Castle - Knowledge

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construction are not well-recorded, and most surviving records relate to royal castles. A castle with earthen ramparts, a motte, timber defences and buildings could have been constructed by an unskilled workforce. The source of man-power was probably from the local lordship, and the tenants would already have the necessary skills of felling trees, digging, and working timber necessary for an earth and timber castle. Possibly coerced into working for their lord, the construction of an earth and timber castle would not have been a drain on a client's funds. In terms of time, it has been estimated that an average sized motte – 5 m (16 ft) high and 15 m (49 ft) wide at the summit – would have taken 50 people about 40 working days. An exceptionally expensive motte and bailey was that of

1694:. The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier, more elaborate style. The first was ugly and uncomfortable and the latter was less secure, although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol. The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon. For a variety of reasons, not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history, there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period. However, it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German-speaking areas. 1103: 230: 370: 2137: 2294: 1442: 1396:. Most of the Armenian military sites in Cilicia are characterized by: multiple bailey walls laid with irregular plans to follow the sinuosities of the outcrops; rounded and especially horseshoe-shaped towers; finely-cut often rusticated ashlar facing stones with intricate poured cores; concealed postern gates and complex bent entrances with slot machicolations; embrasured loopholes for archers; barrel, pointed or groined vaults over undercrofts, gates and chapels; and cisterns with elaborate scarped drains. Civilian settlement are often found in the immediate proximity of these fortifications. After the First Crusade, Crusaders who did not return to their homes in Europe helped found the 791: – openings in the ceiling of the gateway passage – were used to pour boiling oil or molten lead on attackers; the price of oil and lead and the distance of the gatehouse from fires meant that this was impractical. This method was, however, a common practice in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean castles and fortifications, where such resources were abundant. They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers, or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them. Provision was made in the upper storey of the gatehouse for accommodation so the gate was never left undefended, although this arrangement later evolved to become more comfortable at the expense of defence. 1503: 2420: 1188: 1758: 817: 2171: 1526:, the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders. Until the 13th century and start of the 14th centuries, their design was heterogeneous, however this period saw the emergence of a standard plan in the region: a square plan, with four wings around a central courtyard. It was common for castles in the East to have arrowslits in the curtain wall at multiple levels; contemporary builders in Europe were wary of this as they believed it weakened the wall. Arrowslits did not compromise the wall's strength, but it was not until Edward I's programme of castle building that they were widely adopted in Europe. 2202:

architecture such as battlements for the same purpose. Castles have been compared with cathedrals as objects of architectural pride, and some castles incorporated gardens as ornamental features. The right to crenellate, when granted by a monarch – though it was not always necessary – was important not just as it allowed a lord to defend his property but because crenellations and other accoutrements associated with castles were prestigious through their use by the elite. Licences to crenellate were also proof of a relationship with or favour from the monarch, who was the one responsible for granting permission.

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stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and a wooden door. This led to the elevation of windows to the second storey – to make it harder to throw objects in – and to move the entrance from ground level to the second storey. These features are seen in many surviving castle keeps, which were the more sophisticated version of halls. Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord's control over his lands. They allowed the garrison to control the surrounding area, and formed a centre of administration, providing the lord with a place to hold

2285:, they formed a minority of sites in England. Because of the range of functions they had to fulfil, castles were built in a variety of locations. Multiple factors were considered when choosing a site, balancing between the need for a defendable position with other considerations such as proximity to resources. For instance many castles are located near Roman roads, which remained important transport routes in the Middle Ages, or could lead to the alteration or creation of new road systems in the area. Where available it was common to exploit pre-existing defences such as building with a 1915: 764: 2462: 658: 1622:

49 lb) – to fire from towers. These guns were too heavy for a man to carry and fire, but if he supported the butt end and rested the muzzle on the edge of the gun port he could fire the weapon. The gun ports developed in this period show a unique feature, that of a horizontal timber across the opening. A hook on the end of the gun could be latched over the timber so the gunner did not have to take the full recoil of the weapon. This adaptation is found across Europe, and although the timber rarely survives, there is an intact example at

554: 1935: 919: 1811: 612: 462: 1667: 1546: 2591: 1495: – who had himself been on Crusade – built castles in Wales in the late 13th century, four of the eight he founded had a concentric design. Not all the features of the Crusader castles from the 13th century were emulated in Europe. For instance, it was common in Crusader castles to have the main gate in the side of a tower and for there to be two turns in the passageway, lengthening the time it took for someone to reach the outer enclosure. It is rare for this 1785: 2506: 870:: gaps and solid blocks on top of a wall. Hoardings were wooden constructs that projected beyond the wall, allowing defenders to shoot at, or drop objects on, attackers at the base of the wall without having to lean perilously over the crenellations, thereby exposing themselves to retaliatory fire. Machicolations were stone projections on top of a wall with openings that allowed objects to be dropped on an enemy at the base of the wall in a similar fashion to hoardings. 389: 9656: 8874: 955: 2346: 2486:

Garrisons were expensive and as a result often small unless the castle was important. Cost also meant that in peacetime garrisons were smaller, and small castles were manned by perhaps a couple of watchmen and gate-guards. Even in war, garrisons were not necessarily large as too many people in a defending force would strain supplies and impair the castle's ability to withstand a long siege. In 1403, a force of 37 archers successfully defended

9666: 2262: 2374: 1588: 2413:, also in England; although it appears to be a state of the art, advanced castle it is in a site of little strategic importance, and the moat was shallow and more likely intended to make the site appear impressive than as a defence against mining. The approach was long and took the viewer around the castle, ensuring they got a good look before entering. Moreover, the gunports were impractical and unlikely to have been effective. 714: 2534:, which probably evolved from the petraria in the 13th century, was the most effective siege weapon before the development of cannons. These weapons were vulnerable to fire from the castle as they had a short range and were large machines. Conversely, weapons such as trebuchets could be fired from within the castle due to the high trajectory of its projectile, and would be protected from direct fire by the curtain walls. 1603: 1279: 881:, also commonly called loopholes, were narrow vertical openings in defensive walls which allowed arrows or crossbow bolts to be fired on attackers. The narrow slits were intended to protect the defender by providing a very small target, but the size of the opening could also impede the defender if it was too small. A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming. Sometimes a 2048:

coal; 200 quarrymen; 30 smiths; and carpenters for putting in the joists and floor boards and other necessary jobs. All this takes no account of the garrison ... nor of purchases of material. Of which there will have to be a great quantity ... The men's pay has been and still is very much in arrears, and we are having the greatest difficulty in keeping them because they have simply nothing to live on.

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also a place where a knight or lord could entertain his peers. Over time the aesthetics of the design became more important, as the castle's appearance and size began to reflect the prestige and power of its occupant. Comfortable homes were often fashioned within their fortified walls. Although castles still provided protection from low levels of violence in later periods, eventually they were succeeded by

1642:. The benefits of large guns over trebuchets – the most effective siege engine of the Middle Ages before the advent of gunpowder – were those of a greater range and power. In an effort to make them more effective, guns were made ever bigger, although this hampered their ability to reach remote castles. By the 1450s guns were the preferred siege weapon, and their effectiveness was demonstrated by 1229:, and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers. Donjons, which were the residence of the lord of the castle, evolved to become more spacious. The design emphasis of donjons changed to reflect a shift from functional to decorative requirements, imposing a symbol of lordly power upon the landscape. This sometimes led to compromising defence for the sake of display. 2498:

Sieges could last weeks, months, and in rare cases years if the supplies of food and water were plentiful. A long siege could slow down the army, allowing help to come or for the enemy to prepare a larger force for later. Such an approach was not confined to castles, but was also applied to the fortified towns of the day. On occasion, siege castles would be built to defend the besiegers from a sudden

1749:, were defended towers that were permanent residences built in the 14th to 17th centuries. Especially common in Ireland and Scotland, they could be up to five storeys high and succeeded common enclosure castles and were built by a greater social range of people. While unlikely to provide as much protection as a more complex castle, they offered security against raiders and other small threats. 1574:. These were the men who built all the most typical twelfth-century fortified castles remaining today". Despite this, by the beginning of the 15th century, the rate of castle construction in England and Wales went into decline. The new castles were generally of a lighter build than earlier structures and presented few innovations, although strong sites were still created such as that of 162:

from enemies. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power. Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community, such as mills, fertile land, or a water source.

1877:(1911–1930) – the last flicker of this movement in the British Isles. While churches and cathedrals in a Gothic style could faithfully imitate medieval examples, new country houses built in a "castle style" differed internally from their medieval predecessors. This was because to be faithful to medieval design would have left the houses cold and dark by contemporary standards. 643:. The enceinte was the castle's main defensive enclosure, and the terms "bailey" and "enceinte" are linked. A castle could have several baileys but only one enceinte. Castles with no keep, which relied on their outer defences for protection, are sometimes called enceinte castles; these were the earliest form of castles, before the keep was introduced in the 10th century. 2253:

castle, either on behalf of her husband or if she was widowed. Because of their influence within the medieval household, women influenced construction and design, sometimes through direct patronage; historian Charles Coulson emphasises the role of women in applying "a refined aristocratic taste" to castles due to their long term residence.

2579:, sometimes called a belfry. Once ditches around a castle were partially filled in, these wooden, movable towers could be pushed against the curtain wall. As well as offering some protection for those inside, a siege tower could overlook the interior of a castle, giving bowmen an advantageous position from which to unleash missiles. 2187:

those immediately below them on the social scale, but absentees could expect to find their influence weakened. Larger lordships could be vast, and it would be impractical for a lord to visit all his properties regularly, so deputies were appointed. This especially applied to royalty, who sometimes owned land in different countries.

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were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical. Gateways were more strongly defended, with the entrance to the castle usually between two half-round towers which were connected by a passage above the gateway – although there was great variety in the styles of gateway and entrances – and one or more portcullis.

2365:, 166 houses were destroyed to clear space for the castle, and in York agricultural land was flooded to create a moat for the castle. As the military importance of urban castles waned from their early origins, they became more important as centres of administration, and their financial and judicial roles. When the 1184:, pebbles in cement, where timber was in short supply. Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere, from the 11th century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain, while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north-west Europe. 2552:. A mine leading to the wall would be dug and once the target had been reached, the wooden supports preventing the tunnel from collapsing would be burned. It would cave in and bring down the structure above. Building a castle on a rock outcrop or surrounding it with a wide, deep moat helped prevent this. A 2337:

in the Holy Land, the 260 villages benefitted from the inhabitants' newfound ability to move freely. When built, a castle could result in the restructuring of the local landscape, with roads moved for the convenience of the lord. Settlements could also grow naturally around a castle, rather than

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This form is very common in castles adapted for guns, found in Egypt, Italy, Scotland, and Spain, and elsewhere in between. Other types of port, though less common, were horizontal slits – allowing only lateral movement – and large square openings, which allowed greater movement. The use of

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The entrance was often the weakest part in a circuit of defences. To overcome this, the gatehouse was developed, allowing those inside the castle to control the flow of traffic. In earth and timber castles, the gateway was usually the first feature to be rebuilt in stone. The front of the gateway was

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was introduced to Europe in the 14th century, it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th century, when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. While castles continued to be built well into the 16th century, new techniques to deal with improved

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The purpose of marriage between the medieval elites was to secure land. Girls were married in their teens, but boys did not marry until they came of age. There is a popular conception that women played a peripheral role in the medieval castle household, and that it was dominated by the lord himself.

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As social centres castles were important places for display. Builders took the opportunity to draw on symbolism, through the use of motifs, to evoke a sense of chivalry that was aspired to in the Middle Ages amongst the elite. Later structures of the Romantic revival would draw on elements of castle

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Not only were stone castles expensive to build in the first place, but their maintenance was a constant drain. They contained a lot of timber, which was often unseasoned and as a result needed careful upkeep. For example, it is documented that in the late 12th century repairs at castles such as

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were similar, although they differed from artificial ruins in that they were not part of a planned landscape, but rather seemed to have no reason for being built. Both drew on elements of castle architecture such as castellation and towers, but served no military purpose and were solely for display.

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Often, castles constructed before the age of gunpowder were incapable of using guns as their wall-walks were too narrow. A solution to this was to pull down the top of a tower and to fill the lower part with the rubble to provide a surface for the guns to fire from. Lowering the defences in this way

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These later castles did not always have a keep, but this may have been because the more complex design of the castle as a whole drove up costs and the keep was sacrificed to save money. The larger towers provided space for habitation to make up for the loss of the donjon. Where keeps did exist, they

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A motte was an earthen mound with a flat top. It was often artificial, although sometimes it incorporated a pre-existing feature of the landscape. The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte, called a moat (which could be either wet or dry). Although the motte is commonly

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Towards the end of the Middle Ages, castles tended to lose their military significance due to the advent of powerful cannons and permanent artillery fortifications; as a result, castles became more important as residences and statements of power. A castle could act as a stronghold and prison but was

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were siege engines that worked on the same principles as crossbows. With their origins in Ancient Greece, tension was used to project a bolt or javelin. Missiles fired from these engines had a lower trajectory than trebuchets or mangonels and were more accurate. They were more commonly used against

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If forced to assault a castle, there were many options available to the attackers. For wooden structures, such as early motte-and-baileys, fire was a real threat and attempts would be made to set them alight as can be seen in the Bayeux Tapestry. Projectile weapons had been used since antiquity and

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If it was necessary to seize control of a castle an army could either launch an assault or lay siege. It was more efficient to starve the garrison out than to assault it, particularly for the most heavily defended sites. Without relief from an external source, the defenders would eventually submit.

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or the ramparts of an Iron Age hillfort. A prominent site that overlooked the surrounding area and offered some natural defences may also have been chosen because its visibility made it a symbol of power. Urban castles were particularly important in controlling centres of population and production,

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Many countries had both timber and stone castles, however Denmark had few quarries and as a result most of its castles are earth and timber affairs, or later on built from brick. Brick-built structures were not necessarily weaker than their stone-built counterparts. Brick castles are less common in

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In case you should wonder where so much money could go in a week, we would have you know that we have needed – and shall continue to need 400 masons, both cutters and layers, together with 2,000 less-skilled workmen, 100 carts, 60 wagons, and 30 boats bringing stone and sea

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into Western architecture. Until the 13th century, the tops of towers had been surrounded by wooden galleries, allowing defenders to drop objects on assailants below. Although machicolations performed the same purpose as the wooden galleries, they were probably an Eastern invention rather than

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The concept, which originated in castles such as Krak des Chevaliers, was to remove the reliance on a central strongpoint and to emphasise the defence of the curtain walls. There would be multiple rings of defensive walls, one inside the other, with the inner ring rising above the outer so that its

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structures). The design of castles was not uniform, but these were features that could be found in a typical castle in the mid-12th century. By the end of the 12th century or the early 13th century, a newly constructed castle could be expected to be polygonal in shape, with towers at

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Despite the common period in which castles rose to prominence in Europe, their form and design varied from region to region. In the early 11th century, the motte and keep – an artificial mound with a palisade and tower on top – was the most common form of castle in Europe, everywhere

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led to the privatisation of government, and local lords assumed responsibility for the economy and justice. However, while castles proliferated in the 9th and 10th centuries the link between periods of insecurity and building fortifications is not always straightforward. Some high concentrations of

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In the medieval period, castles were influenced by earlier forms of elite architecture, contributing to regional variations. Importantly, while castles had military aspects, they contained a recognisable household structure within their walls, reflecting the multi-functional use of these buildings.

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in Latin. In motte-and-bailey castles, the keep was on top of the motte. "Dungeon" is a corrupted form of "donjon" and means a dark, unwelcoming prison. Although often the strongest part of a castle and a last place of refuge if the outer defences fell, the keep was not left empty in case of attack

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From the late 12th century there was a trend for knights to move out of the small houses they had previously occupied within the bailey to live in fortified houses in the countryside. Although often associated with the motte-and-bailey type of castle, baileys could also be found as independent

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resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures: they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection

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Artillery powered by gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 1320s and spread quickly. Handguns, which were initially unpredictable and inaccurate weapons, were not recorded until the 1380s. Castles were adapted to allow small artillery pieces – averaging between 19.6 and 22 kg (43 and

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argued that the case for the influence of Eastern fortification on the West has been overstated, and that Crusaders of the 12th century in fact learned very little about scientific design from Byzantine and Saracen defences. A well-sited castle that made use of natural defences and had strong

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investigation which has dated the construction of castle sites through the examination of ceramics. The increase in Italy began in the 950s, with numbers of castles increasing by a factor of three to five every 50 years, whereas in other parts of Europe such as France and Spain the growth was

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A bank and ditch enclosure was a simple form of defence, and when found without an associated motte is called a ringwork; when the site was in use for a prolonged period, it was sometimes replaced by a more complex structure or enhanced by the addition of a stone curtain wall. Building the hall in

635:. Over time the focus of high status accommodation shifted from the keep to the bailey; this resulted in the creation of another bailey that separated the high status buildings – such as the lord's chambers and the chapel – from the everyday structures such as the workshops and barracks. 626:

A bailey, also called a ward, was a fortified enclosure. It was a common feature of castles, and most had at least one. The keep on top of the motte was the domicile of the lord in charge of the castle and a bastion of last defence, while the bailey was the home of the rest of the lord's household

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where, in return for military service and the expectation of loyalty, the lord would grant the vassal land. In the late 20th century, there was a trend to refine the definition of a castle by including the criterion of feudal ownership, thus tying castles to the medieval period; however, this

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Early on, manning a castle was a feudal duty of vassals to their magnates, and magnates to their kings, however this was later replaced with paid forces. A garrison was usually commanded by a constable whose peacetime role would have been looking after the castle in the owner's absence. Under him

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Due to the lord's presence in a castle, it was a centre of administration from where he controlled his lands. He relied on the support of those below him, as without the support of his more powerful tenants a lord could expect his power to be undermined. Successful lords regularly held court with

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in England was built between 1430 and 1450, there was plenty of stone available nearby, but the owner, Lord Cromwell, chose to use brick. About 700,000 bricks were used to build the castle, which has been described as "the finest piece of medieval brick-work in England". Most Spanish castles

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Once the site of a castle had been selected – whether a strategic position or one intended to dominate the landscape as a mark of power – the building material had to be selected. An earth and timber castle was cheaper and easier to erect than one built from stone. The costs involved in

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According to archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham, "the great country houses of the seventeenth to twentieth centuries were, in a social sense, the castles of their day". Though there was a trend for the elite to move from castles into country houses in the 17th century, castles

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It is likely that the castle evolved from the practice of fortifying a lordly home. The greatest threat to a lord's home or hall was fire as it was usually a wooden structure. To protect against this, and keep other threats at bay, there were several courses of action available: create encircling

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The great hall was a large, decorated room where a lord received his guests. The hall represented the prestige, authority, and richness of the lord. Events such as feasts, banquets, social or ceremonial gatherings, meetings of the military council, and judicial trials were held in the great hall.

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in Latin) close to the keep, and the donjon was a barracks and headquarters. Gradually, the two functions merged into the same building, and the highest residential storeys had large windows; as a result for many structures, it is difficult to find an appropriate term. The massive internal spaces

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was a masculine expression of their power. In scholarship the castle, as defined above, is generally accepted as a coherent concept, originating in Europe and later spreading to parts of the Middle East, where they were introduced by European Crusaders. This coherent group shared a common origin,

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As a static structure, castles could often be avoided. Their immediate area of influence was about 400 metres (1,300 ft) and their weapons had a short range even early in the age of artillery. However, leaving an enemy behind would allow them to interfere with communications and make raids.

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of her husband's estates – usually about a third – which was hers for life, and her husband would inherit on her death. It was her duty to administer them directly, as the lord administered his own land. Despite generally being excluded from military service, a woman could be in charge of a

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Although castle construction faded towards the end of the 16th century, castles did not necessarily all fall out of use. Some retained a role in local administration and became law courts, while others are still handed down in aristocratic families as hereditary seats. A particularly famous

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The response towards more effective cannons was to build thicker walls and to prefer round towers, as the curving sides were more likely to deflect a shot than a flat surface. While this sufficed for new castles, pre-existing structures had to find a way to cope with being battered by cannon. An

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ensured that a lord would get his due toll money from merchants. Rural castles were often associated with mills and field systems due to their role in managing the lord's estate, which gave them greater influence over resources. Others were adjacent to or in royal forests or deer parks and were

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The greatest period of castle building in Spain was in the 11th to 13th centuries, and they were most commonly found in the disputed borders between Christian and Muslim lands. Conflict and interaction between the two groups led to an exchange of architectural ideas, and Spanish Christians

2198:; the castle kitchens would have been a busy place when the castle was occupied, called on to provide large meals. Without the presence of a lord's household, usually because he was staying elsewhere, a castle would have been a quiet place with few residents, focused on maintaining the castle. 1565:

Although France has been described as "the heartland of medieval architecture", the English were at the forefront of castle architecture in the 12th century. French historian François Gebelin wrote: "The great revival in military architecture was led, as one would naturally expect, by the

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seen in many surviving donjons can be misleading; they would have been divided into several rooms by light partitions, as in a modern office building. Even in some large castles the great hall was separated only by a partition from the lord's chamber, his bedroom and to some extent his office.

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During and shortly after the Norman Conquest of England, castles were inserted into important pre-existing towns to control and subdue the populace. They were usually located near any existing town defences, such as Roman walls, although this sometimes resulted in the demolition of structures

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At the same time there was a change in castle architecture. Until the late 12th century castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis; a great keep or donjon, usually square and without arrowslits; and the shape would have been

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earthwork sites, which meant it was preferable to build in more durable stone. Although superseded by their stone successors, timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless. This is evidenced by the continual maintenance of timber castles over long periods, sometimes several centuries;

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was 16 metres (52 ft) high, 17.5 metres (57 ft) wide, and 10 metres (33 ft) long with walls averaging 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). The walls contain 1,200 cubic metres (42,000 cu ft) of stone and have a total surface (both inside and out) of 1,600 square metres

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Until the 12th century, stone-built and earth and timber castles were contemporary, but by the late 12th century the number of castles being built went into decline. This has been partly attributed to the higher cost of stone-built fortifications, and the obsolescence of timber and

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In different areas of the world, analogous structures shared features of fortification and other defining characteristics associated with the concept of a castle, though they originated in different periods and circumstances and experienced differing evolutions and influences. For example,

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was home to 12 castles; by 1000, this figure had risen to 30, and by 1030 it was over 100. Although the increase was slower in Spain, the 1020s saw a particular growth in the number of castles in the region, particularly in contested border areas between Christian and Muslim lands.

784: – a wooden grille reinforced with metal to block a passage – and arrowslits to allow defenders to harry the enemy. The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in a confined space and unable to retaliate. 177:. Many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence – several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castle's firepower. These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the 2419: 1133:

In some countries the monarch had little control over lords, or required the construction of new castles to aid in securing the land so was unconcerned about granting permission – as was the case in England in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest and the Holy Land during the

519:, underwent "a completely different developmental history, were built in a completely different way and were designed to withstand attacks of a completely different nature". While European castles built from the late 12th and early 13th century onwards were generally stone, 2824:

in the prior generation(s). And a 'pleasance' was built to resemble those remembered castles, even though to reduce expense, the walls were not adequate as fortifications, as-built; with the possible exception of those (if any) made by remodelling obsolete, formerly functional

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While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies, in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified. Castle architecture in the East became more complex around the late 12th and early 13th centuries after the stalemate of the

2401:. This signified a close relationship between feudal lords and the Church, one of the most important institutions of medieval society. Even elements of castle architecture that have usually been interpreted as military could be used for display. The water features of 2318:

important in their upkeep. Fish ponds were a luxury of the lordly elite, and many were found next to castles. Not only were they practical in that they ensured a water supply and fresh fish, but they were a status symbol as they were expensive to build and maintain.

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pirates, and they were usually intended as coastal defences. The motte and bailey remained the dominant form of castle in England, Wales, and Ireland well into the 12th century. At the same time, castle architecture in mainland Europe became more sophisticated.

2207:"The castle, as a large and imposing architectural structure in the landscape, would have evoked emotions and attachments and created a legacy for those who built it, worked in it, and lived in and around it, as well as those who simply passed it on a daily basis." 2194:, while a treasurer took care of the estate's written records. Royal households took essentially the same form as baronial households, although on a much larger scale and the positions were more prestigious. An important role of the household servants was the 1658:

had the effect of making them easier to scale with ladders. A more popular alternative defence, which avoided damaging the castle, was to establish bulwarks beyond the castle's defences. These could be built from earth or stone and were used to mount weapons.

2388:, one of the northernmost castles in Europe. The exact date of construction of the castle is unclear, as far as it is known to have been built in the late 13th century, but the first mention of it in contemporary documents is from 1308. It was built close to 1578:

in Wales. At the same time, French castle architecture came to the fore and led the way in the field of medieval fortifications. Across Europe – particularly the Baltic, Germany, and Scotland – castles were built well into the 16th century.

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Curtain walls were defensive walls enclosing a bailey. They had to be high enough to make scaling the walls with ladders difficult and thick enough to withstand bombardment from siege engines which, from the 15th century onwards, included gunpowder

1138:. Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles, and as a result there were 4,000 in the country. There are very few castles dated with certainty from the mid-9th century. Converted into a donjon around 950, 2494:

would have been knights who by benefit of their military training would have acted as a type of officer class. Below them were archers and bowmen, whose role was to prevent the enemy reaching the walls as can be seen by the positioning of arrowslits.

2235:

is one example of stories of courtly love told in the Middle Ages. It was an ideal of love between two people not married to each other, although the man might be married to someone else. It was not uncommon or ignoble for a lord to be adulterous –

1958:

The cost of building a castle varied according to factors such as their complexity and transport costs for material. It is certain that stone castles cost a great deal more than those built from earth and timber. Even a very small tower, such as

2248:

This derives from the image of the castle as a martial institution, but most castles in England, France, Ireland, and Scotland were never involved in conflicts or sieges, so the domestic life is a neglected facet. The lady was given a

1211:

shortly before the Norman Conquest in 1066. Before the 12th century castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest. The introduction of castles to Denmark was a reaction to attacks from

802:, ditch, and possibly a tower, in front of the gatehouse which could be used to further protect the entrance. The purpose of a barbican was not just to provide another line of defence but also to dictate the only approach to the gate. 2338:

being planned, due to the benefits of proximity to an economic centre in a rural landscape and the safety given by the defences. Not all such settlements survived, as once the castle lost its importance – perhaps succeeded by a

1999:, but for lords of smaller areas, castle building was a very serious and costly undertaking. It was usual for a stone castle to take the best part of a decade to finish. The cost of a large castle built over this time (anywhere from 1729:, has been described as "the most medieval-looking fort built in Canada". The manor house and stables were within a fortified bailey, with a tall round turret in each corner. The "most substantial castle-like fort" near Montréal was 1154:

From 1000 onwards, references to castles in texts such as charters increased greatly. Historians have interpreted this as evidence of a sudden increase in the number of castles in Europe around this time; this has been supported by

10291: 10061: 9621: 1224:

was at the centre of this change in castle architecture in the 12th century. Central towers proliferated, and typically had a square plan, with walls 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) thick. Their decoration emulated

9950: 9920: 9825: 1349:(1096–1099), rather than nearly 100 years later. Remains of Roman structures in Western Europe were still standing in many places, some of which had flanking round-towers and entrances between two flanking towers. 1302:. Probably developed in the 12th century, the towers provided flanking fire. They were connected to the castle by removable wooden bridges, so if the towers were captured the rest of the castle was not accessible. 1433:, the 13th-century ruler of the Saracens, created structures with large rectangular towers that influenced Muslim architecture and were copied again and again, however they had little influence on Crusader castles. 10206: 2369:

invaded Ireland, Scotland, and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries, settlement in those countries was predominantly non-urban, and the foundation of towns was often linked with the creation of a castle.

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the garrison rather than the buildings of a castle. Eventually cannons developed to the point where they were more powerful and had a greater range than the trebuchet, and became the main weapon in siege warfare.

1169:

except Scandinavia. While Britain, France, and Italy shared a tradition of timber construction that was continued in castle architecture, Spain more commonly used stone or mud-brick as the main building material.

9631: 685:

At first, this was usual only in England, when after the Norman Conquest of 1066 the "conquerors lived for a long time in a constant state of alert"; elsewhere the lord's wife presided over a separate residence

1634:

in France. Defences against guns were not developed until a later stage. Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations, tall towers, and crenellations.

1488:

field of fire was not completely obscured. If assailants made it past the first line of defence they would be caught in the killing ground between the inner and outer walls and have to assault the second wall.

1345:, in France. If the innovations in fortification had derived from the East, it would have been expected for their influence to be seen from 1100 onwards, immediately after the Christians were victorious in the 9875: 1420:

which were square in plan and had square towers at each corner that did not project much beyond the curtain wall. The keep of these Crusader castles would have had a square plan and generally be undecorated.

10066: 9925: 2800:. In particular, a 'pleasance' necessarily had extensive, elaborate gardens; these are sometimes called by the modern descriptive phrase "stately pleasure gardens". They were built in northern Europe after 9545: 2312:

As castles were not simply military buildings but centres of administration and symbols of power, they had a significant impact on the surrounding landscape. Placed by a frequently-used road or river, the

2396:

The location of castles in relation to high status features, such as fish ponds, was a statement of power and control of resources. Also often found near a castle, sometimes within its defences, was the

2269:

in southern France have become the popular idea of where castles should be found because they are photogenic, where in reality castles were built in a variety of places due to a range of considerations.

9590: 1207:

Historians have interpreted the widespread presence of castles across Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries as evidence that warfare was common, and usually between local lords. Castles were

1024:

encountered fortified settlements such as hill forts and oppida when expanding their territory into northern Europe. Their defences were often effective, and were only overcome by the extensive use of

408:

Castles served a range of purposes, the most important of which were military, administrative, and domestic. As well as defensive structures, castles were also offensive tools which could be used as a

1733:, built in 1692 with square towers connected by thick stone walls, as well as a fortified windmill. Stone forts such as these served as defensive residences, as well as imposing structures to prevent 885:

was included; this could allow the garrison to leave the castle and engage besieging forces. It was usual for the latrines to empty down the external walls of a castle and into the surrounding ditch.

142:

and 19th- and 20th-century homes built to resemble castles. Over the Middle Ages, when genuine castles were built, they took on a great many forms with many different features, although some, such as

9815: 1062:

The subject of the emergence of castles in Europe is a complex matter which has led to considerable debate. Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by

10806: 9830: 9725: 9915: 9880: 10081: 9237: 827:

A moat was a ditch surrounding a castle – or dividing one part of a castle from another – and could be either dry or filled with water. Its purpose often had a defensive purpose, preventing

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example of this is Windsor Castle in England which was founded in the 11th century and is home to the monarch of the United Kingdom. In other cases they still had a role in defence.

9935: 8268: 1534:

an evolution of the wooden form. Machicolations were used in the East long before the arrival of the Crusaders, and perhaps as early as the first half of the 8th century in Syria.

2564:

were also used, usually in the form of a tree trunk given an iron cap. They were used to force open the castle gates, although they were sometimes used against walls with less effect.

10121: 9930: 9595: 9209: 2290:

especially with an invading force, for instance in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century the majority of royal castles were built in or near towns.

1341:

originated in the East. In the mid-20th century this view was cast into doubt. Legends were discredited, and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from

1083:

earthworks to keep an enemy at a distance; build the hall in stone; or raise it up on an artificial mound, known as a motte, to present an obstacle to attackers. While the concept of

977:

Historian Charles Coulson states that the accumulation of wealth and resources, such as food, led to the need for defensive structures. The earliest fortifications originated in the

10356: 10221: 10026: 9940: 9540: 9460: 9214: 1834:

to prevent them from being used again. Some country residences, which were not meant to be fortified, were given a castle appearance to scare away potential invaders such as adding

669:

A keep was a great tower or other building that served as the main living quarters of the castle and usually the most strongly defended point of a castle before the introduction of

1717:

towards the end of the 17th century. In Montreal the artillery was not as developed as on the battle-fields of Europe, some of the region's outlying forts were built like the

10236: 10126: 10056: 9820: 9770: 9730: 9430: 9425: 2092:. When building in stone a prominent concern of medieval builders was to have quarries close at hand. There are examples of some castles where stone was quarried on site, such as 1686:

was developed in Italy. With developments such as these, Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications, which took over from the defensive role of castles. From this evolved

2190:

To allow the lord to concentrate on his duties regarding administration, he had a household of servants to take care of chores such as providing food. The household was run by a

2109:

England than stone or earth and timber constructions, and often it was chosen for its aesthetic appeal or because it was fashionable, encouraged by the brick architecture of the

1126:

without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed. This is perhaps the earliest reference to castles, though military historian R. Allen Brown points out that the word

10296: 10216: 10181: 10166: 10151: 10106: 10041: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9750: 9550: 9525: 9440: 9420: 9370: 9340: 9131: 9091: 9051: 10347: 9885: 1713:, "these castles were essentially European medieval castles transposed to America". Among other defensive structures (including forts and citadels), castles were also built in 10171: 9890: 9805: 9780: 9636: 9510: 9390: 2556:

could be dug towards the besiegers' tunnel; assuming the two converged, this would result in underground hand-to-hand combat. Mining was so effective that during the siege of

10271: 10246: 10096: 10091: 10071: 10036: 10021: 9855: 9790: 9760: 9735: 9580: 9530: 9465: 9455: 9355: 9262: 9247: 9194: 741:, curtain walls were sometimes given a stone skirt around their bases. Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below, and 9232: 10343: 10325: 10256: 10226: 10211: 10196: 10176: 10141: 10136: 10086: 10031: 10006: 9870: 9865: 9795: 9775: 9555: 9470: 9335: 9081: 9034: 8939: 1275:

fire for the walls. The towers would have protruded from the walls and featured arrowslits on each level to allow archers to target anyone nearing or at the curtain wall.

366:

armies encountered walled settlements and forts that they indiscriminately referred to as castles, but which would not be considered as such under the modern definition.

10266: 10261: 10201: 10156: 10116: 10011: 9810: 9740: 9600: 9435: 9350: 9345: 9086: 1416:. The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master-masons. Their design was very similar to that of a Roman fort or Byzantine 839:

in Wales covers over 30 acres (12 ha) and the water defences, created by flooding the valley to the south of the castle, are some of the largest in Western Europe.

10791: 10321: 10241: 10191: 10146: 10131: 10101: 10076: 10016: 9860: 9785: 9641: 9495: 9375: 209:

or country houses that were indefensible. From the 18th century onwards, there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of mock castles, part of a

193:

evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power. Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape.

10251: 10161: 10051: 9755: 9480: 9445: 3364: 330:

In its simplest terms, the definition of a castle accepted amongst academics is "a private fortified residence". This contrasts with earlier fortifications, such as

173:. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. This led to the proliferation of towers, with an emphasis on 1883:, built to resemble remnants of historic edifices, were also a hallmark of the period. They were usually built as centre pieces in aristocratic planned landscapes. 1337:

who reputedly went to Wales after the Crusades and greatly enhanced the castles in the south of the country – and it was assumed that great architects such as

749:

fire along the wall. Arrowslits in the walls did not become common in Europe until the 13th century, for fear that they might compromise the wall's strength.

1709:. The first stage of Spanish fort construction has been termed the "castle period", which lasted from 1492 until the end of the 16th century. Starting with 2409:

entrance to take a very indirect route, walking around the defences before the final approach towards the gateway. Another example is that of the 14th-century

1678:

in Italy, was developed around 1500. First used in Italy, it allowed the evolution of artillery forts that eventually took over the military role of castles.

526:

By the 16th century, when Japanese and European cultures met, fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian

1484:. Design varied not just between orders, but between individual castles, though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences. 780:. The gatehouse contained a series of defences to make a direct assault more difficult than battering down a simple gate. Typically, there were one or more 665:

near Paris towers above the castle's curtain wall. The wall exhibits features common to castle architecture: a gatehouse, corner towers, and machicolations.

627:

and gave them protection. The barracks for the garrison, stables, workshops, and storage facilities were often found in the bailey. Water was supplied by a

737:. A typical wall could be 3 m (10 ft) thick and 12 m (39 ft) tall, although sizes varied greatly between castles. To protect them from 500:

in their name while having few if any of the architectural characteristics, usually as their owners liked to maintain a link to the past and felt the term

6226: 4867: 3747:

Fernández-Götz, Manuel (December 2019). "A World of 200 Oppida: Pre-Roman Urbanism in Temperate Europe Oppida". In de Ligt, Luuk; Bintliff, John (eds.).

1626:

in the Netherlands. Gunports were keyhole shaped, with a circular hole at the bottom for the weapon and a narrow slit on top to allow the gunner to aim.

138:

and are not primarily fortresses but may be fortified. Use of the term has varied over time and, sometimes, has also been applied to structures such as

3600: 2872: 6202: 2820:" – a reminder to those viewing it from the outside of the superior power and status of the resident nobility which had been dispatched from castle 416:

advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. Between 1066 and 1087, he established 36 castles such as

573:"Motte" refers to the mound alone, but it was often surmounted by a fortified structure, such as a keep, and the flat top would be surrounded by a 412:

in enemy territory. Castles were established by Norman invaders of England for both defensive purposes and to pacify the country's inhabitants. As

2575:

behind the battlements. In this instance, attackers would be vulnerable to arrow fire. A safer option for those assaulting a castle was to use a

2105:(17,000 sq ft). The tower is estimated to have taken 83,000 average working days to complete, most of which was unskilled labour. 3708: 831:

from reaching walls making mining harder, but could also be ornamental. Water moats were found in low-lying areas and were usually crossed by a

6541: 1241: 201:

cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live. As a result, true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery

9702: 3397: 2329:

or villages were created around a castle. The benefits of castle building on settlements was not confined to Europe. When the 13th-century

1208: 6608: 5913:

Castellarium Anglicanum: An tndex and bibliography of the castles in England, Wales and the Islands: Volume I · Anglesey–Montgomery

5451:. Hämeen linna [Häme Castle]. Museot ja linnat (Museums and Castles) (Report) (in Finnish). Tervetuloa Suomen kansallismuseoon ( 4908: 2223:

was the eroticisation of love between the nobility. Emphasis was placed on restraint between lovers. Though sometimes expressed through

9039: 4792: 9765: 8969: 776:

a blind spot and to overcome this, projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by the

5456: 1325:

found their answer in the Crusades. It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the

10801: 6981: 1042:) varied from simple temporary earthworks thrown up by armies on the move, to elaborate permanent stone constructions, notably the 673:. "Keep" was not a term used in the medieval period – the term was applied from the 16th century onwards – instead " 2530:

and petraria – from Eastern and Roman origins respectively – were the main two that were used into the Middle Ages. The

589:. Sometimes a motte covered an older castle or hall, whose rooms became underground storage areas and prisons beneath a new keep. 10796: 9570: 1392:, where they discovered an extensive network of sophisticated fortifications which had a profound impact on the architecture of 10402: 9983: 8911: 8084: 5809:(1991). "The Cost of Castle Building: The case of the tower at Langeais, 992–994". In Reyerson, Kathryn L.; Powe, Faye (eds.). 10317: 9176: 8989: 6768: 6747: 6726: 6690: 6564: 6525: 6265: 6240: 6174: 6087: 5987: 5966: 5899: 5855: 5822: 4902: 3758: 2231:, where knights would fight wearing a token from their lady, it could also be private and conducted in secret. The legend of 1352:

The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design; late Roman coastal forts on the English "

3641: 2179: 9835: 9380: 9295: 9014: 3671: 2011:, severely impacting a lord's finances. Costs in the late 13th century were of a similar order, with castles such as 1118:

Building a castle sometimes required the permission of the king or other high authority. In 864 the King of West Francia,

169:. Early castles often exploited natural defences, lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central 8678: 8373: 2490:

against two assaults by Owain Glyndŵr's allies during a long siege, demonstrating that a small force could be effective.

2437:, England, which has been managed since the 13th century. The castle overlooks artificial lakes and ponds within a 2342:

as the centre of administration – the benefits of living next to a castle vanished and the settlement depopulated.

2325:

in England, it was more common for the villages nearby to have grown as a result of the presence of a castle. Sometimes

1518:

in the Baltic was the introduction of stone and brick fortifications. Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in

1452:

is a concentric castle built with both rectangular and rounded towers. It is one of the best-preserved Crusader castles.

9252: 9101: 9096: 6008: 2850:(recorded television program). Time Team. Tregruk settlement, Llangybi village, town of Pontypool, Monmouth shire, UK: 4293:

Edwards, Robert W., "Settlements and Toponymy in Armenian Cilicia", Revue des Études Arméniennes 24, 1993, pp.181-204.

9695: 8493: 8278: 6935: 6914: 6893: 6872: 6841: 6820: 6799: 6669: 6589: 6504: 6483: 6462: 6430: 6391: 6370: 6349: 6324: 6153: 6129: 6108: 6056: 6035: 5941: 5920: 5794: 5769: 5748: 4776: 4278: 3785: 3594: 2143: 111: 3379: 1020:. Some oppida walls were built on a massive scale, utilising stone, wood, iron and earth in their construction. The 728:, with curtain walls between the lower outer towers, and higher inner curtain walls between the higher inner towers. 165:

Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber but had their defences replaced later by

9711: 9061: 2114: 1139: 1342: 1305: 10646: 10231: 9505: 8703: 4349: 1769: 1262:

was still in use by the start of the 15th century, its structure having been maintained for four centuries.

248:, exemplifies all uses of a castle including city defence, a residence, and a place of refuge in times of crisis. 1888:

A toy castle is used as a common children attraction in playing fields and fun parks, such as the castle of the

9910: 9320: 9161: 5109: 4434: 2426: 2293: 2122: 4877: 9330: 9071: 8954: 5814: 2308:: inaccessibility of location with only a narrow bridge traversing deep canyon provides excellent protection. 1469: 768: 237: 1638:

Bigger guns were developed, and in the 15th century became an alternative to siege engines such as the

850:

were most often found surmounting curtain walls and the tops of gatehouses, and comprised several elements:

10811: 9688: 9515: 9242: 9066: 7926: 7464: 6974: 3584: 2884: 1173: 708: 516: 143: 1429:(1189–1192). Both Christians and Muslims created fortifications, and the character of each was different. 9485: 9146: 9141: 9116: 8974: 8263: 7344: 6556: 6187: 1858: 1389: 1016:

emerged in the 2nd century BC; these were densely inhabited fortified settlements, such as the

213: 17: 3775: 2170: 1566:

powerful kings and princes of the time; by the sons of William the Conqueror and their descendants, the

10839: 10556: 10430: 10395: 10334: 10186: 9976: 9450: 9325: 9171: 9121: 9029: 9019: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8979: 8964: 8959: 8949: 8944: 8934: 8904: 7859: 6661: 5452: 1930:

mark the position of the scaffolding in earlier stages of construction. The tower was blown up in 1917.

377: 319: 10636: 10516: 9992: 9800: 9745: 9535: 9500: 9415: 9405: 9365: 9257: 9199: 9166: 9156: 9136: 9126: 9111: 9106: 9056: 9024: 9009: 8984: 8920: 8308: 6222: 2737: 2266: 1796: 1481: 1294:

A peculiar feature of Muslim castles in the Iberian Peninsula was the use of detached towers, called

44: 7933: 1955:

20. The high cost, relative to other castles of its type, was because labourers had to be imported.

10111: 9560: 9520: 9475: 9410: 9385: 9360: 9312: 9288: 9151: 9076: 9046: 8805: 7883: 2772: 2405:

in England – comprising a moat and several satellite ponds – forced anyone approaching a

1457: 1393: 1369:. Although there were no scientific elements to its design, it was almost impregnable, and in 1187 1334: 1002: 910:

Sometimes the great hall existed as a separate building, in that case, it was called a hall-house.

577:. It was common for the motte to be reached over a flying bridge (a bridge over the ditch from the 6232: 6028:

Castles in Medieval Society: Fortresses in England, France, and Ireland in the Central Middle Ages

3420: 1919: 1654:

earthen bank could be piled behind a castle's curtain wall to absorb some of the shock of impact.

557:

The wooden palisades on top of mottes were often later replaced with stone, as in this example at

10566: 9400: 9395: 9304: 8852: 8627: 8333: 8328: 8248: 8045: 7992: 7962: 7719: 7649: 7593: 7170: 6967: 6079: 5786: 2855: 2816:

built to resemble a militarily-functional castle, so that it could serve as what one could call "

2273:

The positioning of castles was influenced by the available terrain. Whereas hill castles such as

2241: 1948: 1401: 1226: 1088: 799: 353:

lords, either for themselves or for their monarch. Feudalism was the link between a lord and his

157:

European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the

31: 3748: 2321:

Although sometimes the construction of a castle led to the destruction of a village, such as at

682:

but was used as a residence by the lord who owned the castle, or his guests or representatives.

662: 10656: 8877: 8693: 8283: 8180: 8065: 7249: 6604:

A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8 · The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick

2722: 2499: 1803: 1647: 1330: 926: 570:

castle, this was not always the case and there are instances where a motte existed on its own.

229: 189:. Not all the elements of castle architecture were military in nature, so that devices such as 5847: 2118:

were built from stone, whereas castles in Eastern Europe were usually of timber construction.

2101: 1102: 1091:, and stone walls as defensive measures is ancient, raising a motte is a medieval innovation. 10480: 10388: 9969: 8897: 8830: 8668: 8450: 8203: 7940: 7763: 7092: 6602: 4892: 2362: 2228: 2040: 1866: 1835: 1799: 1761: 1338: 1084: 448: 349:

in the Middle East; castles were not communal defences but were built and owned by the local

174: 5834:

Barthélemy, Dominique (1988). "Civilizing the fortress: Eleventh to fourteenth century". In

3640:(in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Međunarodni centar za mir, Institut za istoriju. p. 27. 2908: 51: 10460: 10455: 8815: 8343: 7969: 7768: 7734: 7134: 7016: 4798: 2797: 2191: 1773: 1409: 1192: 413: 2175: 2150:, Poland, is an example of medieval fortresses and built in the typical style of northern 2093: 1373:

chose to lay siege to the castle and starve out its garrison rather than risk an assault.

897:

is a secondary door or gate in a concealed location, usually in a fortification such as a

763: 558: 8: 10621: 9610: 9281: 8632: 8368: 7724: 7102: 6787: 5448: 2089: 2077: 2028: 1905: 1814: 1492: 1473: 1461: 1445: 1377: 1299: 1017: 820: 234: 2518: 2514: 2097: 1984: 1923: 1111: 1050:. Roman forts were generally rectangular with rounded corners – a "playing-card shape". 586: 465: 10583: 10465: 8754: 8363: 8338: 8323: 8318: 8168: 8148: 7945: 7506: 7373: 7117: 6642: 6581: 6535: 5884: 5843: 2742: 2596: 2438: 2349: 2297: 2237: 2232: 1862: 1788: 1726: 1623: 1075: 855: 158: 3408: 1939: 1365:

ditches and walls had no need for a scientific design. An example of this approach is

1110:

contains one of the earliest representations of a castle. It depicts attackers of the

1079:

castles occur in secure places, while some border regions had relatively few castles.

816: 369: 10745: 10692: 9665: 8810: 8769: 8744: 8617: 8298: 8138: 7985: 7571: 7449: 7127: 7070: 6931: 6910: 6889: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6837: 6816: 6795: 6764: 6743: 6722: 6686: 6665: 6646: 6585: 6560: 6521: 6500: 6479: 6458: 6426: 6387: 6366: 6345: 6320: 6310: 6297: 6286: 6261: 6257: 6236: 6170: 6149: 6141: 6125: 6104: 6083: 6052: 6031: 5983: 5962: 5958: 5937: 5916: 5895: 5851: 5818: 5790: 5765: 5744: 4898: 4772: 4274: 4273:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 3–282. 3781: 3754: 3590: 3412: 2712: 2697: 2625: 2487: 2402: 2063: 1889: 1827: 1765: 1550: 1510:(built in the 1280s) in North Wales was influenced by his experience of the Crusades. 1413: 1283: 1047: 938: 836: 738: 358:

does not necessarily reflect the terminology used in the medieval period. During the

182: 4427:"Defending a Mediterranean island outpost of the Spanish Empire – the case of Malta" 1934: 1631: 1598:(built between 1446 and 1480) was one of the biggest in Eastern Europe at that time. 835:, although these were often replaced by stone bridges. The site of the 13th-century 447:, and as a result has been misapplied in the technical sense. An example of this is 10844: 10834: 10651: 10573: 10501: 9680: 8784: 8759: 8688: 8612: 8213: 8208: 8143: 7694: 7498: 7077: 6634: 6341: 6302:. Hart, H. Eaton (translator) (English ed.). Presses Universitaires de France. 6016: 6012: 5806: 2793: 2752: 2456: 2081: 2012: 1880: 1675: 1515: 1405: 1317:, England, was built in the 1220s, and has an entrance between two D-shaped towers. 1119: 1063: 1033: 978: 717: 567: 548: 510: 421: 282: 1810: 1255: 958: 918: 10765: 10521: 10485: 10475: 8673: 8525: 8498: 8438: 8408: 8293: 8258: 8238: 8223: 7778: 7773: 7741: 7502: 7444: 7432: 7414: 7281: 7262: 7188: 7165: 6403: 6316: 5999:

Coulson, Charles (1979). "Structural symbolism in Medieval castle architecture".

5891: 3663: 3635: 2762: 2640: 2630: 2572: 2071: 2067: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1972: 1964: 1952: 1777: 1730: 1710: 1465: 1397: 1385: 1295: 1246: 1107: 986: 616: 582: 245: 119: 1376:

During the late 11th and 12th centuries in what is now south-central Turkey the

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7,000 between 1181 and 1191. Spending on the scale of the vast castles such as

1960: 1722: 1606: 1545: 1507: 1502: 1381: 1310: 985:, Europe, Egypt, and China where settlements were protected by large walls. In 417: 373: 342: 338: 2845: 2560:

in 1285 when the garrison were informed a sap was being dug they surrendered.

2381: 2377: 2084:, became indispensable during construction, and techniques of building wooden 745:

gave them further protection. Curtain walls were studded with towers to allow

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Ekdahl, Sven (2006). "Castles: The Baltic Region". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).

5840:

A History of Private Life: Volume II · Revelations of the Medieval World

3416: 2792:

A 'pleasance' is a style of walled-in royal or noble residence, used by some

2645: 2561: 2466: 2410: 2398: 2195: 2165: 2110: 2059: 1968: 1870: 1839: 1591: 1575: 1530: 1496: 1441: 1426: 1346: 1096: 966: 859: 444: 429: 359: 99: 77: 9961: 8889: 6638: 3774:

Ralston, Ian (1995). "Fortifications and defence". In Green, Miranda (ed.).

2126:, written in the early 1260s, describes the construction of a new castle at 2100:

and Château Gaillard. When it was built in 992 in France the stone tower at

1321:

When seeking to explain this change in the complexity and style of castles,

10707: 10661: 10595: 10411: 8825: 8683: 8647: 8602: 8586: 8514: 8467: 8443: 8433: 8428: 8243: 8060: 7921: 7888: 7753: 7689: 7664: 7576: 7550: 7518: 7512: 7454: 7393: 7363: 7211: 5835: 4872: 2677: 2662: 2590: 2553: 2430: 2406: 2244:

for instance – but for a lady to be promiscuous was seen as dishonourable.

2220: 2151: 2130:. It is "one of the fullest" medieval accounts of a castle's construction. 1976: 1909: 1874: 1702: 1595: 1177: 1025: 1021: 777: 606: 602: 578: 409: 381: 331: 166: 70: 9273: 2277:

were common in Germany, where 66 per cent of all known medieval were

1914: 1784: 1542:, driving the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula, was complete in 1492. 1360:

imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091. Historian Smail in

10616: 10551: 9669: 8724: 8581: 8550: 8532: 8520: 8462: 8457: 8398: 8393: 8353: 8253: 8218: 8114: 8017: 7788: 7758: 7748: 7654: 7543: 7160: 7107: 2767: 2727: 2672: 2667: 2635: 2620: 2576: 2339: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2278: 2154:. On its completion in 1406 it was the largest brick castle in the world. 2085: 2008: 1927: 1850: 1792: 1742: 1718: 1614: 1567: 1539: 1353: 1322: 1267: 1156: 982: 828: 788: 725: 481: 275: 210: 103: 81: 7351: 6907:

The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A social and political history

2502:

and would have been abandoned after the siege ended one way or another.

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Vann, Theresa M. (2006). "Castles – Iberia". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).

6601:

Stephens, W.B., ed. (1969). "The castle and castle estate in Warwick".

6444:

Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History

2702: 2692: 2656: 2389: 2286: 1746: 1714: 1706: 1491:

Concentric castles were widely copied across Europe, for instance when

1187: 1043: 994: 990: 970: 954: 934: 882: 851: 847: 832: 781: 742: 628: 265: 151: 8729: 7274: 4339: 3709:

Fortifications of Malta#Ancient and Medieval fortifications (pre-1530)

2607: 2567:

As an alternative to the time-consuming task of creating a breach, an

2345: 1893: 1456:

In the early 13th century, Crusader castles were mostly built by

486: 294: 206: 10754: 10750: 10717: 10702: 10682: 10578: 10531: 10440: 8158: 8089: 7916: 7911: 7844: 7485: 7398: 7328: 7286: 7112: 7082: 7043: 7009: 5466:– via Kansallismuseo (National Museum) (www.kansallismuseo.fi). 5101: 4868:"Playmobil's theme park in Malta has captured children's imagination" 2880: 2851: 2801: 2687: 2614: 2541: 2531: 2510: 2301: 2274: 2261: 2043:, responsible for the construction of Beaumaris, explained the cost: 1996: 1831: 1687: 1643: 1639: 930: 898: 878: 863: 758: 734: 531: 455: 393: 202: 197: 147: 139: 4426: 4271:

The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII

3702: 3589:. St. Cloud, Minn: North Star Press of St. Cloud. 1991. p. 17. 2373: 1587: 1333:. There were legends such as that of Lalys – an architect from 1176:

in the 8th century introduced a style of building developed in

670: 553: 10687: 8642: 8637: 8562: 8403: 8121: 8096: 8079: 8009: 7950: 7878: 7871: 7714: 7602: 7476: 7296: 7291: 7267: 7195: 7175: 7155: 7122: 6553:

Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality

2821: 2568: 2537: 2527: 2474: 2353: 2224: 1854: 1734: 1698: 1571: 1430: 1314: 1272: 1266:

dictated by the lay of the land (the result was often irregular or

1259: 1161: 1135: 1009: 998: 795: 746: 721: 713: 640: 598: 581:

of the ditch to the edge of the top of the mound), as shown in the

574: 505:

dealt with a particular mode of warfare, and exchanged influences.

452: 178: 107: 30:

This article is about medieval fortifications. For other uses, see

10807:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

1830:(1641–1651), many castles were refortified, although subsequently 1602: 1472:. The orders were responsible for the foundation of sites such as 1232: 866:. Crenellation is the collective name for alternating crenels and 10541: 10450: 8774: 8739: 8734: 8072: 8055: 8040: 8024: 7976: 7904: 7849: 7839: 7807: 7709: 7684: 7669: 7439: 7383: 7301: 7148: 7141: 7087: 6959: 2883:. 10 October 2010. season 17, episode 8. Archived from 2707: 2549: 2469:

showing contemporary warfare, including the use of castles (here

2385: 2366: 2334: 1843: 1818: 1683: 1671: 1630:

guns for defence gave rise to artillery castles, such as that of

1610: 1523: 1519: 1370: 1326: 1278: 1196: 1071: 1067: 1013: 942: 922: 894: 632: 620: 492: 346: 270: 123: 6710:] (in German). Vol. 1. Stuttgart, DE: Anton Hiersemann. 6455:

Castles in Context: Power, symbolism and landscape, 1066 to 1500

5886:

The Regions of Germany: A reference guide to history and culture

2571:

could be attempted to capture the walls with fighting along the

1838:

and using small windows. An example of this is the 16th century

523:

were predominantly timber buildings into the 16th century.

322:

to denote this type of building, which was then new to England.

10760: 10626: 10561: 10536: 10425: 10380: 8779: 8133: 7699: 7637: 7581: 7559: 7536: 7529: 7405: 7220: 7052: 7034: 7004: 6146:

Siege Warfare: The fortress in the early modern world 1494–1660

5105: 4345: 3378:(1). Rivista tal-Għaqda Maltija tal-Folklor: 19. Archived from 2805: 2757: 2557: 2478: 2305: 1849:

Revival or mock castles became popular as a manifestation of a

1477: 1221: 1200: 1143: 1038: 867: 674: 469: 397: 363: 354: 350: 186: 127: 59: 6625:

Taylor, Christopher (2000). "Medieval Ornamental Landscapes".

6235:("New Horizons") series. London, UK: Thames & Hudson Ltd. 639:

defensive structures. These simple fortifications were called

10722: 10590: 10546: 10506: 8820: 8764: 8508: 8033: 7864: 7704: 7025: 4859: 3627: 2452: 2330: 2249: 2127: 1884: 1826:

were not completely useless. In later conflicts, such as the

1558: 1449: 1366: 1213: 1029: 962: 929:, built around a prehistoric central fortified settlement or 401: 257: 131: 55: 2505: 1666: 310:, and a number of words in other languages also derive from 7802: 7644: 7611: 7586: 7378: 7368: 7337: 7316: 3750:

Regional Urban Systems in the Roman World, 150 BCE – 250 CE

2717: 2434: 1554: 811: 652: 334: 241: 190: 170: 85: 10792:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

5934:

The Castle in England and Wales: An interpretative history

5781:

Aurell, Martin (2006). "Society". In Power, Daniel (ed.).

380:

and was one of the principal official residences of Queen

4493: 4491: 4252: 4250: 1661: 1012:

to accompany the ditches. In central and western Europe,

6423:

Castles and Residential Towers of the German Middle Ages

5867:

Burton, Peter (2007–2008). "Islamic Castles in Iberia".

5785:. The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320. Oxford, UK: 4797:(in Spanish), Museo Nacional de Historia, archived from 4760: 5441: 5094: 5082: 3505: 1356:" were reused and in Spain the wall around the city of 1114:

in France using fire, a major threat to wooden castles.

443:

is sometimes used as a catch-all term for all kinds of

4488: 4247: 4237: 4235: 3493: 2178:

set against an agricultural scene, as depicted in the

1995:

20,000 between 1196 and 1198) was easily supported by

1008:

Many earthworks survive today, along with evidence of

771:, France. It connects the upper ward to the lower one. 4532: 4530: 3615: 1074:

and a need for private defence. The breakdown of the

376:

in England was founded as a fortification during the

9710: 6813:

Behind the Castle Gate: From Medieval to Renaissance

6384:

Behind the Castle Gate: From Medieval to Renaissance

4369: 4367: 4365: 3730: 3728: 2586: 1971:, which was built in the late 12th century for 1926:

in France, with scaffolding and masons at work. The

6221: 6070:Early European Castles: Aristocracy and authority, 5977: 5016: 5004: 4647: 4635: 4232: 3307: 3305: 1861:in architecture. Examples of these castles include 1745:, which are closely related to castles and include 1130:may have applied to any fortification at the time. 1057: 6740:The Crusades: An encyclopedia: Volume I · A–C 6167:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia: Volume I · A–C 5883: 4527: 3693:Zammit, Vincent (1984). "Maltese Fortifications". 3664:"The natural and architectural ensemble of Stolac" 2838: 2356:, which stands on a small islet in the Tejo River. 420:, which he used to guard against rebellion in the 27:Fortified residential structure of medieval Europe 6683:The Culture of Castles in Tudor England and Wales 6001:Journal of the British Archaeological Association 4928: 4926: 4771:. Vol. 2. Klabb Kotba Maltin. p. 1028. 4362: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4193: 3725: 1846:, Malta, which was modified in the 18th century. 933:(existed there cca. 17/16th c. to the end of the 185:, and inspiration from earlier defences, such as 10826: 5915:. London, UK: Kraus International Publications. 3302: 2812:military castles. In general, a 'pleasance' was 2039:95,000 between 1277 and 1329. Renowned designer 1752: 1538:adopted the use of detached towers. The Spanish 7231: 6478:. London, UK: English Heritage B.T. Batsford. 6419:Burgen und Wohntürme des deutschen Mittelalters 6098: 5559: 5557: 5435: 5423: 5351: 5296: 5294: 4884: 4742: 4706: 4096: 4094: 3365:"Il-Muxrabija, wirt l-Iżlam fil-Gżejjer Maltin" 3057: 2904: 2854:. 2013-03-11 . season 17, episode 8. 1975:1,400, and at the upper end were those such as 1233:Innovation and scientific design (12th century) 997:, which then proliferated across Europe in the 458:which had a very different origin and purpose. 318:was introduced into English shortly before the 7793: 7739: 7557: 7403: 5347: 5345: 4923: 4205: 4190: 3746: 3005: 3003: 10396: 9991: 9977: 9696: 9289: 8919: 8905: 8448: 8178: 8007: 7983: 7600: 7591: 7548: 7272: 7068: 7059: 6975: 6930:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6909:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6836:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. 6618:– via Institute of Historical Research. 6425:] (in German). Stuttgart, DE: Thorbecke. 6276: 5931: 5910: 5722: 5647: 5575: 5548: 5476: 5052: 4608: 4536: 4509: 4497: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4412: 4373: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4256: 4241: 4199: 4184: 4148: 4085: 4073: 3947: 3920: 3896: 3860: 3656: 3311: 3248: 3236: 3137: 3033: 2919: 2031:'s campaign of castle-building in Wales cost 1529:The Crusades also led to the introduction of 1298:, around the perimeter as can be seen at the 396:built in the 9th century on the banks of the 8567: 8548: 8539: 8530: 8119: 8094: 8070: 8031: 8022: 7974: 7960: 7931: 7902: 7893: 7869: 7830: 7635: 7616: 7534: 7483: 7474: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7349: 7335: 7326: 7209: 7186: 6410:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6360: 5978:Chartrand, René; Spedaliere, Donato (2006). 5955:French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763 5554: 5291: 5255: 5076: 5040: 4384: 4382: 4091: 4013: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3982: 3980: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3092: 3090: 2930: 2928: 1821:, Malta, designed with castle-like features. 515:in Japan, described as castles by historian 122:of a lord or noble. This is distinct from a 58:, is one of the most distinctive castles in 9303: 7218: 7200: 7146: 7132: 7050: 7041: 7032: 7023: 7014: 5866: 5762:The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide 5759: 5738: 5710: 5683: 5659: 5635: 5587: 5342: 4766: 4341:Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din 4226: 4214: 4136: 4124: 4025: 3959: 3932: 3908: 3872: 3824: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3436: 3081: 3000: 2256: 2007:10,000) would take the income from several 1938:Experimental archeology castle building at 1142:in France is the oldest standing castle in 325: 84:, England, is surrounded by a water-filled 50:Dating back to the early 12th century, the 10403: 10389: 9984: 9970: 9703: 9689: 9296: 9282: 8912: 8898: 6982: 6968: 6949:The Idea of the Castle in Medieval England 6856:Chateaux-forts et fortifications en France 6704:Lexikon der Deutschen Burgen und Schlösser 6540:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6457:. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press Ltd. 6148:. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 6122:Prehistoric Europe: An illustrated history 6099:Creighton, Oliver; Higham, Robert (2003). 5833: 5605: 3943: 3941: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3212: 3176: 3149: 2123:On the Construction of the Castle of Safed 1922:of the construction of the large tower at 1682:Around 1500, the innovation of the angled 1005:rather than stone as a building material. 205:with no role in civil administration, and 6228:The Cathedral Builders of the Middle Ages 6067: 6046: 5952: 5706: 5704: 5536: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5411: 5399: 5375: 5363: 5336: 5324: 5300: 5102:"Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork" 5010: 4890: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4659: 4379: 3992: 3977: 3848: 3812: 3395: 3362: 3114: 3087: 2925: 2429:Movable panorama of the landscape around 1436: 134:, whose main purpose was exclusively for 10802:Mason Contractors Association of America 6946: 6716: 6708:Lexicon of German Castles and Fortresses 6680: 6655: 6600: 6578:The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land 6452: 6308: 6119: 5811:The Medieval Castle: Romance and reality 5805: 5599: 5524: 5237: 5213: 5028: 4841: 4829: 4718: 4623: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4521: 3734: 3633: 3499: 3478: 3108: 3096: 3069: 3045: 3021: 2994: 2982: 2946: 2504: 2460: 2372: 2344: 2292: 2260: 2212: 2169: 1967:200. In the middle were castles such as 1933: 1913: 1809: 1783: 1756: 1665: 1601: 1586: 1544: 1501: 1440: 1304: 1277: 1199:, England is an example of an elaborate 1186: 1174:Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula 1101: 953: 917: 815: 762: 712: 677:" was used to refer to great towers, or 656: 610: 552: 460: 387: 368: 228: 10797:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 6701: 6607:. London, UK: Victoria County History. 6550: 6473: 6402: 6381: 6361:Higham, Robert; Barker, Philip (1992). 6335: 6295: 6124:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 6030:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 6025: 5998: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5225: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5153: 5141: 5088: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4865: 4619: 4454: 4268: 4262: 3938: 3836: 3773: 3719: 3571: 3460: 3350: 3346: 3344: 2958: 2934: 2148:Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork 794:During the 13th and 14th centuries the 14: 10827: 6624: 6515: 6494: 6441: 6164: 6078:. Debates in Archaeology. London, UK: 5780: 5701: 5306: 4897:. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 53. 4424: 4400: 4172: 4100: 4061: 3986: 3971: 3692: 3621: 3511: 3356: 1817:, a 20th-century country residence in 1662:Bastions and star forts (16th century) 1582: 1001:. Hillforts in Britain typically used 592: 496:in German), many manor houses contain 10384: 9965: 9684: 9277: 8893: 6963: 6575: 6416: 6277:Gardberg, C.J.; Welin, P.O. (2003) . 6251: 6185: 6140: 5743:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 5695: 5671: 5623: 5611: 5563: 5387: 5312: 5165: 5129: 5064: 4911:from the original on 22 December 2016 4853: 4754: 4730: 4388: 4160: 4112: 4049: 3884: 3674:from the original on 15 November 2017 3644:from the original on 25 November 2021 3603:from the original on 25 November 2021 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3487: 3448: 3398:"A Survey of the Maltese Muxrabijiet" 3335: 3323: 3296: 3224: 3200: 3188: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3125: 3009: 2970: 566:associated with the bailey to form a 472:, Portugal, with a bridge over a moat 6861:Castles and Fortifications in France 6758: 6737: 6309:Gies, Joseph; Gies, Frances (1974). 5881: 4891:Gallagher, Mary-Ann (1 March 2007). 4817: 4037: 3800: 3341: 1697:Some true castles were built in the 937:, cca. 9/8th c. BCE), surrounded by 823:in Scotland is surrounded by a moat. 480:has not become a generic term for a 216:, but they had no military purpose. 8374:Weapons Storage and Security System 5932:Cathcart King, David James (1988). 5911:Cathcart King, David James (1983). 1309:The gatehouse to the inner ward of 798:was developed. This consisted of a 24: 9712:List of castles in North America 6989: 6779: 6285:] (in Finnish). Helsinki, FI: 6009:British Archaeological Association 5783:The Short Oxford History of Europe 3155: 2180:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 2035:80,000 between 1277 and 1304, and 1036:. The Romans' own fortifications ( 537: 25: 10856: 6794:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 6685:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. 6417:Krahe, Friedrich-Wilhelm (2002). 2465:An early 13th-century drawing by 1561:, were built in the 15th century. 1258:'s 11th-century timber castle at 1122:, prohibited the construction of 274:, meaning "fortified place". The 10410: 10292:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 10062:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9826:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9664: 9655: 9654: 8873: 8872: 6951:. York, UK: York Medieval Press. 6476:English Heritage Book of Castles 6442:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2002). 6195:The Castle Studies Group Journal 5869:The Castle Studies Group Journal 5716: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5330: 5318: 5279: 5267: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4785: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4613: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4515: 4503: 4476: 4464: 4448: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4287: 2589: 2418: 2159: 2135: 1853:interest in the Middle Ages and 1058:Origins (9th and 10th centuries) 767:A 13th-century gatehouse in the 615:A courtyard of the 14th-century 69: 43: 10647:Non-explosive demolition agents 6884:Monreal y Tejada, Luis (1999). 6611:from the original on 2021-05-18 6446:. McFarland & Company, Inc. 6254:The Sutton Companion to Castles 6208:from the original on 2011-07-28 5739:Allen Brown, Reginald (1976) . 5731: 5459:from the original on 2020-06-15 5112:from the original on 2020-11-01 4648:Chartrand & Spedaliere 2006 4636:Chartrand & Spedaliere 2006 4437:from the original on 2021-08-31 4352:from the original on 2019-12-02 4220: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3965: 3953: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3767: 3740: 3713: 3686: 3637:Urbano biće Bosne i Hercegovine 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3389: 3329: 3317: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3143: 3131: 3102: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 2988: 2858:from the original on 2021-10-30 2548:Walls could be undermined by a 2361:occupying the desired site. In 2281:while 34 per cent were on 1899: 1149: 702: 451:which, despite the name, is an 9622:British Indian Ocean Territory 6888:(English ed.). Konemann. 6863:] (in French). Paris, FR: 6763:. Chichester, UK: Phillimore. 6017:10.1080/00681288.1979.11895032 5760:Allen Brown, Reginald (1984). 4866:Kollewe, Julia (30 May 2011). 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2913: 2898: 2786: 1951:in Ireland, built in 1211 for 1506:The design of Edward I's 1388:established themselves in the 949: 842: 435: 214:revival of Gothic architecture 114:. Scholars usually consider a 13: 1: 8269:British "hedgehog" road block 6365:. London, UK: B.T. Batsford. 6120:Cunliffe, Barry, ed. (1998). 5815:University of Minnesota Press 5741:Allen Brown's English Castles 4457:, pp. 43, 47, quoted in 3396:Azzopardi, Joe (April 2012). 2832: 1857:, and as part of the broader 1753:Later use and revival castles 1725:, built from 1695 to 1698 by 904: 873: 219: 10812:Worshipful Company of Masons 9951:United States Virgin Islands 6681:Thorstad, Audrey M. (2019). 3668:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2779: 2080:and inventions, such as the 2041:Master James of Saint George 1918:A 19th-century depiction by 1570:, when they became dukes of 993:were first developed in the 752: 709:Curtain wall (fortification) 224: 7: 8679:Cities with defensive walls 8264:Defensive fighting position 8179: 7984: 7794: 7740: 7601: 7592: 7558: 7549: 7404: 6557:University of Chicago Press 6516:Nossov, Konstantin (2006). 6283:Medieval Castles in Finland 6279:Suomen keskiaikaiset linnat 5436:Creighton & Higham 2003 5424:Creighton & Higham 2003 5352:Creighton & Higham 2003 4767:Guillaumier, Alfie (2005). 4743:Creighton & Higham 2003 4707:Creighton & Higham 2003 4269:Edwards, Robert W. (1987). 3179:, pp. 408–410, 412–414 3058:Creighton & Higham 2003 2905:Creighton & Higham 2003 2582: 1390:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1140:Château de Doué-la-Fontaine 1032:techniques, such as at the 432:as high-status residences. 400:in the old capital city of 102:structure built during the 10: 10861: 9993:List of castles in Africa 8921:List of castles in Europe 6947:Wheatley, Abigail (2004). 6719:Japanese Castles 1540–1640 6717:Turnbull, Stephen (2003). 6662:Cambridge University Press 6656:Thompson, Michael (1987). 6296:Gebelin, François (1964). 6223:Erlande-Brandenburg, Alain 6068:Creighton, Oliver (2012). 6047:Creighton, Oliver (2002). 5980:The Spanish Main 1492–1800 5936:. London, UK: Croom Helm. 5453:National Museum of Finland 2450: 2446: 2163: 1903: 1549:The northern walls of the 1514:One of the effects of the 1343:Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche 945:) dated to the 4th c. BCE. 913: 888: 809: 787:It is a popular myth that 756: 706: 650: 596: 546: 29: 10784: 10733: 10670: 10637:Lewis (lifting appliance) 10604: 10494: 10418: 10305: 10280: 9999: 9926:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 9844: 9718: 9650: 9609: 9569: 9311: 9223: 9185: 8927: 8863: 8793: 8717: 8661: 8595: 8481: 8386: 8309:Hardened aircraft shelter 8284:Entry control point (ECP) 8196: 8107: 7823: 7816: 7248: 6997: 6886:Medieval Castles of Spain 6815:. London, UK: Routledge. 6811:Johnson, Matthew (2002). 6658:The Decline of the Castle 6453:Liddiard, Robert (2005). 6386:. London, UK: Routledge. 6382:Johnson, Matthew (2002). 6312:Life in a Medieval Castle 6051:. London, UK: Continuum. 6026:Coulson, Charles (2003). 5477:Gardberg & Welin 2003 4919:– via Google Books. 4622:, p. viii, cited in 3780:. Routledge. p. 75. 3753:. Brill. pp. 35–66. 3363:Jaccarini, C. J. (2002). 2265:Highland castles such as 1963:, would have cost around 661:The 14th-century keep of 10047:Central African Republic 9946:Turks and Caicos Islands 9371:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9305:List of castles in Asia 8806:Continuity of government 6518:Indian Castles 1206–1526 6338:The History of Feudalism 6188:"Malbork Castle, Poland" 5953:Chartrand, René (2005). 5846:Belknap Press. pp. 5077:Higham & Barker 1992 5041:Higham & Barker 1992 5017:Erlande-Brandenburg 1995 5005:Erlande-Brandenburg 1995 4014:Higham & Barker 1992 4002:Higham & Barker 1992 2773:Castle Site of Montbazon 2257:Locations and landscapes 2088:were improved upon from 769:château de Châteaubriant 542: 326:Defining characteristics 183:concentric fortification 9632:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8628:Motte-and-bailey castle 8334:Missile launch facility 8329:Main line of resistance 7024: 6926:Thompson, M.W. (1991). 6905:Pounds, N.J.G. (1994). 6834:Medieval Fortifications 6639:10.1179/lan.2000.1.1.38 6551:Schultz, James (2006). 6336:Herlihy, David (1970). 6252:Friar, Stephen (2003). 6186:Emery, Anthony (2007). 6080:Bristol Classical Press 5787:Oxford University Press 5650:, pp. 125–126, 169 5503:, pp. 110, 131–132 5414:, pp. 180–181, 217 5288:, pp. 297–299, 382 4894:Top 10 Malta & Gozo 4794:Antecedentes históricos 4425:Cassar, George (2014). 3815:, pp. 27–29, 45–48 3634:Brkljača, Seka (1996). 3072:, pp. 1–2, 158–159 2521:in the south of France. 1499:to be found in Europe. 1402:Principality of Antioch 1271:the corners to provide 1227:Romanesque architecture 1209:introduced into England 805: 646: 32:Castle (disambiguation) 9876:British Virgin Islands 8970:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8704:Military installations 8568: 8549: 8540: 8531: 8449: 8120: 8095: 8071: 8061:Scarp and Counterscarp 8032: 8023: 8008: 7975: 7961: 7932: 7903: 7894: 7870: 7831: 7636: 7617: 7535: 7484: 7475: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7350: 7336: 7327: 7273: 7232: 7219: 7210: 7201: 7187: 7147: 7133: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7015: 6928:The Rise of the Castle 6792:Medieval Siege Warfare 6702:Tillman, Curt (1958). 6499:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 6299:The châteaux of France 6049:Castles and Landscapes 2723:Medieval fortification 2522: 2482: 2393: 2357: 2309: 2270: 2209: 2183: 2055: 1943: 1942:site in France (2015). 1931: 1822: 1807: 1804:Maximilian I of Mexico 1781: 1719:fortified manor houses 1679: 1648:Fall of Constantinople 1618: 1599: 1562: 1511: 1453: 1437:13th to 15th centuries 1331:Byzantine architecture 1318: 1287: 1204: 1115: 974: 946: 824: 772: 729: 666: 623: 562: 473: 405: 385: 249: 10207:São Tomé and Príncipe 10067:Republic of the Congo 9816:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8473:Floating water castle 8204:Admiralty scaffolding 7497:Fortified buildings ( 6853:Mesqui, Jean (1997). 6721:. Osprey Publishing. 6520:. Osprey Publishing. 6495:Norris, John (2004). 6474:McNeill, Tom (1992). 6233:Découvertes Gallimard 6103:. Shire Archaeology. 5982:. Osprey Publishing. 5882:Buse, Dieter (2005). 2508: 2464: 2376: 2348: 2296: 2264: 2205: 2182:. Early 15th century. 2173: 2045: 1937: 1920:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 1917: 1813: 1787: 1760: 1669: 1605: 1590: 1548: 1505: 1444: 1339:James of Saint George 1308: 1281: 1190: 1105: 957: 921: 819: 766: 716: 660: 614: 556: 464: 414:William the Conqueror 391: 372: 232: 106:predominantly by the 10461:Massive precut stone 10456:Post-tensioned stone 9546:United Arab Emirates 8816:Subterranean warfare 7769:Viking ring fortress 6788:Gravett, Christopher 6759:Ward, Simon (2009). 6576:Smail, R.C. (1973). 6497:Welsh Castles at War 5807:Bachrach, Bernard S. 5449:"Historia (History)" 5238:Gies & Gies 1974 5079:, pp. 79, 84–88 4769:Bliet u Rhula Maltin 3426:on 15 November 2015. 2961:, p. xvii–xviii 2873:"Time Team: Tregruk" 2865:– via YouTube. 2818:landscape propaganda 2798:late medieval period 2733:Similar structures: 2267:Château de Montségur 2113:. For example, when 2027:9,000 respectively. 1806:in the 19th century. 1774:Ludwig II of Bavaria 1410:Kingdom of Jerusalem 663:Château de Vincennes 256:is derived from the 154:, were commonplace. 10657:Stonemason's hammer 10622:Ceramic tile cutter 10282:States with limited 9831:Trinidad and Tobago 9726:Antigua and Barbuda 9573:limited recognition 9186:States with limited 8633:Quadrangular castle 8369:Weapon storage area 7725:Quadrangular castle 6832:Kenyon, J. (1991). 6582:Thames & Hudson 5674:, pp. 254, 262 5590:, pp. 132, 136 5551:, pp. xx–xxiii 4880:on 24 October 2016. 3586:The Medieval castle 3338:, pp. 126, 232 3191:, pp. 214, 216 3036:, pp. xvi–xvii 2196:preparation of food 2102:Château de Langeais 1979:, which cost about 1906:Medieval technology 1815:Castello Dei Baroni 1583:Advent of gunpowder 1493:Edward I of England 1474:Krak des Chevaliers 1462:Knights Hospitaller 1446:Krak des Chevaliers 1300:Alcazaba of Badajoz 1282:Albarrana tower in 1018:oppidum of Manching 969:and used until the 965:, built during the 821:Caerlaverock Castle 593:Bailey and enceinte 120:fortified residence 9766:Dominican Republic 8364:Underground hangar 8149:Fire control tower 7946:Gunpowder magazine 7374:Butter-churn tower 6761:Chester, a History 6142:Duffy, Christopher 5844:Harvard University 5817:. pp. 47–62. 5723:Cathcart King 1988 5662:, pp. 126–127 5648:Cathcart King 1988 5576:Cathcart King 1988 5566:, pp. 123–124 5549:Cathcart King 1983 5378:, pp. 184–185 5366:, pp. 181–182 5053:Cathcart King 1988 5007:, pp. 121–126 4733:, pp. 286–287 4609:Cathcart King 1983 4537:Cathcart King 1988 4510:Cathcart King 1988 4500:, pp. 165–167 4498:Cathcart King 1988 4485:, pp. 164–165 4483:Cathcart King 1988 4473:, pp. 159–160 4471:Cathcart King 1988 4459:Cathcart King 1988 4413:Cathcart King 1988 4374:Cathcart King 1988 4327:Cathcart King 1988 4317:, pp. xx–xxii 4315:Cathcart King 1983 4303:Cathcart King 1988 4257:Cathcart King 1988 4242:Cathcart King 1988 4217:, pp. 241–243 4200:Cathcart King 1988 4185:Cathcart King 1988 4175:, pp. 122–123 4149:Cathcart King 1988 4139:, pp. 108–109 4086:Cathcart King 1988 4074:Cathcart King 1988 4028:, pp. 229–230 3948:Cathcart King 1988 3921:Cathcart King 1983 3897:Cathcart King 1988 3861:Cathcart King 1988 3550:, pp. 180–182 3526:, pp. 210–211 3326:, pp. 124–125 3312:Cathcart King 1988 3287:, pp. 416–422 3275:, pp. 402–406 3249:Cathcart King 1988 3237:Cathcart King 1988 3138:Cathcart King 1988 3034:Cathcart King 1983 2997:, pp. 452–475 2920:Cathcart King 1988 2808:had obsoleted the 2743:Dzong architecture 2603:Types of castles: 2597:Middle Ages portal 2523: 2483: 2439:medieval deer park 2394: 2358: 2310: 2298:Srebrenik Fortress 2271: 2238:Henry I of England 2233:Tristan and Iseult 2184: 2115:Tattershall Castle 1944: 1932: 1823: 1808: 1789:Chapultepec Castle 1782: 1776:, inspired by the 1772:) castle built by 1764:is a 19th-century 1680: 1624:Castle Doornenburg 1619: 1600: 1563: 1512: 1454: 1319: 1288: 1205: 1116: 1076:Carolingian Empire 975: 947: 825: 773: 730: 671:concentric defence 667: 624: 563: 474: 410:base of operations 406: 386: 250: 159:Carolingian Empire 118:to be the private 110:or royalty and by 52:Alcázar of Segovia 10840:Medieval defences 10820: 10819: 10746:Hardstone carving 10693:Polygonal masonry 10517:Decorative stones 10378: 10377: 10309:other territories 10082:Equatorial Guinea 9959: 9958: 9848:other territories 9678: 9677: 9615:other territories 9271: 9270: 8887: 8886: 8811:Military urbanism 8745:Fortified gateway 8618:Concentric castle 8382: 8381: 8299:Fire support base 8139:Coastal artillery 8014:(Spanish America) 7608: 7450:Concentric castle 6770:978-1-86077-499-7 6749:978-1-57607-862-4 6728:978-1-84176-429-0 6692:978-1-78327-384-3 6660:. Cambridge, UK: 6566:978-0-226-74089-8 6527:978-1-84603-065-9 6267:978-0-7509-3994-2 6258:Sutton Publishing 6242:978-0-500-30052-7 6176:978-1-57607-862-4 6089:978-1-78093-031-2 5989:978-1-84603-005-5 5968:978-1-84176-714-7 5959:Osprey Publishing 5901:978-0-313-32400-0 5857:978-0-674-40001-6 5842:. Cambridge, MA: 5824:978-0-8166-2003-6 5764:. B.T. Batsford. 5228:, pp. xv–xxi 4904:978-1-4053-1784-9 4229:, pp. 64, 67 3923:, pp. xvi–xx 3839:, pp. 18, 24 3760:978-90-04-41436-5 3705:: PEG Ltd: 22–25. 3514:, pp. 40–41. 3385:on 18 April 2016. 3024:, pp. 2, 6–7 2698:Drawbar (defense) 2683:Castle features: 2626:Concentric castle 2488:Caernarfon Castle 2403:Kenilworth Castle 2240:had over 20 2176:Château de Saumur 2078:Medieval machines 1890:Playmobil FunPark 1828:English Civil War 1727:a baronial family 1414:County of Tripoli 1362:Crusading warfare 1245:, French article 837:Caerphilly Castle 559:Château de Gisors 384:during her reign. 362:(1096–1099), the 16:(Redirected from 10852: 10652:Plug and feather 10502:Artificial stone 10405: 10398: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10370: 10369:(United Kingdom) 10365:Tristan da Cunha 10361:Ascension Island 10353: 10340: 10331: 10307:Dependencies and 10000:Sovereign states 9986: 9979: 9972: 9963: 9962: 9916:Saint Barthélemy 9846:Dependencies and 9719:Sovereign states 9705: 9698: 9691: 9682: 9681: 9668: 9658: 9657: 9627:Christmas Island 9313:Sovereign states 9298: 9291: 9284: 9275: 9274: 9224:Dependencies and 8928:Sovereign states 8914: 8907: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8876: 8875: 8869: 8760:National redoubt 8689:Fortified estate 8613:Circular rampart 8573: 8554: 8545: 8536: 8454: 8214:Anti-tank trench 8209:Air raid shelter 8184: 8144:Disappearing gun 8125: 8100: 8076: 8037: 8028: 8013: 7989: 7980: 7966: 7937: 7908: 7899: 7875: 7836: 7821: 7820: 7799: 7779:Bailey (or ward) 7745: 7650:Motte-and-bailey 7641: 7622: 7606: 7598: 7597: 7563: 7554: 7540: 7489: 7480: 7436: 7427: 7418: 7409: 7355: 7341: 7332: 7278: 7235: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7192: 7152: 7138: 7078:Circular rampart 7074: 7065: 7056: 7047: 7038: 7029: 7020: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6952: 6941: 6920: 6899: 6878: 6847: 6826: 6805: 6774: 6753: 6732: 6711: 6696: 6675: 6650: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6595: 6570: 6545: 6539: 6531: 6510: 6489: 6468: 6447: 6436: 6411: 6408:Crusader Castles 6397: 6376: 6355: 6342:Humanities Press 6330: 6317:Harper & Row 6315:. 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Valletta: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3353:, pp. 98–99 3348: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3140:, pp. 55–56 3135: 3129: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3085: 3082:Allen Brown 1976 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3012:, pp. 23–25 3007: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2949:, pp. 15–17 2944: 2938: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2842: 2826: 2790: 2753:Fortified church 2599: 2594: 2593: 2519:Bouches-du-Rhône 2515:Château des Baux 2509:A reconstructed 2457:Medieval warfare 2422: 2225:chivalric events 2216: 2139: 2098:Château de Coucy 2082:treadwheel crane 2053: 1985:Château Gaillard 1881:Artificial ruins 1869:in Germany, and 1690:, also known as 1676:Copertino Castle 1516:Livonian Crusade 1470:Teutonic Knights 1406:County of Edessa 1394:Crusader castles 1382:Teutonic Knights 1329:and exposure to 1296:Albarrana towers 1160:slower. In 950, 1120:Charles the Bald 1112:Château de Dinan 1034:Battle of Alesia 979:Fertile Crescent 718:Beaumaris Castle 587:Château de Dinan 585:'s depiction of 568:motte-and-bailey 549:Motte-and-bailey 517:Stephen Turnbull 466:São Jorge Castle 422:English Midlands 73: 47: 21: 10860: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10816: 10780: 10729: 10666: 10600: 10522:Dimension stone 10490: 10414: 10409: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10368: 10351: 10338: 10329: 10310: 10308: 10301: 10285: 10283: 10276: 9995: 9990: 9960: 9955: 9849: 9847: 9840: 9714: 9709: 9679: 9674: 9646: 9614: 9605: 9586:Northern Cyprus 9572: 9565: 9307: 9302: 9272: 9267: 9225: 9219: 9205:Northern Cyprus 9187: 9181: 9102:North Macedonia 8923: 8918: 8888: 8883: 8867: 8859: 8789: 8713: 8657: 8591: 8526:Imperial castle 8499:Coercion castle 8494:Coastal defence 8477: 8439:Promontory fort 8409:Hillside castle 8378: 8294:Fallout shelter 8259:Concertina wire 8239:Border security 8192: 8103: 7812: 7445:Coercion castle 7433:Cheval de frise 7415:Chemin de ronde 7263:Albarrana tower 7244: 7189:Schwedenschanze 7166:Promontory fort 6993: 6988: 6957: 6955: 6938: 6925: 6917: 6904: 6896: 6883: 6875: 6852: 6844: 6831: 6823: 6810: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6780:Further reading 6777: 6771: 6750: 6729: 6693: 6672: 6614: 6612: 6592: 6567: 6555:. Chicago, IL: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6507: 6486: 6465: 6433: 6394: 6373: 6352: 6327: 6268: 6243: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6190: 6177: 6156: 6132: 6111: 6090: 6076: 800–1200 6072: 6071: 6059: 6038: 5990: 5969: 5944: 5923: 5902: 5892:Greenwood Press 5858: 5825: 5797: 5772: 5751: 5734: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5527:, pp. 7–10 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5462: 5460: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5113: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4380: 4372: 4363: 4355: 4353: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3597: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3409:Din l-Art Ħelwa 3400: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3285:Barthélemy 1988 3283: 3279: 3273:Barthélemy 1988 3271: 3267: 3261:Barthélemy 1988 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3213:Barthélemy 1988 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3177:Barthélemy 1988 3175: 3171: 3163: 3156: 3150:Barthélemy 1988 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2763:Japanese castle 2738:African castles 2641:Hillside castle 2631:Fortified house 2595: 2588: 2585: 2479:mounted knights 2459: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2428: 2423: 2390:Lake Vanajavesi 2378:Tavastia Castle 2350:Almourol Castle 2333:was founded in 2259: 2218: 2211: 2168: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2140: 2054: 2052: 1940:Guédelon Castle 1912: 1902: 1778:neo-romanticism 1755: 1731:Fort Senneville 1711:Fortaleza Ozama 1707:French colonies 1692:trace italienne 1664: 1585: 1466:Knights Templar 1458:Military Orders 1439: 1398:Crusader states 1235: 1191:Built in 1138, 1152: 1108:Bayeux Tapestry 1060: 987:Northern Europe 952: 939:cyclopean walls 916: 907: 891: 876: 845: 814: 808: 761: 755: 711: 705: 655: 649: 617:Raseborg Castle 609: 595: 583:Bayeux Tapestry 551: 545: 540: 538:Common features 528:trace italienne 438: 378:Norman Conquest 328: 320:Norman Conquest 246:Tower of London 227: 222: 112:military orders 92: 91: 90: 89: 88: 76:Built in 1385, 74: 65: 64: 63: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10858: 10848: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10748: 10743: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10576: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10446:Letter cutting 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10408: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10385: 10376: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10354: 10341: 10332: 10318:Canary Islands 10314: 10313: 10311: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10288: 10286: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9989: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9966: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9936:Sint Eustatius 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9881:Cayman Islands 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9852: 9850: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9722: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9708: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9685: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9662: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9618: 9616: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9577: 9575: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9317: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9226:other entities 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9191: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9177:United Kingdom 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8990:Czech Republic 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8894: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8845: 8843:Trench warfare 8840: 8838:Tunnel warfare 8835: 8834: 8833: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8694:Fortifications 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8546: 8537: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8506: 8504:Counter-castle 8501: 8496: 8491: 8489:Border barrier 8485: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8424:Lowland castle 8421: 8416: 8414:Hilltop castle 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8289:Electric fence 8286: 8281: 8279:Dragon's teeth 8276: 8274:Czech hedgehog 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8188:Wire obstacles 8185: 8176: 8174:Polygonal fort 8171: 8166: 8164:Martello tower 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8129:Border outpost 8126: 8117: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8029: 8020: 8015: 8005: 8003:Polygonal fort 8000: 7995: 7990: 7981: 7972: 7967: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7614: 7609: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7555: 7546: 7541: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7515: 7510: 7495: 7493:Flanking tower 7490: 7481: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7460:Counter-castle 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7347: 7342: 7333: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7250:Post-classical 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7240:Vitrified fort 7237: 7225: 7216: 7207: 7198: 7193: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7144: 7139: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7098:Defensive wall 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7030: 7021: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6991:Fortifications 6987: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6954: 6953: 6943: 6942: 6936: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6901: 6900: 6894: 6880: 6879: 6873: 6849: 6848: 6842: 6828: 6827: 6821: 6807: 6806: 6800: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6769: 6755: 6754: 6748: 6734: 6733: 6727: 6713: 6712: 6698: 6697: 6691: 6677: 6676: 6670: 6652: 6651: 6621: 6620: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6580:. London, UK: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6547: 6546: 6526: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6470: 6469: 6463: 6449: 6448: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6413: 6412: 6399: 6398: 6392: 6378: 6377: 6371: 6363:Timber Castles 6357: 6356: 6350: 6340:. London, UK: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6305: 6304: 6292: 6291: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6256:. Stroud, UK: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6218: 6217: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6161: 6160: 6154: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6116: 6115: 6109: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6043: 6042: 6036: 6022: 6021: 6007:. London, UK: 5995: 5994: 5988: 5974: 5973: 5967: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5878: 5877: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5715: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5553: 5541: 5537:Creighton 2002 5529: 5517: 5513:Creighton 2002 5505: 5501:Creighton 2002 5493: 5489:Creighton 2002 5481: 5469: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5412:Creighton 2002 5404: 5400:Creighton 2002 5392: 5380: 5376:Creighton 2002 5368: 5364:Creighton 2002 5356: 5341: 5337:Creighton 2002 5329: 5325:Creighton 2002 5317: 5305: 5301:Creighton 2002 5290: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5093: 5091:, p. 190. 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4922: 4903: 4883: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4784: 4777: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4695:Chartrand 2005 4687: 4683:Chartrand 2005 4675: 4671:Chartrand 2005 4663: 4660:Chartrand 2005 4652: 4640: 4638:, pp. 4–5 4628: 4612: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4447: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4378: 4361: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4286: 4279: 4261: 4246: 4231: 4219: 4204: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3991: 3976: 3964: 3962:, pp. 8–9 3952: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3849:Creighton 2012 3841: 3829: 3827:, pp. 6–8 3817: 3813:Creighton 2012 3805: 3793: 3786: 3766: 3759: 3739: 3737:, p. 420. 3724: 3712: 3685: 3655: 3626: 3624:, p. 123. 3614: 3595: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3388: 3374:(in Maltese). 3355: 3340: 3328: 3316: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3113: 3101: 3086: 3084:, pp. 2–6 3074: 3062: 3060:, pp. 6–7 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2924: 2912: 2897: 2870: 2869: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2810:early medieval 2784: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2748:Forts in India 2745: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2651:Lowland castle 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2584: 2581: 2562:Battering rams 2471:Lincoln Castle 2448: 2445: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2283:low-lying land 2258: 2255: 2204: 2161: 2158: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2050: 1987:(an estimated 1961:Peveril Castle 1901: 1898: 1867:Neuschwanstein 1859:Gothic Revival 1840:Bubaqra Castle 1762:Neuschwanstein 1754: 1751: 1723:Fort Longueuil 1663: 1660: 1632:Château de Ham 1607:Castle De Haar 1584: 1581: 1531:machicolations 1508:Harlech Castle 1460:including the 1438: 1435: 1311:Beeston Castle 1284:Paderne Castle 1251: 1250: 1234: 1231: 1157:archaeological 1151: 1148: 1059: 1056: 1048:Hadrian's Wall 951: 948: 915: 912: 906: 903: 890: 887: 875: 872: 860:machicolations 844: 841: 810:Main article: 807: 804: 757:Main article: 754: 751: 707:Main article: 704: 701: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 594: 591: 544: 541: 539: 536: 490:in French and 445:fortifications 437: 434: 430:country houses 418:Warwick Castle 374:Windsor Castle 343:Constantinople 327: 324: 226: 223: 221: 218: 75: 68: 67: 66: 49: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10857: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10823: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785:Organizations 10783: 10777: 10776:Machicolation 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10632:Diamond blade 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10612:Angle grinder 10610: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10401: 10399: 10394: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10336: 10333: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10312: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10279: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10122:Guinea-Bissau 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9975: 9973: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9843: 9837: 9836:United States 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9706: 9701: 9699: 9694: 9692: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9661: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9596:South Ossetia 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9299: 9294: 9292: 9287: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9238:Faroe Islands 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9210:South Ossetia 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9062:Liechtenstein 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8901: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8880: 8879: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8848:Urban warfare 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8801:Civil defense 8799: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8669:Bastion forts 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8653:Z-plan castle 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8623:L-plan castle 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8608:Bridge castle 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8577:Refuge castle 8575: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8558:Military base 8556: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521:Hunting lodge 8519: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434:Moated castle 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8419:Island castle 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387:By topography 8385: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8359:Submarine pen 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314:Hesco bastion 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8229:Blast shelter 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Place-of-arms 7996: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7632: 7631:Machicolation 7629: 7627: 7626:L-plan castle 7624: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7605: 7604: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7359:Bridge castle 7357: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7323: 7322:Bent entrance 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7307:Battery tower 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7258:Advanced work 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7183: 7182:Refuge castle 7180: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6937:0-521-37544-4 6933: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6916:0-521-45828-5 6912: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6895:3-8290-2221-2 6891: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6874:2-08-012271-1 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6843:0-7185-1392-4 6839: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6822:0-415-26100-7 6818: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6801:0-85045-947-8 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6671:0-521-32194-8 6667: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6591:0-500-02080-9 6587: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6506:0-7524-2885-3 6502: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6485:0-7134-7025-9 6481: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6464:0-9545575-2-2 6460: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6432:3-7995-0104-5 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6404:Kennedy, Hugh 6401: 6400: 6395: 6393:0-415-25887-1 6389: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6372:0-7134-2189-4 6368: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6351:0-391-00901-X 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6326:0-06-090674-X 6322: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6155:0-7100-8871-X 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6131:0-19-288063-2 6127: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6110:0-7478-0546-6 6106: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6058:0-8264-5896-3 6054: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6037:0-19-927363-4 6033: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5943:0-918400-08-2 5939: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5922:0-527-50110-7 5918: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5836:Duby, Georges 5832: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5796:0-19-925312-9 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5771:0-7134-4089-9 5767: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5750:1-84383-069-8 5746: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5725:, p. 127 5724: 5719: 5713:, p. 131 5712: 5707: 5705: 5698:, p. 262 5697: 5692: 5686:, p. 130 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5638:, p. 124 5637: 5632: 5626:, p. 263 5625: 5620: 5614:, p. 264 5613: 5608: 5601: 5600:Liddiard 2005 5596: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5525:Liddiard 2005 5521: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5491:, p. 221 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5402:, p. 198 5401: 5396: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5264:, p. 382 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5214:Liddiard 2005 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5168:, p. 172 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5132:, p. 139 5131: 5126: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5029:Bachrach 1991 5025: 5019:, p. 104 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4844:, p. 164 4843: 4842:Thompson 1987 4838: 4832:, p. 166 4831: 4830:Thompson 1987 4826: 4819: 4814: 4801:on 2009-11-14 4800: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4778:99932-39-40-2 4774: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4719:Thompson 1987 4715: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4624:Thompson 1987 4621: 4616: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4597:Thompson 1987 4593: 4586: 4585:Thompson 1987 4581: 4574: 4573:Thompson 1987 4569: 4562: 4561:Thompson 1987 4557: 4550: 4549:Thompson 1987 4545: 4539:, p. 169 4538: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4522:Thompson 1987 4518: 4512:, p. 168 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4436: 4433:(13): 59–68. 4432: 4431:Sacra Militia 4428: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4403:, p. 214 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4290: 4282: 4280:0-88402-163-7 4276: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4163:, p. 215 4162: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4040:, p. 222 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3887:, p. 246 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3789: 3787:9781135632434 3783: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3735:Cunliffe 1998 3731: 3729: 3722:, p. 15. 3721: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3596:9780816620036 3592: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3562:, p. 254 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 10. 3501: 3500:Liddiard 2005 3496: 3490:, p. 208 3489: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3463:, p. 101 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3263:, p. 402 3262: 3257: 3251:, p. 190 3250: 3245: 3239:, p. 188 3238: 3233: 3227:, p. 163 3226: 3221: 3215:, p. 399 3214: 3209: 3203:, p. 105 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3152:, p. 397 3151: 3146: 3139: 3134: 3128:, p. 214 3127: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3109:Turnbull 2003 3105: 3098: 3097:Turnbull 2003 3093: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3070:Thompson 1987 3066: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3046:Liddiard 2005 3042: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3022:Liddiard 2005 3018: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2996: 2995:Stephens 1969 2991: 2984: 2983:Liddiard 2005 2979: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2947:Liddiard 2005 2943: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2907:, p. 6, 2906: 2901: 2887:on 2013-01-23 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:intentionally 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2646:Island castle 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Matthew Paris 2463: 2458: 2454: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2411:Bodiam Castle 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:parish church 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327:planned towns 2324: 2319: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279:highland area 2276: 2268: 2263: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215:, p. 210 2214: 2213:Thorstad 2019 2208: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2166:Court (royal) 2160:Social centre 2153: 2149: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111:Low Countries 2106: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:50 annually. 2073: 2069: 2066:cost between 2065: 2061: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1871:Edwin Lutyens 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1802:residence of 1801: 1798: 1797:neo-classical 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:neoromanesque 1767: 1763: 1759: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1674:, as used in 1673: 1668: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1593: 1592:Corvin Castle 1589: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Gran Castello 1547: 1543: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1497:bent entrance 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1427:Third Crusade 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1347:First Crusade 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1256:Owain Glyndŵr 1249: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:Castle Rising 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1030:siege warfare 1027: 1026:siege engines 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 972: 968: 967:Tarxien phase 964: 960: 959:Borġ in-Nadur 956: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 911: 902: 900: 896: 886: 884: 880: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 852:crenellations 849: 840: 838: 834: 830: 822: 818: 813: 803: 801: 797: 792: 790: 785: 783: 779: 770: 765: 760: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 700: 697: 693: 689: 683: 680: 676: 672: 664: 659: 654: 644: 642: 636: 634: 630: 622: 618: 613: 608: 604: 600: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 560: 555: 550: 535: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 513: 506: 503: 499: 495: 494: 489: 488: 483: 479: 471: 467: 463: 459: 457: 454: 450: 449:Maiden Castle 446: 442: 433: 431: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 403: 399: 395: 392:The medieval 390: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 365: 361: 360:First Crusade 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:walled cities 336: 333: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302:, Portuguese 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 284: 280: 277: 273: 272: 267: 264:, which is a 263: 259: 255: 247: 243: 239: 236: 231: 217: 215: 212: 208: 204: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 175:flanking fire 172: 168: 163: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 144:curtain walls 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98:is a type of 97: 87: 83: 79: 78:Bodiam Castle 72: 61: 57: 53: 46: 37: 33: 19: 10822: 10740: 10708:Tuckpointing 10662:Straightedge 10596:Stone veneer 10412:Stonemasonry 10357:Saint Helena 10328: 10232:South Africa 10222:Sierra Leone 10027:Burkina Faso 9941:Sint Maarten 9921:Saint Martin 9611:Dependencies 9541:Turkmenistan 9506:Saudi Arabia 9215:Transnistria 8871: 8826:Siege engine 8794:Other topics 8718:Related word 8684:Defense line 8648:Tower castle 8603:Bastion fort 8587:Urban castle 8515:Ganerbenburg 8513: 8468:Water castle 8444:Ridge castle 8429:Marsh castle 8244:Bomb shelter 8224:Belgian gate 8197:20th century 8108:19th century 8046:Retrenchment 8018:Punji sticks 7927:Entrenchment 7922:Device Forts 7889:Counterguard 7824:Early modern 7754:Tower castle 7690:Powder tower 7665:Outer bailey 7577:Inner bailey 7551:Gulyay-gorod 7519:Ganerbenburg 7517: 7513:Fujian tulou 7455:Corner tower 7394:Chamber gate 7388: 7364:Bridge tower 7212:Trou de loup 6956: 6948: 6927: 6906: 6885: 6860: 6855: 6833: 6812: 6791: 6760: 6742:. ABC-CLIO. 6739: 6718: 6707: 6703: 6682: 6657: 6630: 6626: 6613:. Retrieved 6603: 6577: 6552: 6517: 6496: 6475: 6454: 6443: 6422: 6418: 6407: 6383: 6362: 6337: 6311: 6298: 6282: 6278: 6253: 6227: 6210:. Retrieved 6198: 6194: 6169:. ABC-CLIO. 6166: 6145: 6121: 6100: 6069: 6048: 6027: 6004: 6000: 5979: 5954: 5933: 5912: 5885: 5872: 5868: 5839: 5810: 5782: 5761: 5740: 5732:Bibliography 5718: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5602:, p. 84 5595: 5583: 5571: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5484: 5479:, p. 51 5472: 5461:. Retrieved 5443: 5431: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5390:, p. 90 5383: 5371: 5359: 5339:, p. 36 5332: 5320: 5308: 5303:, p. 64 5286:Coulson 2003 5281: 5276:, p. 19 5274:McNeill 1992 5269: 5262:Coulson 2003 5257: 5250:McNeill 1992 5245: 5233: 5226:Schultz 2006 5221: 5209: 5202:Coulson 1979 5197: 5190:Coulson 1979 5185: 5178:McNeill 1992 5173: 5161: 5154:McNeill 1992 5149: 5142:McNeill 1992 5137: 5125: 5114:. Retrieved 5096: 5089:Kennedy 1994 5084: 5072: 5060: 5055:, p. 25 5048: 5043:, p. 78 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4993:McNeill 1992 4988: 4983:, p. 43 4981:McNeill 1992 4976: 4969:McNeill 1992 4964: 4959:, p. 42 4957:McNeill 1992 4952: 4945:McNeill 1992 4940: 4933:McNeill 1992 4913:. Retrieved 4893: 4886: 4878:the original 4873:The Guardian 4871: 4861: 4856:, p. 17 4849: 4837: 4825: 4820:, p. 32 4813: 4803:, retrieved 4799:the original 4793: 4787: 4768: 4762: 4757:, p. 59 4750: 4745:, p. 63 4738: 4726: 4721:, p. 22 4714: 4709:, p. 64 4702: 4697:, p. 37 4690: 4685:, p. 38 4678: 4673:, p. 39 4666: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4620:Tillman 1958 4615: 4604: 4592: 4587:, p. 42 4580: 4568: 4556: 4551:, p. 38 4544: 4517: 4505: 4478: 4466: 4461:, p. 91 4455:Gebelin 1964 4450: 4439:. Retrieved 4430: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4391:, p. 77 4376:, p. 83 4354:, retrieved 4340: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4305:, p. 80 4298: 4289: 4270: 4264: 4259:, p. 29 4222: 4187:, p. 77 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4127:, p. 13 4120: 4108: 4088:, p. 26 4081: 4069: 4064:, p. 34 4057: 4052:, p. 95 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 4004:, p. 79 3989:, p. 33 3967: 3955: 3935:, p. 13 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3875:, p. 12 3868: 3863:, p. 35 3856: 3844: 3837:Coulson 2003 3832: 3820: 3808: 3803:, p. 7. 3796: 3776: 3769: 3749: 3742: 3720:Coulson 2003 3715: 3698: 3695:Civilization 3694: 3688: 3676:. Retrieved 3667: 3658: 3646:. Retrieved 3636: 3629: 3617: 3605:. Retrieved 3585: 3579: 3574:, p. 20 3572:Johnson 2002 3567: 3555: 3543: 3538:, p. 32 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3475:, p. 68 3468: 3461:McNeill 1992 3456: 3451:, p. 25 3444: 3439:, p. 64 3432: 3421:the original 3404: 3391: 3380:the original 3375: 3371: 3358: 3351:McNeill 1992 3331: 3319: 3314:, p. 84 3299:, p. 86 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3167:, p. 22 3145: 3133: 3104: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 2990: 2985:, p. 18 2978: 2973:, p. 47 2966: 2959:Herlihy 1970 2954: 2942: 2937:, p. 16 2935:Coulson 2003 2922:, p. 32 2915: 2900: 2889:. Retrieved 2885:the original 2877:channel4.com 2876: 2860:. Retrieved 2846: 2840: 2817: 2813: 2788: 2732: 2682: 2678:Water castle 2663:Ridge castle 2655: 2613: 2606: 2566: 2554:counter-mine 2547: 2536: 2524: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2431:Leeds Castle 2407:water castle 2395: 2359: 2331:Safad Castle 2320: 2311: 2272: 2246: 2221:Courtly love 2219: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2189: 2185: 2152:Brick Gothic 2121: 2120: 2107: 2076: 2056: 2046: 1957: 1945: 1928:putlog holes 1924:Coucy Castle 1910:Stonemasonry 1900:Construction 1879: 1875:Castle Drogo 1848: 1824: 1780:of the time. 1743:Tower houses 1739: 1737:incursions. 1696: 1691: 1681: 1656: 1652: 1637: 1628: 1620: 1596:Transylvania 1568:Plantagenets 1564: 1536: 1528: 1513: 1490: 1486: 1455: 1423: 1417: 1378:Hospitallers 1375: 1361: 1351: 1323:antiquarians 1320: 1293: 1289: 1264: 1252: 1244: 1242:maison forte 1238: 1219: 1206: 1181: 1178:North Africa 1171: 1167: 1153: 1150:11th century 1132: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1093: 1081: 1061: 1052: 1037: 1007: 983:Indus Valley 976: 941:(similar to 908: 892: 877: 846: 829:siege towers 826: 793: 789:murder holes 786: 782:portcullises 774: 731: 703:Curtain wall 695: 691: 687: 684: 678: 668: 637: 625: 607:Outer bailey 603:Inner bailey 579:counterscarp 572: 564: 527: 525: 520: 511: 507: 501: 497: 491: 485: 477: 475: 440: 439: 426: 407: 394:Vidin Castle 382:Elizabeth II 329: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 293: 289: 285: 278: 269: 268:of the word 261: 253: 251: 195: 164: 156: 152:portcullises 135: 115: 95: 93: 36: 10617:Bush hammer 10552:Lime mortar 10431:Rustication 10284:recognition 10237:South Sudan 10127:Ivory Coast 9911:Puerto Rico 9821:Saint Lucia 9771:El Salvador 9670:Asia portal 9571:States with 9491:Philippines 9431:South Korea 9426:North Korea 9321:Afghanistan 9253:Isle of Man 9188:recognition 9162:Switzerland 9097:Netherlands 8725:Castle town 8582:Toll castle 8551:Lustschloss 8533:Kaiserpfalz 8463:Spur castle 8458:Rock castle 8399:Hill castle 8394:Cave castle 8354:Spider hole 8254:Bremer wall 8219:Barbed tape 8115:Barbed wire 7789:Witch tower 7759:Tower house 7749:Toll castle 7735:Shield wall 7655:Murder hole 7544:Guard tower 7161:Pincer gate 7108:Faussebraye 6201:: 138–156. 5216:, p. 9 4650:, p. 4 4626:, p. 4 4599:, p. 4 4401:Ekdahl 2006 4173:Norris 2004 4101:Aurell 2006 4062:Aurell 2006 3987:Aurell 2006 3972:Aurell 2006 3911:, p. 9 3622:Lepage 2002 3512:Taylor 2000 3111:, p. 4 3099:, p. 5 3048:, p. 2 2768:Tower house 2728:Murder hole 2673:Toll castle 2668:Spur castle 2636:Hill castle 2621:Cave castle 2577:siege tower 2475:crossbowmen 2382:Hämeenlinna 2340:manor house 2323:Eaton Socon 2315:toll castle 2229:tournaments 2192:chamberlain 2086:scaffolding 2023:14,500 and 1865:in Mexico, 1863:Chapultepec 1793:Mexico City 1766:historicist 1747:pele towers 1721:of France. 1670:The angled 1615:Netherlands 1540:Reconquista 1418:tetrapyrgia 1354:Saxon Shore 1268:curvilinear 1180:reliant on 1044:milecastles 950:Antecedents 848:Battlements 843:Battlements 743:battlements 739:undermining 726:North Wales 482:manor house 436:Terminology 332:Anglo-Saxon 314:. The word 276:Old English 238:White Tower 187:Roman forts 104:Middle Ages 82:East Sussex 18:Mock castle 10829:Categories 10771:Stone wall 10698:Repointing 10671:Techniques 10527:Fieldstone 10512:Cast stone 10466:Monumental 10339:(Portugal) 10297:Somaliland 10217:Seychelles 10182:Mozambique 10167:Mauritania 10152:Madagascar 10107:The Gambia 10042:Cape Verde 9906:Montserrat 9901:Martinique 9896:Guadeloupe 9751:Costa Rica 9551:Uzbekistan 9526:Tajikistan 9441:Kyrgyzstan 9421:Kazakhstan 9341:Bangladesh 9331:Azerbaijan 9132:San Marino 9092:Montenegro 9072:Luxembourg 9052:Kazakhstan 8955:Azerbaijan 8750:Gatekeeper 8570:Ordensburg 8542:Landesburg 8349:Sentry gun 8304:Flak tower 8234:Blast wall 8154:Gun turret 8051:Sally port 7956:Kotta mara 7896:Couvreface 7860:Breastwork 7855:Blockhouse 7833:Abwurfdach 7784:Watchtower 7774:Wall tower 7730:Shell keep 7680:Portcullis 7675:Peel tower 7660:Neck ditch 7619:Landesburg 7567:Half tower 7525:Gate tower 7470:Drawbridge 7312:Battlement 7228:Wagon fort 7071:Chengqiang 6865:Flammarion 6627:Landscapes 6615:2021-06-24 6212:2010-11-01 5875:: 228–244. 5696:Friar 2003 5672:Friar 2003 5624:Friar 2003 5612:Friar 2003 5564:Friar 2003 5463:2020-06-15 5388:Smail 1973 5313:Krahe 2002 5166:Friar 2003 5130:Emery 2007 5116:2009-10-16 5065:Friar 2003 4854:Friar 2003 4805:2009-11-24 4755:Friar 2003 4731:Friar 2003 4441:2019-06-30 4389:Friar 2003 4356:2009-10-20 4161:Friar 2003 4113:Friar 2003 4050:Friar 2003 3885:Friar 2003 3678:28 October 3648:28 October 3607:9 February 3560:Friar 2003 3548:Friar 2003 3536:Friar 2003 3524:Friar 2003 3488:Friar 2003 3449:Friar 2003 3336:Friar 2003 3324:Friar 2003 3297:Friar 2003 3225:Friar 2003 3201:Friar 2003 3189:Friar 2003 3165:Friar 2003 3126:Friar 2003 3010:Duffy 1979 2971:Friar 2003 2891:2021-08-14 2862:2021-08-14 2833:References 2703:Drawbridge 2693:Battlement 2657:Ordensburg 2542:springalds 2451:See also: 2287:Roman fort 2164:See also: 2064:Gloucester 1991:15,000 to 1904:See also: 1715:New France 1688:star forts 1412:, and the 1286:, Portugal 1273:enfilading 1028:and other 1003:earthworks 995:Bronze Age 991:hill forts 971:Bronze Age 935:Bronze Age 905:Great hall 883:sally port 879:Arrowslits 874:Arrowslits 833:drawbridge 747:enfilading 597:See also: 561:in France. 547:See also: 532:star forts 306:, Italian 298:, Spanish 266:diminutive 220:Definition 203:star forts 181:, such as 148:arrowslits 140:hill forts 10766:Sculpture 10755:Footstone 10751:Headstone 10718:Brickwork 10703:Scabbling 10683:Flushwork 10579:Sandstone 10557:Limestone 10532:Flagstone 10495:Materials 10476:Sculpture 10441:Dry stone 10172:Mauritius 9891:Greenland 9806:Nicaragua 9781:Guatemala 9637:Hong Kong 9591:Palestine 9516:Sri Lanka 9511:Singapore 9391:Indonesia 9243:Gibraltar 9067:Lithuania 8853:Guerrilla 8596:By design 8344:Revetment 8159:Land mine 8090:Star fort 7917:Crownwork 7912:Covertway 7845:Barricade 7486:Embrasure 7399:Chartaque 7329:Bergfried 7287:Arrowslit 7113:Gatehouse 7083:City gate 7044:Castellum 7010:Acropolis 6647:144179571 6633:: 38–55. 6536:cite book 6011:: 73–90. 4818:Buse 2005 4038:Vann 2006 3801:Ward 2009 3707:See also 3417:1026-132X 3411:: 26–33. 2881:Channel 4 2852:Channel 4 2822:garrisons 2802:gunpowder 2780:Footnotes 2688:Arrowslit 2615:Burgstall 2538:Ballistas 2532:trebuchet 2511:trebuchet 2302:Srebrenik 2275:Marksburg 2090:Antiquity 2013:Beaumaris 2003:1,000 to 1997:The Crown 1896:, Malta. 1644:Mehmed II 1640:trebuchet 1335:Palestine 1239:See also 1010:palisades 931:acropolis 899:city wall 864:loopholes 856:hoardings 759:Gatehouse 753:Gatehouse 735:artillery 641:ringworks 476:Although 456:hill fort 312:castellum 292:, French 262:castellum 252:The word 225:Etymology 198:gunpowder 196:Although 136:pleasance 100:fortified 10734:Products 10688:Knapping 10481:Slipform 10363: / 10359: / 10352:(France) 10346: / 10324: / 10320: / 10272:Zimbabwe 10247:Tanzania 10097:Ethiopia 10092:Eswatini 10072:Djibouti 10037:Cameroon 10022:Botswana 9856:Anguilla 9791:Honduras 9761:Dominica 9736:Barbados 9660:Category 9581:Abkhazia 9531:Thailand 9486:Pakistan 9466:Mongolia 9461:Maldives 9456:Malaysia 9356:Cambodia 9263:Svalbard 9248:Guernsey 9195:Abkhazia 9147:Slovenia 9142:Slovakia 9117:Portugal 8975:Bulgaria 8878:Category 8868:See also 8755:Loophole 8643:Ringwork 8638:Ringfort 8563:Obstacle 8404:Hillfort 8324:Loophole 8122:Barbette 8097:Tenaille 8080:Sea fort 8010:Presidio 7970:Magazine 7951:Hornwork 7884:Cavalier 7879:Casemate 7872:Caponier 7715:Ringwork 7603:Detinets 7572:Hoarding 7477:Enceinte 7352:Bretèche 7297:Bartizan 7292:Barbican 7268:Alcazaba 7196:Stockade 7176:Ringfort 7156:Palisade 7128:Landwehr 7123:Hillfort 6790:(1990). 6609:Archived 6406:(1994). 6225:(1995). 6203:Archived 6144:(1979). 5457:Archived 5110:Archived 4909:Archived 4435:Archived 4350:archived 3672:Archived 3642:Archived 3601:Archived 3372:L-Imnara 2856:Archived 2825:castles. 2794:nobility 2713:Hoarding 2583:See also 2573:walkways 2569:escalade 2528:mangonel 2354:Portugal 2242:bastards 2227:such as 2051:— 2029:Edward I 2019:costing 2017:Rhuddlan 1855:chivalry 1851:Romantic 1832:slighted 1800:imperial 1735:Iroquois 1699:Americas 1572:Normandy 1431:Saphadin 1386:Templars 1327:Saracens 1315:Cheshire 1260:Sycharth 1162:Provence 1136:Crusades 1128:castella 1124:castella 1089:ramparts 999:Iron Age 961:fort in 796:barbican 722:Anglesey 599:Enceinte 575:palisade 453:Iron Age 364:Frankish 341:such as 308:castello 300:castillo 211:Romantic 179:Crusades 108:nobility 10845:Masonry 10835:Castles 10678:Flaming 10542:Granite 10486:Snecked 10451:Masonry 10436:Carving 10348:Réunion 10344:Mayotte 10335:Madeira 10330:(Spain) 10326:Melilla 10257:Tunisia 10227:Somalia 10212:Senegal 10197:Nigeria 10187:Namibia 10177:Morocco 10142:Liberia 10137:Lesotho 10087:Eritrea 10057:Comoros 10032:Burundi 10007:Algeria 9886:Curaçao 9871:Bonaire 9866:Bermuda 9796:Jamaica 9776:Grenada 9731:Bahamas 9556:Vietnam 9471:Myanmar 9451:Lebanon 9381:Georgia 9336:Bahrain 9326:Armenia 9172:Ukraine 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