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663:(JFNA) and the Israeli-American Coalition for Action, have been largely successful in pushing the anti-boycott legislation through state legislatures, according to a two-year collaborative investigative journal report. A JFNA lobbyist wrote the "anti-boycott executive order and news release" for the governor of Louisiana. A pro-Israel lobbyist closely helped edit the bill and guided the lawmaker who introduced and supported the anti-boycott legislation in Nevada.
3055:
135:, with less capriciousness), their distortion into disguised lobbying has been criticized. American critics of such model laws have thus referred to them as "copycat laws", "fill-in-the-blanks laws", and "copy-paste laws". The concept caused some controversy in 2019 when a coalition of 30 investigative journalists published a series called "Copy, Paste, Legislate", investigating the corporate interests behind many model laws.
565:
introduced bills based on model acts at least 10,000 times. Another 10,000 bills were likely copied but were more dissimilar. The investigation identified over 2,100 model acts but speculated that the real number is far higher since many organizations keep their model acts secret. In many states, the use of model bills was found to have supplanted the traditional way of writing legislation "from scratch".
593:(ATAE), representing over 100 "executives from regional auto dealer associations". The bill allowed dealers to continue selling recalled cars as long as they disclosed open recalls. The dealers worked with over 600 lobbyists in 43 states to assist in getting the legislation passed. From 2014 through 2019, lawmakers in eleven states introduced similar bills into their state legislatures.
580:
The "Copy, Paste, Legislate" investigation uncovered a legal initiative by the car industry to enact laws that would require dealers to disclose if a bought used car were under open recall, something most states do not require. The car industry's initiative was in response to other legal initiatives
588:
and called for "a fine for failing to disclose open recalls to customers." It was based on model law that had been crafted by a lobbyist who headed the New Jersey
Coalition of Automotive Retailers. The lobbyist said that their "model legislation" provided "suggested language" and was never intended
347:
ALEC has been very successful in getting its laws passed; according to
Brendan Greeley, lawmakers introduce bills based on the organization's model acts about 1,000 times per year in state legislatures and about 200 of them become law. In 2015, ALEC model bills were reflected in about 172 measures
564:
The investigation used text analysis software called
Legislative Influence Detector created by Joe Walsh, a former data scientist at the University of Chicago to spot similarities between model acts and enacted legislation. Its main finding was that during the period 2010 to 2018 lawmakers had
654:
law professor, assisted in drafting the legislation. He also helped other states with their anti-BDS laws and frequently defends their constitutionality in the media. By May 2019, 25 other states had adopted similar measures. Many of the bills shared exact wording. The anti-BDS initiatives,
639:. BDS calls for comprehensive boycotts of Israel until it stops its human rights violations against Palestinians. The legislation that the Israel lobby promotes requires state contractors to pledge not to boycott Israel and state pension funds to divest from entities that do.
560:
published the result of a two-year-long investigation into model acts entitled "Copy, Paste, Legislate". The investigation raised concerns over the role of ALEC and other corporate-sponsored organizations on the
American legislative process.
184:
The non-profit
Uniform Law Commission (ULC), formerly known as the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, was founded in 1892 to provide American jurisdictions with robust legislation. ULC promotes enactment of
514:
in schools. This model bill, particularly
Section 7—which specifically bans certain concepts—has been incorporated into state legislation in Idaho, Oklahoma, Iowa, Tennessee, Texas, Florida, Montana, Utah, Georgia, and South
1438:
192:
ULC drafted the Model Tribal
Secured Transactions Act in 2005 which served as a template for tribal legal infrastructure on reservations to provide consistency and greater accessibility in lending and credit transactions.
410:
459:
391:
376:
provided the draft for the
Uniform Notary Act in 1973. It was renamed to the Model Notary Act and expanded in 1984, 2002, and 2010. The act has been adopted in its entirety in several jurisdictions.
1676:
590:
1415:
306:
1742:
568:
Mississippi was found to be the state with the highest number of bills introduced based on model acts, 744 - 200 more than the next highest state. 288 came from the non-partisan
1702:
58:
disguised under such ideals. Model laws can be intended to be enacted verbatim, to be enacted after minor modification, or to serve more as general guides for the legislatures.
532:
in 2004. Other UNCITRAL Legislative Guides, which make recommendations for efficient approaches to addressing an area of law within a national or local context, are listed at
1546:
533:
309:
to prohibit acts that would make agricultural business operations more difficult. The act sought to impose harsh penalties, including a terrorism registry, on instances of
1768:
395:
189:
in areas of state law where uniformity is desirable and practical. ULC produces both model and uniform acts. Since its inception it has produced over 250 uniform acts.
525:
1278:
1010:
1564:
425:
117:
1058:
748:
443:
in several state legislatures via
Republican and Democrat lawmakers. The intent of the bills was to prevent state governments from co-operating with the
205:
is an association of
American lawyers and law students which has published a large number of model acts. Its most successful model law is probably the
383:
issued the Revised Model Tribal Sex Offender Registry Code/Ordinance in 2017. It offered guidelines to American Indian tribes on how to implement the
121:
1831:
152:
whose purpose was to persuade state legislatures into passing sterilization laws, which it also did. In chapter XV of the book he included the bill
1581:
406:
528:. Model legislative provisions on privately financed infrastructure projects were drafted by UNCITRAL and recommended for states to use by the
109:(ULC), a state-run non-profit organization whose purpose is to draft laws in areas where uniformity is important (for example, to facilitate
216:
Other model acts drafted by ABA include the Model Airspace Act in 1973, and the Model Code for Public Infrastructure Procurement in 2007.
340:, and cutting taxes. ALEC has drafted and distributed state-level legislation to limit. It has also opposed the creation or expansion of
1793:
1155:
476:
414:
384:
1176:
361:
has described it as a "dating agency for Republican state legislators and big corporations" to "frame rightwing legislative agendas".
148:
One early example of a model law was eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin's Model Eugenical Sterilization Law. In 1922, he published the book
1127:
1106:
424:
wrote the Standard State Soil Conservation Districts Law, a model act he submitted to the states. It led to the establishment of the
1525:
1227:
3022:
1543:
325:
213:, which as of 2000 had been adopted in full by 16 states and in part by several more. The act went through a major update in 2000.
884:
472:
1634:
1532:
The Utah bill aims to prohibit state and local agencies from providing water to a giant new NSA data center near Salt Lake City.
1398:
773:
946:
257:
251:
98:
42:, is a suggested example for a law, drafted centrally to be disseminated and suggested for enactment in multiple independent
1042:"ALEC in Colorado: Uncovering the Influence of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) in the Colorado Legislature"
1492:
1288:
1252:
803:
85:
variation is valuable, reserving variation only to essential autonomous differences. There, model laws are referred to as
1353:
660:
380:
292:
1659:
1303:
161:
157:
66:
1332:
3100:
2448:
2006:
1905:
1373:
847:
632:
288:
268:
265:
209:
published in 1950. As of 2020, the act is followed by 24 states. Another influential act ABA has drafted is the 1979
69:
but nonetheless can benefit from a substantial degree of uniformity of laws among jurisdictions. For example, in the
275:
representatives—is a prolific producer of model state-level laws for conservative causes. ALEC has deep ties to the
2562:
2431:
1041:
965:
493:
482:
455:
928:
3017:
2364:
2265:
1561:
529:
507:
440:
1059:"Caging Animal Advocates Political Freedoms: The Unconstitutionality of the Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act"
2524:
2158:
1308:
1202:
349:
206:
745:
1877:
429:
2684:
2163:
1432:
614:
569:
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on April 23, 1940, and the soil and water conservation districts were authorized with the enactment of the
2679:
1837:
1020:
545:
373:
1458:
2654:
2153:
1589:
589:
to be a copy-and-paste exercise." Similar model legislation was drafted by the Washington, D.C.-based
2737:
1459:"A Vision of the New Deal Unfulfilled? Soil and Water Conservation Districts and Land Use Regulation"
355:
ALEC has also been criticized for being funded by big corporations and over alleged underhandedness.
299:
78:
17:
2532:
2514:
683:
650:'s (AIC) Joe Sabag, his "buddy and wordsmith-in-chief", to prepare the bill. Eugene Kontorovich, a
647:
444:
202:
2866:
1769:"This tool illuminates the hidden hands of special interest groups in legislation across the U.S."
635:'s largely successful attempts to get statehouses to pass legislation to curb the Palestinian-led
465:
The National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances introduced and periodically updates
2907:
2694:
2183:
2168:
651:
314:
230:
1611:
2962:
2947:
1283:
1160:
261:
225:
179:
106:
1085:
3095:
3066:
2659:
2337:
2148:
1677:"How we uncovered 10,000 times lawmakers introduced copycat model bills — and why it matters"
1477:
421:
321:
280:
2787:
2133:
1358:
901:
Committee Of The Section Of Real Property, Probate Trust Law (1973). "Model Airspace Act".
677:
556:
511:
466:
276:
54:
in legislative wording, than would otherwise occur; another motivation sometimes has been
8:
2942:
2082:
1999:
1612:"2021-2022 Bill 4392: Partisanship Out of Civics Act - South Carolina Legislature Online"
1562:
NAA | NAA Drafts Sample Auction License Law and Encourages Adoption by State Legislatures
1111:
602:
341:
329:
584:
The first bill produced by the initiative was introduced in 2014 by New Jersey Speaker,
116:
The concept is not specific to federations, and international organizations such as the
46:. The motivation classically has been the hope of fostering more legal uniformity among
2757:
2416:
2270:
2255:
2233:
1977:
1957:
1910:
1900:
1132:
1090:
910:
871:
833:
333:
716:
2742:
2664:
2502:
2245:
2240:
2193:
2118:
2112:
1952:
1870:
1500:
1473:
720:
448:
156:. Two years later, Laughlin's sterilization act was enacted almost unmodified by the
65:
because the federal subjects (for example, states, provinces, or other subjects) are
984:
2747:
2714:
2213:
2077:
2072:
2037:
781:
672:
606:
585:
572:
and 255 from ALEC. But only 57 of them became law, according to the investigation.
436:
399:
235:
105:
are model acts intended to be enacted exactly as written. They are drafted by the
2996:
2969:
2957:
2937:
2871:
2849:
2829:
2824:
2804:
2669:
2649:
2644:
2547:
2507:
2218:
2143:
2067:
2052:
1972:
1568:
1550:
752:
502:
486:
110:
3073:
2881:
2799:
2388:
2354:
2305:
2290:
2062:
1967:
1947:
1937:
811:
272:
125:
1743:"The multistate push to let dealers get away with selling you a defective car"
1333:"Obamacare faces new threat at state level from corporate interest group Alec"
3089:
2927:
2886:
2772:
2752:
2724:
2674:
2639:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2552:
2492:
2332:
2322:
2280:
2203:
2198:
2128:
2087:
2011:
1504:
724:
688:
643:
626:
497:
337:
310:
131:
Although model acts inherently can serve valid purposes (such as for uniform
70:
51:
128:
have also written model laws to harmonize laws between different countries.
3059:
2809:
2777:
2732:
2470:
2465:
2436:
2349:
2327:
2295:
2228:
2208:
2102:
2042:
2032:
1984:
1942:
1920:
1863:
1337:
656:
636:
613:. It allows patients with terminal illnesses to try drugs that the federal
581:
that called for banning the sales of used cars under open recall entirely.
357:
239:
166:
47:
1832:"One way to silence Israel boycotts? Get lawmakers to pass anti-BDS bills"
1416:"Understanding Independent Medical Review and Utilization Review Services"
763:
Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, 206, 47 S. Ct. 584, 584, 71 L. Ed. 1000 (1927)
369:
Some notable model acts not drafted by the above-mentioned organizations:
2981:
2922:
2912:
2709:
2704:
2542:
2443:
2359:
2318:
2285:
2250:
2173:
2097:
2047:
1962:
1304:"Cashing in on Kids: 172 ALEC Education Bills Push Privatization in 2015"
900:
693:
610:
492:
Partisanship Out of Civics Act (POCA), published in February 2021 by the
186:
170:
in 1927, paving the way for similar sterilization laws in other states.
101:(ALEC) has successfully gotten hundreds of model acts passed since 2010.
74:
43:
914:
143:
3045:
2974:
2854:
2792:
2537:
2458:
2453:
2411:
2393:
2381:
2342:
2188:
2178:
2138:
2123:
2107:
2057:
1994:
1989:
1011:"Koch-funded charity passes money to free-market think tanks in states"
534:
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law#Legislative Guides
295:
284:
62:
320:
ALEC's model acts concern many topics important to conservatives like
2952:
2917:
2859:
2834:
2699:
2596:
2584:
2569:
2557:
2485:
2403:
2376:
2260:
1493:"Utah lawmaker floats bill to cut off NSA data centre's water supply"
966:"'Right-to-work' bill praised and blasted in House committee hearing"
550:
3040:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
870:
L Bebchuk, 'The Case for Increasing Shareholder Power' (2004-5) 118
93:. Many American special interest groups draft model acts which they
3001:
2986:
2689:
2574:
2371:
1915:
1015:
642:
One of the first anti-BDS law was sponsored by Republican lawmaker
617:
has not approved. The law was passed on the federal level in 2018.
94:
55:
2891:
2839:
2819:
2767:
2579:
2497:
2313:
2275:
2223:
1812:
132:
609:" law that was signed into law in Ohio in 2016 by then-Governor
439:
in 2013 and 2014, introduced bills based on their model act the
2991:
2844:
2589:
2480:
2475:
2421:
2092:
1747:
Center for Public Integrity, USA TODAY and The Arizona Republic
631:
The "Copy, Paste, Legislate" investigation also documented the
1694:
234:
but has also produced model acts. A well-known example is the
2932:
2876:
2782:
2623:
2426:
1925:
1785:
1660:
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 9 December 2003
1484:
929:"2007 Model Code for Public Infrastructure Procurement (PIP)"
1253:"Is municipal broadband more important than net neutrality?"
1156:"Brownback says perception of ALEC influence is 'overblown'"
1128:"Conservative Nonprofit Acts as a Stealth Business Lobbyist"
2814:
2762:
2618:
2016:
1932:
969:
485:(FRCP), published in 1938 to harmonize the rules governing
710:
708:
655:
undertaken by activist groups concerned about the rise of
526:
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration
1886:
1177:"South Carolina passes bill against municipal broadband"
245:
705:
462:, model legislation governing auctions and auctioneers.
1855:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1228:"Fact check: Truth-testing Fort Collins broadband ads"
1107:"Big business, legislators pushed for stiff sentences"
1086:"U.S.'s Toughest Immigration Law Is Signed in Arizona"
211:
Model Procurement Code for State and Local Governments
1670:
1668:
539:
417:
requires states to enact laws based on the model act.
144:
Harry H. Laughlin's Model Eugenical Sterilization Law
73:, because the country consists of 50 semi-autonomous
1681:
Center for Public Integrity and The Arizona Republic
1439:
New York State Soil and Water Conservation Committee
1295:
1083:
426:
New York State Soil and Water Conservation Committee
118:
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
1721:
1354:"ALEC Enjoys A New Wave of Influence and Criticism"
1302:Fischer, Brendan; Peters, Zachary (March 8, 2016).
97:lawmakers to pass. In particular, the conservative
1665:
1662:, 58/76, 8 January 2004, accessed 16 February 2023
1527:California lawmakers move to bar state help to NSA
1399:"Civil Law Notary: An Office Whose Time Has Come?"
680:, a somewhat similar concept in European Union law
402:. The act has been enacted in Alabama and Florida.
1633:Rawshan, Ray; Gibbons, Alexandra (July 2, 2021).
947:"Transportation Chief Attacks Congress on Safety"
138:
122:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
3087:
524:An example of an international model law is the
411:Uniform Health Carrier External Review Model Act
305:One of ALEC's earliest model acts were the 1981
407:National Association of Insurance Commissioners
27:A suggested example for how to write a law well
1635:"Why are states banning critical race theory?"
1632:
646:who introduced it in 2015. He worked with the
1871:
1345:
1301:
944:
489:. 35 states have adopted rules based on FRCP.
238:published in 1962 seeking to harmonize state
1829:
1279:"ALEC's Secrets Revealed; Corporations Flee"
460:Uniform Auction and Auctioneer Licensing Act
150:Eugenical Sterilization in the United States
1425:
596:
519:
196:
164:upheld the constitutionality of the law in
1878:
1864:
1674:
1351:
1330:
1324:
1153:
1077:
1051:
506:education writer and Senior Fellow at the
477:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
415:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
392:National Association of Civil-Law Notaries
385:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
348:introduced in 42 states, according to the
1791:
1270:
1203:"NTIA's Strickling Touts Success of BTOP"
1098:
575:
544:In 2019, a team of 30 reporters from the
352:, publishers of the ALEC Exposed series.
219:
173:
3023:History of the American legal profession
1490:
1125:
903:Real Property, Probate and Trust Journal
714:
1766:
1700:
1523:
1276:
1174:
1154:Rothschild, Scott (December 17, 2013).
1119:
1084:Archibold, Randal C. (April 24, 2010).
963:
894:
852:The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
591:Automotive Trade Association Executives
473:Model State Emergency Health Powers Act
313:performed by organizations such as the
61:Model laws are especially prevalent in
14:
3088:
1740:
1456:
964:Griffin, Marshall (January 14, 2014).
1859:
1579:
1104:
715:Antonios, Nathalie (April 14, 2011).
648:Israeli-American Coalition for Action
364:
258:American Legislative Exchange Council
252:American Legislative Exchange Council
246:American Legislative Exchange Council
99:American Legislative Exchange Council
1703:"How copycat bills become your laws"
1580:Kurtz, Stanley (February 15, 2021).
1331:Pilkington, Ed (November 20, 2013).
1200:
1063:Animal Legal & Historical Center
982:
77:, each with its own legislature and
1792:Borchardt, Jackie (April 4, 2019).
1366:
1002:
719:. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia.
661:Jewish Federations of North America
381:United States Department of Justice
307:Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act
302:, which is one of ALEC's sponsors.
24:
1794:"Copycat bills: How Ohio compares"
1701:Bologna, Giacomo (April 4, 2019).
1408:
1352:Greenblatt, Alan (December 2011).
158:Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924
25:
3112:
2007:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1658:United Nations General Assembly,
1466:Drake Journal of Agricultural Law
1126:McIntire, Mike (April 21, 2012).
1008:
983:Fund, John (September 28, 2000).
885:"2000 ABA Model Procurement Code"
154:Model Eugenical Sterilization Law
3054:
3053:
3039:
1830:Essley Whyte, Liz (1 May 2019).
1767:LaForme, Ren (January 8, 2020).
1586:National Association of Scholars
1582:"Partisanship Out of Civics Act"
1524:Vijayan, Jaikumar (2014-01-07),
1491:Ackerman, Spencer (2014-02-12).
1277:Greeley, Brendan (May 3, 2012).
1201:John, Eggerton (February 2016).
1105:Beall, Pat (November 22, 2013).
620:
494:National Association of Scholars
483:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
456:National Auctioneers Association
432:, a law based on that model act.
3018:History of the legal profession
1760:
1652:
1626:
1604:
1573:
1555:
1537:
1517:
1450:
1391:
1245:
1220:
1194:
1175:Farivar, Cyrus (29 June 2012).
1168:
1147:
1034:
976:
957:
938:
921:
774:"ULC Constitution & Bylaws"
530:United Nations General Assembly
508:Ethics and Public Policy Center
441:Fourth Amendment Protection Act
1309:Center for Media and Democracy
877:
864:
840:
826:
796:
766:
757:
738:
601:The libertarian Arizona-based
430:Soil Conservation District Law
398:to streamline law relating to
350:Center for Media and Democracy
207:Model Business Corporation Act
139:American drafters of model law
13:
1:
1741:Kaneya, Rui (April 4, 2019).
834:"Uniform Laws and Model Acts"
699:
228:(ALI) is most famous for its
67:autonomous or semi-autonomous
1675:O'Dell, Rob (4 April 2019).
945:May, Clifford (1987-08-30).
810:. 8 Jan 2019. Archived from
780:. 8 Jan 2019. Archived from
615:Food and Drug Administration
570:Council of State Governments
7:
1838:Center for Public Integrity
1378:National Notary Association
1021:Center for Public Integrity
717:"Sterilization Act of 1924"
666:
546:Center for Public Integrity
374:National Notary Association
10:
3117:
2685:International legal theory
2164:International slavery laws
2159:International human rights
2154:International criminal law
624:
510:—to limit the teaching of
396:Model Civil Law Notary Act
249:
177:
3033:
3010:
2900:
2738:Administration of justice
2723:
2632:
2523:
2402:
2304:
2025:
1893:
3101:Law of the United States
2515:Basic structure doctrine
2365:Natural and legal rights
2246:Public international law
1841:. Copy, Paste, Legislate
1457:Phelps, Jess R. (2006).
1434:New Employee Orientation
848:"Piikani Money Campaign"
684:Model State Constitution
540:"Copy, Paste, Legislate"
520:International model laws
445:National Security Agency
203:American Bar Association
197:American Bar Association
2695:Principle of typicality
2169:International trade law
1885:
652:George Mason University
315:Animal Liberation Front
264:—whose members include
231:Restatements of the Law
1284:Bloomberg Businessweek
1161:Lawrence Journal-World
808:Uniform Law Commission
778:Uniform Law Commission
576:Open recall disclosure
262:nonprofit organization
226:American Law Institute
220:American Law Institute
180:Uniform Law Commission
174:Uniform Law Commission
107:Uniform Law Commission
2690:Principle of legality
2449:Delegated legislation
2149:Intellectual property
422:Franklin D. Roosevelt
281:umbrella organization
2908:Barristers' chambers
2850:Legal representation
2788:Justice of the peace
2134:Financial regulation
557:The Arizona Republic
512:critical race theory
467:Uniform Vehicle Code
277:State Policy Network
2943:Election commission
2655:Expressive function
2184:Landlord–tenant law
2083:Consumer protection
1798:Cincinnati Enquirer
1592:on October 24, 2021
1112:The Palm Beach Post
989:Wall Street Journal
985:"Forget Washington"
603:Goldwater Institute
342:municipal broadband
330:truth in sentencing
326:illegal immigration
260:(ALEC) an American
111:interstate commerce
2901:Legal institutions
2768:Lawsuit/Litigation
2758:Dispute resolution
2563:Catholic canon law
2271:State of emergency
2234:Will and testament
1958:Law of obligations
1911:Constitutional law
1901:Administrative law
1567:2009-01-29 at the
1549:2007-11-10 at the
1530:, Computer World,
1374:"Model Notary Act"
1311:(CMD) via PR Watch
1133:The New York Times
1091:The New York Times
951:The New York Times
872:Harvard Law Review
751:2011-07-28 at the
365:Notable model acts
300:state-level policy
3083:
3082:
2743:Constitutionalism
2665:Law and economics
2503:Act of parliament
2241:Product liability
2194:Legal archaeology
2119:Environmental law
2113:Entertainment law
1953:International law
1065:. January 1, 2005
814:on 8 January 2019
784:on 8 January 2019
475:, drafted by the
449:mass surveillance
322:Stand Your Ground
269:state legislators
40:model legislation
16:(Redirected from
3108:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
2867:Question of fact
2748:Criminal justice
2078:Construction law
2073:Conflict of laws
2038:Agricultural law
1880:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1827:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1588:. Archived from
1577:
1571:
1559:
1553:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:. Archived from
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
980:
974:
973:
961:
955:
954:
942:
936:
935:
933:
925:
919:
918:
898:
892:
891:
889:
881:
875:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
844:
838:
837:
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
770:
764:
761:
755:
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
712:
678:EU Harmonization
673:Conflict of laws
586:Paul D. Moriarty
437:Tenther movement
400:civil law notary
236:Model Penal Code
34:, also called a
21:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3052:
3038:
3029:
3006:
2997:Political party
2970:Legal education
2958:Law enforcement
2938:Court of equity
2896:
2872:Question of law
2825:Practice of law
2805:Judicial review
2719:
2670:Legal formalism
2650:Comparative law
2645:Contract theory
2628:
2548:Legal pluralism
2519:
2508:Act of Congress
2432:Executive order
2398:
2300:
2219:Nationality law
2144:Immigration law
2068:Competition law
2021:
1889:
1884:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1828:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1578:
1574:
1569:Wayback Machine
1560:
1556:
1551:Wayback Machine
1542:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1489:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1350:
1346:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1291:on May 4, 2012.
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1169:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1124:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
981:
977:
962:
958:
943:
939:
931:
927:
926:
922:
899:
895:
887:
883:
882:
878:
869:
865:
856:
854:
846:
845:
841:
832:
831:
827:
817:
815:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
772:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:Wayback Machine
743:
739:
729:
727:
713:
706:
702:
669:
629:
623:
605:, drafted the "
599:
578:
542:
522:
503:National Review
487:civil procedure
367:
254:
248:
222:
199:
182:
176:
146:
141:
81:, avoidance of
52:better practice
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3049:
3046:Law portal
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Trial advocacy
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
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2657:
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2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
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2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
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2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2412:Ballot measure
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:Legal treatise
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2355:Letters patent
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2306:Sources of law
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:Unenforced law
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Commercial law
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1836:USA Today and
1811:
1784:
1759:
1720:
1707:Clarion Ledger
1693:
1664:
1651:
1625:
1614:. May 23, 2021
1603:
1572:
1554:
1536:
1516:
1483:
1449:
1424:
1407:
1390:
1365:
1344:
1323:
1294:
1269:
1244:
1219:
1193:
1167:
1146:
1118:
1097:
1076:
1050:
1033:
1001:
975:
956:
937:
920:
909:(3): 504–508.
893:
876:
863:
839:
825:
795:
765:
756:
737:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
668:
665:
659:, such as the
625:Main article:
622:
619:
598:
597:"Right-to-try"
595:
577:
574:
541:
538:
521:
518:
517:
516:
490:
480:
470:
463:
452:
433:
418:
409:'s issued the
403:
388:
377:
366:
363:
298:that focus on
273:private sector
250:Main article:
247:
244:
221:
218:
198:
195:
178:Main article:
175:
172:
145:
142:
140:
137:
126:European Union
38:or a piece of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3113:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Civil society
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Trier of fact
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Legal opinion
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Court-martial
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:Jurisprudence
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Statutory law
2612:
2610:
2609:Socialist law
2607:
2603:
2602:Byzantine law
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:Religious law
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2525:Legal systems
2522:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:Statutory law
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Statutory law
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Transport law
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Legal fiction
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Financial law
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Corporate law
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Statutory law
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:Core subjects
1892:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1709:. Mississippi
1708:
1704:
1697:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1037:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1009:Abowd, Paul.
1005:
990:
986:
979:
971:
967:
960:
952:
948:
941:
930:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
886:
880:
873:
867:
853:
849:
843:
835:
829:
813:
809:
805:
799:
783:
779:
775:
769:
760:
754:
750:
747:
741:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
704:
695:
692:
690:
689:Project Blitz
687:
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
644:Alan Clemmons
640:
638:
634:
628:
627:Anti-BDS laws
621:Anti-BDS laws
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
587:
582:
573:
571:
566:
562:
559:
558:
553:
552:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
498:Stanley Kurtz
495:
491:
488:
484:
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:proposed the
457:
454:In 2006, the
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
375:
372:
371:
370:
362:
360:
359:
353:
351:
345:
343:
339:
338:right to know
335:
334:three strikes
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
311:direct action
308:
303:
301:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
217:
214:
212:
208:
204:
194:
190:
188:
181:
171:
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1990:Public law
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