151:
20:
346:
300:, and sherry. When made into a table wine, it creates a wine described as "very light boddied, yet extremely tannic, often indistinguishable in color from a dark rose, tasting of bitter orange peel and light red fruits, like rhubarb and strawberry.". Angelica made from mission grapes has been described as "unusually sweet," with notes "reminiscent of molasses, dried figs, caramel, nuts and toffee.". Sacramental wine made from this variety has been described as "sickly sweet, with almost no acid to speak".
242:. The wine produced by the mission grape was described by Julius Dresel as having "a marked Burgundy flavor,". Yet, that opinion of the wine's taste wasn't shared by all, and it also received negative and unflattering descriptions. The vine has a twisting thick trunk, looking more like a small tree rather than other types of vines. When fruiting, the vines produce "big, heavy, deep-red grape clusters,". It was also written that the grapes of this variety grown in Northern California were called
143:. By the last decade of the 18th century, Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was making 35,000,000 US gallons (130,000 kL) of wine. In 1820, the wine made from Mission grapes began to be exported overseas. A dessert wine made from the Mission grapes of the missions gained a reputation of quality in Europe. Making wine was a leading source of revenue for the missions, but ceased after
308:
to Sicily. The
Mission grape is related to the pink Criolla grape of Argentina, and the red País grape of Chile. Despite being almost extinct in California after a century of being maligned and put down as an inferior grape, recently interest has increased in Mission again. A lot of smaller producers
83:
The original
European strain, until recently, had been lost, thus the grapes' being named "Mission grapes" since they were generally grown in Spanish missions. Prior to 1522, wine was made from grapes native to the area around Mexico City. However, finding the wine produced lacking, it was decreed
303:
Though
Mission grape vines are heavy producers and can adapt to a variety of climates, table wine made from the fruit tends to be rather characterless, and thus its use in wine making has diminished in modern times. However, as both contemporary accounts and those of the last two centuries attest,
321:
In
December 2006, Spanish scholars from the Centro Nacional de Biotecnología in Madrid uncovered the name and origin of the mysterious Mission grape, as well as which were the earliest European vines grown in the Americas. Their findings are due to appear in the journal of the American Society of
88:
that sacramental wine was to be made using grapes grown from cuttings from the Old World, and that the grape was to be planted in every
Spanish settlement in the New World. Originally brought to Mexico from Spain in the 16th century, they were planted in New Mexico during the early 17th century.
304:
angelica, the fortified wine made from the grape, is sometimes a wine of note and distinction; in its angelica form, it has been described as having similar regional importance as port to
Portugal, sherry to Spain, and
1550:
History of the State of
California and Biographical Record of Coast Counties, California: An Historical Story of the State's Marvelous Growth from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time
265:, a dry red, a sweet red, and a sweet brandy fortified wine. These historic wines did not age well, and would sour after three years. In the 21st century, the mission variety is grown in
2049:
The
Mission grape, however, was finally identified in 2007 when The Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia in Madrid matched the genetic markers of Mission to a variety known as Listan Negro.
1469:
1057:
166:. In 1870, Mission grapes were still described as universal; when eaten as fruit they were "pleasant, and agreeable". As late as 1888, 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) of
178:. From 1880, to 1920, the amount of land which Mission grapes were grown on reduced from 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) to 5,000 acres (2,000 ha). During the
2117:
186:
had sagebrush grown over it, to hide it from being ripped out by prohibitionists; while others were just abandoned. Afterwards it has largely been replaced by
198:
As of 2016, the oldest surviving living vine of
Mission grape exists at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, with the oldest vine still bearing fruit being at
1604:
390:
Not all sources agree that
Mission San Diego de Alcala was where the first grapes were planted. One source claims that the first vine were planted at
94:
2148:
1297:
1119:
834:
1839:
524:
52:
75:. During the 19th century, the grape was known by several other names, including the Los Angeles grape, and the California grape.
696:
207:
170:
were used to grow Mission grapes. Yet, back in Spain, the vines which the Mission grapes had descended from, were wiped out by
2033:
1495:
182:
era, the grape largely disappeared from California, with wine made in Mexico smuggled into the United States. One vineyard in
2016:
1978:
1958:
1936:
1819:
1568:
1452:
1396:
1014:
874:
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624:
322:
Enology and Viticulture. The scholars determined that the Mission grape's DNA matched a little-known Spanish variety called
226:
Early accounts of alcoholic beverages made using the Mission grape recall the use of simplistic methods utilizing cowhides,
2062:
1899:
988:
403:
By the 1850s, plantings of imported European grapes were present in present-day Los Angeles County, due to the efforts of
234:
distilled from the remaining residue. During the 19th century, the Mission grape was used to make strong wines similar to
150:
144:
1689:
210:
estimated that Mission grapes are grown on about 400 acres (160 ha) in California. Cultivation has also begun in
2158:
2153:
1071:
722:
1210:
Carosso, Vincent P. (June 1949). "Anaheim, California: A Nineteenth Century Experiment in Commercial Viniculture".
1061:
183:
179:
795:
Amerine, Maynard A. (April 1969). "An Introduction to the Pre-Repeal History of Grapes and Wines in California".
959:
132:
140:
120:
128:
1577:
1560:
A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present
910:
456:
1659:
270:
391:
891:
359:
2004:
Oz Clarke's Grapes and Wines: The Definitive Guide to the World's Great Grapes and the Wines They Make
230:, and leather bags. The first pressing, producing white wine, later pressings producing red wine, and
266:
1774:
1256:. American Society for Enology and Viticulture. Seattle: University of California. pp. 209–215.
429:
During this time period, the then world's largest grape vine was of the mission variety, and was in
2138:
1723:
136:
1039:
616:
Wines and Wineries of California's Central Coast: A Complete Guide from Monterey to Santa Barbara
481:
The brother of Emil Dresel, and whose family was important in early viticulture in Sonoma County.
430:
2008:
2002:
1522:
1629:
1548:
1330:
1088:
378:
1998:
1968:
1926:
1807:
1640:
1362:
1267:
864:
766:
1946:
1788:
1761:
1558:
1440:
1389:
Renewing America's Food Traditions: Saving and Savoring the Continent's Most Endangered Foods
1384:
1344:
1301:
1150:
930:
614:
443:
394:. Other sources claim that Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was where the first vine was planted.
187:
1413:
942:
749:
309:
are embracing its long history and the very few plantings still left in the state. It is a
1865:
1445:
Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties, Including Their Origins and Flavours
472:
originates at the adobe, and is a genetic match to those from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.
250:, with each imparting a distinct flavor compared to the other; elsewhere they were called
8:
19:
1717:
1033:
258:
was brought to Northern California from Peru by Russian settlers of Fort Ross in 1817.
2143:
2104:
2092:
1227:
1192:
804:
666:
592:
562:
85:
1324:
1175:
Wilson, Iris Ann (September 1957). "Early Southern California Viniculture 1830-1865".
2012:
1974:
1954:
1932:
1873:
1815:
1738:
1564:
1448:
1392:
1142:
1067:
870:
772:
620:
408:
103:
1246:
455:
It remained in quantities, well into the mid-20th century, but was often used to in
202:. In 2017, most of the state's remaining plantings of the Mission grapes are in the
1742:
1219:
1184:
1134:
658:
331:
297:
274:
1660:"Dunne on Wine: Marco Cappelli and angelica, a wine from early California history"
211:
163:
90:
65:
49:
1746:
491:
63:. It is grown in South America, particularly in Chile and Peru, under the names
2118:"Mission Grape Has Played a Major Role in California Wine Viticultural History"
404:
227:
214:, Mexico, where 24 acres (9.7 ha) of century old vines are harvested near
175:
124:
116:
The grape was introduced to present-day California in the late 18th century by
109:
98:
32:
553:
Terry, Thomas D. (January 1975). "California Grapes and California Missions".
525:"The Mission grape is cool in L.A. again, thanks to the natural wine movement"
2132:
1877:
1146:
469:
345:
323:
278:
45:
41:
23:
Photo of Mission grapes growing around Santa Barbara, California, circa 1875.
1138:
305:
290:
203:
154:
A grape arbor at Mission San Gabriel in 1898. The vine was planted in 1862.
1605:"Uncorked: Vines to wines — History of grape growing in Santa Cruz County"
459:, or in inexpensive fortified drinks, losing its once esteemed reputation.
139:
around 1786. Eventually vineyards and wine making expanded to each of the
1523:"Low-Intervention Winemaking Is Giving this Ancient Grape a Modern Boost"
1094:. A History of the American Wine Industry (Report). Texas Tech University
351:
199:
167:
159:
1439:
Robinson, Jancis; Harding, Julia; Vouillamoz, Jose (24 September 2013).
1196:
670:
649:
McKee, Irving (March 1947). "The Beginnings of California Winegrowing".
596:
246:, while grapes of this variety grown in Southern California were called
131:
in 1769. The next vines to be planted in present-day California were at
123:; the first planting of the grape in present-day California was done by
1231:
808:
566:
286:
262:
171:
117:
330:
is another name for Palomino, although not related to the white grape
1994:
1188:
754:. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. p. 7.
662:
235:
135:
in 1771, cuttings from this vine would be used to start new vines at
56:
1223:
697:"Mission revival: State's first wine grape, circa 1760, rides again"
2063:"Canary in a wine glass: Drinkers flock to islands' distinct wines"
1247:"UC Davis' Role in Improving California's Grape Planting Materials"
1035:
The California Vine Disease: A Preliminary Report of Investigations
935:
The California Vine Disease: A Preliminary Report of Investigations
420:
Phylloxera infestation was first experienced in California in 1858.
293:
282:
1795:. Southern California Horticultural Society. 1880. pp. 42–43.
1739:"The Peruvian Provenance of the Northern California Mission Grape"
147:; eventually the vineyards of the missions began to be abandoned.
1636:. Vol. 282. Munn and Company. 28 May 1881. pp. 450–451.
931:"Introduction and Spread of the Mission Vine in Upper California"
381:
is credited for its cultivation in Mexico's northwestern regions.
310:
206:, growing in about total 1,000 acres (400 ha). By 2019, the
490:
Another sources claim that the Mission grape is related to the
261:
Historically, four types of wines were made from this variety:
239:
231:
215:
277:
in San Joaquin County. From these growers, they have produced
1793:
Semi-tropic California and Southern California Horticulturist
158:
Until about 1865, Mission grapes represented the entirety of
37:
1272:
The Horticulturist, and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste
835:"Researchers Uncover Identity of Historic California Grape"
71:
60:
1900:"The First Foreign Grape In America Has Ties To Communion"
1087:
Barber, Nelson; Hutchins, Lyndsey; Dodd, Tim (June 2007).
989:"The First Father of California Wine: Fray Junípero Serra"
1438:
89:
Several decades later wine was introduced to present-day
2034:"Mission Grape, Listan Negro And The History They Share"
1345:"The Mission Grape: Its Remarkable Record in California"
1323:
Davidson, William Mark; Nougaret, Raymond Louis (1921).
941:
Davidson, William Mark; Nougaret, Raymond Louis (1921).
751:
Mexico's Grape Industry: Table Grapes, Raisins, and Wine
651:
The Quarterly: Historical Society of Southern California
1177:
The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly
101:. While two grape varieties were native to California,
1736:
947:. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 3.
1066:. University of California Press. pp. 237–243.
341:
1688:
1086:
937:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 26–27.
523:
442:Cuttings from this vineyard, are being planted at
858:
856:
771:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 157.
2130:
1682:
1680:
1496:"Making wine from a piece of LA's early history"
1322:
1015:"Historic Vine dedicated at San Gabriel Mission"
940:
1970:The World's Wine Markets: Globalization at Work
1737:Toro-Lira, G.; Mendoza, K.; Aliquo, G. (2020).
1690:"California's historical grape with a mission"
1563:. University of California Press. p. 92.
1058:"Winegrowing in the California Mission Period"
993:Wine History Project of San Luis Obispo County
911:"A short history on wine making in California"
866:Wine: From Neolithic Times to the 21st Century
853:
790:
788:
619:. University of California Press. p. 11.
1833:
1831:
1677:
1378:
1376:
1127:Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture
1051:
1049:
723:"Santa Barbara's Ancient Wines, Then and Now"
1584:. Sonoma Valley Vintners & Growers. 2020
1391:. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 36–40.
608:
606:
273:, and Santa Barbara counties, as well as in
1553:. Chapman Publishing Company. p. 1050.
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1212:Bulletin of the Business Historical Society
1113:
1111:
1109:
1038:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.
785:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
1993:
1953:. Workman Publishing Company. p. 81.
1828:
1373:
1329:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p.
1168:
1046:
982:
980:
862:
254:. Recently, it has been proposed that the
2060:
1716:Hittell, John Shertzer (1867). "Grapes".
1686:
1120:"Chasing Angels: The Sweet Wine Angelica"
764:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
603:
548:
546:
521:
517:
515:
513:
511:
289:. Other wines made from this variety are
113:, neither were used for wine production.
95:Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó
1973:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 210.
1966:
1863:
1812:Backroads of the California Wine Country
1805:
1730:
1556:
1278:
1106:
1089:"California and the Western Wine Region"
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
768:Empire of Vines: Wine Culture in America
720:
633:
578:
576:
149:
18:
2061:Schneider, Derrick (20 February 2011).
1944:
1715:
1602:
1596:
1520:
1369:. Rural Californian. 1906. p. 114.
1209:
977:
957:
889:
794:
747:
208:United States Department of Agriculture
2131:
1897:
1837:
1493:
1467:
1382:
1244:
1174:
1063:A History of Wine in America, Volume 1
1055:
1031:
928:
694:
677:
612:
543:
508:
316:
2031:
1924:
1840:"Tasting notes: Mission and angelica"
1687:Yadagaran, Jessica (15 August 2016).
1657:
1603:Vreeken, Stacey (11 September 2018).
1557:Sullivan, Charles L. (October 1998).
1546:
1411:
1295:
1268:"Grape Culture in the Sonoma Valley."
986:
841:. New York: M. Shanken Communications
832:
815:
648:
573:
552:
2115:
2032:Garza, Lucia Mijares (18 May 2015).
1814:. Voyageur Press. pp. 112–113.
1117:
908:
2149:Pre-statehood history of California
1412:Hayes, Virginia (23 January 2007).
1274:. Luther Tucker. 1870. p. 323.
987:Agran, Libbie (16 September 2018).
765:Hannickel, Erica (9 October 2013).
613:Ausmus, William A. (30 June 2008).
193:
13:
2099:. University of California, Davis.
2007:. Harcourt, Incorporated. p.
1945:MacNeil, Karen (13 October 2015).
1925:Frank, Jennifer (7 October 2008).
1326:The Grape Phylloxera in California
944:The Grape Phylloxera in California
869:. Algora Publishing. p. 111.
14:
2170:
2085:
1864:Caparoso, Randy (November 2014).
1056:Pinney, Thomas (September 2007).
960:"Wine at the California Missions"
522:Parks III, Richard (9 May 2019).
1967:Anderson, Kym (1 January 2004).
1838:Mobley, Esther (23 March 2017).
1468:Levine, Allison (7 April 2016).
890:Bedford, Ed (15 November 2015).
833:Alley, Lynn (12 February 2007).
695:Mobley, Esther (23 March 2017).
344:
2054:
2025:
1987:
1918:
1891:
1857:
1799:
1781:
1709:
1651:
1641:"The First Wines of California"
1634:Scientific American: Supplement
1622:
1540:
1514:
1487:
1470:"The oldest vine in California"
1461:
1432:
1405:
1355:
1337:
1316:
1296:LaMar, Jim (15 February 2017).
1260:
1245:Walker, Andrew (19 June 2000).
1238:
1203:
1080:
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1007:
951:
883:
758:
721:Kettmann, Matt (5 April 2018).
484:
475:
462:
449:
436:
423:
414:
397:
384:
1931:. DK Publishing. p. 346.
1658:Dunne, Mike (19 August 2014).
1494:Totten, Sanden (20 May 2016).
1032:Pierce, Newton Barris (1892).
964:California Missions Foundation
929:Pierce, Newton Barris (1892).
863:Estreicher, Stefan K. (2006).
741:
714:
446:to revive its historic garden.
372:
141:Spanish missions in California
1:
1898:Teeter, Adam (1 April 2015).
1756:– via ResearchGate.net.
591:(22): 343. 26 November 1887.
501:
1547:Guinn, James Miller (1902).
1521:McKirdy, Tim (1 July 2019).
995:. Archdiocese of Los Angeles
748:Emerson, L. P. Bill (1979).
365:
133:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
7:
2116:Diaz, Jo (30 August 2012).
1747:10.13140/RG.2.2.35518.02886
1719:The Resources of California
1645:California Grocers Advocate
392:Mission San Juan Capistrano
337:
145:secularization in the 1830s
129:Mission San Diego de Alcalá
10:
2175:
1866:"Once and Future Angelica"
1630:"The Grapes of California"
1383:Nabhan, Gary Paul (2008).
1118:Shaw, Hank (Summer 2008).
909:Borg, Axel (5 July 2016).
360:History of California wine
93:with the establishment of
78:
2097:Foundation Plant Services
1997:; Rand, Margaret (2007).
1697:. Santa Clara, California
97:in 1697 by Jesuit priest
40:to the western coasts of
2159:Grape varieties of Spain
2154:Red wine grape varieties
2093:"Grape Variety: Mission"
1806:Misuraca, Karen (2006).
1447:. Ecco. pp. 14–15.
468:A vine which grows over
221:
174:in all areas except the
1928:Wine at Your Fingertips
1844:San Francisco Chronicle
1578:"Summoning the Dresels"
1349:California Grape Grower
1139:10.1525/gfc.2008.8.3.74
701:San Francisco Chronicle
59:, table, and fortified
1872:. Encino. p. 68.
1789:"Proof Of The Pudding"
1769:Cite journal requires
379:Eusebio Francisco Kino
155:
53:New World missionaries
24:
2105:"Pais (Mission) Wine"
1722:. A. Roman. pp.
958:Iversen, Eve (1998).
444:Mission Santa Barbara
334:used to make Sherry.
188:noble grape varieties
153:
137:Pueblo de Los Ángeles
22:
1647:. 1912. p. 593.
1474:Napa Valley Register
797:Agricultural History
583:"California Fruit".
555:Agricultural History
184:Santa Barbara County
2111:. 1 September 2019.
1609:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1582:Sonomoa Valley Wine
1414:"La Huerta Project"
1351:. 1920. p. 18.
1021:. 14 November 2014.
585:Scientific American
317:European antecedent
1808:"Calaveras County"
156:
55:for use in making
25:
2109:wine-searcher.com
2018:978-0-15-603291-9
1980:978-1-84542-076-5
1960:978-0-7611-8083-8
1938:978-1-4406-5197-7
1870:The Tasting Panel
1821:978-1-61060-349-2
1570:978-0-520-21351-7
1454:978-0-06-232551-8
1398:978-1-933392-89-9
1367:Rural Californian
892:"A grape mission"
876:978-0-87586-478-5
778:978-0-8122-0890-0
626:978-0-520-93183-1
530:Los Angeles Times
431:Capenteria Valley
409:Jean-Louis Vignes
313:resistant plant.
248:Los Angeles Grape
104:Vitis californica
30:are a variety of
2166:
2125:
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2038:Grape Collective
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1363:"Mission Grapes"
1359:
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1300:. Archived from
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1156:on 21 March 2020
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252:California grape
194:Niche resurgence
164:California wines
36:introduced from
16:Variety of grape
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2069:. San Francisco
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1762:cite journal
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1695:Mercury News
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1302:the original
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1151:the original
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1308:10 December
1254:Proceedings
999:10 December
921:12 December
901:12 December
845:10 December
733:14 December
727:Independent
706:10 December
535:10 December
352:Wine portal
298:sacramental
287:table wines
200:Avila Adobe
180:Prohibition
168:Napa Valley
160:viticulture
57:sacramental
2133:Categories
1995:Clarke, Oz
1502:. Pasadena
1441:"Vine Age"
1424:23 January
917:. UC Davis
502:References
172:phylloxera
118:Franciscan
2144:New Spain
1999:"Mission"
1947:"Criolla"
1904:Vine Pair
1878:2153-0122
1298:"Mission"
1147:1529-3262
366:Footnotes
271:Calaveras
1910:20 March
1883:20 March
1849:18 March
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1527:VinePair
1506:20 March
1197:41169133
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969:20 March
671:41168117
597:26089403
338:See also
296:, port,
279:angelica
50:Catholic
1752:11 June
1232:3111042
1019:Angelus
809:4617664
567:3742141
311:drought
306:marsala
291:natural
79:History
66:Criolla
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285:, and
267:Amador
240:sherry
232:brandy
216:Tecate
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263:white
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1775:help
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