:Berinstain, V.
13371:
13359:
13357:
13350:
13327:
13297:
13228:
13226:
13219:
13196:
13194:
13187:
13152:
13150:
13143:
13102:
13100:
13093:
13043:
13000:10.2307/2053505
12973:
12908:
12906:Further reading
12882:
12880:
12873:
12849:
12847:
12824:
12822:
12815:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12776:
12760:
12758:
12756:
12732:
12730:
12723:
12699:
12697:
12695:
12677:
12672:
12671:
12661:
12659:
12646:
12645:
12641:
12629:
12625:
12590:
12586:
12573:
12569:
12562:
12546:
12542:
12532:
12530:
12522:
12521:
12517:
12478:
12474:
12468:
12450:
12441:
12435:
12417:
12408:
12395:
12393:
12391:
12375:
12371:
12366:
12362:
12355:
12341:
12334:
12324:
12322:
12311:
12307:
12297:
12295:
12273:
12269:
12262:
12242:
12238:
12215:
12211:
12204:
12181:
12174:
12167:
12149:
12145:
12135:
12133:
12122:
12118:
12111:
12093:
12089:
12079:
12077:
12070:
12054:
12050:
12040:
12038:
12031:
12015:
12011:
12001:
11999:
11984:
11980:
11965:
11940:
11936:
11921:
11905:
11901:
11892:
11890:
11883:
11857:
11853:
11844:
11842:
11827:
11803:
11802:
11798:
11790:
11786:
11773:
11769:
11753:
11749:
11730:
11726:
11703:
11699:
11684:10.2307/1523102
11668:
11664:
11659:Wayback Machine
11617:
11613:
11606:
11592:
11588:
11578:
11576:
11567:
11563:
11550:
11548:
11546:
11527:
11523:
11516:
11500:
11496:
11489:
11469:
11465:
11458:
11444:
11437:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11404:
11400:
11390:
11388:
11373:
11372:
11368:
11358:
11333:
11329:
11294:
11290:
11267:
11263:
11253:
11251:
11238:
11237:
11233:
11223:
11221:
11208:
11207:
11203:
11188:
11187:
11183:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11147:
11143:
11135:
11131:
11124:
11103:
11099:
11060:
11056:
11049:
11033:
11029:
11010:
11006:
10996:
10994:
10990:
10986:. p. 171.
10982:. Vol. 1.
10979:
10960:
10956:
10945:
10941:
10931:
10929:
10925:
10914:
10908:
10904:
10894:
10892:
10888:
10884:. p. 165.
10880:. Vol. 1.
10877:
10858:
10854:
10847:
10839:. p. 244.
10827:Malanima, Paolo
10824:
10820:
10813:
10794:
10783:
10778:
10769:
10759:
10757:
10753:
10749:. p. 170.
10745:. Vol. 1.
10742:
10723:
10714:
10705:Wayback Machine
10686:
10682:
10672:
10670:
10666:
10655:
10644:
10631:
10621:
10619:
10615:
10608:
10604:
10603:
10599:
10592:
10576:
10569:
10562:
10542:
10538:
10528:
10526:
10519:
10503:
10496:
10486:
10484:
10469:
10465:
10455:
10453:
10440:
10439:
10435:
10425:
10423:
10416:
10397:
10393:
10374:Roy, Tirthankar
10371:
10367:
10354:
10350:
10341:Wayback Machine
10325:
10321:
10312:Wayback Machine
10296:
10292:
10282:
10280:
10273:
10257:
10253:
10244:Wayback Machine
10231:
10224:
10218:
10204:
10200:
10184:
10180:
10162:Wayback Machine
10149:
10140:
10132:
10128:
10119:
10117:
10110:
10094:
10090:
10080:
10078:
10071:
10051:
10047:
10038:Wayback Machine
10022:
10015:
10005:
10003:
9999:
9995:. p. 217.
9991:. Vol. 1.
9988:
9969:
9965:
9955:
9953:
9949:
9945:. p. 214.
9941:. Vol. 1.
9938:
9919:
9915:
9905:
9903:
9896:
9876:
9869:
9862:
9848:
9844:
9815:
9808:
9800:
9796:
9788:
9784:
9774:
9772:
9753:
9749:
9738:
9734:
9724:
9722:
9703:
9699:
9689:
9687:
9668:
9664:
9653:
9649:
9638:
9634:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9611:
9605:
9601:
9591:
9589:
9582:
9562:Maddison, Angus
9559:
9555:
9547:
9543:
9533:
9531:
9524:
9508:
9504:
9494:
9492:
9485:
9466:
9455:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9435:. p. 464.
9431:. Vol. 1.
9428:
9409:
9405:
9395:
9393:
9380:
9379:
9375:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9352:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9322:
9318:
9310:
9306:
9298:
9294:
9284:
9282:
9275:
9267:. p. 255.
9253:Roy, Tirthankar
9250:
9243:
9234:Wayback Machine
9221:
9217:
9207:
9205:
9198:
9182:Maddison, Angus
9179:
9170:
9160:
9158:
9151:
9135:
9112:
9105:
9089:
9085:
9070:
9054:
9050:
9040:
9038:
8985:
8981:
8972:
8970:
8951:"Mughal Empire"
8947:
8943:
8933:
8931:
8916:
8909:
8900:
8898:
8875:
8860:
8845:
8829:
8825:
8815:
8813:
8778:
8774:
8764:
8762:
8735:
8731:
8721:
8719:
8684:
8680:
8670:
8668:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8597:
8593:
8586:
8564:
8560:
8553:
8537:
8533:
8524:
8522:
8499:
8495:
8486:
8484:
8477:
8455:"Mughal Empire"
8451:
8442:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8415:
8407:
8403:
8393:
8391:
8384:
8361:
8354:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8327:
8318:
8309:
8302:
8286:
8282:
8275:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8241:
8198:
8194:
8185:
8184:
8180:
8141:
8137:
8124:
8120:
8081:
8077:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8023:The Last Mughal
8019:
8015:
8006:
8004:
7985:"Mughal Empire"
7981:
7972:
7965:
7949:
7945:
7938:
7909:
7902:
7891:
7875:
7871:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7792:
7785:
7769:
7765:
7752:
7750:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7714:
7698:
7694:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7671:
7665:
7661:
7654:
7640:
7636:
7629:
7613:
7609:
7596:
7592:
7582:
7580:
7573:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7501:
7492:
7475:Wayback Machine
7466:
7462:
7452:
7450:
7443:
7427:
7423:
7408:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7342:
7326:
7319:
7313:
7299:
7295:
7288:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7245:
7241:
7234:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7193:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7146:
7139:
7118:Begum, Gulbadan
7115:
7111:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7064:
7060:
7053:
7045:. p. 154.
7039:
7035:
7021:
7019:
7012:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6977:. p. 151.
6971:
6967:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6929:
6902:
6895:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6852:
6848:
6841:
6822:
6811:
6803:. p. 165.
6797:
6793:
6777:
6750:
6746:
6736:
6734:
6727:
6711:
6707:
6697:
6695:
6688:
6672:
6668:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6635:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6552:
6548:
6538:
6536:
6529:
6513:Vanina, Eugenia
6510:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6479:
6472:
6462:
6460:
6453:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6414:
6398:
6394:
6384:
6382:
6375:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6336:
6320:
6316:
6305:
6303:
6296:
6280:
6273:
6262:
6260:
6253:
6234:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6208:
6192:
6185:
6175:
6173:
6166:
6147:
6140:
6131:
6129:
6122:
6106:
6097:
6090:
6076:
6072:
6063:
6061:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6023:
6021:
6014:
5998:
5994:
5986:
5972:
5968:
5957:
5955:
5948:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5906:
5890:
5886:
5875:
5873:
5866:
5847:
5843:
5832:
5830:
5823:
5804:
5800:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5769:
5765:
5754:
5752:
5745:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5696:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5636:
5629:
5618:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5540:
5536:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5367:
5337:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5179:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5131:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5091:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5048:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5000:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4948:
4946:نصیر الدین محمد
4945:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4907:5 January 1696
4898:
4895:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4833:Rafi ud-Darajat
4803:20 August 1685
4794:
4792:موئن الدین محمد
4791:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4748:معز الدین محمد
4747:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4702:قطب الدین محمد
4701:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4650:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4587:
4557:5 January 1592
4553:شهاب الدین محمد
4552:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4511:31 August 1569
4506:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4460:جلال الدین محمد
4459:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4447:Akbar the Great
4410:نصیر الدین محمد
4409:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4367:ظهیر الدین محمد
4366:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4320:
4314:
4274:celestial globe
4247:
4237:
4188:
4182:
4132:Hindu astronomy
4076:
4066:
4042:uloom-i-muqalat
4034:
3970:
3944:, 17th century.
3906:
3884:Delhi Sultanate
3868:mounted archers
3860:field artillery
3814:
3792:
3787:
3773:
3722:
3710:Main articles:
3708:
3630:
3628:Mughal clothing
3624:Mughal painting
3622:Main articles:
3620:
3474:Laldighi Masjid
3462:Allakuri Masjid
3314:Badshahi Masjid
3295:Bibi Ka Maqbara
3247:Pinjore Gardens
3243:in Delhi, India
3237:in Delhi, India
3231:in Delhi, India
3225:in Delhi, India
3219:in Delhi, India
3213:in Delhi, India
3033:
3025:Main articles:
3023:
2991:
2880:Mughal clothing
2873:Mughlai cuisine
2789:
2783:
2720:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2555:
2537:, Portugal and
2519:Nawab of Bengal
2438:
2432:
2426:
2399:Delhi Sultanate
2330:
2328:Mughal clothing
2320:
2243:
2190:, establishing
2123:agrarian reform
2106:, and non-food
2100:
2066:
2050:precious metals
2006:
1970:
1964:
1900:qadi-yi lashkar
1862:
1831:
1791:
1740:
1656:
1599:
1593:
1539:
1507:
1389:Indian campaign
1370:Sayyid Brothers
1343:Sayyid Brothers
1331:
1325:
1311:major rebellion
1267:
1238:
1232:Muhammad Sultan
1113:
1097:Main articles:
1095:
983:
975:Main articles:
973:
968:
962:
831:
743:Sultan of Delhi
739:Ottoman Empires
699:of present-day
665:
623:
598:
591:Delhi Sultanate
584:
533:
523:
487:
473:
460:
447:
434:
424:5 November 1556
421:
408:
395:
362:
350:
320:
308:
282:Bahadur Shah II
278:
266:
235:
161:
140:
122:
112:
109:
84:
77:
57:
48:
41:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16948:
16938:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16922:
16917:
16912:
16907:
16902:
16885:
16884:
16882:
16881:
16876:
16874:Buland Darwaza
16871:
16865:
16863:
16859:
16858:
16856:
16855:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16835:
16830:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16735:
16730:
16725:
16719:
16717:
16713:
16712:
16710:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16672:Fatehpur Sikri
16669:
16664:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16629:
16623:
16621:
16617:
16616:
16614:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16597:
16595:
16591:
16590:
16582:
16581:
16574:
16567:
16559:
16550:
16549:
16547:
16546:
16545:
16544:
16539:
16530:
16528:
16524:
16523:
16521:
16520:
16515:
16510:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16494:
16493:
16482:
16480:
16476:
16475:
16472:
16471:
16469:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16447:
16446:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16390:
16389:
16384:
16374:
16369:
16363:
16361:
16352:
16351:
16350:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16319:
16314:
16313:
16312:
16302:
16297:
16296:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16275:
16270:
16269:
16268:
16263:
16253:
16252:
16251:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16231:
16221:
16220:
16219:
16214:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16188:
16187:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16157:
16156:
16155:
16150:
16140:
16135:
16134:
16133:
16128:
16118:
16117:
16116:
16111:
16101:
16100:
16099:
16094:
16084:
16079:
16078:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16062:
16057:
16047:
16042:
16041:
16040:
16035:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16001:
15999:
15993:
15992:
15990:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15973:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15947:
15942:
15932:
15927:
15926:
15925:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15905:
15900:
15890:
15889:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15822:
15821:
15816:
15806:
15805:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15750:
15749:
15744:
15739:
15729:
15728:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15676:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15650:
15649:
15648:
15643:
15638:
15633:
15623:
15622:
15621:
15616:
15611:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15580:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15559:
15554:
15553:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15517:
15516:
15515:
15510:
15500:
15499:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15473:
15468:
15467:
15466:
15456:
15455:
15454:
15449:
15441:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15405:
15403:
15401:Post-classical
15397:
15396:
15394:
15393:
15392:
15391:
15381:
15376:
15375:
15374:
15369:
15359:
15358:
15357:
15347:
15346:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15320:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15299:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15273:
15272:
15271:
15266:
15256:
15251:
15250:
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15208:
15207:
15202:
15200:Middle Kingdom
15197:
15187:
15182:
15181:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15160:
15159:
15158:
15156:Neo-Babylonian
15153:
15148:
15146:Old Babylonian
15138:
15137:
15136:
15131:
15121:
15116:
15110:
15108:
15096:
15095:
15088:
15087:
15080:
15073:
15065:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15027:
15022:
15017:
15012:
15007:
15005:Maratha Empire
15002:
14991:
14989:
14985:
14984:
14982:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14925:
14923:
14919:
14918:
14915:
14914:
14912:
14911:
14904:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14887:Fatehpur Sikri
14883:
14881:
14877:
14876:
14874:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14843:
14841:Humayun's Tomb
14838:
14833:
14828:
14822:
14820:
14814:
14813:
14811:
14810:
14805:
14803:Sunehri Masjid
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14774:
14772:
14766:
14765:
14763:
14762:
14757:
14755:Jahangir Mahal
14752:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14731:
14729:
14722:
14716:
14715:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14641:Sher Shah Suri
14638:
14633:
14628:
14627:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14595:
14593:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14524:
14522:
14518:
14517:
14515:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14484:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14467:Panipat (1761)
14464:
14462:Panipat (1556)
14459:
14457:Panipat (1526)
14454:
14449:
14444:
14439:
14434:
14429:
14424:
14419:
14414:
14409:
14404:
14402:Badli-ki-Serai
14399:
14393:
14391:
14382:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14305:
14303:
14299:
14298:
14295:
14294:
14292:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14230:
14228:
14217:
14216:
14215:
14214:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14171:
14169:
14168:Administration
14165:
14164:
14162:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14139:Shah Jahan III
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14099:Bahadur Shah I
14096:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14055:
14053:
14047:
14046:
14034:
14033:
14026:
14019:
14011:
14005:
14004:
13998:
13988:
13986:British Museum
13977:
13976:External links
13974:
13972:
13971:
13960:
13946:
13932:
13922:William Irvine
13914:
13900:
13882:
13871:
13857:
13846:
13831:
13828:
13827:
13826:
13815:
13813:online edition
13805:
13804:
13803:
13790:
13774:
13771:
13770:
13769:
13756:
13741:
13728:
13707:
13700:
13699:
13698:
13670:
13627:
13599:
13582:(3): 292–297,
13571:
13566:978-0691182797
13565:
13552:
13547:Habib, Irfan.
13545:
13540:Habib, Irfan.
13538:
13500:
13497:
13496:
13495:
13477:
13458:
13448:
13442:
13425:
13407:(1): 113–153.
13396:
13379:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13365:
13348:
13330:
13325:
13307:
13306:(1952) online.
13300:
13295:
13282:
13257:(2): 285–308,
13246:
13244:. B.V. Bhavan.
13235:
13217:
13202:
13185:
13159:
13141:
13126:
13121:Habib, Irfan.
13119:
13109:
13091:
13076:
13058:(4): 487–523,
13047:
13041:
13026:
13019:
12983:
12976:
12971:
12954:
12928:(3): 385–396,
12917:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12903:
12902:
12889:
12871:
12856:
12831:
12813:
12798:
12785:
12767:
12755:978-9004307537
12754:
12739:
12721:
12706:
12693:
12676:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12639:
12623:
12592:Sumit (2012).
12584:
12567:
12560:
12540:
12515:
12488:(3): 409–423.
12472:
12466:
12439:
12433:
12406:
12389:
12369:
12360:
12353:
12332:
12305:
12267:
12260:
12236:
12225:(3): 431–436.
12209:
12202:
12172:
12165:
12143:
12116:
12109:
12087:
12068:
12048:
12029:
12009:
11978:
11963:
11934:
11919:
11899:
11881:
11851:
11825:
11796:
11794:, p. 329.
11784:
11767:
11764:978-0712358705
11747:
11724:
11713:(539): 48–50.
11697:
11662:
11632:978-1855144095
11611:
11604:
11586:
11561:
11545:978-1408806883
11544:
11521:
11514:
11494:
11487:
11463:
11456:
11435:
11422:978-0470758151
11421:
11407:Harbans Mukhia
11398:
11366:
11356:
11327:
11308:(2): 317–336.
11288:
11261:
11231:
11201:
11181:
11165:978-1351997454
11164:
11141:
11139:, p. 146)
11129:
11122:
11097:
11054:
11047:
11027:
11004:
10954:
10939:
10902:
10852:
10845:
10818:
10811:
10797:Eraly, Abraham
10781:
10767:
10712:
10688:Angus Maddison
10680:
10629:
10597:
10590:
10567:
10561:978-8173914898
10560:
10536:
10517:
10494:
10463:
10433:
10414:
10391:
10365:
10348:
10319:
10290:
10271:
10251:
10222:
10216:
10198:
10186:Angus Maddison
10178:
10155:Empire, Mughal
10138:
10126:
10108:
10088:
10069:
10063:. p. 13.
10045:
10013:
9963:
9913:
9894:
9888:. p. 96.
9867:
9860:
9842:
9806:
9804:, p. 450.
9794:
9792:, p. 432.
9782:
9747:
9732:
9697:
9662:
9647:
9632:
9614:. p. 34.
9599:
9580:
9574:. p. 33.
9553:
9551:, p. 433.
9541:
9522:
9502:
9483:
9453:
9403:
9373:
9361:
9350:
9336:
9316:
9312:Streusand 2018
9304:
9292:
9273:
9241:
9215:
9196:
9168:
9149:
9110:
9103:
9083:
9068:
9048:
8999:(3): 396–415.
8979:
8941:
8907:
8858:
8843:
8823:
8772:
8729:
8698:(2): 304–305.
8678:
8647:(2): 294–295.
8624:
8617:
8591:
8584:
8558:
8551:
8531:
8493:
8475:
8440:
8401:
8382:
8376:. p. 91.
8352:
8307:
8300:
8280:
8273:
8251:
8212:(2): 151–167.
8192:
8178:
8135:
8118:
8091:(2): 285–308.
8075:
8061:
8038:
8031:
8013:
7970:
7963:
7943:
7936:
7900:
7890:978-8131732021
7889:
7869:
7840:
7830:
7802:
7783:
7763:
7731:
7712:
7692:
7659:
7652:
7634:
7627:
7607:
7590:
7571:
7551:
7544:
7526:
7519:
7490:
7488:. pp. 195–196.
7460:
7441:
7421:
7406:
7388:
7355:
7340:
7317:
7311:
7293:
7286:
7268:
7261:
7239:
7232:
7210:
7191:
7185:. p. 79.
7167:
7160:
7137:
7109:
7089:
7058:
7051:
7033:
7010:
6990:
6983:
6965:
6948:
6941:
6900:
6893:
6873:
6866:
6846:
6839:
6809:
6791:
6775:
6744:
6725:
6705:
6686:
6666:
6648:
6633:
6613:
6585:
6566:
6546:
6527:
6504:
6470:
6451:
6431:
6412:
6392:
6373:
6353:
6334:
6314:
6294:
6271:
6251:
6225:
6206:
6183:
6164:
6138:
6120:
6095:
6088:
6070:
6052:
6032:
6012:
5992:
5984:
5966:
5946:
5923:
5904:
5884:
5864:
5841:
5821:
5798:
5783:
5763:
5743:
5720:
5713:
5671:
5657:
5651:. p. 21.
5627:
5616:
5598:
5559:(3): 475–504.
5543:Rein Taagepera
5534:
5513:(2): 219–229.
5493:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5340:
5331:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5294:22 April 1760
5292:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5237:
5234:Maratha Empire
5221:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5189:
5182:
5173:
5170:جهان شاه چهارم
5164:
5155:
5154:
5147:
5141:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5088:Muhi al-Millat
5085:
5079:Shah Jahan III
5076:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5003:
4994:
4991:احمد شاہ بهادر
4985:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4962:
4961:, Afghanistan
4957:7 August 1702
4955:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4896:رفع الدين محمد
4889:
4880:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4846:شمس الدین محمد
4839:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4663:
4653:
4651:قطب الدين محمد
4644:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4616:
4614:Gujarat, India
4610:
4608:محی الدین محمد
4601:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4507:نور الدین محمد
4500:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4418:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4316:Main article:
4313:
4310:
4236:
4233:
4223:to both Kings
4207:Mughal Emperor
4181:
4178:
4151:Yantra Mandirs
4120:Sulaiman Nadvi
4065:
4062:
4033:
4030:
3994:Siege of Bidar
3969:
3966:
3919:ancient Greece
3864:Ustad Ali Quli
3826:Safavid Persia
3822:Ottoman Empire
3791:
3788:
3781:Mughal weapons
3772:
3769:
3707:
3704:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:Sonakanda Fort
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3564:Hussaini Dalan
3561:
3555:
3552:Nayabad Masjid
3549:
3543:
3537:
3534:Arifail Masjid
3531:
3525:
3519:
3516:Azimpur Masjid
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:Allahabad Fort
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3229:Sunder Nursery
3226:
3220:
3214:
3211:Humayun's Tomb
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:in Agra, India
3193:Buland Darwaza
3190:
3189:in Agra, India
3184:
3183:in Agra, India
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3127:Fatehpur Sikri
3022:
3019:
2990:
2987:
2982:Buland Darwaza
2975:
2974:
2963:
2942:
2923:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2883:
2876:
2864:Lahore, Punjab
2856:
2855:
2844:
2782:
2779:
2741:The historian
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2629:Mughal Empire
2627:
2599:Indian history
2593:
2590:
2582:
2579:
2554:
2551:
2428:Main article:
2425:
2422:
2408:spinning wheel
2379:Bengali muslin
2319:
2316:
2242:
2239:
2223:Percival Spear
2146:Tokugawa Japan
2099:
2096:
2065:
2062:
2034:Sher Shah Suri
2005:
2002:
1966:Main article:
1963:
1960:
1896:qadi al-quddat
1861:
1858:
1830:
1829:Legal ideology
1827:
1790:
1787:
1772:summer capital
1756:Fatehpur Sikri
1739:
1736:
1655:
1652:
1595:Main article:
1592:
1589:
1565:Indian economy
1538:
1535:
1506:
1503:
1487:Queen Victoria
1358:Bahadur Shah I
1327:Main article:
1324:
1319:
1239: 1707–12
1177:madad-i-ma'ash
1151:Godavari River
1094:
1091:
1082:Sher Shah Suri
1006:Timurid Empire
972:
969:
966:Mughal dynasty
961:
958:
918:(also spelled
830:
827:
811:Humayun's Tomb
803:Fatehpur Sikri
709:Deccan Plateau
667:
666:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
620:
611:
608:
607:
602:
594:
593:
588:
576:
575:
570:
560:
559:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
509:
508:
505:
501:
500:
496:
495:
492:
491:
490:7 October 1858
488:
484:Mughal Emperor
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:Siege of Delhi
468:
465:
464:
461:
455:
452:
451:
448:
442:
439:
438:
435:
429:
426:
425:
422:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
400:
399:
396:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
376:Historical era
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
318:
315:
314:
309:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
276:
273:
272:
267:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
197:
191:
186:
184:State religion
180:
178:
174:
173:
167:
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
148:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
132:
129:Fatehpur Sikri
126:
116:
102:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16947:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16900:Mughal Empire
16898:
16897:
16895:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16866:
16864:
16860:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16783:Garhi Udairaj
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16714:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16624:
16622:
16618:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16606:Mughal empire
16604:
16602:
16599:
16598:
16596:
16592:
16587:
16586:Agra district
16580:
16575:
16573:
16568:
16566:
16561:
16560:
16557:
16543:
16542:Soviet empire
16540:
16538:
16535:
16534:
16532:
16531:
16529:
16527:Miscellaneous
16525:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16492:
16489:
16488:
16487:
16484:
16483:
16481:
16477:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16445:
16442:
16441:
16440:
16437:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16379:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16364:
16362:
16360:
16356:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16324:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16311:
16308:
16307:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16280:
16279:
16276:
16274:
16271:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16258:
16257:
16254:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16225:
16222:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16209:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16162:
16161:
16158:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16145:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16126:German Empire
16124:
16123:
16122:
16119:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16106:
16105:
16102:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16052:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16030:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16002:
16000:
15998:
15994:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15937:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15895:
15894:
15891:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15868:
15867:
15866:Turco-Persian
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15811:
15810:
15807:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15774:
15773:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15734:
15733:
15730:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15707:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15655:
15654:
15651:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15628:
15627:
15624:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15606:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15564:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15541:
15538:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15522:
15521:
15518:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15505:
15504:
15501:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15478:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15465:
15462:
15461:
15460:
15457:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15444:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15435:
15432:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15406:
15404:
15402:
15398:
15390:
15387:
15386:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15364:
15363:
15360:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15351:
15348:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15315:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15301:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15278:
15277:
15274:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15261:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15224:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15192:
15191:
15188:
15186:
15183:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15165:
15164:
15161:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15143:
15142:
15139:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15126:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15101:
15097:
15093:
15086:
15081:
15079:
15074:
15072:
15067:
15066:
15063:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15016:
15013:
15011:
15010:Rajput states
15008:
15006:
15003:
15000:
14996:
14993:
14992:
14990:
14986:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14926:
14924:
14920:
14910:
14909:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14884:
14882:
14878:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14823:
14821:
14819:
14815:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14771:
14767:
14761:
14758:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14748:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14732:
14730:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14717:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14601:
14600:
14597:
14596:
14594:
14590:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14525:
14523:
14519:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14463:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14445:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14394:
14392:
14390:
14386:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14359:Carnatic wars
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14306:
14304:
14300:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14231:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14221:
14213:
14210:
14209:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14181:
14178:
14177:
14176:
14173:
14172:
14170:
14166:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14149:Shah Jahan IV
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14124:Muhammad Shah
14122:
14120:
14119:Shah Jahan II
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14104:Jahandar Shah
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14056:
14054:
14052:
14048:
14044:
14043:Mughal Empire
14040:
14032:
14027:
14025:
14020:
14018:
14013:
14012:
14009:
14002:
13999:
13996:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13983:
13980:
13979:
13968:
13967:
13961:
13957:
13956:
13951:
13947:
13943:
13942:
13937:
13933:
13929:
13928:
13923:
13919:
13915:
13911:
13910:
13905:
13901:
13897:
13896:
13891:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13878:
13872:
13868:
13867:
13862:
13858:
13854:
13853:
13847:
13844:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13833:
13823:
13822:
13816:
13814:
13810:
13806:
13801:
13798:
13797:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13786:
13781:
13777:
13776:
13759:
13757:9780429979217
13753:
13749:
13748:
13742:
13731:
13729:9785001562566
13725:
13718:
13717:
13712:
13708:
13705:
13701:
13695:
13691:
13690:ムガル帝国から英領インドへ
13686:
13685:
13682:
13678:
13677:
13676:ムガル帝国から英領インドへ
13671:
13668:
13657:
13653:
13649:
13645:
13641:
13637:
13633:
13628:
13625:
13621:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13600:
13597:
13593:
13589:
13585:
13581:
13577:
13572:
13568:
13562:
13558:
13553:
13550:
13546:
13543:
13539:
13536:
13532:
13528:
13524:
13520:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13503:
13502:
13484:
13480:
13474:
13470:
13466:
13465:
13459:
13456:
13452:
13449:
13445:
13439:
13434:
13433:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13414:
13410:
13406:
13402:
13397:
13395:
13391:
13388:
13384:
13380:
13377:
13373:
13372:
13355:
13351:
13345:
13341:
13340:
13335:
13331:
13328:
13322:
13318:
13317:
13312:
13308:
13305:
13301:
13298:
13292:
13288:
13283:
13280:
13276:
13272:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13252:
13247:
13243:
13242:
13236:
13224:
13220:
13214:
13210:
13209:
13203:
13192:
13188:
13182:
13178:
13174:
13173:
13168:
13167:Metcalf, T.R.
13164:
13160:
13148:
13144:
13138:
13134:
13133:
13127:
13124:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13110:
13098:
13094:
13092:9781134552757
13088:
13084:
13083:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13057:
13053:
13048:
13044:
13038:
13034:
13033:
13027:
13024:
13020:
13017:
13013:
13009:
13005:
13001:
12997:
12993:
12989:
12984:
12981:
12980:History Today
12977:
12974:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12955:
12951:
12947:
12943:
12939:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12918:
12915:
12911:
12910:
12900:(2): 325–334.
12899:
12895:
12894:Artibus Asiae
12890:
12878:
12874:
12868:
12864:
12863:
12857:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12832:
12820:
12816:
12810:
12806:
12805:
12799:
12788:
12782:
12775:
12774:
12768:
12757:
12751:
12747:
12746:
12740:
12728:
12724:
12718:
12714:
12713:
12707:
12696:
12690:
12686:
12685:
12679:
12678:
12657:
12653:
12649:
12643:
12636:
12632:
12627:
12619:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12588:
12580:
12579:
12571:
12563:
12557:
12553:
12552:
12544:
12529:
12525:
12519:
12511:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12495:
12491:
12487:
12483:
12476:
12469:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12448:
12446:
12444:
12436:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12415:
12413:
12411:
12403:
12392:
12390:9781032134819
12386:
12382:
12381:
12373:
12364:
12356:
12350:
12346:
12339:
12337:
12320:
12316:
12309:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12282:
12278:
12271:
12263:
12257:
12253:
12249:
12248:
12240:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12213:
12205:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12190:
12185:
12179:
12177:
12168:
12162:
12157:
12156:
12147:
12131:
12127:
12120:
12112:
12106:
12101:
12100:
12091:
12075:
12071:
12065:
12061:
12060:
12052:
12036:
12032:
12026:
12023:. Hay House.
12022:
12021:
12013:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11982:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11930:
11926:
11922:
11920:0-226-01100-3
11916:
11912:
11911:
11903:
11888:
11884:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11855:
11840:
11836:
11832:
11828:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11800:
11793:
11788:
11780:
11779:
11771:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11751:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11728:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11701:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11666:
11660:
11656:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11625:
11622:, pp. 23–27,
11621:
11615:
11607:
11601:
11597:
11590:
11574:
11573:
11565:
11558:
11547:
11541:
11537:
11536:
11531:
11525:
11517:
11515:9780195309911
11511:
11507:
11506:
11498:
11490:
11488:9780521267281
11484:
11480:
11476:
11475:
11467:
11459:
11457:9781134613663
11453:
11449:
11442:
11440:
11424:
11418:
11414:
11413:
11408:
11402:
11386:
11382:
11381:
11376:
11370:
11363:
11359:
11353:
11349:
11344:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11292:
11284:
11280:
11277:: 1268–1278.
11276:
11272:
11265:
11249:
11245:
11241:
11235:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11197:
11193:
11192:
11185:
11178:
11167:
11161:
11157:
11156:
11151:
11145:
11138:
11133:
11125:
11123:0-520-22821-9
11119:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11058:
11050:
11044:
11040:
11039:
11031:
11023:
11019:
11015:
11008:
10989:
10985:
10978:
10977:
10972:
10968:
10964:
10958:
10950:
10943:
10924:
10920:
10913:
10906:
10887:
10883:
10876:
10875:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10856:
10848:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10822:
10814:
10808:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10752:
10748:
10741:
10740:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10695:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10665:
10661:
10660:Facts on File
10654:
10653:
10648:
10647:Colin McEvedy
10642:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10614:
10607:
10601:
10593:
10587:
10583:
10582:
10574:
10572:
10563:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10548:
10540:
10524:
10520:
10514:
10510:
10509:
10501:
10499:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10467:
10451:
10447:
10446:Dhaka Tribune
10443:
10437:
10421:
10417:
10411:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10395:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10369:
10361:
10360:
10352:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10317:
10313:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10278:
10274:
10268:
10264:
10263:
10255:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10229:
10227:
10219:
10213:
10209:
10202:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10182:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10156:
10152:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10135:
10130:
10115:
10111:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10092:
10076:
10072:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10049:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10018:
9998:
9994:
9987:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9967:
9948:
9944:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9917:
9901:
9897:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9882:
9874:
9872:
9863:
9857:
9853:
9846:
9837:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9813:
9811:
9803:
9798:
9791:
9786:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9751:
9744:. p. 45.
9743:
9736:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9701:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9659:. p. 39.
9658:
9651:
9644:. p. 42.
9643:
9636:
9617:
9610:
9603:
9587:
9583:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9563:
9557:
9550:
9545:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9515:
9514:
9506:
9490:
9486:
9480:
9476:
9475:
9470:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9438:
9434:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9407:
9391:
9387:
9385:
9377:
9371:, p. 73)
9370:
9365:
9359:
9354:
9339:
9337:9780197532775
9333:
9329:
9328:
9320:
9313:
9308:
9302:, p. 75)
9301:
9296:
9280:
9276:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9248:
9246:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9228:
9224:
9219:
9203:
9199:
9193:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9156:
9152:
9146:
9142:
9141:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9106:
9100:
9097:. Routledge.
9096:
9095:
9087:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9052:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8945:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8914:
8912:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8836:
8835:
8827:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8776:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8733:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8682:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8629:
8620:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8595:
8587:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8562:
8554:
8548:
8544:
8543:
8535:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8497:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8425:
8421:
8414:
8413:
8405:
8389:
8385:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8359:
8357:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8303:
8297:
8293:
8292:
8284:
8276:
8270:
8265:
8264:
8255:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8188:
8182:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8139:
8131:
8130:
8122:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8079:
8064:
8062:9781317999874
8058:
8051:
8050:
8042:
8034:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7966:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7947:
7939:
7933:
7929:
7924:
7923:
7917:
7916:Jalal, Ayesha
7913:
7907:
7905:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7882:
7881:
7873:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7844:
7837:
7833:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7806:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7767:
7760:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7735:
7719:
7715:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7696:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7655:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7630:
7624:
7620:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7602:
7594:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7547:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7522:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7487:
7486:0-415-96690-6
7483:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7464:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7341:0-521-80904-5
7337:
7333:
7332:
7324:
7322:
7314:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7264:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7235:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7179:
7171:
7163:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7144:
7142:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7093:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7062:
7054:
7052:0-7054-0982-1
7048:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7003:
7002:
6994:
6986:
6984:0-7054-0982-1
6980:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6944:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6896:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6877:
6869:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6785:
6778:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6709:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6617:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6589:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6550:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6475:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6435:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6357:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6318:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6278:
6276:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6237:Stein, Burton
6232:
6230:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6190:
6188:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6150:Stein, Burton
6145:
6143:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6074:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6036:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6005:
6004:
5996:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5932:Stein, Burton
5927:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5888:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5850:Stein, Burton
5845:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5807:Stein, Burton
5802:
5786:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5729:Stein, Burton
5724:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5639:József Böröcz
5634:
5632:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5442:
5429:
5425:
5424:jurisprudence
5420:
5416:
5411:
5407:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5328:بهادر شاه ظفر
5323:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5270:Akbar Shah II
5268:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5239:25 June 1728
5238:
5235:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5167:Shah Jahan IV
5165:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5136:25 June 1728
5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4933:Muhammad Shah
4931:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4883:Shah Jahan II
4881:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4779:Farrukh Siyar
4777:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4735:Jahandar Shah
4733:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4655:28 June 1653
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4591:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4414:6 March 1508
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4328:Titular Name
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4294:metallurgists
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4270:lost-wax cast
4266:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4173:Zij-i-Sultani
4169:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4138:techniques.
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:Jantar Mantar
4080:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:war elephants
3983:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3743:Muzaffar Alam
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3582:Idrakpur Fort
3580:
3577:
3576:Hajiganj Fort
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3522:Goaldi Masjid
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:Mughal Eidgah
3424:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:Shalimar Bagh
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:fall of Delhi
3077:
3074:Furthermore,
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:bulbous domes
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:Central Asian
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:Turkish baths
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:British India
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2634:Total Indian
2624:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2575:seaworthiness
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2444:Ruins of the
2442:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:Dutch imports
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:, silks, and
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:British India
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:rolling mills
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:manual labour
2083:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2071:British India
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1986:Laissez-faire
1982:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:. The Mughal
1867:
1860:Courts of law
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1786:
1785:(Old Delhi).
1784:
1783:Shahjahanabad
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:sadr as-sudr,
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:went through
1566:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1546:and based at
1545:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:British Crown
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:Carnatic Wars
1405:
1402:
1401:Sack of Delhi
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:Muhammad Shah
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:Sadaat-e-Bara
1363:
1362:Indian Muslim
1359:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Hindu temples
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Salim Chishti
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:Lodi's empire
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
987:
982:
978:
967:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
847:
842:
838:
837:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Mughal Empire
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
639:Today part of
637:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
606:
603:
596:
595:
592:
589:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
529:
525:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
475:
472:
466:
462:
459:
453:
449:
446:
440:
436:
433:
427:
423:
420:
414:
410:
407:
401:
398:21 April 1526
397:
394:
388:
384:
381:
378:
374:
370:
367:
366:Asaf-ud-Daula
364:
358:
355:
352:
346:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
325:
322:
316:
313:
310:
304:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
274:
271:
268:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
203:
201:
198:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
147:
143:
136:
133:
130:
127:
120:
117:
107:
104:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
70:
65:
60:
56:Mughal Empire
53:
50:
45:
38:
34:
33:Mongol Empire
19:
18:Moghul Empire
16758:Chhai Pokhar
16733:Barauli Ahir
16605:
16293:Contemporary
16147:
16143:Indo-Persian
16131:Nazi Germany
16075:Contemporary
15977:Vijayanagara
15876:Great Seljuk
15787:Thessalonica
15715:Golden Horde
15355:Carthaginian
15134:Neo-Assyrian
15119:Neo-Sumerian
14998:
14906:
14902:Shahi Bridge
14826:Akbar's Tomb
14788:Chawk Mosque
14760:Sheesh Mahal
14745:Lalbagh Fort
14720:Architecture
14706:Hector Munro
14681:Josiah Child
14631:Ibrahim Lodi
14624:Pratapaditya
14609:Khwaja Usman
14407:Bhuchar Mori
14223:
14144:Shah Alam II
14109:Farrukhsiyar
14042:
13994:
13982:Mughal India
13965:
13954:
13940:
13926:
13908:
13894:
13876:
13865:
13851:
13836:
13820:
13808:
13799:
13793:
13784:
13761:. Retrieved
13746:
13733:. Retrieved
13715:
13703:
13693:
13689:
13680:
13675:
13666:
13659:. Retrieved
13639:
13635:
13610:(1): 28–49,
13607:
13603:
13579:
13575:
13556:
13548:
13541:
13513:(1): 77–96,
13510:
13506:
13487:. Retrieved
13463:
13454:
13431:
13404:
13400:
13382:
13375:
13358:, retrieved
13338:
13315:
13303:
13286:
13254:
13250:
13240:
13227:. Retrieved
13207:
13195:, retrieved
13171:
13151:. Retrieved
13131:
13122:
13112:
13101:. Retrieved
13097:the original
13081:
13055:
13051:
13031:
13022:
12994:(1): 77–94,
12991:
12987:
12979:
12958:
12925:
12921:
12913:
12897:
12893:
12881:. Retrieved
12865:. Headline.
12861:
12848:. Retrieved
12839:
12823:. Retrieved
12803:
12790:. Retrieved
12772:
12759:. Retrieved
12744:
12731:. Retrieved
12711:
12698:. Retrieved
12683:
12660:. Retrieved
12651:
12642:
12634:
12626:
12601:
12597:
12587:
12577:
12570:
12550:
12543:
12531:. Retrieved
12527:
12518:
12485:
12481:
12475:
12453:
12420:
12401:
12394:. Retrieved
12379:
12372:
12363:
12344:
12323:. Retrieved
12308:
12296:. Retrieved
12284:
12280:
12270:
12246:
12239:
12222:
12218:
12212:
12188:
12154:
12146:
12134:. Retrieved
12119:
12098:
12090:
12078:. Retrieved
12058:
12051:
12039:. Retrieved
12019:
12012:
12000:. Retrieved
11991:
11981:
11946:
11937:
11909:
11902:
11891:, retrieved
11864:
11854:
11843:, retrieved
11808:
11799:
11792:Seyller 2011
11787:
11777:
11770:
11755:
11750:
11742:the original
11737:
11727:
11710:
11706:
11700:
11675:
11671:
11665:
11652:google books
11639:
11619:
11614:
11595:
11589:
11577:. Retrieved
11571:
11564:
11556:
11549:. Retrieved
11534:
11524:
11504:
11497:
11473:
11466:
11447:
11426:. Retrieved
11411:
11401:
11389:. Retrieved
11378:
11369:
11361:
11341:
11330:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11291:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11252:. Retrieved
11243:
11234:
11222:. Retrieved
11218:the original
11213:
11204:
11196:the original
11190:
11184:
11176:
11169:. Retrieved
11154:
11144:
11132:
11113:
11100:
11070:(1): 77–96.
11067:
11063:
11057:
11037:
11030:
11017:
11013:
11007:
10995:. Retrieved
10975:
10967:Dharma Kumar
10957:
10948:
10942:
10930:. Retrieved
10923:the original
10905:
10893:. Retrieved
10873:
10865:Dharma Kumar
10855:
10831:
10821:
10801:
10758:. Retrieved
10738:
10730:Dharma Kumar
10691:
10683:
10671:. Retrieved
10658:. New York:
10651:
10620:. Retrieved
10600:
10580:
10546:
10539:
10527:. Retrieved
10507:
10485:. Retrieved
10476:
10466:
10454:. Retrieved
10445:
10436:
10424:. Retrieved
10404:
10400:Bayly, C. A.
10394:
10377:
10368:
10358:
10351:
10331:
10322:
10302:
10293:
10281:. Retrieved
10261:
10254:
10234:
10207:
10201:
10189:
10181:
10173:
10168:, edited by
10165:
10129:
10118:, retrieved
10098:
10091:
10079:. Retrieved
10055:
10048:
10028:
10004:. Retrieved
9984:
9976:Dharma Kumar
9966:
9954:. Retrieved
9934:
9926:Dharma Kumar
9916:
9904:. Retrieved
9880:
9851:
9845:
9826:
9822:
9797:
9785:
9773:. Retrieved
9764:
9760:
9750:
9741:
9735:
9723:. Retrieved
9714:
9710:
9700:
9688:. Retrieved
9679:
9675:
9665:
9656:
9650:
9641:
9635:
9623:. Retrieved
9602:
9590:. Retrieved
9566:
9556:
9544:
9532:. Retrieved
9512:
9505:
9493:. Retrieved
9473:
9444:. Retrieved
9424:
9416:Dharma Kumar
9406:
9394:. Retrieved
9390:the original
9383:
9376:
9364:
9353:
9341:. Retrieved
9326:
9319:
9307:
9295:
9283:. Retrieved
9260:
9218:
9206:. Retrieved
9186:
9159:. Retrieved
9139:
9093:
9086:
9058:
9051:
9039:. Retrieved
8996:
8992:
8982:
8971:, retrieved
8954:
8944:
8932:. Retrieved
8928:the original
8923:
8899:, retrieved
8882:
8833:
8826:
8814:. Retrieved
8789:
8785:
8775:
8763:. Retrieved
8746:
8742:
8732:
8720:. Retrieved
8695:
8691:
8681:
8669:. Retrieved
8644:
8640:
8600:
8594:
8567:
8561:
8541:
8534:
8523:, retrieved
8506:
8496:
8485:, retrieved
8458:
8431:. Retrieved
8411:
8404:
8392:. Retrieved
8368:
8343:. Retrieved
8290:
8283:
8262:
8254:
8242:. Retrieved
8209:
8205:
8195:
8181:
8151:(1): 32–78.
8148:
8144:
8138:
8128:
8121:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8066:. Retrieved
8048:
8041:
8022:
8016:
8005:, retrieved
7988:
7953:
7946:
7921:
7912:Bose, Sugata
7894:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7843:
7835:
7812:
7805:
7793:. Retrieved
7773:
7766:
7758:
7751:. Retrieved
7741:
7734:
7722:. Retrieved
7702:
7695:
7683:. Retrieved
7662:
7643:
7637:
7617:
7610:
7600:
7593:
7581:. Retrieved
7561:
7554:
7535:
7529:
7505:
7477:
7463:
7451:. Retrieved
7431:
7424:
7397:
7391:
7379:. Retrieved
7370:
7330:
7302:
7296:
7277:
7271:
7248:
7242:
7219:
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7177:
7170:
7150:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7092:
7080:. Retrieved
7071:
7061:
7042:
7036:
7027:
7020:. Retrieved
7000:
6993:
6974:
6968:
6956:
6951:
6932:
6883:
6876:
6856:
6849:
6829:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6780:
6761:
6747:
6735:. Retrieved
6715:
6708:
6696:. Retrieved
6676:
6669:
6661:the original
6651:
6623:
6616:
6605:the original
6600:
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6556:
6549:
6537:. Retrieved
6517:
6507:
6495:. Retrieved
6486:
6461:, retrieved
6441:
6434:
6422:, retrieved
6402:
6395:
6383:, retrieved
6363:
6356:
6344:, retrieved
6324:
6317:
6304:, retrieved
6284:
6261:, retrieved
6241:
6216:, retrieved
6196:
6174:, retrieved
6154:
6130:, retrieved
6110:
6079:
6073:
6062:, retrieved
6042:
6035:
6022:, retrieved
6002:
5995:
5975:
5969:
5956:, retrieved
5936:
5926:
5914:, retrieved
5894:
5887:
5874:, retrieved
5854:
5844:
5831:, retrieved
5811:
5801:
5788:, retrieved
5773:
5766:
5753:, retrieved
5733:
5723:
5703:
5662:. Retrieved
5643:
5621:
5607:
5601:
5589:. Retrieved
5556:
5550:
5537:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5459:
5455:
5445:
5410:
5350:
5324:
5302:
5273:اکبر شاه دوم
5269:
5247:
5218:شاه عالم دوم
5215:Shah Alam II
5214:
5192:
5166:
5144:
5122:شاه عالم دوم
5119:Shah Alam II
5118:
5100:
5082:شاه جهان سوم
5078:
5060:
5053:6 June 1699
5035:
5013:
4987:
4965:
4932:
4911:
4886:شاہ جهان دوم
4882:
4861:
4836:رفیع الدرجات
4832:
4810:
4778:
4756:
4734:
4713:
4689:Bahadur Shah
4688:
4637:
4619:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4564:
4539:
4518:
4493:
4472:
4446:
4424:
4421:
4396:
4353:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4218:
4210:Shah Alam II
4189:
4171:
4165:
4140:
4109:
4095:
4091:Jai Singh II
4041:
4035:
4021:
4004:
4002:
3981:
3971:
3947:
3927:hand cannons
3845:Ibrahim Khan
3832:governor of
3815:
3765:Mir Taqi Mir
3758:
3747:Indo-Persian
3734:Turko-Mongol
3723:
3695:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:Ustad Mansur
3639:
3604:Bagh-e-Babur
3438:Shahi Eidgah
3432:Lalbagh Fort
3374:Akbari Sarai
3332:Shahi Hammam
3289:Shahi Bridge
3265:Chasma Shahi
3199:Akbar's tomb
3173:Afghanistan
3153:Lalbagh Fort
3092:
3082:in 1857, an
3073:
3069:ogive arches
3034:
3021:Architecture
2992:
2957:
2956:such as the
2937:and Persian
2935:malla-yuddha
2805:
2799:
2775:
2767:Bengal Subah
2759:Lahore Subah
2740:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2718:Urbanization
2708:679,000,000
2702:160,000,000
2699:158,400,000
2688:579,000,000
2682:130,000,000
2679:115,000,000
2668:425,000,000
2662:100,000,000
2603:
2595:
2581:Demographics
2563:flushed deck
2560:
2556:
2508:
2499:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2430:Bengal Subah
2424:Bengal Subah
2414:
2411:Mughal era.
2388:
2375:
2347:
2304:Bengal Subah
2294:(for use in
2281:
2257:shipbuilding
2251:
2244:
2212:
2208:worm gearing
2192:Bengal Subah
2172:
2153:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2101:
2084:
2075:
2067:
2058:Bengal Subah
2043:
2021:
2015:
1998:
1994:public works
1990:
1983:
1971:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1908:sadr-us-sudr
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1780:
1776:
1741:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:sadr as-sudr
1682:
1676:
1675:had its own
1672:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1573:British rule
1559:
1552:
1540:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1466:Zeenat Mahal
1428:Shah Alam II
1425:
1406:
1374:
1355:
1339:Farrukhsiyar
1307:Shia Muslims
1295:
1287:Tegh Bahadur
1280:
1274:
1261:
1249:Jagat Gosain
1243:
1176:
1167:, an Indian
1159:
1135:Umarkot Fort
1129:
1124:Ibadat Khana
1070:
1037:Ibrahim Lodi
1031:through the
1010:Genghis Khan
998:Turco-Mongol
992:
954:Indo-Timurid
953:
949:
945:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
891:
889:
880:
876:
868:
856:
852:Bilād-i-Hind
841:Ain-i-Akbari
834:
832:
787:architecture
779:
775:
747:Ibrahim Lodi
717:
677:early modern
672:
670:
573:Succeeded by
572:
567:
532:• 1700
522:• 1595
380:Early modern
335:Grand Vizier
221:Christianity
199:
183:
121:(1530–1540;
108:(1526–1530;
49:
16848:Sarokhipura
16692:Nainana Jat
15881:Khwarezmian
15814:Carolingian
15619:Rashtrakuta
15323:Shaishunaga
15222:Hellenistic
15205:New Kingdom
15195:Old Kingdom
15020:Sikh Empire
14999:interrupted
14740:Lahore Fort
14691:Henry Every
14656:Malik Ambar
14599:Baro-Bhuyan
14592:Adversaries
14578:Ranthambore
14533:Chittorgarh
14354:Child's war
14180:family tree
13995:In Our Time
13163:Metcalf, B.
13111:Gordon, S.
12604:: 421–430.
12325:28 November
12287:(23): 113.
12136:28 December
11678:: 166–181.
11224:28 November
10963:Irfan Habib
10861:Irfan Habib
10726:Irfan Habib
10327:Irfan Habib
10305:, pp. 53–54
10298:Irfan Habib
10024:Irfan Habib
9972:Irfan Habib
9922:Irfan Habib
9802:Moosvi 2015
9790:Moosvi 2015
9549:Moosvi 2015
9412:Irfan Habib
9041:13 December
9014:10871/15975
8934:13 December
8901:13 December
8765:14 December
8503:"Mug̲h̲als"
7863:(1/4): 94.
7468:Dara Shikoh
7381:19 February
6483:"Taj Mahal"
5101:(282 days)
5039:عالمگیر دوم
4918:Agra, India
4868:Agra, India
4738:جهاندار شاہ
4571:Agra, India
4513:Agra, India
4479:Agra, India
4468:, Pakistan
4382:Agra, India
4331:Birth Name
4162:observatory
4153:, to rival
4116:observatory
4102:astronomers
4058:mathematics
3990:Mughal Army
3962:Murshidabad
3925:that fired
3923:gun barrels
3907: 1582
3894:(1504) and
3838:Daulat Khan
3694:Folio from
3660:Mahabharata
3588:Choto Katra
3528:Atia Masjid
3404:Losar Baoli
3380:Hiran Minar
3326:Lahore Fort
3259:Nishat Bagh
3241:Sher Mandal
3235:Purana Qila
3217:Jama Masjid
3170:Bangladesh
3143:Sheikhupura
2954:Islamic law
2848:Persian art
2771:Delhi Subah
2651:population
2649:% of world
2646:population
2641:population
2636:population
2631:population
2531:Netherlands
2458:C. A. Bayly
2354:piece goods
2227:Ashok Desai
2219:Irfan Habib
2196:Sugar mills
2188:sericulture
2131:crop yields
2098:Agriculture
1890:(district)
1623:mir bakhshi
1577:food prices
1544:Irfan Habib
1483:British Raj
1471:9th Lancers
1264:Dara Shikoh
1228:Umar Shaykh
1155:Din-i-Ilahi
1147:Bairam Khan
1033:Khyber Pass
1029:Afghanistan
995:Persianized
938:Indologists
815:Lahore Fort
767:British Raj
755:North India
731:Transoxiana
713:South India
689:Afghanistan
685:Indus River
656:Afghanistan
618:British Raj
605:Suri Empire
568:Preceded by
536:158,000,000
526:125,000,000
312:Mir Khalifa
196:(1582–1605)
194:Din-i Ilahi
137:(1586–1598)
131:(1571–1585)
78: 1700
37:Moghulistan
16894:Categories
16823:Purabirbal
16451:Portuguese
16332:Revival Le
16322:Vietnamese
15965:Later Tran
15935:Vietnamese
15831:Singhasari
15819:Holy Roman
15443:Bulgarian
15379:Satavahana
15350:Phoenician
15286:Achaemenid
15247:Indo-Greek
15227:Macedonian
15141:Babylonian
15050:Rohilkhand
14995:Sur Empire
14701:Nader Shah
14636:Rana Sanga
14548:Daulatabad
14432:Haldighati
14364:Bengal war
14202:Government
14134:Alamgir II
14084:Shah Jahan
13360:19 October
13229:19 October
13197:19 October
13153:19 October
12850:19 October
12792:5 December
12700:6 December
12662:15 October
12354:8120810716
10932:12 October
10426:8 February
10151:Om Prakash
9775:22 January
9767:(4): 729.
9725:22 January
9717:(4): 731.
9690:22 January
9682:(4): 726.
9625:22 January
9078:1243310832
8433:5 December
7416:1008395679
6737:19 October
6698:7 November
6539:19 October
5462:(2): 294.
5422:School of
5397:References
5283:میرزا اکبر
5193:(63 days)
5036:Alamgir II
4540:Shah Jahan
4239:See also:
4235:Metallurgy
4229:William IV
4184:See also:
4167:Siddhantas
4068:See also:
4054:philosophy
3931:volley gun
3806:See also:
3755:Shah Jahan
3751:Hindustani
3726:Shah Jahan
3570:Bara Katra
3546:Masjid Kur
3271:Pari Mahal
3115:Aurangabad
3095:Shah Jahan
3011:Abyssinian
2866:, Pakistan
2852:Indian art
2808:André Wink
2785:See also:
2751:Agra Subah
2614:Bangladesh
2592:Population
2585:See also:
2517:under the
2434:See also:
2395:cotton gin
2322:See also:
2271:products,
2175:seed drill
2150:sugar cane
2127:irrigation
2108:cash crops
2060:province.
2039:debasement
1955:panchayats
1840:al-Hidayah
1760:Aurangabad
1629:mansabdari
1413:Bengal War
1397:suzerainty
1393:Nader Shah
1245:Shah Jahan
1234:. Created
1216:Miran Shah
1208:Shah Jahan
1107:Shah Jahan
1078:Sur Empire
1053:Rana Sanga
1014:Turkicized
1000:conqueror
964:See also:
912:Chinggisid
897:Gūrkāniyān
881:Héndūsītǎn
873:Hindustani
821:, and the
791:Shah Jahan
769:after the
705:Bangladesh
681:South Asia
679:empire in
661:Bangladesh
512:Population
293:Vicegerent
240:Government
207:(majority)
157:Hindustani
110:1560–1571;
16879:Taj Mahal
16869:Agra Fort
16862:Buildings
16853:Tarrakpur
16763:Daultabad
16748:Beesalpur
16743:Bateshwar
16723:Chamrauli
16707:Swamibagh
16702:Shamsabad
16682:Kheragarh
16667:Fatehabad
16652:Dayalbagh
16444:Couronian
16082:Ethiopian
16070:Manchukuo
16025:Brazilian
15871:Ghaznavid
15841:Srivijaya
15792:Trebizond
15777:Byzantine
15759:North Sea
15754:Norwegian
15742:Almoravid
15725:Ilkhanate
15695:Majapahit
15668:Muromachi
15577:Solomonic
15562:Ethiopian
15476:Caliphate
15409:Aragonese
15237:Ptolemaic
14851:Taj Mahal
14735:Agra Fort
14696:Bajirao I
14619:Musa Khan
14573:Purandhar
14477:Raj Mahal
14452:Najafgarh
14302:Conflicts
14269:Hyderabad
14225:Provinces
13920:; tr. by
13656:1469-8099
13535:146558617
13489:9 October
13421:245040517
13334:Stein, B.
13311:Stein, B.
13279:154809724
13016:154527305
12950:143861682
12610:2249-1937
12510:161906676
12502:1469-929X
12293:2347-6117
12231:0019-5235
12186:(1999) .
11973:226765648
11929:469379391
11835:226770775
11380:The Hindu
11322:0094-0496
11244:Religions
11092:146558617
11084:0026-749X
10477:Scroll.in
9592:22 August
9446:11 August
9285:15 August
9031:143513602
9023:0748-0814
8957:, Brill,
8885:, Brill,
8853:231801473
8798:0066-8435
8704:0066-8435
8653:0066-8435
8394:15 August
8374:MIT Press
8113:154809724
7991:, Brill,
7203:22 August
6643:993093699
5649:Routledge
5573:0020-8833
5529:1076-156X
5468:0066-8435
5437:Citations
5402:Footnotes
5296:Mukundpur
5092:محی الملت
4692:بهادر شاہ
4657:Burhanpur
4638:Azam Shah
4589:اورنگزیب
4586:Aurangzeb
4325:Portrait
4263:Karkhanas
4225:George IV
4214:Allahabad
4195:chemistry
4180:Chemistry
4159:Samarkand
4155:Ulugh Beg
4147:astronomy
4100:, Mughal
4089:built by
4064:Astronomy
4013:explosive
3980:known as
3942:musketeer
3911:polybolos
3853:gunpowder
3800:matchlock
3672:Akbarnama
3666:Baburnama
3301:Kos Minar
3187:Agra Fort
3181:Taj Mahal
3167:Pakistan
3099:Taj Mahal
3084:ice house
2929:style of
2920:Taj Mahal
2887:Old Hindi
2777:centres.
2736:Tim Dyson
2391:worm gear
2296:munitions
2292:saltpetre
2273:metalware
2054:New World
1947:Agra Fort
1813:(judge),
1638:mir saman
1257:Taj Mahal
1200:Aurangzeb
1111:Aurangzeb
1019:tribe of
877:Hindustan
869:Hindostān
861:Aurangzeb
836:Hindustan
823:Taj Mahal
799:Agra Fort
763:Aurangzeb
749:, in the
727:chieftain
697:highlands
463:1738–1740
450:1680–1707
437:1526–1752
177:Religion
123:1639–1857
113:1598–1648
82:Aurangzeb
62:1526–1857
16843:Sakatpur
16828:Rudhmuli
16818:Midhakur
16803:Karahara
16788:Holipura
16773:Digrauta
16768:Dhimsiri
16753:Bichpuri
16716:Villages
16662:Etmadpur
16657:Dhanauli
16627:Achhnera
16424:Japanese
16387:Scottish
16367:American
16359:Colonial
16288:Imperial
16256:Moroccan
16192:Japanese
16170:Afsharid
16029:Burmese
16015:Austrian
15970:Later Le
15945:Early Le
15930:Venetian
15856:Tiwanaku
15769:Hellenic
15732:Moroccan
15663:Kamakura
15653:Japanese
15636:Saffarid
15589:Georgian
15503:Chalukya
15481:Rashidun
15471:Calakmul
15439:Bruneian
15318:Haryanka
15296:Sasanian
15291:Parthian
15242:Bactrian
15232:Seleucid
15212:Goguryeo
15190:Egyptian
15124:Assyrian
15114:Akkadian
15105:Colonies
15040:Carnatic
14959:Painting
14954:Language
14922:See also
14750:Red Fort
14604:Isa Khan
14568:Kandahar
14553:Golconda
14482:Samugarh
14417:Chanderi
14207:Military
14154:Akbar II
14079:Shahryar
14074:Jahangir
14051:Emperors
13924:(1907).
13906:(1906).
13892:(1826).
13863:(1895).
13782:(1891).
13763:24 April
13735:18 April
13713:(2022).
13661:18 April
13596:25165051
13483:Archived
13390:Archived
13354:archived
13313:(1998),
13223:Archived
13191:archived
13169:(2006),
13147:Archived
13103:18 April
13072:25165118
12877:Archived
12844:Archived
12819:Archived
12727:Archived
12656:Archived
12633:(1985),
12618:44156233
12396:20 March
12319:Archived
12130:Archived
12074:Archived
12035:Archived
11996:Archived
11887:archived
11839:archived
11672:Muqarnas
11655:Archived
11638:(1987),
11626:, 2010,
11579:8 August
11532:(2009).
11409:(2008).
11385:Archived
11338:(1992).
11298:sannyasi
11283:44156328
11248:Archived
11152:(2016).
10997:4 August
10988:Archived
10973:(1987).
10895:4 August
10886:Archived
10871:(1987).
10829:(2009).
10799:(2007).
10760:4 August
10751:Archived
10736:(1987).
10701:Archived
10690:(2001),
10673:7 August
10664:Archived
10622:3 August
10613:Archived
10523:Archived
10487:30 April
10481:Archived
10456:30 April
10450:Archived
10420:Archived
10402:(1988).
10337:Archived
10329:(2011),
10308:Archived
10300:(2011),
10283:3 August
10277:Archived
10240:Archived
10237:, p. 202
10188:(1995),
10158:Archived
10120:9 August
10114:archived
10081:9 August
10075:Archived
10034:Archived
10026:(2011),
10006:5 August
9997:Archived
9982:(1987).
9956:5 August
9947:Archived
9932:(1987).
9906:29 April
9900:Archived
9769:Archived
9719:Archived
9684:Archived
9616:Archived
9586:Archived
9564:(1971).
9534:9 August
9528:Archived
9495:9 August
9489:Archived
9471:(2003).
9437:Archived
9422:(1987).
9396:4 August
9343:18 April
9279:Archived
9255:(2010).
9230:Archived
9208:9 August
9202:Archived
9184:(2003).
9161:9 August
9155:Archived
9035:Archived
8973:25 March
8967:archived
8895:archived
8810:Archived
8806:42928323
8759:Archived
8755:44145943
8749:: 1307.
8716:Archived
8712:42928323
8665:Archived
8661:42928323
8525:31 March
8519:archived
8487:28 March
8481:archived
8424:Archived
8388:Archived
8366:(2011).
8336:Archived
8238:Archived
8234:54775994
8173:91170802
8068:14 March
8007:28 March
8001:archived
7918:(2004).
7851:(1970).
7795:19 March
7789:Archived
7753:27 March
7747:Archived
7724:19 March
7718:Archived
7676:Archived
7583:19 March
7577:Archived
7471:Archived
7447:Archived
7375:Archived
7350:61303480
7197:Archived
7120:(1902).
7100:(1917).
7076:Archived
7016:Archived
6827:(2009).
6755:(2002).
6731:Archived
6692:Archived
6578:19 March
6572:Archived
6533:Archived
6515:(2012).
6491:Archived
6457:archived
6418:archived
6379:archived
6340:archived
6312:easier."
6300:archived
6257:archived
6239:(2010),
6212:archived
6170:archived
6152:(2010),
6126:archived
6058:archived
6018:archived
5952:archived
5934:(2010),
5910:archived
5870:archived
5852:(2010),
5827:archived
5809:(2010),
5749:archived
5731:(2010),
5701:(1995).
5641:(2009).
5585:Archived
5480:Archived
5476:42928323
5365:See also
5346:, India
5311:, India
5298:, India
5256:, India
5243:, India
5201:, India
5188:, India
5153:, India
5140:, India
5022:, India
5009:, India
4974:, India
4936:محمد شاه
4819:, India
4765:, India
4641:اعظم شاه
4543:شاہ جهان
4494:Jahangir
4433:, India
4050:medicine
4046:geometry
4038:madrasas
4025:Jahangir
3998:grenades
3898:(1533).
3856:firearms
3771:Military
3706:Language
3654:Razmnama
3223:Red Fort
3031:Yakhchāl
2927:Pehlwani
2723:that of
2610:Pakistan
2543:Armenian
2515:dominion
2511:viceroys
2483:New Year
2312:woollens
2267:, silk,
2200:draw bar
2184:mulberry
2032:Emperor
1942:subahdar
1920:jagirdar
1822:muhtasib
1770:was the
1738:Capitals
1728:Parganas
1713:Parganas
1703:parganas
1687:subahdar
1524:Marathas
1411:and the
1315:Marathas
1220:Jahangir
1161:Jahangir
1103:Jahangir
807:Red Fort
783:painting
651:Pakistan
545:Currency
244:Monarchy
216:Buddhism
205:Hinduism
16798:Kagarol
16697:Pinahat
16687:Kiraoli
16637:Azizpur
16594:History
16491:largest
16486:Empires
16466:Swedish
16461:Spanish
16456:Russian
16419:Italian
16394:Chinese
16382:English
16377:British
16372:Belgian
16347:Vietnam
16337:Tay son
16283:Tsarist
16278:Russian
16273:Ottoman
16239:Dzungar
16234:Khoshut
16207:Mexican
16202:Maratha
16185:Pahlavi
16165:Safavid
16160:Iranian
16087:Haitian
16050:Chinese
16010:Ashanti
15982:Wagadou
15908:Eastern
15903:Western
15886:Timurid
15846:Tibetan
15836:Songhai
15826:Serbian
15747:Almohad
15737:Idrisid
15641:Samanid
15631:Tahirid
15626:Iranian
15604:Kannauj
15584:Genoese
15520:Chinese
15513:Eastern
15508:Western
15496:Fatimid
15491:Abbasid
15486:Umayyad
15459:Burmese
15419:Ayyubid
15414:Angevin
15384:Xianbei
15372:Eastern
15367:Western
15313:Magadha
15276:Iranian
15269:Xiongnu
15254:Hittite
15163:Chinese
15151:Kassite
15100:Ancient
15092:Empires
14974:Weapons
14949:Gardens
14944:Fashion
14939:Culture
14934:Cuisine
14770:Mosques
14666:Shivaji
14583:Sambhal
14558:Hooghly
14528:Bijapur
14502:Tukaroi
14487:Sirhind
14472:Plassey
14389:Battles
14259:Gujarat
14187:Economy
14175:Dynasty
14064:Humayun
13720:(ebook)
13624:3516601
13544:(1982).
13385:(2011)
13369:Culture
13125:(1982).
13008:2053505
12883:10 June
12825:13 June
12777:(ebook)
12761:13 July
12733:13 June
12675:Sources
12533:18 June
12298:16 July
12002:26 July
11893:26 July
11845:26 July
11738:The MET
11692:1523102
11551:23 July
11428:11 July
11391:5 April
11254:10 June
11246:. BBC.
11171:19 July
11112:(ed.).
10334:, p. 54
10196:, p. 30
10031:, p. 53
8816:11 June
8722:11 June
8671:11 June
8165:2115498
8053:(ebook)
7685:7 April
7082:17 July
7068:"Akbar"
7022:16 June
6784:kürägän
6759:(ed.).
6463:15 July
6424:15 July
6385:15 July
6346:15 July
6306:15 July
6263:15 July
6218:15 July
6176:15 July
6132:15 July
6064:15 July
6024:15 July
5958:15 July
5876:15 July
5839:Akbar."
5833:15 July
5790:15 July
5755:15 July
5664:26 June
5581:2600793
5486:11 June
4782:فرخ سیر
4597:عالمگیر
4594:Alamgir
4497:جهانگیر
4466:Umerkot
4397:Humayun
4278:Kashmir
4203:shampoo
4032:Science
3978:rockets
3958:Bijapur
3950:Tanjore
3940:Mughal
3892:Calicut
3798:Mughal
3760:dastans
3684:muraqqa
3277:Verinag
3107:gardens
3088:Sirmaur
3045:Iranian
3003:Bijapur
2989:Customs
2781:Culture
2547:British
2539:Austria
2535:Denmark
2523:Britain
2406:of the
2393:roller
2362:muslins
2358:calicos
2180:Bengali
2142:tribute
2092:slavery
2046:bullion
2004:Coinage
1962:Economy
1936:faujdar
1887:pargana
1762:in the
1732:sarkars
1709:pargana
1696:sarkars
1678:bakhshi
1667:subadar
1581:nominal
1579:, then
1462:Rangoon
1445:Company
1381:Maratha
1313:by the
1224:Humayun
1143:Persian
1086:Safavid
1074:Humayun
1039:in the
981:Humayun
960:History
946:Timurid
892:Gurkani
735:Safavid
724:Timurid
693:Kashmir
675:was an
482:•
469:•
456:•
443:•
430:•
417:•
404:•
391:•
251:Emperor
226:Jainism
211:Sikhism
152:Persian
99:Capital
16838:Saivan
16833:Sahara
16808:Khanwa
16738:Barhan
16728:Barara
16677:Jagner
16647:Barhan
16588:topics
16429:Mongol
16414:German
16409:French
16399:Danish
16342:Dainam
16317:Tongan
16305:Somali
16300:Sokoto
16266:'Alawi
16244:Kalmyk
16224:Mongol
16217:Second
16197:Korean
16148:Mughal
16138:Indian
16121:German
16114:Second
16104:French
16097:Second
16033:Second
16005:Afghan
15997:Modern
15923:Kyrgyz
15918:Uighur
15913:Second
15893:Turkic
15861:Toltec
15797:Epirus
15782:Nicaea
15705:Mongol
15658:Yamato
15594:Huetar
15452:Second
15389:Rouran
15338:Shunga
15333:Maurya
15308:Kushan
15281:Median
15259:Hunnic
15217:Harsha
14880:Others
14661:Gokula
14521:Sieges
14512:Bhulua
14447:Khanwa
14442:Khajwa
14437:Karnal
14427:Ghagra
14422:Chausa
14284:Multan
14274:Lahore
14249:Bengal
13754:
13726:
13706:(1993)
13654:
13622:
13594:
13563:
13533:
13527:311823
13525:
13475:
13440:
13419:
13346:
13323:
13293:
13277:
13271:178737
13269:
13215:
13183:
13139:
13089:
13070:
13039:
13014:
13006:
12969:
12948:
12942:311728
12940:
12916:(1988)
12869:
12811:
12783:
12752:
12719:
12691:
12616:
12608:
12558:
12508:
12500:
12464:
12431:
12387:
12351:
12291:
12258:
12229:
12200:
12163:
12107:
12080:19 May
12066:
12041:19 May
12027:
11988:"Urdu"
11971:
11961:
11927:
11917:
11879:
11833:
11823:
11762:
11719:869792
11717:
11690:
11646:
11630:
11602:
11542:
11512:
11485:
11454:
11419:
11354:
11320:
11281:
11162:
11120:
11090:
11082:
11045:
11024:: 126.
10843:
10809:
10698:p. 236
10588:
10558:
10515:
10412:
10269:
10214:
10106:
10067:
9892:
9858:
9578:
9520:
9481:
9384:rupiya
9334:
9271:
9194:
9147:
9101:
9076:
9066:
9029:
9021:
8851:
8841:
8804:
8796:
8753:
8710:
8702:
8659:
8651:
8615:
8582:
8549:
8473:
8380:
8345:18 May
8298:
8271:
8244:6 July
8232:
8226:178414
8224:
8171:
8163:
8111:
8105:178737
8103:
8059:
8029:
7961:
7934:
7887:
7828:
7781:
7710:
7650:
7625:
7569:
7542:
7517:
7484:
7439:
7414:
7404:
7348:
7338:
7309:
7284:
7259:
7230:
7189:
7158:
7049:
7029:Sikri.
7008:
6981:
6939:
6891:
6864:
6837:
6773:
6723:
6684:
6641:
6631:
6564:
6525:
6449:
6410:
6371:
6332:
6292:
6249:
6204:
6162:
6118:
6086:
6050:
6010:
5982:
5944:
5916:1 July
5902:
5862:
5819:
5796:them."
5781:
5761:east."
5741:
5711:
5655:
5614:
5591:6 July
5579:
5571:
5527:
5474:
5466:
5428:Hanafi
5415:Branch
4959:Ghazni
4400:همایوں
4340:Death
4337:Reign
4334:Birth
4302:Lahore
4290:Lahore
4286:globes
4257:c.1663
4199:alkali
4056:, and
3888:bronze
3880:Rajput
3876:Afghan
3842:Sultan
3834:Lahore
3783:, and
3718:, and
3675:, and
3164:India
3135:Lahore
3131:Jaipur
2946:Maktab
2912:Mughal
2755:Lahore
2644:World
2612:, and
2529:, the
2527:France
2487:Autumn
2360:, and
2288:indigo
2265:thread
2225:, and
2167:firman
2162:plough
2112:indigo
2104:barley
2079:millet
2064:Labour
2022:rupiya
1930:kotwal
1835:Hanafi
1764:Deccan
1754:, and
1752:Lahore
1726:, and
1720:sarkar
1607:subahs
1555:Baniya
1303:Hindus
1291:Bhopal
1169:Rajput
1109:, and
1049:Rajput
1021:Mongol
1017:Barlas
950:Timuri
934:Mughal
929:Mongol
924:Moghul
916:Mughal
907:Gūrkān
885:Mughal
339:
297:
255:
200:Others
135:Lahore
93:Empire
89:Status
80:under
16813:Meoli
16793:Jarar
16778:Doora
16601:Akbar
16479:Lists
16434:Omani
16404:Dutch
16310:Isaaq
16261:Saadi
16229:Oirat
16212:First
16180:Qajar
16109:First
16092:First
16065:China
16038:Third
15898:First
15851:Tikal
15802:Morea
15772:Roman
15690:Latin
15685:Khmer
15680:Kanem
15646:Buyid
15572:Zagwe
15567:Aksum
15557:Chola
15464:First
15447:First
15434:Bornu
15429:Benin
15424:Aztec
15362:Roman
15343:Gupta
15328:Nanda
15264:White
14969:Tribe
14563:Jinji
14543:Daman
14538:Delhi
14507:Bakla
14412:Buxar
14279:Malwa
14264:Delhi
14254:Berar
14244:Awadh
14239:Ajmer
14069:Akbar
14059:Babur
13692:[
13679:[
13620:JSTOR
13592:JSTOR
13531:S2CID
13523:JSTOR
13417:S2CID
13275:S2CID
13267:JSTOR
13068:JSTOR
13012:S2CID
13004:JSTOR
12946:S2CID
12938:JSTOR
12614:JSTOR
12506:S2CID
11969:S2CID
11831:S2CID
11715:JSTOR
11688:JSTOR
11279:JSTOR
11088:S2CID
11020:(2).
10991:(PDF)
10980:(PDF)
10926:(PDF)
10915:(PDF)
10889:(PDF)
10878:(PDF)
10754:(PDF)
10743:(PDF)
10667:(PDF)
10656:(PDF)
10616:(PDF)
10609:(PDF)
10529:5 May
10000:(PDF)
9989:(PDF)
9950:(PDF)
9939:(PDF)
9619:(PDF)
9612:(PDF)
9440:(PDF)
9429:(PDF)
9027:S2CID
8802:JSTOR
8751:JSTOR
8708:JSTOR
8657:JSTOR
8427:(PDF)
8416:(PDF)
8339:(PDF)
8328:(PDF)
8230:S2CID
8222:JSTOR
8169:S2CID
8161:JSTOR
8109:S2CID
8101:JSTOR
7896:well.
7679:(PDF)
7672:(PDF)
7453:4 May
7134:–239.
6608:(PDF)
6597:(PDF)
6497:7 May
5577:JSTOR
5472:JSTOR
5419:Sunni
5344:Delhi
5309:Delhi
5254:Delhi
5241:Delhi
5199:Delhi
5186:Delhi
5184:1749
5151:Delhi
5138:Delhi
5096:1711
5020:Delhi
5007:Delhi
4972:Delhi
4817:Delhi
4763:Delhi
4674:India
4661:India
4431:Delhi
4354:Babur
4298:seams
4087:Delhi
4016:mines
3974:Akbar
3954:Dacca
3849:Babur
3730:Turki
3139:Kabul
3123:Dhaka
3119:Delhi
3015:dowry
2999:Salim
2995:Akbar
2971:sitar
2950:Quran
2763:Dhaka
2696:1700
2676:1600
2656:1500
2626:Year
2606:India
2567:hulls
2541:. An
2467:Sufis
2450:Dhaka
2417:ittar
2403:crank
2371:Dhaka
2261:yarns
2116:opium
2018:rupee
1904:Qadis
1882:Qadis
1816:mufti
1768:Kabul
1748:Delhi
1724:subah
1691:Subas
1661:Subah
1647:wazir
1642:diwan
1617:diwan
1276:jizya
1212:Akbar
1204:Timur
1196:Babur
1185:Arjan
1183:guru
1131:Akbar
1120:Akbar
1099:Akbar
1057:Mewar
1025:Kabul
1002:Timur
977:Babur
940:. In
920:Mogul
902:Timur
871:) in
759:Akbar
729:from
720:Babur
701:Assam
646:India
549:Rupee
270:Babur
231:other
189:Islam
119:Delhi
16632:Agra
16249:Bogd
16175:Zand
16153:Sikh
16060:Qing
16055:Ming
15987:Wari
15955:Tran
15940:Dinh
15710:Yuan
15700:Mali
15609:Pala
15599:Inca
15550:Yuan
15540:Song
15535:Liao
15530:Tang
15303:Kush
15185:Dʿmt
15015:Jats
14908:more
14646:Hemu
14397:Agra
14289:Sira
14234:Agra
14192:Flag
13765:2024
13752:ISBN
13737:2024
13724:ISBN
13663:2024
13652:ISSN
13561:ISBN
13491:2013
13473:ISBN
13438:ISBN
13362:2015
13344:ISBN
13321:ISBN
13291:ISBN
13231:2015
13213:ISBN
13199:2015
13181:ISBN
13155:2015
13137:ISBN
13105:2024
13087:ISBN
13037:ISBN
12967:ISBN
12885:2019
12867:ISBN
12852:2015
12827:2019
12809:ISBN
12794:2023
12781:ISBN
12763:2024
12750:ISBN
12735:2019
12717:ISBN
12702:2023
12689:ISBN
12664:2020
12606:ISSN
12556:ISBN
12535:2024
12498:ISSN
12462:ISBN
12429:ISBN
12398:2024
12385:ISBN
12349:ISBN
12327:2012
12300:2024
12289:ISSN
12256:ISBN
12227:ISSN
12198:ISBN
12161:ISBN
12138:2010
12105:ISBN
12082:2023
12064:ISBN
12043:2023
12025:ISBN
12004:2021
11959:ISBN
11925:OCLC
11915:ISBN
11895:2021
11877:ISBN
11847:2021
11821:ISBN
11760:ISBN
11644:ISBN
11628:ISBN
11600:ISBN
11581:2024
11553:2024
11540:ISBN
11510:ISBN
11483:ISBN
11452:ISBN
11430:2024
11417:ISBN
11393:2019
11352:ISBN
11318:ISSN
11256:2018
11226:2012
11214:SOAS
11173:2024
11160:ISBN
11118:ISBN
11080:ISSN
11043:ISBN
10999:2017
10934:2015
10897:2017
10841:ISBN
10807:ISBN
10762:2017
10675:2017
10624:2017
10586:ISBN
10556:ISBN
10531:2016
10513:ISBN
10489:2016
10458:2016
10428:2023
10410:ISBN
10285:2017
10267:ISBN
10212:ISBN
10194:OECD
10122:2017
10104:ISBN
10083:2017
10065:ISBN
10008:2017
9958:2017
9908:2019
9890:ISBN
9856:ISBN
9777:2021
9727:2021
9692:2021
9627:2021
9594:2017
9576:ISBN
9536:2017
9518:ISBN
9497:2017
9479:ISBN
9448:2017
9398:2017
9345:2024
9332:ISBN
9287:2017
9269:ISBN
9210:2017
9192:ISBN
9163:2017
9145:ISBN
9099:ISBN
9074:OCLC
9064:ISBN
9043:2021
9019:ISSN
8975:2022
8936:2021
8903:2021
8849:OCLC
8839:ISBN
8818:2021
8794:ISSN
8767:2021
8724:2021
8700:ISSN
8673:2021
8649:ISSN
8613:ISBN
8580:ISBN
8547:ISBN
8527:2022
8489:2022
8471:ISBN
8435:2016
8396:2017
8378:ISBN
8347:2017
8296:ISBN
8269:ISBN
8246:2019
8070:2024
8057:ISBN
8027:ISBN
8009:2022
7959:ISBN
7932:ISBN
7885:ISBN
7826:ISBN
7797:2023
7779:ISBN
7755:2023
7726:2023
7708:ISBN
7687:2023
7648:ISBN
7623:ISBN
7585:2023
7567:ISBN
7540:ISBN
7515:ISBN
7482:ISBN
7455:2021
7437:ISBN
7412:OCLC
7402:ISBN
7383:2021
7346:OCLC
7336:ISBN
7307:ISBN
7282:ISBN
7257:ISBN
7228:ISBN
7205:2017
7187:ISBN
7156:ISBN
7084:2017
7047:ISBN
7024:2022
7006:ISBN
6979:ISBN
6937:ISBN
6889:ISBN
6862:ISBN
6835:ISBN
6771:ISBN
6767:xlvi
6739:2015
6721:ISBN
6700:2023
6682:ISBN
6639:OCLC
6629:ISBN
6580:2023
6562:ISBN
6541:2015
6523:ISBN
6499:2020
6465:2019
6447:ISBN
6426:2019
6408:ISBN
6387:2019
6369:ISBN
6348:2019
6330:ISBN
6308:2019
6290:ISBN
6265:2019
6247:ISBN
6220:2019
6202:ISBN
6178:2019
6160:ISBN
6134:2019
6116:ISBN
6084:ISBN
6066:2019
6048:ISBN
6026:2019
6008:ISBN
5980:ISBN
5964:it."
5960:2019
5942:ISBN
5918:2019
5900:ISBN
5878:2019
5860:ISBN
5835:2019
5817:ISBN
5792:2019
5779:ISBN
5757:2019
5739:ISBN
5709:ISBN
5666:2017
5653:ISBN
5612:ISBN
5593:2019
5569:ISSN
5525:ISSN
5488:2021
5464:ISSN
4670:Agra
4450:اکبر
4357:بابر
4243:and
4227:and
4072:and
3982:bans
3960:and
3913:and
3878:and
3858:and
3830:Lodi
3824:and
3810:and
3669:and
3640:The
3626:and
3111:Agra
3047:and
3029:and
2952:and
2914:and
2800:Urdu
2765:(in
2757:(in
2749:(in
2747:Agra
2571:deck
2494:and
2485:and
2389:The
2326:and
2269:jute
2154:zabt
2138:zabt
2114:and
1925:qadi
1917:The
1912:qadi
1892:qadi
1878:qadi
1874:qadi
1870:qadi
1866:qadi
1810:qadi
1804:fiqh
1744:Agra
1673:suba
1477:the
1230:and
1222:and
1181:Sikh
1141:, a
979:and
829:Name
737:and
722:, a
703:and
671:The
553:Taka
504:1690
499:Area
169:See
106:Agra
16642:Bah
16327:Mac
15764:Oyo
15673:Edo
15545:Jīn
15525:Sui
15178:Jin
15173:Han
15168:Qin
14929:Art
13644:doi
13612:doi
13584:doi
13515:doi
13409:doi
13259:doi
13060:doi
12996:doi
12930:doi
12490:doi
12252:225
12194:226
11951:doi
11869:doi
11813:doi
11680:doi
11310:doi
11072:doi
10382:doi
10164:",
10153:, "
9831:doi
9009:hdl
9001:doi
8959:doi
8887:doi
8605:doi
8572:doi
8511:doi
8463:doi
8214:doi
8153:doi
8093:doi
7993:doi
7818:doi
7371:BBC
7132:237
5561:doi
5515:doi
4157:'s
4111:Zij
4085:in
4003:In
3896:Diu
3101:—a
2711:23
2705:99
2691:20
2685:89
2448:in
2298:).
2282:In
2030:Sur
2026:dam
1789:Law
1391:of
1198:to
1055:of
952:or
922:or
711:in
557:dam
35:or
16896::
15960:Ho
15950:Ly
13665:.
13650:.
13640:27
13638:.
13634:.
13618:,
13606:,
13590:,
13580:47
13578:,
13529:,
13521:,
13511:12
13509:,
13481:.
13471:.
13453:.
13415:.
13405:38
13403:.
13352:,
13273:,
13265:,
13255:23
13253:,
13221:.
13189:,
13179:,
13165:;
13145:.
13066:,
13056:48
13054:,
13010:,
13002:,
12992:39
12990:,
12965:,
12961:,
12944:,
12936:,
12924:,
12898:71
12896:.
12875:.
12838:.
12817:.
12725:.
12654:.
12650:.
12612:.
12602:73
12600:.
12596:.
12526:.
12504:.
12496:.
12484:.
12456:,
12442:^
12423:,
12409:^
12400:.
12335:^
12317:.
12285:23
12283:.
12279:.
12254:.
12223:40
12221:.
12196:.
12175:^
12072:.
12033:.
11994:.
11990:.
11967:.
11957:.
11923:.
11885:,
11875:,
11863:,
11837:,
11829:,
11819:,
11807:,
11736:.
11711:90
11709:.
11686:.
11674:.
11650:,
11634:;
11555:.
11438:^
11377:.
11360:.
11350:.
11316:.
11306:19
11304:.
11275:73
11273:.
11242:.
11212:.
11175:.
11086:.
11078:.
11068:12
11066:.
11018:14
11016:.
10969:;
10965:;
10917:.
10867:;
10863:;
10835:.
10784:^
10770:^
10732:;
10728:;
10715:^
10707:,
10696:,
10632:^
10611:.
10570:^
10521:.
10497:^
10479:.
10475:.
10448:.
10444:.
10418:.
10343:,
10314:,
10275:.
10246:,
10225:^
10192:,
10141:^
10112:,
10073:.
10059:.
10040:,
10016:^
9978:;
9974:;
9928:;
9924:;
9898:.
9884:.
9870:^
9827:56
9825:.
9821:.
9809:^
9765:52
9763:.
9759:.
9715:52
9713:.
9709:.
9680:52
9678:.
9674:.
9584:.
9570:.
9526:.
9487:.
9456:^
9418:;
9414:;
9277:.
9263:.
9244:^
9200:.
9171:^
9153:.
9113:^
9072:.
9033:.
9025:.
9017:.
9007:.
8997:29
8995:.
8991:.
8965:,
8953:,
8922:.
8910:^
8893:,
8881:,
8861:^
8847:.
8808:.
8800:.
8790:33
8788:.
8784:.
8757:.
8747:66
8745:.
8741:.
8714:.
8706:.
8696:33
8694:.
8690:.
8663:.
8655:.
8645:33
8643:.
8639:.
8627:^
8611:.
8578:.
8517:,
8505:,
8479:,
8469:,
8457:,
8443:^
8418:.
8386:.
8372:.
8355:^
8334:.
8330:.
8310:^
8236:.
8228:.
8220:.
8210:21
8208:.
8204:.
8167:.
8159:.
8149:29
8147:.
8107:.
8099:.
8089:23
8087:.
7999:,
7987:,
7973:^
7930:.
7928:41
7914:;
7903:^
7893:.
7861:51
7859:.
7855:.
7834:.
7824:.
7787:.
7757:.
7716:.
7575:.
7513:.
7509:.
7493:^
7445:.
7410:.
7369:.
7358:^
7344:.
7320:^
7195:.
7181:.
7140:^
7074:.
7070:.
7026:.
7014:.
6959:,
6903:^
6812:^
6779:.
6769:.
6729:.
6690:.
6637:.
6599:.
6570:.
6531:.
6489:.
6485:.
6473:^
6455:,
6416:,
6377:,
6338:,
6298:,
6274:^
6255:,
6228:^
6210:,
6186:^
6168:,
6141:^
6124:,
6098:^
6056:,
6016:,
5950:,
5908:,
5868:,
5825:,
5747:,
5674:^
5647:.
5630:^
5620:.
5583:.
5575:.
5567:.
5557:41
5555:.
5549:.
5523:.
5511:12
5509:.
5505:.
5478:.
5470:.
5460:33
5458:.
5454:.
5426::
5417::
5316:20
5261:19
5206:17
5158:18
5110:17
5070:16
5027:15
4979:14
4924:13
4874:12
4824:11
4770:10
4726:9
4680:8
4672:,
4659:,
4629:7
4577:6
4531:5
4485:4
4438:3
4388:2
4345:1
4308:.
4282:AH
4231:.
4052:,
4048:,
4018::
4007:,
3964:.
3956:,
3952:,
3904:c.
3847:,
3836:,
3779:,
3714:,
3141:,
3137:,
3133:,
3129:,
3125:,
3121:,
3117:,
3113:,
3067:,
3059:.
3017:.
3005:,
2997:,
2814:,
2810:,
2671:—
2665:—
2659:—
2620::
2608:,
2533:,
2525:,
2373:.
2356:,
2263:,
2221:,
1981:.
1766:.
1750:,
1746:,
1689:.
1681:,
1493:.
1415:.
1317:.
1269:r.
1236:c.
1210:,
1105:,
1101:,
956:.
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
773:.
745:,
715:.
555:,
551:,
75:c.
16578:e
16571:t
16564:v
15107:)
15103:(
15084:e
15077:t
15070:v
15001:)
14997:(
14030:e
14023:t
14016:v
13767:.
13739:.
13646::
13614::
13608:5
13586::
13569:.
13517::
13493:.
13446:.
13423:.
13411::
13261::
13233:.
13157:.
13107:.
13062::
13045:.
12998::
12932::
12926:9
12887:.
12854:.
12829:.
12796:.
12765:.
12737:.
12704:.
12666:.
12620:.
12564:.
12537:.
12512:.
12492::
12486:2
12357:.
12302:.
12264:.
12233:.
12206:.
12169:.
12140:.
12113:.
12084:.
12045:.
12006:.
11975:.
11953::
11931:.
11871::
11815::
11721:.
11694:.
11682::
11676:4
11608:.
11583:.
11518:.
11491:.
11460:.
11432:.
11395:.
11348:2
11324:.
11312::
11285:.
11258:.
11228:.
11126:.
11094:.
11074::
11051:.
11001:.
10936:.
10899:.
10849:.
10815:.
10764:.
10677:.
10626:.
10594:.
10564:.
10533:.
10491:.
10460:.
10430:.
10388:.
10384::
10362:.
10287:.
10085:.
10010:.
9960:.
9910:.
9864:.
9839:.
9833::
9779:.
9729:.
9694:.
9629:.
9596:.
9538:.
9499:.
9450:.
9400:.
9347:.
9289:.
9212:.
9165:.
9107:.
9080:.
9045:.
9011::
9003::
8961::
8938:.
8889::
8855:.
8820:.
8769:.
8726:.
8675:.
8621:.
8607::
8588:.
8574::
8555:.
8513::
8465::
8437:.
8398:.
8349:.
8304:.
8277:.
8248:.
8216::
8189:.
8175:.
8155::
8115:.
8095::
8072:.
8035:.
7995::
7967:.
7940:.
7820::
7799:.
7728:.
7689:.
7656:.
7631:.
7604:.
7587:.
7548:.
7523:.
7457:.
7418:.
7385:.
7352:.
7290:.
7265:.
7236:.
7207:.
7164:.
7086:.
7055:.
6987:.
6945:.
6897:.
6870:.
6843:.
6741:.
6702:.
6645:.
6582:.
6543:.
6501:.
6092:.
5717:.
5668:.
5595:.
5563::
5531:.
5517::
5490:.
4027:.
3933:.
3902:(
3699:,
2973:.
2941:.
2922:.
2900:.
2893:.
2854:.
2452:.
2020:(
1705:.
1698:,
1669:.
948:/
894:(
879:(
125:)
115:)
46:.
39:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.