2477:
2703:
39:
2678:
reveal that by the 3rd century C.E. the doors were on the eastern side and the opposite wall, in which a special niche had been made to place the scrolls during worship, faced
Jerusalem. In Eretz Israel, the wall facing the Temple site was changed from the side of the entrance to the side of the Ark
2524:; however, it is prescribed for individual prayers only rather than for congregational prayers at a synagogue. Thus, if a man is east of the Temple, he should turn westward; if in the west, eastward; in the south, northward; and if in the north, southward.
2658:
faces northwest to
Jerusalem. The Tosefta's regulation that the entrance to the synagogue should be on the eastern side, while the orientation of the building should be toward the west was followed only in the synagogue in
2616:
Excavations of ancient synagogues show that their design generally conformed with the
Talmudic and traditional rule on prayer direction. The synagogues excavated west of Eretz Israel in
3058:
1063:
2567:
demands that the entrance to the synagogue should be on the eastern side with the congregation facing west. The requirement is probably based on the orientation of the
2590:
attempted to reconcile the
Tosefta's provision with the requirement to pray toward Jerusalem by stating that the doors of the synagogue should face east, while the
1641:
1296:
991:
1183:
2391:
155:
1178:
2654:, Hammath, and Khorazin, all face southward, whereas houses of worship east of the Jordan all face west. In the south, the synagogue excavated at
2740:
inscriptions, or pictures of holy places. These plaques are generally placed in rooms in which people pray, such as the living room or bedrooms.
1426:
2598:
records the same rule, but it also recommends that one turn toward the southeast instead of east to avoid the semblance of worshiping the sun.
2940:
1680:
2872:
3048:
2468:
and other dignitaries. In addition, mizrāḥ refers to an ornamental wall plaque used to indicate the direction of prayer in Jewish homes.
665:
628:
1604:
1627:
3053:
977:
2476:
2384:
1554:
1489:
1371:
3023:
3003:
2975:
2923:
2879:
675:
1113:
1381:
1198:
1188:
428:
2961:
1777:
1727:
1692:
1386:
1251:
1118:
2377:
1469:
1431:
1406:
1326:
1311:
1158:
1098:
1053:
1762:
1744:
1650:
1544:
1396:
1391:
1316:
1281:
1148:
2542:
3063:
3038:
2280:
2179:
1734:
1717:
1670:
1569:
1479:
1416:
1366:
1346:
1341:
1261:
1235:
1210:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1048:
1043:
2572:
2583:
1753:
1739:
1707:
1687:
1655:
1599:
1574:
1549:
1529:
1519:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1436:
1351:
1336:
1256:
1215:
1168:
1163:
1083:
1028:
2535:
2174:
1712:
1697:
1660:
1622:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1564:
1559:
1539:
1524:
1509:
1484:
1450:
1421:
1321:
1306:
1230:
1220:
1138:
1108:
1033:
1019:
2557:
1782:
1702:
1665:
1589:
1534:
1401:
1376:
1301:
1276:
1266:
1205:
1128:
1123:
1103:
1093:
1073:
1058:
951:
655:
419:
414:
1772:
1767:
1722:
1675:
1361:
1331:
1291:
1286:
1143:
449:
2717:
to facilitate proper prayer. For this purpose, people use artistic wall plaques inscribed with the word
2460:
In
European and Mediterranean communities west of the Holy Land, mizrāḥ also refers to the wall of the
2246:
2091:
1799:
1193:
389:
379:
115:
2948:
2873:"The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source"
2457:
when praying, and those north, east, or south of
Jerusalem face south, west, and north respectively.
2360:
2053:
1904:
1845:
736:
2726:
3043:
2760:
2594:
should be placed "in the direction in which people pray in that city," i.e., toward
Jerusalem. The
2550:
2063:
2043:
1153:
633:
174:
2883:
2842:
2204:
2194:
2159:
2038:
2028:
1811:
982:
924:
758:
437:
394:
109:
17:
2789:, direction of prayer), before it was permanently changed in the second Hijri year (624 CE) to
2671:
2431:
2323:
2058:
1972:
1038:
590:
209:
179:
2763:, LXX Ps. 15:8) and intended to inspire worshippers to adopt a proper attitude toward prayer.
2899:
2847:
2214:
2209:
2154:
1942:
857:
585:
572:
467:
184:
2691:. Worshipers came through the portals and immediately faced both the scrolls and Jerusalem.
3010:
2285:
2237:
1977:
1835:
648:
513:
502:
460:
8:
2802:
2576:
2539:
2513:
2338:
2033:
711:
578:
481:
474:
404:
292:
167:
2189:
2139:
2086:
2081:
1995:
1865:
1133:
962:
721:
641:
495:
61:
3019:
2999:
2971:
2919:
2702:
2333:
2275:
2255:
2072:
1632:
1271:
731:
602:
532:
409:
322:
189:
2303:
2184:
2144:
2108:
1806:
1356:
867:
623:
527:
442:
332:
124:
2913:
2782:
2713:
It is customary in traditional Jewish homes to mark the wall in the direction of
2602:
2591:
2580:
2501:
2422:
2265:
2224:
2219:
2199:
2121:
2115:
2048:
2000:
1840:
1821:
972:
701:
613:
596:
140:
2670:
wall in synagogues was on the side of the entrance. However, the remains of the
38:
2956:
2944:
2814:
2595:
2554:
2546:
2532:
2517:
2505:
2365:
2164:
2019:
1899:
1878:
1855:
1850:
1828:
1816:
1411:
892:
826:
791:
769:
706:
544:
522:
384:
363:
339:
105:
87:
46:
2834:
3032:
2952:
2725:) of the sun unto the going down thereof, the Lord's name is to be praised" (
2639:
2634:
2450:
2313:
2308:
1514:
1441:
967:
816:
811:
806:
796:
774:
726:
488:
327:
232:
194:
145:
2755:(decoration for the eastern wall, marking the direction of prayer), and as
2744:
2643:
2343:
2169:
2010:
2005:
1963:
1916:
1010:
877:
862:
821:
786:
399:
241:
31:
2808:
2485:
2328:
2270:
1935:
841:
836:
831:
801:
3015:
2812:, the Christian direction of prayer; alternative for Catholic priests:
2730:
2647:
2587:
2568:
1986:
1000:
929:
887:
716:
696:
255:
162:
82:
2688:
2675:
2651:
2509:
2461:
2454:
2149:
2134:
1224:
1172:
934:
882:
872:
553:
549:
539:
454:
214:
2553:
prayed three times a day, the windows were opened toward
Jerusalem (
902:
2737:
2629:
2446:
2318:
1928:
1860:
691:
199:
150:
50:
2748:
2684:
2679:
in the 5th or 6th century. This change is found in synagogues at
2617:
2564:
2528:
2521:
2294:
2260:
2129:
1923:
912:
907:
779:
670:
565:
561:
557:
306:
301:
278:
260:
135:
130:
120:
98:
73:
2830:
2824:
2772:
2680:
2655:
2625:
2621:
2497:
1954:
1949:
1909:
1894:
1005:
897:
317:
283:
269:
204:
2549:, which relates that in the upper chamber of the house, where
2820:
2790:
2777:
2733:
2660:
2465:
917:
346:
250:
219:
2918:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Al Kautsar. p. 104.
2442:
69:
2642:
synagogues. Synagogues north of
Jerusalem and west of the
3059:
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings
2545:). Another passage supporting this rule is found in the
2436:
1933:
1914:
337:
2608:
2464:that faces east, where seats are reserved for the
3030:
2902:, Jewish Museum, New York. Accessed 3 Dec 2021.
2721:and scriptural passages like "From the rising (
2605:, he should direct his heart toward Jerusalem.
2453:. Practically speaking, Jews face the city of
2385:
2911:
2870:
2571:, which had its gates on the eastern side (
629:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
2962:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2751:", because they served a dual purpose: as
2638:, recorded that the same was the case for
2392:
2378:
2866:
2864:
2694:
2579:, the portals of which were to the east (
2938:
2701:
2475:
37:
2996:Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History
2970:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 82–83.
2601:If a person is unable to ascertain the
2441:) is the "east" and the direction that
14:
3031:
2861:
2880:Central Conference of American Rabbis
2527:The custom is based on the prayer of
3049:Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem
2786:
2426:
24:
3014:(CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed.
2988:
2766:
2504:, shall direct himself toward the
25:
3075:
2941:"Ḳibla: Ritual and Legal Aspects"
2628:all show an eastern orientation.
2500:states that a Jew praying in the
420:Historical population comparisons
2520:. The same rule is found in the
2516:; and in the Temple, toward the
2484:with the word מזרח on the wall (
1064:Democratic Republic of the Congo
978:Historical population by country
2912:Hadi Bashori, Muhammad (2015).
3054:Jewish prayer and ritual texts
2998:. Jewish Publication Society.
2932:
2905:
2893:
2492:'the sorrowful days', c. 1884)
27:Direction of prayer in Judaism
13:
1:
2854:
2471:
635:Christianity and Judaism
2939:Wensinck, Arent Jan (1986).
7:
2796:
2512:; in Jerusalem, toward the
2449:west of Israel face during
2437:
1934:
1915:
1642:Latin America and Caribbean
338:
10:
3080:
3018:. Keter Publishing House.
2247:Jewish political movements
1944:Conversion to Judaism
29:
2759:, meaning "I have set " (
2612:in synagogue architecture
650:Hinduism and Judaism
2775:used Jerusalem as their
476:Temple in Jerusalem
169:Bar and bat mitzvah
2994:Elbogen, Ismar (1993).
2843:Orientation of churches
438:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3064:Orientation (geometry)
3039:Synagogue architecture
2710:
2672:Dura-Europos synagogue
2493:
54:
2848:Vytynanky (Wycinanki)
2747:described as "mizrah-
2705:
2479:
1184:São Tomé and Príncipe
1179:Republic of the Congo
573:Second Temple Judaism
444:Kingdom of Judah
415:Modern historiography
49:, 19th century (from
41:
3011:Encyclopedia Judaica
2915:Pengantar Ilmu Falak
2508:; in Israel, toward
2286:World Agudath Israel
1427:United Arab Emirates
514:Second Temple period
504:Babylonian captivity
2837:direction of prayer
2827:direction of prayer
2803:Direction of prayer
579:Hellenistic Judaism
157:Land of Israel
116:Principles of faith
2871:Mustafa Abu Sway.
2850:, Slavic papercuts
2711:
2494:
2140:Jewish Koine Greek
1682:Dominican Republic
963:Judaism by country
642:Jews and Christmas
497:Assyrian captivity
55:
3024:978-965-07-0665-4
3008:"Mizrah" (1997).
3004:978-0-8276-0445-2
2977:978-90-04-07819-2
2925:978-979-592-701-3
2435:
2402:
2401:
2351:
2350:
2099:
2098:
1846:Reconstructionist
1790:
1789:
942:
941:
749:
748:
586:Jewish–Roman wars
534:Hasmonean dynasty
450:Kingdom of Israel
354:
353:
16:(Redirected from
3071:
2982:
2981:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2882:. Archived from
2877:
2868:
2788:
2577:Solomon's Temple
2440:
2430:
2428:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2243:
2242:
2124:
1945:
1939:
1920:
1884:
1883:
1831:
1778:New Zealand
1730:
1693:El Salvador
1683:
1615:Northern America
1607:
1201:
957:
956:
868:Crimean Karaites
764:
763:
742:
740:
661:
659:
651:
645:
636:
624:Rabbinic Judaism
605:
599:
593:
581:
569:
535:
528:Maccabean Revolt
505:
498:
492:
484:
477:
471:
463:
445:
369:
368:
343:
238:
237:
170:
158:
57:
56:
21:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3044:Jewish services
3029:
3028:
2991:
2989:Further reading
2986:
2985:
2978:
2945:Bosworth, C. E.
2937:
2933:
2926:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2799:
2771:Like the Jews,
2769:
2767:Outside Judaism
2743:There are also
2700:
2698:in Jewish homes
2666:Initially, the
2614:
2603:cardinal points
2569:tent of meeting
2474:
2438:mizrákh, mizrāḥ
2398:
2353:
2352:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2220:Judeo-Malayalam
2200:Judaeo-Georgian
2120:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2001:Yiddish theatre
1943:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1829:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1728:
1681:
1605:
1199:
983:Genetic studies
954:
944:
943:
761:
751:
750:
738:
737:
657:
656:
649:
639:
634:
616:and Middle Ages
614:Rabbinic period
601:
595:
588:
576:
547:
533:
503:
496:
487:
479:
475:
466:
461:in Judaism
458:
443:
366:
356:
355:
235:
225:
224:
168:
156:
101:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3006:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2949:van Donzel, E.
2931:
2924:
2904:
2900:Mizrah/Shiviti
2892:
2889:on 2011-07-28.
2859:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2815:versus populum
2798:
2795:
2768:
2765:
2707:Mizrah-shiviti
2699:
2693:
2632:, in his work
2613:
2607:
2596:Shulkhan Arukh
2547:Book of Daniel
2518:Holy of Holies
2506:Land of Israel
2473:
2470:
2427:מזרח \ מִזְרָח
2409:(also spelled
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2281:Territorialism
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Judaeo-Spanish
2162:
2160:Judaeo-Iranian
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:United Kingdom
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
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1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
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1467:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
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1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:Bilad-el-Sudan
1036:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
995:
994:
992:Land of Israel
988:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
955:
950:
949:
946:
945:
940:
939:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
852:
851:
850:Related groups
847:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
783:
782:
777:
762:
757:
756:
753:
752:
747:
746:
745:
744:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Jewish atheism
704:
699:
694:
686:
685:
681:
680:
679:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:Islamic–Jewish
653:
646:
631:
626:
618:
617:
610:
609:
608:
607:
583:
570:
542:
537:
530:
525:
523:Yehud Medinata
517:
516:
510:
509:
508:
507:
500:
493:
485:
472:
464:
452:
447:
440:
432:
431:
429:Ancient Israel
425:
424:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
385:Land of Israel
382:
374:
373:
367:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
351:
350:
349:
344:
340:Shulchan Aruch
335:
330:
325:
320:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
273:
272:
266:
265:
264:
263:
258:
253:
245:
244:
236:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
165:
160:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
118:
113:
106:God in Judaism
102:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
77:
76:
66:
65:
47:Eastern Europe
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3076:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:Against Apion
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2490:De treurdagen
2487:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Judeo-Aramaic
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Judeo-Italian
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Ghardaïa Sign
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:Denominations
1796:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:United States
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Guinea-Bissau
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
996:
993:
990:
989:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
968:Lists of Jews
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:
953:
948:
947:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
853:
849:
848:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
768:
767:
766:
765:
760:
755:
754:
743:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:The Holocaust
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
683:
682:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
654:
652:
647:
643:
637:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
619:
615:
612:
611:
604:
598:
592:
587:
584:
580:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
499:
494:
490:
486:
483:
478:
473:
469:
465:
462:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
430:
427:
426:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
375:
371:
370:
365:
360:
359:
348:
345:
342:
341:
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:Mishneh Torah
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
291:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
271:
268:
267:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
246:
243:
240:
239:
234:
229:
228:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
166:
164:
161:
159:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
95:
94:
89:
88:Who is a Jew?
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
19:
3009:
2995:
2967:
2960:
2934:
2914:
2907:
2895:
2884:the original
2813:
2807:
2776:
2770:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2695:
2667:
2665:
2644:Jordan River
2633:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2562:
2536:8:33, 44, 48
2526:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2459:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2344:Post-Zionism
2215:Judeo-Berber
2210:Judeo-Arabic
2170:Judeo-Gascon
1917:Pidyon haben
1836:Conservative
1382:Saudi Arabia
1200:South Africa
1189:Sierra Leone
1011:Israeli Jews
925:Mosaic Arabs
878:Kaifeng Jews
739:Arab–Israeli
712:Emancipation
591:Great Revolt
400:Anti-Judaism
395:Antisemitism
390:Name "Judea"
185:Baal teshuva
42:
35:
32:Eastern Wall
2957:Pellat, Ch.
2809:Ad orientem
2738:kabbalistic
2727:Psalm 113:3
2573:2:2–3; 3:38
2486:Jan Voerman
2339:Revisionist
2329:Neo-Zionism
1936:Zeved habat
1729:Puerto Rico
1555:Netherlands
1387:South Korea
1372:Philippines
1252:Afghanistan
1119:Ivory Coast
893:Crypto-Jews
858:Bnei Anusim
837:Bene Israel
802:Beta Israel
759:Communities
666:Middle Ages
405:Persecution
180:Bereavement
3033:Categories
3016:Cecil Roth
2855:References
2787:قِـبْـلَـة
2761:Psalm 16:8
2731:Septuagint
2588:Maimonides
2472:Jewish law
2324:Maximalism
2276:Secularism
2256:Autonomism
2073:Literature
1866:Humanistic
1470:Azerbaijan
1432:Uzbekistan
1407:Tajikistan
1327:Kyrgyzstan
1312:Kazakhstan
1159:Mozambique
1134:Madagascar
1054:Cape Verde
1006:New Yishuv
1001:Old Yishuv
952:Population
930:Subbotniks
888:Samaritans
827:Romanyotim
770:Ashkenazim
717:Old Yishuv
697:Sabbateans
684:Modern era
676:Golden Age
603:Bar Kokhba
323:Beit Yosef
190:Philosophy
53:, Ukraine)
45:papercut,
30:See also:
2966:Volume V:
2953:Lewis, B.
2745:papercuts
2723:mi-mizrah
2689:Beit Alfa
2676:Euphrates
2652:Capernaum
2558:9:3, 6:10
2540:II Chron.
2510:Jerusalem
2462:synagogue
2455:Jerusalem
2432:romanized
2334:Religious
2190:Zarphatic
2180:Bukharian
2150:Judeo-Tat
2135:Yeshivish
2109:Languages
2064:Sephardic
2054:Israelite
2044:Ethiopian
2034:Ashkenazi
1973:Religious
1763:Australia
1745:Venezuela
1651:Argentina
1633:Greenland
1545:Lithuania
1397:Sri Lanka
1392:Singapore
1317:Kurdistan
1282:Indonesia
1272:Hong Kong
1225:Abayudaya
1149:Mauritius
883:Igbo Jews
873:Krymchaks
792:Sephardim
660:relations
554:Sadducees
550:Pharisees
540:Sanhedrin
455:Jerusalem
215:Synagogue
83:Etymology
2968:Khe–Mahi
2959:(eds.).
2797:See also
2736:112:3),
2709:papercut
2648:Bet Alfa
2646:, as in
2640:Egyptian
2630:Josephus
2502:Diaspora
2447:Diaspora
2361:Category
2319:Kahanism
2266:Feminism
2238:Politics
2122:Biblical
2092:American
2039:Bukharan
2029:American
1929:Shidduch
1905:Clothing
1861:Haymanot
1807:Orthodox
1735:Suriname
1718:Paraguay
1671:Colombia
1570:Portugal
1480:Bulgaria
1417:Thailand
1367:Pakistan
1347:Mongolia
1342:Malaysia
1262:Cambodia
1236:Zimbabwe
1211:Tanzania
1089:Eswatini
1079:Ethiopia
1069:Djibouti
1049:Cameroon
1044:Botswana
973:Diaspora
935:Noahides
908:Marranos
832:Cochinim
817:Bukharim
807:Gruzinim
797:Teimanim
787:Mizrahim
775:Galician
741:conflict
702:Hasidism
692:Haskalah
597:Diaspora
468:timeline
380:Timeline
293:Rabbinic
200:Kabbalah
175:Marriage
151:Tzedakah
141:Holidays
99:Religion
62:a series
60:Part of
51:Pidkamin
2773:Muslims
2757:shiviti
2749:shiviti
2685:Jericho
2683:, near
2674:on the
2618:Miletus
2565:Tosefta
2533:I Kings
2529:Solomon
2522:Mishnah
2482:mizrach
2480:Framed
2445:in the
2434::
2418:Mizrakh
2412:Mizrach
2304:General
2295:Zionism
2271:Leftism
2261:Bundism
2185:Knaanic
2145:Yevanic
2130:Yiddish
2087:Yiddish
2082:Israeli
2059:Mizrahi
2049:Israeli
2020:Cuisine
1996:Ancient
1978:Secular
1924:Kashrut
1900:Wedding
1887:Customs
1879:Culture
1856:Science
1851:Renewal
1841:Karaite
1822:Hasidic
1754:Oceania
1740:Uruguay
1708:Jamaica
1688:Ecuador
1656:Bolivia
1600:Ukraine
1575:Romania
1550:Moldova
1530:Hungary
1520:Germany
1515:Georgia
1505:Finland
1500:Estonia
1495:Denmark
1490:Czechia
1475:Belarus
1465:Austria
1460:Armenia
1437:Vietnam
1352:Myanmar
1337:Lebanon
1257:Bahrain
1216:Tunisia
1194:Somalia
1169:Nigeria
1164:Namibia
1154:Morocco
1084:Eritrea
1029:Algeria
913:Neofiti
822:Italkim
812:Juhurim
722:Zionism
671:Khazars
566:Sicarii
562:Zealots
558:Essenes
545:Schisms
410:Leaders
372:General
364:History
307:Tosefta
302:Midrash
279:Mishnah
261:Ketuvim
256:Nevi'im
205:Customs
136:Shabbat
131:Halakha
123: (
121:Mitzvot
108: (
74:Judaism
18:Mizrach
3022:
3002:
2974:
2955:&
2922:
2835:Baháʼí
2833:, the
2831:Qiblih
2825:Muslim
2823:, the
2783:Arabic
2778:qiblah
2753:mizrah
2719:mizrah
2715:mizrah
2696:Mizrah
2687:, and
2681:Naaran
2668:mizrah
2656:Masada
2626:Aegina
2624:, and
2622:Priene
2610:Mizrah
2584:43:1–4
2551:Daniel
2514:Temple
2498:Talmud
2451:prayer
2423:Hebrew
2406:Mizrah
2366:Portal
2225:Domari
2155:Shassi
2116:Hebrew
2011:Humour
1955:Hiloni
1950:Aliyah
1910:Niddah
1895:Minyan
1830:Reform
1817:Haredi
1812:Modern
1713:Mexico
1698:Guyana
1661:Brazil
1623:Canada
1595:Sweden
1585:Serbia
1580:Russia
1565:Poland
1560:Norway
1540:Latvia
1525:Greece
1510:France
1485:Cyprus
1451:Europe
1422:Turkey
1412:Taiwan
1322:Kuwait
1307:Jordan
1297:Israel
1231:Zambia
1221:Uganda
1139:Malawi
1109:Guinea
1099:Gambia
1034:Angola
1020:Africa
903:Dönmeh
898:Anusim
842:Berber
780:Litvak
732:Israel
638:
575:
489:Second
457:
318:Targum
284:Gemara
270:Talmud
242:Tanakh
195:Ethics
146:Prayer
43:Mizrah
2943:. In
2887:(PDF)
2876:(PDF)
2821:Qibla
2791:Mecca
2661:Irbid
2581:Ezek.
2575:, or
2466:rabbi
2314:Labor
2309:Green
2006:Dance
1964:Music
1783:Palau
1703:Haiti
1666:Chile
1590:Spain
1535:Italy
1442:Yemen
1402:Syria
1377:Qatar
1357:Nepal
1302:Japan
1277:India
1267:China
1206:Sudan
1129:Libya
1124:Kenya
1104:Ghana
1094:Gabon
1074:Egypt
1059:Benin
918:Xueta
863:Lemba
482:First
347:Zohar
251:Torah
233:Texts
220:Rabbi
210:Rites
110:names
3020:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2563:The
2555:Dan.
2543:6:34
2496:The
2443:Jews
1773:Guam
1768:Fiji
1723:Peru
1676:Cuba
1362:Oman
1332:Laos
1292:Iraq
1287:Iran
1244:Asia
1173:Igbo
1144:Mali
163:Brit
72:and
70:Jews
2734:Ps.
2592:Ark
2586:).
2560:).
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2415:,
1987:Art
333:Tur
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