678:; digging very narrow trenches about 3 feet (0.91 m) wide and then filling these with a slurry (a mixture of clay and water) that was dense enough to keep the surrounding water out. Pipes were then lowered into the slurry trench and concrete was pumped in. The concrete, being more dense than the slurry, sank to the bottom of the trenches all the way down to the bedrock displacing the slurry to the surface, where it was drained away. This process was repeated around the entire perimeter of the site and reinforced with steel cables to create a watertight concrete bathtub surrounding the excavation site. This slurry wall system had only been employed a few times prior in the United States and never on such a large project.
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666:" system. The Skylobby design created three separate, connected elevator systems which would serve different zones of the building, depending on which floor was chosen, saving approximately 70% of the space which would have been required for traditional shafts. The space saved was then used for additional office space. Internally, each office floor was a vast open space unimpeded by support columns, ready to be subdivided as the tenants might choose.
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structural support to the building). He also used exotic materials such as white marble tiles and columns, incorporated a skylight traversing the length of the building and made extensive use of the secondary space outside the building including constructing a plaza with reflecting pools, seating areas, greenery and sculptures. The
College of Education building featured repeating
2069:. Available materials include correspondence on projects, travel, communications with associates, speaking invitations, and involvement in professional organizations. Early architectural drawings, speeches and writings, photographs, awards and doctoral degrees, scrapbooks detailing the progress of his career, and various publications are also included.
506:, which would "symbolize the auto industry's past and future progress with aluminum." The three-story glass building wrapped in aluminum, known as the Reynolds Metals Company's Great Lakes Sales Headquarters Building, was also supposed to reinforce the company's main product and showcase its admirable characteristics of strength and beauty.
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One particular design challenge related to the efficacy of the elevator system, which became unique in the world when it was first opened for service. Yamasaki employed the fastest elevators at the time, running at 1,700 feet (520 m) per minute. Instead of placing a traditional large cluster of
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A further design challenge was developing a wind-bracing system to keep the ultra tall but relatively lightweight steel and glass structures from swaying at their upper levels. Other contemporary modern skyscrapers had used centrally located cross-bracing systems located in the core of the interiors
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criticizing the towers as being "pure technology, the lobbies are pure schmaltz and the impact on New York of 110-story buildings...is pure speculation" with criticizing the gothic exterior branches at the lower levels as "General Motors gothic". In many ways, these best-known works ran counter to
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With regards to the McGregor
Memorial Conference Center, this included placing the building on an elevated base or pedestal to emphasize its presence, repeated geometric patterns on the exterior facade of the building (many times these exterior design features were functional as well, providing
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employed an exterior truss system; a network of vertical and horizontal structural elements on the exterior of the towers giving them structural support. This external structural support system also decreased the need for large internal pillars. The external truss support system and the unique
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caused surgical removal of much of his stomach in 1953. Over time, he endured several more operations on his stomach. His health was not improved by increasingly heavy drinking towards the end of his life. Yamasaki died of stomach cancer on
February 6, 1986, at the age of 73.
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concrete structures, severely constricted by a tight budget. The housing project soon experienced so many problems that it was demolished starting in 1972, less than twenty years after its completion. Its destruction would be considered by architectural historian
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during World War II, and he himself sheltered his parents in New York City. Yamasaki was politically active during his early years, particularly in efforts to relocate
Japanese Americans affected by the internment program in the United States during World War II.
424:(SHG) as the chief designer. At the time, SHG was the oldest as well as one of the largest and most prestigious architectural firms in Detroit and the United States, with recently completed projects including Detroit landmarks such as the
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Decades after his death, Yamasaki's buildings and legacy would be re-assessed more sympathetically by some architectural critics. Several of his buildings have now been restored in accordance with his original designs, and his
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Other design challenges included anchoring the massively tall towers to the bedrock located about 80 feet (24 m) below lower
Manhattan's soft soil. Digging a large trench to the bedrock risked flooding from nearby
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Yamasaki's own design principles, and he later regretted his reluctant acceptance of architectural compromises dictated by the clients of these projects. Several others of his buildings have also been demolished.
767:, shared the dubious symbolic distinction of being destroyed while recorded by live TV broadcasts. The World Trade Center towers were not well received by some commentators at the time of their debut, with noted
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821:, and Kim. They divorced in 1961 and Yamasaki married Peggy Watty. He and Watty divorced two years later, and Yamasaki married a third time briefly before remarrying Teruko in 1969. In a 1969 article in
797:, and Jack V. Christiansen, to produce some of his innovative architectural designs. He strived to achieve "serenity, surprise, and delight" in his humanistic modernist buildings and their surrounds.
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Despite the many buildings he completed, Yamasaki's reputation faded along with the overall decline of modernism towards the end of the 20th century. Two of his major projects, the
568:. The original campus design was approved in 1962. Yamasaki was awarded contracts to design the first three buildings: the Classroom Building, the Laboratory Building, and the
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in New York City and several other large-scale projects. Yamasaki was one of the most prominent architects of the 20th century. He and fellow architect
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serving as associate architects. The World Trade Center towers featured many innovative design elements to address many unique challenges at the site.
1220:"World Trade Center architect Minoru Yamasaki faced discrimination, criticism and controversy, but his work elevated design — and the Seattle skyline"
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in 1934, with $ 40 and no job prospects. He wrapped dishes for an importing company until he found work as a draftsman and engineer. He enrolled at
622:. The buildings at Wayne State University incorporated many architectural motifs that would become characteristic elements in Yamasaki's designs.
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in 1929, and graduated with a
Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) in 1934. During his college years, he was strongly encouraged by faculty member
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in Saudi Arabia. The
Dhahran International Airport terminal building was especially well received in Saudi Arabia and was featured on the one
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The first of the towers was finished in 1970. Many of his buildings feature superficial details inspired by the pointed arches of
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with a similar design to the World Trade Center. It was completed in 1976 and was the tallest building in
Oklahoma at the time.
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throughout the exterior of the building which were both ornamental but also provided structural support for the building.
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436:. One of the first projects he designed at his own firm was Ruhl's Bakery at 7 Mile Road and Monica Street in Detroit.
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on the design of the World Trade Center, the collaboration continued with other projects including new buildings at
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1739:"An experimental biography of Minoru Yamasaki runs counter to the familiar—and tragic—appraisals of his career"
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747:. The work was designed with a similar external appearance as the World Trade Center complex, with its narrow
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698:, and make use of extremely narrow vertical windows. This narrow-windowed style arose from his own personal
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409:. During his time with Harrison & Abramovitz, Yamasaki, a gifted watercolorist, also taught drawing at
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736:(1977) in Seattle, Yamasaki became less adventurous in his designs during the last decade of his career.
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Yamasaki was first married in 1941 to Teruko "Teri" Hirashiki. They had three children together: Carol,
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Remarks by Lee K. Jaffee, World Trade Center Press
Conference, New York Hilton Hotel, January 18, 1964.
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Interview with owner's daughter. Original architectural drawings donated to the
University of Michigan.
1017:"The Encyclopedia of 9/11: Yamasaki, Minoru: An architect whose legacy didn't work out as he'd planned"
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elevator configuration created more rentable space in the World Trade Centers to satisfy the owner's (
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949:"Architect Minoru Yamasaki Dies at 73: Designs Include Century Plaza Towers, N.Y. World Trade Center"
528:, with its iconic lacy and airy decorative arches. It was constructed by the City of Seattle for the
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432:. Yamasaki left the firm in 1949, and started his own partnership. He worked from Birmingham and
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in Alaska, working five summers and earning $ 50 a month, plus 25 cents an hour in overtime pay.
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full-height elevator shafts in the core of each tower, Yamasaki created the Twin Towers' "
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984:"Yamasaki, Minoru (1912-1986), Seattle-born architect of New York's World Trade Center"
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In 1962 Yamasaki and his firm were commissioned to design his most well-known project:
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During his three-decade career, he and his firm designed over 250 buildings. His firm,
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1081:"World Trade Center architect Minoru Yamasaki wanted 'living symbol' for humanity"
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for a master's degree in architecture and got a job with the architecture firm
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Yamasaki was affectionately known as "Yama" among his friends and associates.
691:) massive demand for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m) of office space.
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He designed a number of buildings on college campuses, including designs for
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Ong Yan, Grace (2012). "Wrapping Aluminum at the Reynolds Metals Company".
674:. The solution employed by Yamasaki and his team of engineers was to use a
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about the remarriage, Yamasaki said "I'm just going to be nicer to her".
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Yamasaki suffered from health problems for at least three decades, and
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After leaving Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, Yamasaki worked briefly for
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American Institute of Architects' First Honor Award, three times
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are generally considered to be the two master practitioners of "
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Researchers can access archival evidence of Yamasaki's work in
1645:"A Lone Oklahoma Tower's Clear but Uncomfortable Links to 9/11"
1439:. Vol. LXXXI, no. 3. January 18, 1963. p. cover.
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University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni
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Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building annex
478:
in 1955. Despite his love of traditional Japanese design and
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1933:
Sixteen Acres: The rebuilding of the World Trade Center site
1803:
Minoru Yamasaki: Humanist Architecture for a Modernist World
1593:
City in the sky: the rise and fall of the World Trade Center
1361:. Reynolds Metals Papers, Virginia Historical Society. 1959.
847:
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Commission, created in 1961 to restore the grand avenue in
1619:"2 Firms Are Welding Abilities to Plan World Trade Center"
920:"Minoru Yamasaki, Architect of World Transit Center, Dies"
682:
at the upper levels, but Yamasaki and structural engineer
450:
2144:
World Trade Center Tower 1, Tower 2, Buildings 4, 5 and 6
370:. He earned money to pay for his tuition by working at a
2042:"Seattle architect created trade center as peace symbol"
1475:
348:, the son of John Tsunejiro Yamasaki and Hana Yamasaki,
1859:"Minoru Yamasaki (December 1, 1912 - February 7, 1986)"
377:
In part to escape anti-Japanese prejudice, he moved to
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St. Louis Lambert International Airport main terminal
1774:"Revisiting the Faded Reputation of Minoru Yamasaki"
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Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
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646:was the most widely-known of Yamasaki's buildings.
1186:"Center Will Reflect Architectural Collaboration"
524:Yamasaki's first widely-acclaimed design was the
513:, which led to his 1959 commission to design the
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1472:. Regina: University of Regina, 1974. pp.91-95.
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560:was designed in tandem with Yamasaki's plan for
364:University of Washington program in architecture
3970:Deaths from stomach cancer in the United States
3925:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
3437:Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street
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498:In the 1950s, Yamasaki was commissioned by the
354:Japanese immigrants. The family later moved to
299:
1543:"How the World Trade Center Slurry Wall Works"
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2316:Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex
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1037:"Architecture and Design of the Music Center"
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689:The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
620:Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex
509:In 1955, he designed the "sleek" terminal at
2150:Montgomery Ward Corporate Headquarters Tower
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1041:Performing Arts Center of Los Angeles County
618:, the College of Education building and the
3905:Modernist architects from the United States
3560:National September 11 Memorial & Museum
2238:King Fahd International Airport master plan
1676:. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015
1589:
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482:, the buildings of Pruitt–Igoe were stark,
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2232:Eastern Airlines terminal at Logan Airport
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2054:Images from the Minoru Yamasaki Collection
2029:The Wayne State University Yamasaki Legacy
1732:
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1327:Huxtable, Ada Louise (November 25, 1962).
1301:Yamasaki in Detroit: a Search for Serenity
751:, and stands at 394 ft (120 m).
575:Yamasaki designed two notable synagogues,
572:, which were built between 1963 and 1967.
502:to design an aluminum-wrapped building in
340:Yamasaki was born on December 1, 1912, in
40:
3734:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
1670:"Federal Reserve Bank Building, Richmond"
1565:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
1450:Huxtable, Ada Louise (February 2, 1964).
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763:public housing complex, and the original
3171:1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial
1911:
1828:"Minoru Yamasaki, world-class architect"
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1133:"A Once Eminent Firm Meets a Bitter End"
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313:, best known for designing the original
3599:To the Struggle Against World Terrorism
1954:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1800:Gyure, Dale Allen (November 28, 2017).
1737:Ramirez, Enrique (September 10, 2021).
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511:Lambert–St. Louis International Airport
470:Yamasaki's first major project was the
451:Pruitt–Igoe and other early commissions
304:, December 1, 1912 – February 6, 1986)
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2346:Robertson Hall at Princeton University
2226:Dhahran International Airport terminal
2039:
1888:Office of the President: Bates College
1523:
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1162:Esterow, Milton (September 21, 1962).
1057:; excerpting from HABS documentation:
946:
887:Construction of the World Trade Center
614:in the 1950s and 1960s, including the
564:, a park built around Wascana Lake in
3960:Garfield High School (Seattle) alumni
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1930:
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1643:Sulzberger, A. G. (August 27, 2011).
1070:
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3028:Architecture of metropolitan Detroit
2399:University of Regina - Regina Campus
1949:
1884:"List of Honorary Degree Recipients"
1772:Gyure, Dale Allen (March 27, 2018).
1511:. Carleton College. February 1, 2021
1452:"N.Y.C. Architectural Ups and Downs"
1131:Gallagher, John (January 28, 2010).
1015:Davidson, Justin (August 27, 2011).
1003:
903:
729:After criticism of his dramatically
278:and usage of narrow vertical windows
3940:American people of Japanese descent
2340:Northwestern National Life Building
2310:McGregor Memorial Conference Center
2102:
2040:Hadley, Jane (September 13, 2001),
1617:Robbins, William (March 26, 1967).
1590:James, Glanz; Lipton, Eric (2003).
1107:"MINORU YAMASAKI, FAIA (1912-1986)"
803:McGregor Memorial Conference Center
781:Yamasaki collaborated closely with
616:McGregor Memorial Conference Center
420:, where he secured a position with
13:
3374:St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
3280:St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
3213:World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture
2328:Irwin Library at Butler University
1905:
1856:
1359:Reynolds Review (company magazine)
1218:Reader, Bill (September 9, 2021).
1165:"Architect Named for Trade Center"
1099:
1064:Historic American Buildings Survey
14:
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2304:Military Personnel Records Center
1969:
1834:. August 14, 1998. Archived from
1509:"Historical Building Information"
1408:"ARCHITECT OF WORLD TRADE CENTER"
1330:"Pools, Domes, Yamasaki - Debate"
947:Murphy, Dean (February 9, 1986).
395:internment as a Japanese-American
393:. The firm helped Yamasaki avoid
3980:20th-century American architects
2662:
2411:List of works by Minoru Yamasaki
2201:
2174:Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
1386:10.2752/175470812X13361292229113
917:Rimer, Sara (February 9, 1986).
892:List of works by Minoru Yamasaki
852:American Institute of Architects
812:
446:List of works by Minoru Yamasaki
252:Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
170:
145:
3359:Perelman Performing Arts Center
3206:The World Trade Center Tapestry
2298:Grosse Pointe University School
2269:Shinji Shumeikai Founder's Hall
2257:North Shore Congregation Israel
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982:Crowley, Walt (March 3, 2003).
739:In 1978, Yamasaki designed the
577:North Shore Congregation Israel
362:in Seattle. He enrolled in the
332:, closed on December 31, 2009.
188:
166:
141:
3975:People from Auburn, Washington
3965:Deaths from cancer in Michigan
3880:West Street pedestrian bridges
2352:Quo Vadis Entertainment Center
2047:The Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1029:
940:
724:
644:World Trade Center (1973–2001)
16:American architect (1912–1986)
1:
3620:Relics from the original WTC
2334:Oberlin Conservatory of Music
2063:The papers of Minoru Yamasaki
897:
541:Yamasaki was a member of the
515:Dhahran International Airport
466:, 1954 (demolished 1972–1976)
226:, 1954 (demolished 1972–1976)
2639:Smith, Hinchman & Grylls
2370:Tulsa Performing Arts Center
2138:M&T Bank Center, Buffalo
2014:Resources in other libraries
1995:Resources in other libraries
1561:"History of the Twin Towers"
422:Smith, Hinchman & Grylls
7:
3585:America's Response Monument
2450:Architects and artisans of
2292:Pruitt–Igoe housing project
2034:Minoru Yamasaki interview,
1470:The First Decade, 1960-1970
880:
416:In 1945, Yamasaki moved to
360:Garfield Senior High School
300:
10:
3996:
3265:Rescue and recovery effort
3240:September 11, 2001 attacks
2739:Alfredas Kulpa-KulpaviÄŤius
2036:- Archives of American Art
2024:GreatBuildings.com listing
1596:. Macmillan. p. 109.
1060:"Los Angeles Music Center"
807:National Historic Landmark
589:Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
491:to be the symbolic end of
474:public housing project in
443:
3910:Minoru Yamasaki buildings
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3364:Vehicular Security Center
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3230:February 26, 1993 bombing
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2957:Mary Chase Perry Stratton
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2408:
2385:
2278:
2247:
2210:
2199:
2110:
2067:Walter P. Reuther Library
2057:Walter P. Reuther Library
2009:Resources in your library
1990:Resources in your library
1916:. New York: Weatherhill.
1912:Yamasaki, Minoru (1979).
1806:. Yale University Press.
1743:The Architect’s Newspaper
1694:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1431:"Art: The Road to Xanadu"
841:
754:
530:1962 Seattle World's Fair
439:
403:Harrison & Abramovitz
387:Shreve, Lamb & Harmon
330:Yamasaki & Associates
294:
282:
267:
216:
212:
201:
122:
114:
100:
77:
51:
39:
30:
23:
3392:ONE: Union of the Senses
3235:January 14, 1998 robbery
2931:Adolph Alexander Weinman
2779:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
1299:Gallagher, John (2015).
702:. After partnering with
358:, and he graduated from
336:Early life and education
274:, with inspiration from
105:University of Washington
31:
3935:Architects from Seattle
3930:Architects from Detroit
3853:Other nearby structures
3270:NIST report on collapse
2774:Henry Hobson Richardson
2754:McKim, Mead & White
2524:William E. Higginbotham
2358:Dr. John Archer Library
2132:The Century Plaza Hotel
1303:. Detroit, Michigan: .
1247:"Minoru Yamasaki 1912-"
570:Dr. John Archer Library
3870:Barclay–Vesey Building
3754:WTC in popular culture
3749:Take Back The Memorial
3739:Silverstein Properties
3275:Deutsche Bank Building
2387:Landscape architecture
2322:Pacific Science Center
1931:Nobel, Philip (2005).
1914:A Life in Architecture
1710:"Federal Reserve Bank"
713:Yamasaki designed the
708:Bolling Air Force Base
652:the World Trade Center
647:
612:Wayne State University
526:Pacific Science Center
493:modernist architecture
467:
230:Pacific Science Center
3673:Emery Roth & Sons
3535:Dey Street Passageway
3132:Austin J. Tobin Plaza
2886:Daniel Chester French
2609:Rogers and MacFarlane
2180:100 Washington Square
1950:Beal, Justin (2021).
1714:Architecture Richmond
1549:. September 13, 2011.
954:The Los Angeles Times
773:architectural critic
656:Emery Roth & Sons
641:
600:Northfield, Minnesota
458:
391:Empire State Building
3945:Bates College alumni
3840:One North End Avenue
3835:Winter Garden Atrium
3636:Survivors' Staircase
3459:,
3431:New York City Subway
3137:Windows on the World
2579:William G. Malcomson
2452:metropolitan Detroit
2156:Century Plaza Towers
1571:on December 28, 2013
1468:Riddell, William A.
1138:Architectural Record
783:structural engineers
741:Federal Reserve Bank
710:in Washington, D.C.
602:, and a building in
566:Regina, Saskatchewan
558:University of Regina
504:Southfield, Michigan
169: 1961;
144: 1941;
3713:Leslie E. Robertson
3683:Christopher O. Ward
3555:9/11 Tribute Museum
2926:Raffaello Romanelli
2825:Marshall Fredericks
2769:John C. Portman Jr.
2729:Richard W. Jennings
2672:Visiting architects
2619:Matthew L. Rossetti
2491:Peter J. Diederichs
2459:Resident architects
2120:One Woodward Avenue
1863:historicdetroit.org
1838:on December 8, 2018
1416:. February 9, 1986.
1357:"Reynolds Review".
1192:. January 19, 1964.
1087:. September 8, 2011
1047:on October 11, 2014
876:on January 18, 1963
775:Ada Louise Huxtable
704:Emery Roth and Sons
696:Gothic architecture
556:The campus for the
551:design by committee
543:Pennsylvania Avenue
411:Columbia University
389:, designers of the
383:New York University
319:Edward Durell Stone
276:Gothic architecture
109:New York University
3820:225 Liberty Street
3815:200 Liberty Street
3764:9/11-related media
3668:Nelson Rockefeller
3570:Memory Foundations
3424:Transportation Hub
3192:Sky Gate, New York
3069:World Trade Center
2940:Resident ceramists
2864:Visiting sculptors
2818:Resident sculptors
2809:Frank Lloyd Wright
2649:Leonard B. Willeke
2594:S. Kenneth Neumann
2168:Rainier Bank Tower
2003:By Minoru Yamasaki
1935:. London: Granta.
1649:The New York Times
1623:The New York Times
1489:. October 10, 2022
1456:The New York Times
1374:Design and Culture
1335:The New York Times
1190:The New York Times
1171:The New York Times
1085:Federal Way Mirror
926:The New York Times
795:Fazlur Rahman Khan
765:World Trade Center
745:Richmond, Virginia
684:Fazlur Rahman Khan
648:
634:World Trade Center
468:
430:Guardian Buildings
356:Auburn, Washington
315:World Trade Center
236:World Trade Center
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3848:
3847:
3688:Larry Silverstein
3663:David Rockefeller
3646:
3645:
3515:, and
3467:, and
3290:
3289:
3035:
3034:
2972:Michelle Andonian
2759:Frederick Olmsted
2644:Spier & Rohns
2589:Gustav A. Mueller
2539:Eugene C. Hopkins
2499:John M. Donaldson
2495:Robert O. Derrick
2417:
2416:
2249:Houses of worship
1976:Library resources
1961:978-0-262-54309-5
1942:978-1-8620-7713-3
1923:978-0-8348-0136-3
1813:978-0-300-22986-8
1603:978-0-8050-7428-4
1310:978-0-8143-4119-3
1259:on April 16, 2010
1225:The Seattle Times
581:Glencoe, Illinois
462:housing project,
308:Japanese-American
286:
285:
3987:
3830:250 Vesey Street
3825:200 Vesey Street
3808:
3807:
3803:Brookfield Place
3799:
3798:
3708:Daniel Libeskind
3578:Tribute in Light
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
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3466:
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3446:
3442:
3303:
3302:
3158:
3157:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3038:
2845:Corrado Parducci
2789:Horace Trumbauer
2764:Charles A. Platt
2694:Ralph Adams Cram
2666:
2504:Joseph N. French
2466:Charles N. Agree
2444:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2376:Istanbul Cevahir
2205:
2162:Bank of Oklahoma
2097:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2050:
1965:
1946:
1927:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1857:McGeen, Denise.
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1832:The Detroit News
1824:
1818:
1817:
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1629:
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1587:
1581:
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1578:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1557:
1551:
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1255:. Archived from
1252:Encyclopedia.com
1243:
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1103:
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1043:. Archived from
1033:
1027:
1026:
1012:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
979:
966:
965:
963:
961:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
922:
914:
824:The Detroit News
809:status in 2015.
791:Leslie Robertson
608:Honolulu, Hawaii
596:Carleton College
547:Washington, D.C.
500:Reynolds Company
305:
303:
297:
296:
192:
190:
181:Teruko Hirashiki
174:
172:
168:
149:
147:
143:
131:Teruko Hirashiki
84:
81:February 6, 1986
62:December 1, 1912
61:
59:
46:Yamasaki in 1959
44:
34:
21:
20:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3865:200 West Street
3844:
3797:
3744:Project Rebirth
3722:
3718:Welles Crowther
3678:Austin J. Tobin
3658:Minoru Yamasaki
3642:
3541:
3530:Corbin Building
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
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3444:
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3406:
3308:
3297:
3286:
3218:
3156:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3036:
3031:
3019:
3003:Balthazar Korab
2961:
2947:Horace Caulkins
2935:
2921:Randolph Rogers
2916:Augusto Rivalta
2906:J. Massey Rhind
2881:Avard Fairbanks
2859:
2850:Carlo Romanelli
2830:Julius Melchers
2813:
2799:Charles Wetmore
2749:Charles Luckman
2714:Bertram Goodhue
2704:Henry Engelbert
2667:
2658:
2654:Minoru Yamasaki
2624:Wirt C. Rowland
2584:George D. Mason
2574:Gordon W. Lloyd
2564:William Kessler
2559:William E. Kapp
2519:Alvin E. Harley
2486:C. Howard Crane
2476:Marcus Burrowes
2471:Gunnar Birkerts
2454:
2448:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2381:
2279:Other buildings
2274:
2243:
2206:
2197:
2192:Columbia Center
2106:
2104:Minoru Yamasaki
2101:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1981:Minoru Yamasaki
1979:
1972:
1962:
1943:
1924:
1908:
1906:Further reading
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:. April 5, 2016
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871:Cover story of
844:
815:
757:
727:
719:Tulsa, Oklahoma
700:fear of heights
672:New York Harbor
636:
453:
448:
442:
338:
301:Yamasaki Minoru
291:
289:Minoru Yamasaki
263:
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194:
191: 1969)
186:
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173: 1963)
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101:Alma mater
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25:Minoru Yamasaki
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3860:90 West Street
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3776:10048 ZIP code
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3547:9/11 memorials
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3309:and structures
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3791:Twin Towers 2
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3525:Fulton Center
3523:
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3507:,
3503:,
3499:,
3495:,
3491:,
3486:
3485:Fulton Street
3483:
3476:
3475:WTC Cortlandt
3473:
3463:,
3455:,
3451:,
3447:,
3443:,
3438:
3435:
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3411:Rapid transit
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3310:
3307:Site, towers,
3304:
3301:
3299:
3293:
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2966:Photographers
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2911:Ulysses Ricci
2909:
2907:
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2901:Giacomo ManzĂą
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Robert Graham
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Donald De Lue
2874:
2872:
2871:Herbert Adams
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
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2855:Edward Wagner
2853:
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2840:Isamu Noguchi
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2784:Eero Saarinen
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2629:Victor Saroki
2627:
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2614:Gino Rossetti
2612:
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2604:Harry J. Rill
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2569:Hugh T. Keyes
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2509:Wallace Frost
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2186:Torre Picasso
2184:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
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1842:September 18,
1837:
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1719:September 11,
1715:
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1680:September 11,
1675:
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1547:HowStuffWorks
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1191:
1187:
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1174:. p. 26.
1173:
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862:Bates College
859:
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849:
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845:
839:
836:
833:
828:
826:
825:
820:
813:Personal life
810:
808:
804:
798:
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792:
788:
787:John Skilling
784:
779:
776:
772:
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766:
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735:
734:Rainier Tower
732:
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697:
692:
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685:
679:
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673:
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659:
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645:
642:The original
640:
631:
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628:gothic arches
623:
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516:
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507:
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480:ornamentation
477:
473:
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457:
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437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
407:Raymond Loewy
404:
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375:
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331:
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323:New Formalism
320:
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290:
281:
277:
273:
272:New Formalism
270:
266:
259:
258:Torre Picasso
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:Rainier Tower
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
219:
215:
211:
208:
207:Taro Yamasaki
205:3, including
204:
200:
178:
153:
128:
127:
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113:
110:
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103:
99:
94:
90:
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67:
54:
50:
43:
38:
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22:
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3698:Michael Arad
3693:David Childs
3657:
3623:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3519: trains)
3471: trains)
3397:
3390:
3369:Liberty Park
3322:Construction
3223:Major events
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3087:Construction
3025:
3010:Laszlo Regos
3007:Dave Krieger
2996:Jeff Garland
2987:Marge Beaver
2975:Curt Clayton
2724:Victor Gruen
2709:Cass Gilbert
2653:
2599:Mark Nickita
2554:Louis Kamper
2534:John C. Haro
2529:Eric J. Hill
2364:Japan Center
2126:IBM Building
2103:
2045:
2002:
1980:
1951:
1932:
1913:
1892:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1831:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1777:
1746:. Retrieved
1742:
1717:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1678:. Retrieved
1673:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1638:
1628:November 17,
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1592:
1585:
1575:December 12,
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1564:
1555:
1546:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1486:
1483:"About 1350"
1477:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1445:
1434:
1411:
1402:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1300:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1250:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1223:
1189:
1180:
1169:
1144:November 17,
1142:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1063:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1040:
1031:
1020:
995:November 17,
993:. Retrieved
987:
960:November 22,
958:. Retrieved
952:
942:
932:November 22,
930:. Retrieved
924:
872:
837:
829:
822:
816:
805:was awarded
799:
785:, including
780:
768:
758:
749:fenestration
738:
731:cantilevered
728:
712:
693:
680:
668:
660:
649:
624:
593:
583:(1964), and
574:
555:
540:
533:
523:
508:
497:
469:
415:
400:
376:
368:Lionel Pries
349:
339:
327:
288:
287:
83:(1986-02-06)
18:
3920:1986 deaths
3915:1912 births
3565:Competition
3481: train)
3147:The Bathtub
3079:(1973–2001)
3013:Tony Soluri
2993:Dale Fisher
2990:Roy Feldman
2981:Carlos Diaz
2835:Carl Milles
2734:Jens Jensen
2684:John Burgee
2679:Henry Bacon
2549:Julius Kahn
2544:Albert Kahn
2401:(1961–1967)
2194:(1989–2000)
2146:(1970–1971)
2112:Skyscrapers
1785:October 30,
1748:October 30,
1515:February 6,
1231:October 30,
1116:October 30,
1111:USModernist
989:HistoryLink
761:Pruitt-Igoe
725:Later years
676:slurry wall
521:bank note.
472:Pruitt–Igoe
460:Pruitt–Igoe
224:Pruitt–Igoe
156:Peggy Watty
3899:Categories
3703:THINK Team
3625:The Sphere
3614:The Rising
3399:The Sphere
3296:Second WTC
3199:The Sphere
2999:Steve Hall
2984:Sean Doerr
2896:Lee Lawrie
1952:Sandfuture
1654:August 17,
1493:August 28,
1091:August 12,
898:References
553:approach.
538:magazine.
346:Washington
115:Occupation
70:Washington
58:1912-12-01
3606:Postcards
3592:Empty Sky
3433:stations
3420:stations
3260:Aftermath
3077:First WTC
3026:See also
2978:Don Coles
2699:Paul Cret
1894:March 31,
1868:March 31,
1394:112315246
1263:March 15,
1051:March 30,
743:tower in
715:BOK Tower
484:modernist
476:St. Louis
464:St. Louis
426:Penobscot
379:Manhattan
311:architect
240:destroyed
217:Buildings
118:Architect
3616:memorial
3608:memorial
3250:Timeline
3245:Collapse
3185:Ideogram
2212:Airports
1690:cite web
1022:New York
881:See also
664:Skylobby
591:(1973).
238:, 1973 (
202:Children
93:Michigan
3781:Former:
3386:Artwork
3327:Tenants
3255:Victims
3152:Tenants
3091:Towers
2065:at the
1674:Emporis
850:of the
654:, with
604:Waikiki
418:Detroit
342:Seattle
193:
185:
175:
163:
159:
150:
138:
134:
123:Spouses
89:Detroit
66:Seattle
3875:Park51
3651:People
2378:(1987)
2372:(1976)
2366:(1968)
2360:(1967)
2354:(1966)
2348:(1965)
2342:(1965)
2336:(1963)
2330:(1963)
2324:(1962)
2318:(1959)
2312:(1957)
2306:(1955)
2300:(1954)
2294:(1954)
2288:(1951)
2271:(1982)
2265:(1974)
2259:(1964)
2240:(1977)
2234:(1969)
2228:(1961)
2222:(1956)
2188:(1988)
2182:(1981)
2176:(1978)
2170:(1977)
2164:(1977)
2158:(1975)
2152:(1972)
2140:(1967)
2134:(1966)
2128:(1963)
2122:(1963)
1978:about
1958:
1939:
1920:
1810:
1600:
1392:
1307:
864:, 1964
854:, 1963
848:Fellow
842:Honors
832:ulcers
755:Legacy
440:Career
306:was a
268:Design
260:, 1988
254:, 1978
248:, 1977
232:, 1962
95:, U.S.
72:, U.S.
3759:Music
3727:Other
3631:Cross
1390:S2CID
860:from
606:, in
587:, in
519:riyal
351:issei
242:2001)
187:(
183:
165:(
161:
140:(
136:
3418:PATH
3142:Mall
2397:and
1956:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1896:2022
1870:2022
1844:2019
1808:ISBN
1787:2021
1750:2021
1721:2018
1696:link
1682:2018
1656:2023
1630:2012
1598:ISBN
1577:2014
1517:2021
1495:2023
1436:Time
1305:ISBN
1265:2012
1233:2021
1146:2012
1118:2021
1093:2020
1053:2011
997:2012
962:2016
934:2016
873:TIME
819:Taro
535:Time
428:and
405:and
295:山崎 實
171:div.
146:div.
78:Died
52:Born
33:山崎 實
3786:IFC
3317:One
3162:Art
1382:doi
858:DFA
717:in
598:in
579:in
325:".
3901::
2044:,
1886:.
1861:.
1830:.
1776:.
1758:^
1741:.
1729:^
1712:.
1692:}}
1688:{{
1672:.
1647:.
1621:.
1563:.
1545:.
1534:^
1485:.
1454:.
1433:.
1422:^
1410:.
1388:.
1376:.
1333:.
1319:^
1273:^
1249:.
1222:.
1198:^
1188:.
1168:.
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