331:. The province was thus bereft of many of its most competent soldiers. The spark that set off the war was apparently the arrest of eighteen rebellious indigenous leaders and the hanging of nine of them in mid-1540. Later in the same year the natives rose up to kill, roast, and eat the encomendero Juan de Arze. Spanish authorities also became aware that the natives were participating in "devilish" dances. After killing two Catholic priests, many natives fled the encomiendas and took refuge in the mountains, especially in the hill fortress of Mixtón. Acting Governor
158:
139:
92:
200:
359:
41:
412:
and many of the survivors (mostly women and children) were transported from their homelands to work on
Spanish farms and haciendas.". By the viceroy's order, many of those captured after the fall of Mixtón were executed, some by cannon fire, some torn apart by dogs, and others stabbed. The reports of the excessive violence caused the
284:. Over a six-year period Guzmán, who was brutal even by the standards of the day, killed, tortured, and enslaved thousands of natives. Guzmán’s policy was to "terrorize the natives with often unprovoked killing, torture, and enslavement". Guzmán and his lieutenants founded towns and Spanish settlements in the region, called
411:
and
Tenamzaztle, but the indigenous leader later escaped. Tenamaztle would remain at large as a guerilla until 1550. In early 1542 the stronghold of Mixtón fell to the Spaniards and the rebellion was over. In the aftermath of the natives' defeat, "thousands were dragged off in chains to the mines,
424:
As one authority said, the success of Cortés in defeating the Aztecs in only two years "created an illusion of
European superiority over the Indian as a warrior." However, the Spanish victories over the Aztecs and other complex societies "proved to be but a prelude to a far longer military struggle
435:
After their defeat the
Caxcanes were absorbed into Spanish society and lost their identity as a distinct people. They would later serve as auxiliaries to Spanish soldiers in their continued advance northward. Spanish expansion after the Mixtón War would lead to the longer and even more bloody
402:
and other strongpoints. The
Spanish authorities were now thoroughly alarmed and feared that the revolt would spread. They assembled a force of 450 Spaniards and 30,000-60,000 Aztec, Tlaxcalan, and other natives, and under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invaded the land of the Caxcanes. With his
231:
for all the nomadic and semi-nomadic Native
Americans living in the deserts of northern Mexico. However, the Caxcanes seem to have been sedentary, depending upon agriculture for their livelihood and living in permanent towns and settlements. They were, perhaps, the most northerly of the
335:
led a
Spanish and native force to quell the rebellion. The Caxcanes killed a delegation of one priest and ten Spanish soldiers. Oñate attempted to storm Mixtón, but the natives on the summit repelled his attack. Oñate then requested reinforcements from the capital,
670:
Juan Comas, Historical
Reality and the Detractors of Father las Casas, Juan Friede and Benjamin Keen (eds.). Bartolomé de las Casas in History: Toward an Understanding of the Man and his Work. Collection spéciale: CER. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. p.
386:
to assist in putting down the revolt. Alvarado declined to await reinforcements and attacked Mixtón in June 1541 with 400 Spaniards and an unknown number of indigenous allies. He was met there by an estimated 15,000 natives under
Tenamaztle and Don Diego, a
391:. The first attack of the Spanish was repulsed with 10 Spaniards and many indigenous allies killed. Subsequent attacks by Alvarado were also unsuccessful and on June 24 Alvarado was injured when a horse fell on him. He died on July 4.
292:
in or near the homeland of the
Caxcanes. But the Spaniards encountered increased resistance as they moved further from the complex hierarchical societies of Central Mexico and attempted to force natives into servitude through the
699:(2 ed.). Tucson: U of AZ Press, 1966. p. 126. Retrieved August 2009. "The Spaniards did not break through into the Chichimeca country until 1541 when several groups of Chichimeca Indians were defeated in the Mixtón War"
306:
440:(1550–1590). The Spanish were forced to change their policy from one of forcibly subjugating the native population to accommodation and gradual absorption, a process taking centuries.
432:, Mexico’s second largest city, was located. It also opened up Spanish access to the deserts of the north in which Spanish explorers would search for and find rich silver deposits.
1082:
892:
1077:
998:
951:
896:
443:
The Caxcanes possibly survive into the 21st century, at least in folk festivals, as the Tastuane people. Annual fiestas of the Tastuanes in towns such as
928:
327:
had taken more than 1,600 Spaniards and indigenous allies from the region northward with him on his expedition to what would become the American
864:
773:
Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest
1107:
741:
348:
313:
248:
The first contact of the Caxcanes and other indigenous peoples of the northwestern Mexico with the Spanish, was in 1529 when
997:. Serie breves historias de los estados de la República Mexicana (in Spanish) (Reproduced online at the Biblioteca Digital,
950:. Serie breves historias de los estados de la República Mexicana (in Spanish) (Reproduced online at the Biblioteca Digital,
992:
28:
211:
were the "heart and soul" of the resistance. The Caxcanes lived in the northern part of the present-day Mexican state of
1014:
967:
831:
784:
945:
1052:
908:
645:
324:
1067:
904:
850:"Les martyrs ou la Vierge? Frères martyrs et images outragées dans le Mexique du Nord (XVIème-XVIIème siècles)"
1092:
1072:
1057:
232:
agricultural, town-and-city dwelling peoples of interior Mexico. The Caxcanes are believed to have spoken a
1006:
991:
Rojas, Beatriz; Jesús Gómez Serrano; Andrés Reyes Rodríguez; Salvador Camacho; Carlos Reyes Sahagún (1994).
959:
104:
343:
The command structure of the Caxcanes is unknown but the most prominent leader who emerged among them was
1102:
1087:
891:
568:
Imprenta del Gobierno, 1870, p. 115. The phrase in the reference is "le mataron, Y asado se le comieron."
323:
In spring 1540, the Caxcanes and their allies struck back, emboldened perhaps by the fact that Governor
990:
527:
Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoacan, Mexico, 1521-1565
328:
1097:
1062:
1047:
332:
1002:
955:
776:
751:
413:
709:
604:
429:
367:
344:
309:
289:
167:
696:
Six faces of Mexico: history, people, geography, government, economy, literature & art
658:
425:
against the peculiar and terrifying prowess of Indian America’s more primitive warriors."
8:
539:
500:
469:
249:
32:
207:
Although other indigenous groups also fought against the Spanish in the Mixtón War, the
479:
464:
444:
379:
371:
162:
803:
552:
403:
overwhelming force, Mendoza reduced the indigenous strongholds one-by-one in a war of
1020:
1010:
973:
963:
932:
880:
872:
827:
790:
780:
759:
737:
474:
383:
363:
143:
147:
931:, Publication 37 (in Spanish). Tacabuya, Mexico: original imprint by E. Murguia.
695:
203:
The location of the native peoples in the area in which the Mixton War was fought
943:
849:
734:
The war for Mexico's west : Indians and Spaniards in New Galicia, 1524-1550
437:
220:
750:
1041:
876:
867:
and Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur l’Amérique latine (UMR 7169,
428:
Victory in the Mixtón War enabled the Spanish to control the region in which
285:
1024:
977:
936:
884:
794:
408:
399:
681:
579:
The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest.
763:
187:
against the Spanish conquerors. The war was named after Mixtón, a hill in
893:
INAFED (Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal)
693:^ Ewing, Russell C.; Edward Holland Spicer (1966). Russell C. Ewing. ed.
395:
337:
253:
233:
903:(in Spanish) (online edition at E-Local ed.). México D.F.: INAFED,
305:
634:
404:
294:
261:
224:
112:
236:
language. Other Native Americans participating in the revolt were the
863:(1). Paris: Institut des Hautes Études de l’Amérique latine (IHEAL),
452:
416:
to undertake a secret investigation into the conduct of the viceroy.
352:
317:
281:
216:
188:
96:
566:
Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de la Nueva-Galicia. Mexico
312:, indigenous leader in the Mixtón War, statue on the main square of
388:
237:
199:
847:
514:
Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546-1700
45:
Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza and Tlaxcalans battle with the Caxcanes
758:(Kessinger Publishing reprint ed.). New York: Macmillan Co.
398:
in September but were repulsed. The indigenous army retired to
277:
273:
269:
265:
212:
448:
257:
208:
184:
180:
124:
116:
358:
228:
157:
138:
91:
40:
922:
853:(reproduced online at Nuevo Mundo—Mundos Nuevos, 2005)
944:
Monroy Castillo, María Isabel; Tomás Calvillo Unna (1997).
868:
1083:
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
999:
Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa
952:
Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa
871:); distributed by La Documentation Française: 32–55.
16:
War (1540–1542) between Caxcan and Spanish conquerors
366:is pictured at the top left. The indigenous leader
907:, Gobierno del Estado de Zacatecas. Archived from
756:The colonization of North America, 1492–1783
1078:Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire
1039:
824:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
529:. State College: Penn State U Press, 2001, p 56
929:Pan American Institute of Geography and History
801:
646:Enciclopedia de Municipios. Nochistlan de Mejia
407:. On November 9, 1541, he captured the city of
848:Giudicelli, Christophe; Pierre Ragon (2000).
594:Mexico City: Editorial Diana, 2005, pp. 25-59
394:Emboldened, the natives attacked the city of
1005:, Fideicomiso Historia de las Américas, and
958:, Fideicomiso Historia de las Américas, and
770:
227:, a generic term used by the Spaniards and
684:" by John P. Schmal, accessed Dec 23, 2010
516:. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 1971, p. 5
256:with 300-400 Spaniards and 5,000 to 8,000
191:which served as an Indigenous stronghold.
657:Peter Gerhard quoted in Schmal, John P. "
382:called upon the experienced conquistador
901:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
865:Université Paris III - Sorbonne Nouvelle
357:
304:
223:. They are often considered part of the
198:
822:Weigand, Phil C. (2006). "Mixton War".
821:
542:" by John Schmal. Accessed Dec 23, 2010
1040:
731:
75:Spaniard and indigenous allied victory
923:López-Portillo y Weber, José (1939).
659:Sixteenth Century Indigenous Jalisco
635:http://lantinola.com/story.php/=1109
540:Sixteenth Century Indigenous Jalisco
501:Sixteenth Century Indigenous Jalisco
29:Spanish colonization of the Americas
754:; Thomas Maitland Marshall (1920).
179:(1540–1542) was a rebellion by the
13:
736:. University of New Mexico Press.
720:
710:The Indigenous People of Zacatecas
682:The Indigenous People of Zacatecas
605:The Indigenous People of Zacatecas
14:
1119:
947:Breve historia de San Luis Potosí
240:from the state of the same name.
994:Breve historia de Aguascalientes
897:"Nochistlán de Mejía, Zazatecas"
680:Philip Wayne Powell, quoted in "
156:
137:
90:
39:
1001:(ILCE) ed.). México D.F.:
954:(ILCE) ed.). México D.F.:
810:. Houston Institute for Culture
702:
687:
674:
664:
651:
639:
628:
619:
610:
564:Padilla, D. Matias de la Mota.
194:
597:
584:
571:
558:
545:
532:
519:
506:
493:
455:, commemorate the Mixtón War.
1:
859:. Second Series (in French).
857:Cahiers des Amériques latines
485:
325:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
243:
1108:Massacres committed by Spain
925:La rebelión de Nueva Galicia
581:Norman: U of OK Press, p. 23
419:
7:
826:. Oxford University Press.
458:
10:
1124:
1007:Fondo de Cultura Económica
960:Fondo de Cultura Económica
804:"The History of Zazatecas"
538:Quoting Peter Gerhart in "
525:Krippner-Martinez, James.
300:
264:allies on a march through
905:Secretaría de Gobernación
712:" , Accessed Dec 23, 2010
661:", Accessed Dec. 24, 1010
130:
83:
49:
38:
26:
21:
802:Schmal, John P. (2004).
648:,. Accessed Dec 24, 2010
625:Leon-Portilla, pp. 77-80
616:Leon-Portilla, pp. 72-74
555:", Accessed Dec 24, 2010
553:The History of Zacatecas
503:." Accessed Dec 23, 2010
1053:16th-century rebellions
607:", Accessed Jan 1, 2024
590:Leon-Portilla, Miguel.
183:people of northwestern
1068:History of Mesoamerica
752:Bolton, Herbert Eugene
375:
320:
250:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
204:
131:Commanders and leaders
777:Duke University Press
771:Rabasa, José (2000).
414:Council of the Indies
361:
308:
202:
1093:History of Zacatecas
1073:Mesoamerican warfare
1058:Rebellions in Mexico
1003:El Colegio de México
956:El Colegio de México
732:Altman, Ida (2010).
592:Francisco Tenamaztle
430:Guadalajara, Jalisco
368:Francisco Tenamaztle
310:Francisco Tenamaztle
168:Francisco Tenamaztle
374:at the bottom left.
314:Nochistlán de Mejía
33:Mexican Indian Wars
1103:1540s in New Spain
1088:History of Nayarit
603:Schmal, John P. "
480:La Gran Chichimeca
465:Antonio de Mendoza
445:Moyahua de Estrada
380:Antonio de Mendoza
376:
372:Antonio de Mendoza
333:Cristóbal de Oñate
321:
205:
163:Antonio de Mendoza
105:Indigenous peoples
808:History of Mexico
743:978-0-8263-4493-9
708:Schmal, John P. "
551:Schmal, John P. "
499:Schmal, John P. "
475:Pedro de Alvarado
384:Pedro de Alvarado
364:Pedro de Alvarado
173:
172:
144:Pedro de Alvarado
79:
78:
66:Modern-day Mexico
1115:
1034:
1032:
1031:
987:
985:
984:
940:
919:
917:
916:
888:
854:
837:
818:
816:
815:
798:
767:
747:
713:
706:
700:
691:
685:
678:
672:
668:
662:
655:
649:
643:
637:
632:
626:
623:
617:
614:
608:
601:
595:
588:
582:
575:
569:
562:
556:
549:
543:
536:
530:
523:
517:
512:Bakewell, P. J.
510:
504:
497:
161:
160:
152:
142:
141:
95:
94:
51:
50:
43:
19:
18:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1098:1540s in Mexico
1063:Colonial Mexico
1048:1540s conflicts
1038:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1017:
982:
980:
970:
914:
912:
852:
834:
813:
811:
787:
744:
723:
721:Further reading
718:
717:
716:
707:
703:
692:
688:
679:
675:
669:
665:
656:
652:
644:
640:
633:
629:
624:
620:
615:
611:
602:
598:
589:
585:
577:Simmons, Marc,
576:
572:
563:
559:
550:
546:
537:
533:
524:
520:
511:
507:
498:
494:
488:
461:
422:
303:
252:set forth from
246:
197:
155:
154:
148:
136:
121:
115:
109:
108:
100:
99:
89:
67:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1015:
988:
968:
941:
920:
889:
839:
838:
832:
819:
799:
785:
775:. Durham, NC:
768:
748:
742:
722:
719:
715:
714:
701:
686:
673:
663:
650:
638:
627:
618:
609:
596:
583:
570:
557:
544:
531:
518:
505:
491:
490:
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
477:
472:
470:Nuño de Guzmán
467:
460:
457:
438:Chichimeca War
421:
418:
370:faces Viceroy
302:
299:
245:
242:
221:Aguascalientes
215:, in southern
196:
193:
171:
170:
165:
133:
132:
128:
127:
122:
120:
119:
103:
102:
101:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1120:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:968-16-4540-5
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
979:
975:
971:
969:968-16-5324-6
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
911:on 2007-09-27
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
846:
845:
844:
843:
835:
833:9780195188431
829:
825:
820:
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
786:0-8223-2535-7
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
730:
729:
728:
727:
711:
705:
698:
697:
690:
683:
677:
667:
660:
654:
647:
642:
636:
631:
622:
613:
606:
600:
593:
587:
580:
574:
567:
561:
554:
548:
541:
535:
528:
522:
515:
509:
502:
496:
492:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
433:
431:
426:
417:
415:
410:
406:
401:
397:
392:
390:
385:
381:
373:
369:
365:
362:The death of
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
334:
330:
326:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
296:
291:
287:
286:Nueva Galicia
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
201:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
169:
166:
164:
159:
153:
151:
145:
140:
135:
134:
129:
126:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
106:
98:
93:
88:
87:
82:
74:
71:
70:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1028:. Retrieved
993:
981:. Retrieved
946:
924:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
900:
860:
856:
841:
840:
823:
812:. Retrieved
807:
772:
755:
733:
725:
724:
704:
694:
689:
676:
666:
653:
641:
630:
621:
612:
599:
591:
586:
578:
573:
565:
560:
547:
534:
526:
521:
513:
508:
495:
442:
434:
427:
423:
393:
377:
342:
322:
288:, including
247:
206:
195:The Caxcanes
176:
174:
149:
84:Belligerents
27:Part of the
396:Guadalajara
338:Mexico City
290:Guadalajara
254:Mexico City
234:Uto-Aztecan
57:1540 – 1542
1042:Categories
1030:2007-12-14
983:2007-12-14
915:2007-12-14
814:2007-12-14
486:References
409:Nochistlán
405:no quarter
400:Nochistlán
349:Nochistlán
345:Tenamaztle
295:encomienda
244:Background
225:Chichimeca
177:Mixtón War
113:Tlaxcalans
22:Mixtón War
877:1141-7161
453:Zacatecas
420:Aftermath
353:Zacatecas
329:southwest
318:Zacatecas
282:Zacatecas
262:Tlaxcalan
238:Zacatecos
217:Zacatecas
189:Zacatecas
97:New Spain
1025:37602467
978:39401967
937:77249201
895:(2005).
885:12685246
795:43662151
459:See also
389:Zacateco
378:Viceroy
297:system.
209:Caxcanes
125:Caxcanes
62:Location
842:Spanish
726:English
301:The War
278:Sinaloa
274:Durango
270:Jalisco
266:Nayarit
213:Jalisco
150:†
1023:
1013:
976:
966:
935:
883:
875:
830:
793:
783:
764:423777
762:
740:
449:Apozol
447:, and
280:, and
229:Aztecs
219:, and
185:Mexico
181:Caxcan
146:
117:Mexica
72:Result
258:Aztec
1021:OCLC
1011:ISBN
974:OCLC
964:ISBN
933:OCLC
881:OCLC
873:ISSN
869:CNRS
828:ISBN
791:OCLC
781:ISBN
760:OCLC
738:ISBN
260:and
175:The
54:Date
31:and
671:493
347:of
1044::
1019:.
1009:.
972:.
962:.
927:.
899:.
879:.
861:33
855:.
806:.
789:.
779:.
451:,
355:.
351:,
340:.
316:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
1033:.
986:.
939:.
918:.
887:.
836:.
817:.
797:.
766:.
746:.
107::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
