329:
487:
831:
761:
43:
262:
788:
580:
318:
305:, intermixing of races particularly Spanish settlers, native Tainos, and imported Africans (free or enslaved), was very strong. In fact, colonial Santo Domingo had higher amount of mixing and lesser racial tensions in comparison to other colonies, even other Spanish colonies, this was due to the fact that for most of its colonial period, Santo Domingo was used as a military base where the majority of the Spanish settlers had an economy based on
576:
Republic acts as a continuum of white—mulatto—black and not as clear cut as in places like the United States. And many times in the same family, there can be people of different colors and racial phenotypes who are blood related, this is due to the large amounts of interracial mixing for hundreds of years in
Dominican Republic and the Spanish Caribbean in general, allowing for high amounts of genetic diversity.
222:. The latter's successes gained his people an autonomous enclave for a time on the island. Within a few years after 1492 the population of Taínos had declined drastically, due to warfare and intermixing. Census records from 1514 reveal that at least 40% of Spanish men in Santo Domingo were married to Taino women, and many present-day Dominicans have significant Taíno ancestry.
533:, and migration from Haitians, Afro-Caribbeans, and Afro-Americans the current overall admixture is 50%-60% European, 5%-10% Native and 30%-40% African. Because of this miscegenation, most Dominicans are a mix of Europeans and Africans, with lesser amounts of indigenous Taino blood, and they can accurately be described as
350:
Haitian soldiers tried to gain back control of lost territory, but this effort was to no avail as the
Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. In March 1844, a 30,000-strong two-pronged attack by Haitians was successfully repelled by an under-equipped Dominican army under the
340:
During the 1800s
Dominicans were often at war, fighting the French, Haitians, Spanish, or amongst themselves, resulting in a society heavily influenced by military strongmen. Santo Domingo attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. Dominican nationalists led an insurrection against the
345:
rang with the shots of the plotters, who had emerged from their meetings to openly challenge the
Haitians. Their efforts were successful, and for the next ten years, Dominican military strongmen fought to preserve their country's independence from the Haitian government. After ousting the Haitian
257:
and the first seat of
Spanish colonial rule in the New World. For centuries the colony fought against British, Dutch, and French expeditions into the region until the 17th century when pirates working for the French Empire took over part of the west coast. After decades of armed conflicts, Spain
575:
In
Dominican Republic and some other Latin American countries, it can sometimes be difficult to determine the exact number of racial groups, because the lines between whites and lighter multiracials are very blurry, which is also true between blacks and darker multiracials. As race in Dominican
1610:
Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gravel, Simon; Zakharia, Fouad; McCauley, Jacob L.; Byrnes, Jake K.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia A.; Martínez, Ricardo J.; Hedges, Dale J.; Morris, Richard W.; Eng, Celeste; Sandoval, Karla; Acevedo-Acevedo, Suehelay; Norman, Paul J.; Layrisse, Zulay;
567:
ancestry. European ancestry in the mixed population typically ranges between 50% and 60% on average, while
African ancestry ranges between 30% and 40%, and the Native ancestry usually ranges between 5% and 10%. European and Native ancestry tends to be strongest in cities and towns of the
190:, a seafaring people who moved into Hispaniola from the north-east region of South America, displacing earlier inhabitants, c. AD 650. The native Tainos divided the island into several chiefdoms and engaged in farming, fishing, as well as hunting, and gathering.
309:, which was a far less labor-intensive than the more common plantation slavery at the time. By the 1700s, the majority of the population was mixed race, forming the basis of the Dominican ethnicity as a distinct people well before independence was achieved.
490:
Timeline of the
Dominican Republic's genetic make-up since 500 years ago showing the impact of migrations. The founder Dominican population was mostly European in origin with some Native Taíno element, but was modified by subsequent African inflows.
197:
to encounter the Taíno people. Columbus described the native Taínos as a physically tall, and well-proportioned people, with a noble character. After initially amicable relationships, the Taínos fought against the conquest, led by the female Chief
772:
each June. Fiesta Patria de la
Restauración, or Restoration Day, celebrates the Dominican Republic's day of independence from Spain, which occurred in 1863. Nationwide events include parades, music festivals, street festivals, and food festivals.
1310:
454:
was the most important port in the country (and even became provisional capital) and hosted the
European and North American migration to the Dominican Republic. The majority were Germans traders and tobacco producers, most of them being from
545:. Dominican Republic have several informal terms to loosely describe a person's degree of racial admixture, Mestizo means any type of mixed ancestry unlike in other Latin American countries it describes specifically a European/native mix,
293:
in West Indian waters. The population of Santo Domingo grew to approximately 125,000 in the year 1791. Of this number, 40,000 were white landowners, about 70,000 were of multiracial origin, and some 15,000 were black slaves.
427:, long before the modern sugar industry was established. When the railroad of Puerto Plata-Santiago was built in the late 19th century, many came from these islands to work on the railroad as well as others from
434:
The majority of the immigrants that settled in the Dominican Republic in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century established their residence in Santo Domingo, Santiago, Moca and Puerto Plata.
1922:
1394:
1302:
346:
occupying force from the country, Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted Haitian invasions that served to consolidate their independence from 1844 to 1856. Under the command of
415:. They worked on sugarcane plantations and docks and settled mainly in the coastal areas of the country. The immigration of Cocolos began in the late 1800s with the rise and development of the
447:) also settled in the country, working as agricultural laborers and merchants. Most immigrants intermixed with the local Dominican population, especially immigrants that came before 1980.
145:
Mixed Dominicans are the descendants from the racial integration between the Europeans, Native Americans, and later the Africans. They have a total population of approximately 8 million.
478:
More recently, there has been an increase of immigrants from Haiti, and to a lesser degree Venezuela, Cuba, Puerto Rico, among others due to the economic growth in Dominican Republic.
289:
throughout the 18th century. The revenue acquired in these acts of piracy was invested in the economic expansion of the colony. Numerous captive Africans were also taken from enemy
328:
749:. Parades, beauty pageants, and different festivals in each town throughout the country fill the week. In June the country celebrates Espíritu Santo to honor the island's
367:
In the late 19th century and early 20th century there was an increase in country's population as many immigrants came from other Caribbean islands, including the
277:. During this period, the privateers of Santo Domingo sailed into enemy ports looking for ships to attack, thus disrupting commerce between Spain's enemies in the
928:
572:
region, and generally in the mountainous interior of the country. African ancestry is strongest in coastal areas, the southeast plain, and the border regions.
1509:
269:
In the 1700s Santo Domingo's exports soared and the island's agricultural productivity rose. The population was bolstered by European emigration from the
1109:"The Use of Mitochondrial DNA to Discover Pre-Columbian Migrations to the Caribbean: Results for Puerto Rico and Expectations for the Dominican Republic"
359:
to concede. In the most thorough and intense encounter of all, Dominicans armed with swords sent Haitian troops into flight on all three fronts in 1855.
803:
Baseball is by far the most popular sport in the Dominican Republic. After the United States, the Dominican Republic has the second-highest number of
1729:
995:
1276:
1108:
1970:
1809:
1772:
1714:
1611:
Parham, Peter; Martínez-Cruzado, Juan Carlos; Burchard, Esteban González; Cuccaro, Michael L.; Martin, Eden R.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (2013).
475:
there was an inflow of Americans and French. Most immigrants during this period completely assimilated into the local Dominican population.
1895:
816:
1331:
768:
Concerts, dance troupes, arts and crafts booths, and chefs also celebrate Dominican heritage with an annual cultural festival in
1751:
1221:
864:
1438:
745:
each February with parades, street dancing, food festivals, and music. Festivities also take place in the week leading up to
149:
254:
1831:
529:
ancestry. The average admixture of founder Dominican population was 73% European, 10% Native, and 17% African, but due to
355:. Four years later, Dominican fleets attacked Haitian towns, and land reinforcements in the south to force the determined
1463:
958:
932:
556:
526:
153:
80:
1204:
1026:
915:
869:
859:
428:
1418:
Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.
1238:
Peasants and Religion: A Socioeconomic Study of Dios Olivorio and the Palma Sola Religion in the Dominican Republic
782:
451:
135:
97:
1453:
754:
404:
234:
1279:[Survival of the Taino culture in the Dominican Republic] (in Spanish). suncaribbean.net. Archived from
253:
in the southern coast of the island. The colony became a military base of Spanish conquistadors for the further
1516:
718:
Admixture mapping of peripheral artery disease in a Dominican population reveals a putative risk locus on 2q35
1923:
Admixture mapping of peripheral artery disease in a Dominican population reveals a putative risk locus on 2q35
1559:
1344:
1003:
911:
486:
1280:
1127:
849:
467:), Puerto Ricans (at least 30,000 between 1880 and 1940), Cubans (at least 5,000 immigrated during the
1027:"Not Everyone Who Speaks Spanish is from Spain: Taíno Survival in the 21st Century Dominican Republic"
552:
The majority of the Dominican population is tri-racial, with nearly all mixed race individuals having
1965:
1662:
Estrada-Veras, Juvianee I.; Cabrera-Peña, Giselle A.; Pérez-Estrella de Ferrán, Ceila (12 May 2016).
836:
530:
472:
424:
1071:
518:
178:
1159:
1664:"Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the Dominican Republic: challenges and opportunities"
564:
560:
388:
194:
1194:
1176:
804:
792:
616:
Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations
514:
376:
1883:
Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations
419:
in the Dominican Republic. The first Turks and Caicos Islander immigrants began arriving in
1853:
1563:
684:
A continuum of admixture in the Western Hemisphere revealed by the African Diaspora genome
246:
230:
1912:
A continuum of admixture in the Western Hemisphere revealed by the African Diaspora genome
164:, and African influences contributed to the development of present-day Dominican culture.
8:
854:
769:
522:
420:
1882:
1787:
1567:
1688:
1663:
1639:
1612:
1584:
1547:
1153:
844:
742:
333:
184:
139:
431:, which was then a Danish colony, they also settled in large numbers in Puerto Plata.
1766:
1693:
1644:
1589:
1459:
1200:
1119:
1082:
1037:
970:
808:
468:
356:
347:
321:
68:
1251:
895:
Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana
1683:
1675:
1634:
1624:
1579:
1571:
874:
109:
31:
897:. Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística de la República Dominicana. 2022.
142:'s population, they are by far the single largest racial grouping of the country.
1661:
1629:
1369:
584:
306:
207:
156:
founded in 1493. After the arrival of Europeans and the founding of the colony,
1730:"Ancestry DNA Results: Dominicans are Spaniards Mixed with Africans and Tainos"
416:
282:
278:
270:
760:
42:
1959:
1123:
1086:
1041:
974:
812:
796:
746:
372:
352:
342:
298:
286:
261:
250:
84:
1911:
1810:"Evidencia del uso de «indio» antes de establecerse la República Dominicana"
978:
1697:
1648:
1593:
1395:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominican Republic"
1303:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Dominican Republic"
750:
579:
274:
157:
1045:
258:
ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France in the Treaty of Ryswick.
1332:
Race beyond the Plantation: Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Santo Domingo
811:
became the first Dominican-born player in the MLB on September 23, 1956.
549:
describes mixed race people whose skin color is between white and black.
317:
1575:
1452:
Garvey, Marcus; Association, Universal Negro Improvement (2011-07-15).
787:
412:
408:
392:
290:
219:
183:
Prior to European colonization the inhabitants of the island were the
1679:
464:
400:
1934:
1609:
1484:
1034:
KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology
193:
The Spaniards arrived in 1492. Columbus and his crew were the first
1480:
1345:"Dominican Republic - Press, Broadcasting, Media | Britannica"
929:"U.S. Department of State People Profiles Latin American Countries"
380:
233:
arrived on the island in December 5, 1492, during the first of his
199:
160:
people were imported to the island. The fusion of European, native
130:
1510:"Presencia de ciudadanos ilustres en Puerto Plata en el siglo XIX"
553:
211:
187:
1548:"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations"
1277:"La sobrevivencia de la cultura Taína en la República Dominicana"
536:
517:
of the Dominican population, the genetic makeup is predominantly
456:
440:
396:
384:
368:
241:
due to its diverse climate and terrain which reminded him of the
203:
124:
118:
1613:"Reconstructing the Population Genetic History of the Caribbean"
1515:(in Spanish). Academia Dominicana de la Historia. Archived from
667:
Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations
650:
Reconstructing the Population Genetic History of the Caribbean
460:
215:
1788:"Orígenes del mestizaje y de la mulatización en Santo Domingo"
1715:"Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences"
1455:
The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association
1177:"Corsairs of Santo Domingo a socio-economic study, 1718–1779"
701:
Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences
569:
444:
242:
161:
961:[Taíno Mitochondrial DNA in the Dominican Republic]
463:. There were also Englishmen, Dutch, Spaniards (mainly from
237:
to the Americas. He claimed the land for Spain and named it
138:
who are of mixed racial ancestry. Representing 73.9% of the
1896:"DNA Tribes SNP Admixture Results by Population (2012, II)"
436:
341:
Haitians. On the morning of 27 February 1844, the gates of
887:
764:
Dominican Republic students with historical national flag.
148:
The Dominican Republic was the site of the first European
1428:
1426:
1424:
285:
captured British, Dutch, French and Danish ships in the
47:
Mixed-race Dominicans, students with historic 1844 flag.
1155:
Santo Domingo, Past And Present; With A Glance At Haytl
1370:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples"
1196:
Latino Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic
265:
Dominican Republic national pantheon in Santo Domingo.
1709:
1707:
1421:
1832:"Black, White and In Between - Categories of Colour"
1545:
826:
297:
From the start of the colonial period in the 1500s,
273:, resettling the northern part of the colony in the
1752:"Dominicans are 49% Black, 39% White and 4% Indian"
1546:Montinaro, Francesco; et al. (24 March 2015).
959:"ADN Mitocondrial Taíno en la República Dominicana"
481:
1704:
1605:
1603:
912:La hispanización del mestizaje cultural en América
1451:
1957:
1106:
1600:
1107:Martínez Cruzado, Juan Carlos (December 2002).
1024:
1785:
914:» Revista Complutense de Historia de América,
1786:García Arévalo, Manuel A. (9 December 1995).
956:
753:heritage with nationwide festivals featuring
1750:Group, 2006-2020, Merit Designs Consulting.
1749:
1274:
324:, founding father of the Dominican Republic.
1771:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1541:
1539:
1537:
1507:
1025:Ferbel Azcarate, Pedro J. (December 2002).
606:
362:
249:, Christopher's brother, built the city of
1887:
1307:Minority Rights Group International – MRGI
1072:"Documenting the Myth of Taíno Extinction"
815:is the first Dominican-born player in the
41:
1807:
1727:
1687:
1668:Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
1638:
1628:
1583:
1437:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKnight2014 (
1192:
957:Luna Calderón, Fernando (December 2002).
592:Genetic ancestry of Dominican population
583:Dominican Republic people in the town of
58:7.8 million or 73.9% of population (2022)
1808:Rodríguez, Ernesto (30 September 2021).
1534:
1501:
1219:
786:
759:
578:
485:
327:
316:
260:
225:
1971:Ethnic groups in the Dominican Republic
1472:
1171:
1169:
1100:
1002:. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from
952:
950:
1958:
1893:
1854:"The Hypocrisy of the "Pigmentocracy""
1851:
1829:
1728:Rodríguez, Ernesto (11 January 2019).
1478:
1432:
1151:
1069:
988:
865:Demographics of the Dominican Republic
741:Carnival celebrations are held in the
633:DNA Tribe SNP Admixture by Population
1830:Powers, Anne M. (26 September 2011).
1797:– via repositorio.unphu.edu.do.
1295:
1252:"Dominican Republic—The First Colony"
1145:
1063:
1313:from the original on 13 January 2016
1166:
947:
351:command of the wealthy rancher Gen.
202:of Xaragua and her ex-husband Chief
281:. Dominicans in the service of the
13:
1223:idea del valor de la isla española
1220:Valverde, Antonio Sánchez (1862).
154:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
16:Dominicans of mixed racial origins
14:
1982:
916:Universidad Complutense de Madrid
870:History of the Dominican Republic
860:Culture of the Dominican Republic
172:
829:
783:Sports in the Dominican Republic
482:Genetic ancestry and DNA testing
255:Spanish conquest of the Americas
1927:
1916:
1905:
1876:
1845:
1823:
1801:
1779:
1743:
1721:
1655:
1479:Zeller, Neicy Milagros (1977).
1445:
1412:
1387:
1362:
1337:
1325:
1268:
1244:
1230:
1213:
1186:
1070:Guitar, Lynne (December 2012).
312:
1481:"Puerto Plata en el siglo XIX"
1018:
921:
901:
206:of Maguana, as well as Chiefs
1:
1852:Rivera, Lucas (18 May 2012).
880:
508: Sub-Saharan African DNA
1630:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003925
425:Dominican War of Restoration
7:
850:List of Dominican Americans
822:
10:
1987:
780:
736:
525:, with a lesser degree of
471:) and Italians. After the
176:
167:
1458:. Duke University Press.
1193:Figueredo, D. H. (2007).
837:Dominican Republic portal
776:
531:transatlantic slave trade
502: Native American DNA
95:
90:
79:
74:
67:
62:
57:
52:
40:
27:
1256:U.S. Library of Congress
969:(in Spanish) (Special).
515:genealogical DNA studies
450:During the 19th century
363:Post-colonial migrations
1508:Ventura Almonte, Juan.
1152:Hazard, Samuel (1873).
179:Chiefdoms of Hispaniola
116:), also referred to as
800:
765:
588:
510:
337:
325:
266:
113:
1939:Baseball Hall of Fame
1552:Nature Communications
1489:(in Spanish). eme eme
1275:P. J. Ferbel (2002).
817:Baseball Hall of Fame
805:Major League Baseball
793:Major League Baseball
790:
763:
582:
489:
377:Saint Kitts and Nevis
331:
320:
264:
226:European colonization
152:in the Americas, the
91:Related ethnic groups
30:Dominicanos Morenos (
1486:Estudios Dominicanos
1006:on November 14, 2007
996:"Dominican Republic"
559:ancestry along with
513:According to recent
247:Bartholomew Columbus
231:Christopher Columbus
1568:2015NatCo...6.6596M
1133:on November 5, 2016
984:on October 1, 2008.
855:Dominicans in Spain
593:
523:Sub-Saharan African
114:Dominicanos Morenos
24:
1576:10.1038/ncomms7596
1560:Supplementary Data
1349:www.britannica.com
845:Dominican American
801:
766:
743:Dominican Republic
591:
589:
511:
496: European DNA
338:
336:and Haiti in 1859.
334:Dominican Republic
326:
267:
140:Dominican Republic
22:
809:Ozzie Virgil, Sr.
755:traditional music
734:
733:
348:Faustin Soulouque
322:Juan Pablo Duarte
243:Spanish landscape
185:Arawakan-speaking
103:
102:
81:Roman Catholicism
69:Dominican Spanish
1978:
1966:Mixed Dominicans
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1935:"Marichal, Juan"
1931:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1680:10.1002/mgg3.224
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1623:(11): e1003925.
1607:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1126:. Archived from
1113:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1051:on June 17, 2004
1050:
1044:. Archived from
1031:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
992:
986:
985:
983:
977:. Archived from
964:
954:
945:
944:
942:
940:
931:. Archived from
925:
919:
909:
905:
899:
898:
891:
875:White Dominicans
839:
834:
833:
832:
608:
594:
590:
507:
501:
495:
439:(primarily from
128:or historically
106:Mixed Dominicans
53:Total population
45:
25:
23:Mixed Dominicans
21:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1608:
1601:
1544:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1522:on 13 June 2013
1519:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1330:
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918:. p. 133 (1981)
908:Esteva Fabregat
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807:(MLB) players.
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557:Native American
527:Native American
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1858:Trotter Review
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1674:(3): 243–256.
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1199:. Bloomsbury.
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85:Protestantism
82:
78:
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26:
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1938:
1929:
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1894:DNA Tribes.
1889:
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1866:. Retrieved
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1517:the original
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1297:
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1281:the original
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1255:
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933:the original
923:
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770:Puerto Plata
767:
751:multi-ethnic
740:
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543:"Tri-racial"
542:
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452:Puerto Plata
449:
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421:Puerto Plata
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313:Independence
302:
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275:Cibao Valley
268:
238:
235:four voyages
229:
208:Guacanagaríx
192:
182:
147:
144:
129:
123:
117:
105:
104:
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19:Ethnic group
1433:Knight 2014
1118:(Special).
1081:(Special).
1036:(Special).
910:, Claudio «
611:Amerindian
389:St. Vincent
332:Map of the
291:slave ships
245:. In 1496,
239:La Española
1960:Categories
1868:9 December
1837:9 December
1815:9 December
1793:9 December
1757:9 December
1735:9 December
1404:9 December
1379:9 December
1354:9 December
1317:13 January
1287:13 January
1261:2008-07-15
1158:. p.
1137:August 24,
1092:August 24,
881:References
791:Dominican
603:Caucasoid
423:after the
413:Guadeloupe
409:Martinique
405:St. Thomas
393:Montserrat
303:Mestizaje)
220:Enriquillo
150:settlement
136:Dominicans
98:Dominicans
1124:1562-5028
1087:1562-5028
1042:1562-5028
975:1562-5028
465:Catalonia
401:St. Croix
195:Europeans
63:Languages
1944:July 29,
1767:cite web
1698:27247952
1649:24244192
1594:25803618
1399:Refworld
1374:Refworld
1334:yale.edu
1311:Archived
1309:. 2007.
939:23 March
823:See also
561:European
519:European
381:Dominica
279:Atlantic
200:Anacaona
131:quadroon
75:Religion
1689:4867558
1640:3828151
1585:4374169
1564:Bibcode
1526:21 June
1493:21 June
1010:June 6,
1000:Encarta
795:player
737:Culture
565:African
537:Mulatto
457:Hamburg
441:Lebanon
397:Tortola
385:Antigua
369:Bahamas
204:Caonabo
168:History
158:African
125:mestizo
119:mulatto
110:Spanish
32:Spanish
1696:
1686:
1647:
1637:
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1582:
1558:. See
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1116:Kacike
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1079:Kacike
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777:Sports
642:41.2%
639:52.3%
597:Study
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461:Bremen
411:, and
218:, and
216:Hatuey
134:, are
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1899:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
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1075:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
1030:(PDF)
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963:(PDF)
721:2023
704:2016
687:2016
670:2015
653:2013
645:6.5%
636:2012
619:2010
600:Year
570:Cibao
554:Taíno
547:Indio
445:Syria
437:Arabs
373:Turks
212:Guamá
188:Taíno
162:Taino
1946:2010
1870:2023
1839:2023
1817:2023
1795:2023
1773:link
1759:2023
1737:2023
1694:PMID
1645:PMID
1590:PMID
1528:2013
1495:2013
1460:ISBN
1439:help
1406:2023
1381:2023
1356:2023
1319:2016
1289:2016
1201:ISBN
1139:2016
1120:ISSN
1094:2016
1083:ISSN
1057:2009
1038:ISSN
1012:2007
971:ISSN
941:2020
727:37%
724:56%
713:12%
710:42%
707:47%
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1676:doi
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