200:
60 thousand Aztec, Tlaxcalan and other
Indians and under Viceroy Mendoza invaded the land of the Caxcanes. With his overwhelming force, Mendoza reduced the Indian strongholds one-by-one in a war of no quarter. On November 9, 1541, he captured the city of Nochistlan and Tenamaztle—but the Indian leader later escaped. In early 1542 the stronghold of Mixton fell to the Spaniards and the rebellion was over. The aftermath of the Caxcan's defeat was that "thousands were dragged off in chains to the mines, and many of the survivors (mostly women and children) were transported from their homelands to work on Spanish farms and haciendas. By the viceroy's order men, women and children were seized and executed, some by cannon fire, some torn apart by dogs, and others stabbed. The reports of the excessive violence against civilian Indians caused the Council of the Indies to undertake a secret investigation into the conduct of the viceroy.
219:, did not come under the complete control of the Spanish until 1722, the last bastion of Indian opposition to Spanish rule in Nueva Galicia. In 1551, Tenamaztle voluntarily surrendered to the Bishop of Nueva Galicia who brought him to Mexico City. After an investigation, on August 12, 1552 Spanish authorities established his identity as the leader of the Caxcanes in the Mixton War and on November 17 he was ordered to be sent for trial to Spain.
154:
150:, a generic term used by the Spaniards and Aztecs for all the nomadic and semi-nomadic Native Americans living in the deserts of northern Mexico. However, the Caxcanes seem to have been sedentary, depending upon agriculture for their livelihood and living in permanent towns and settlements. They were, perhaps, the most northerly of the agricultural, town-and-city dwelling peoples of interior Mexico.
17:
246:
Tenamaztle asked the king to consider "the unparalleled wrongs and evils that the
Caxcanes had endured at the hands of the Spanish" and said that the objective of the Indians was not to rebel but to "flee the inhuman cruelty to which they were subjected." The trial proceeded without decision for more
242:
Tenamaztle’s strategy was to (1) establish that he was the rightful tlatoani of
Nochistlan; (2) demonstrate that the Caxcan had received the Spanish in peace and that he should have all the rights of a vassal of the King of Spain; (3) accuse Nuño de Guzmán, Cristóbal de Oñate and Miguel de Ibarra of
199:
Emboldened, the
Indians led by Tenamaztle attacked Guadalajara in September but were repulsed. The Indian army retired to Nochistlan and other strongpoints. The Spanish authorities were now thoroughly alarmed and feared that the revolt would spread. They assembled a force of 450 Spaniards and 30 to
178:
The spark which set off the MixtĂłn War was apparently the arrest of 18 rebellious Indian leaders and the hanging of nine of them in mid 1540. Later in the same year the
Indians rose up to kill the encomendero Juan de Arze. Spanish authorities also became aware that the Indians were participating in
161:
Presumably at the same time as his baptism, Tenamaztle also swore allegiance to the
Spanish crown and was confirmed in his position and any property he owned. Spanish rule, however, was oppressive and in mid-1540 the Caxcanes and their allies, the Zacatecos and possibly other Chichimeca tribes,
195:
to assist in putting down the revolt. Alvarado declined to await reinforcements and attacked Mixton in June 1541 with four hundred
Spaniards and an unknown number of Indian allies. He was met there by an Indian army, estimated by the Spanish to number 15,000, under Tenamaztle and Don Diego, a
183:
led a
Spanish and Indian force to quell the rebellion. The Caxcanes killed a peace delegation of one priest and ten Spanish soldiers. Oñate attempted to storm Mixtón, but the Indians on the summit repelled his attack. Oñate then requested reinforcements from the capital, Mexico City.
196:
Zacateco. The first attack of the
Spanish was repulsed with ten Spaniards and many Indian allies killed. Subsequent attacks by Alvarado were also unsuccessful and on June 24 he was crushed when a horse fell on him. He subsequently died on July 4.
119:. Over a six-year period Guzmán conducted frequent violent slave raids throughout Northern Mexico, enslaving thousands of natives. Guzmán and his lieutenants founded towns and Spanish settlements in the region, called
243:
exploiting and murdering
Indians; and, (4) declare that the war of the Caxcanes was "natural justice" because of the abuses of the Spaniards. He petitioned that his lands, wife, and children be returned to him.
131:, Zacatecas. The Spaniards encountered increased resistance as they moved further from the complex hierarchical societies of Central Mexico and attempted to force Indians into servitude through the
171:
204:
247:
than one year. The last known document related to the trial is dated August 7, 1556. Nothing more is known of the disposition of the case or of Tenamaztle. He probably died in Spain.
179:"devilish" dances. After killing two Catholic priests, many Indians fled the encomiendas and took refuge in the mountains, especially on the hill fortress of MixtĂłn. Acting Governor
426:
Comas, Juan, Historical Reality and the Detractors of Father las Casas. Bartolome de las Casas in History: Toward an understanding of the Man and his Work. Collecion special
514:
235:
who helped him plead his case. The wheels of justice rolled slowly and it was July 1, 1555 before he had an opportunity to present his case to the King and the
519:
146:
of Nochistlan," an urban center and region in the southern part of Zacatecas. The Caxcan Indians are often considered part of the
207:
Francisco Tenamaztle, the Indian leader in the Mixton War. The statue is on the main square of Nochistlan de Mejia, Zacatecas.
83:
The first contact of the Caxcan and other indigenous peoples of northwestern Mexico with the Spanish, was in 1529 when
162:
revolted. The command structure of the Caxcanes is unknown but the most prominent leader who emerged was Tenamaztle.
399:
529:
256:
84:
554:
211:
With the defeat, Tenamaztle, Guaxicar, another leader, and their followers, retreated into the mountains of
509:
504:
72:
549:
544:
539:
534:
232:
68:
559:
524:
412:
157:
The location of the Caxcan people and their neighbors in the area where the Mixton War was fought.
180:
236:
174:
The area and places involved in the MixtĂłn War. Tenamaztle was from Nochiztlan (Nochistlan).
142:
sometime after Guzmán’s expedition and given the Christian name Francisco. He became "Lord
8:
188:
21:
460:
192:
25:
289:
Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoacan
564:
411:
Gerhard, Peter quoted in Schmal, John P. "Sixteenth Century Indigenous Jalisco."
400:
http://www.e-local.gov.mx/work/templates/enciclo/zacatecas/municipios/32034a.htp
215:
where they lived in hiding for nine years. This area, primarily occupied by the
384:
275:
498:
120:
128:
60:
328:
The Last Conquistador: Juan de Onate and the Settling of the Far Southwest.
216:
170:
124:
88:
203:
228:
147:
132:
96:
353:
116:
315:
Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de la Nueva-Galicia, Mexico
291:, Mexico, 1521–1565. State College: Penn State U Press, 2001, p.56
231:
and later took up residence in a Dominican monastery. Here he met
153:
143:
139:
302:
Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546–1700
212:
112:
108:
104:
100:
36:
127:, the first temporary site of which was at Tenamaztle’s home of
413:
http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/jalisco_indig.htm,accessed
56:
52:
480:. Zamora, Michoacan: El Colegio de Michoacan, 2000, pp.173–176
92:
64:
16:
437:
Pollard, Helen Perlstein, "Tenamaxtli y Guaxicar" (review)
71:
he defended the justice of his cause by appealing to King
352:
Schmal, John P. "The Indigenous People of Zacatecas."
496:
428:. CER. DeKalb: Northern Illinois U Press, p. 493
397:Enciclopedia de Municipios: Nochistlan de Mejia.
515:16th-century indigenous leaders of the Americas
99:allies on a march through the future states of
24:at the bottom left. The death of golden-haired
478:The Debate about the Chichimeca War, 1531–1585
465:Bartolomé de las Casas: his life and writings
343:. Mexico City:Editorial Diana, 2005, pp.25–29
385:http://latinola.com/story.php/=1109,accessed
63:of 1540–1542. He was later put on trial in
467:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 191-2.
91:with 300–400 Spaniards and 5,000 to 8,000
304:. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 1971, p.5
191:called upon the experienced conquistador
202:
169:
152:
15:
227:In Spain, Tenamaztle was imprisoned in
497:
317:. Imprenta del Gobierno, 1870, p. 115
520:Rebellions against the Spanish Empire
424:Friede, Juan and Keen, Benjamin, ed.
13:
354:http://latinola.cm/story.php?+1109
14:
576:
222:
165:
483:
470:
453:
444:
431:
418:
405:
390:
377:
313:Padilla D., Matias de la Mota.
368:
359:
346:
333:
320:
307:
294:
281:
269:
259:, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
257:Statue of Francisco Tenamaztle
1:
263:
78:
441:Winter 1999, Vol. 46, p. 192
330:Norman: U of OK Press, p. 23
28:is pictured at the top left.
7:
250:
10:
581:
489:Leon Portilla, pp. 175–176
287:Krippner-Martinez, James.
138:Tenamaztle was baptized a
39:1540s–1550s), also
20:Tenamaztle faces Viceroy
450:Leon-Portilla, pp. 21–22
67:. With the support of
459:Wagner, Henry Raup and
365:Leon-Portilla, pp.72–74
339:Leon-Portilla, Miguel.
530:History of Mesoamerica
402:, accessed 24 Dec 2010
356:, accessed 24 Dec 2010
233:Bartolomé de las Casas
208:
175:
158:
85:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
69:Bartolomé de las Casas
55:Indigenous peoples in
51:, was a leader of the
29:
237:Council of the Indies
206:
173:
156:
19:
555:History of Zacatecas
374:Leon-Portilla, 77–80
341:Francisco Tenamaztle
33:Francisco Tenamaztle
510:Indigenous Mexicans
505:Mesoamerican people
278:Accessed 2011-04-20
550:History of Sinaloa
545:History of Nayarit
540:History of Jalisco
535:History of Durango
476:Cazares. Alberto
209:
189:Antonio de Mendoza
181:Cristóbal de Oñate
176:
159:
30:
22:Antonio de Mendoza
461:Helen Rand Parish
193:Pedro de Alvarado
26:Pedro de Alvarado
572:
490:
487:
481:
474:
468:
457:
451:
448:
442:
435:
429:
422:
416:
409:
403:
394:
388:
383:Schmal, John P.
381:
375:
372:
366:
363:
357:
350:
344:
337:
331:
324:
318:
311:
305:
298:
292:
285:
279:
273:
580:
579:
575:
574:
573:
571:
570:
569:
560:1540s in Mexico
525:Colonial Mexico
495:
494:
493:
488:
484:
475:
471:
458:
454:
449:
445:
436:
432:
423:
419:
410:
406:
395:
391:
382:
378:
373:
369:
364:
360:
351:
347:
338:
334:
326:Simmons, Marc.
325:
321:
312:
308:
300:Bakewell, P.J.
299:
295:
286:
282:
274:
270:
266:
253:
225:
168:
87:set forth from
81:
12:
11:
5:
578:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
492:
491:
482:
469:
452:
443:
430:
417:
404:
389:
376:
367:
358:
345:
332:
319:
306:
293:
280:
276:The Mixton War
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
252:
249:
224:
223:Trial in Spain
221:
167:
166:The MixtĂłn War
164:
80:
77:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
577:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
500:
486:
479:
473:
466:
462:
456:
447:
440:
434:
427:
421:
414:
408:
401:
398:
393:
386:
380:
371:
362:
355:
349:
342:
336:
329:
323:
316:
310:
303:
297:
290:
284:
277:
272:
268:
258:
255:
254:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
220:
218:
214:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
185:
182:
172:
163:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:Nueva Galicia
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
23:
18:
485:
477:
472:
464:
455:
446:
439:Ethnohistory
438:
433:
425:
420:
407:
396:
392:
379:
370:
361:
348:
340:
335:
327:
322:
314:
309:
301:
296:
288:
283:
271:
245:
241:
226:
210:
198:
187:The Viceroy
186:
177:
160:
137:
123:, including
82:
48:
44:
40:
32:
31:
415:24 Dec 2010
387:24 Dec 2010
217:Cora people
125:Guadalajara
89:Mexico City
59:during the
41:Tenamaxtlan
499:Categories
264:References
229:Valladolid
148:Chichimeca
133:encomienda
129:Nochistlán
97:Tlaxcaltec
79:Background
61:MixtĂłn War
49:Tenamaxtle
45:Tenamaxtli
117:Zacatecas
463:. 1971.
251:See also
144:Tlatoani
140:Catholic
135:system.
73:Carlos I
213:Nayarit
113:Sinaloa
109:Durango
105:Jalisco
101:Nayarit
565:Caxcan
115:, and
57:Mexico
53:Caxcan
93:Aztec
65:Spain
95:and
47:or
37:fl.
501::
239:.
111:,
107:,
103:,
75:.
43:,
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
