Minority government

1161:, the democratically elected body. This consent is given by a vote of confidence. There is, however, a small constitutional trick, since the majority required to obtain confidence is not calculated on the basis of all the members of parliament, but on the basis of the votes cast. As the specialist on minority governments in Belgium, Lucien Rigaux, points out, this means that the majority is calculated on the basis of the members present and does not require more than 76 votes (the majority of the 150 seats in the Chamber). Moreover, confidence is obtained if there are more votes in favour than against. For example, out of 100 votes cast, a minority government can be invested with 40 affirmative votes, 20 negative votes and 40 abstentions. The abstention of parties that, for various reasons, do not wish to enter the government thus makes it possible to form an emergency government with full powers and democratic legitimacy. 1029:

and immediately following an election. If they cannot form a government that commands the confidence of the House then it is expected that they will resign that commission voluntarily – it is not considered acceptable for the Sovereign (or his representative) to revoke said commission unless the prime minister was acting in serious breach of constitutional protocol. Nevertheless, usually, an incumbent government that loses its plurality in the House simply resigns, especially if the main opposition party is only a few seats short of having a majority or if it feels it has no chance of winning the support of enough members of smaller parties to win an initial confidence vote.

1215:, declared: "if you think you can quickly give the country a government other than the one before you, stronger, based on a stable majority, do not hesitate, overthrow us. But if you don't have that assurance, if you foresee, after a negative vote, a long period of hesitation, conciliations, abortive attempts, then think carefully about what you are going to do". He nevertheless succumbs a few days later, since with as many votes in his favour as against him, he does not enjoy the confidence of Parliament. The defeat must have been all the more difficult to swallow as two Socialist MEPs had left before the vote in order not to miss their train to 2022:'s coalition lose its parliamentary majority in the National Assembly, going from a 115-seat majority to a hung parliament in which the centrist presidential coalition was the largest bloc but 38 short of an overall majority. The Borne cabinet survived to 31ss motions of no confidence and Prime Minister Borne triggered constitutional article 49.3 23 times, mostly to pass the 2023 Government and Social Security Budgets but also to pass its pension system reform in March 2023. Nonetheless, the government lost several parliamentary votes, an oddity under the Fifth Republic. 3895: 3492: 4117: 3061: 3670: 3782: 4063: 3951: 3902: 1252:"community to community" negotiation involving so-called community parties rather than political families. The socialists, who had campaigned strongly on the left, decided in the Namur Congress to withdraw from the negotiations and denounced the formation of a "coalition of the rights". Not giving up on forming a large majority, the social-Christian and liberal political families negotiated with the community parties. A partial agreement is reached in Steenokkerzeel. For the 722: 3838: 3606: 3599: 3329: 4012: 3726: 3109: 3958: 3161: 3550: 3279: 832: 4005: 4124: 4070: 3436: 3217: 1191:– which was relatively long for the time – the King appointed a Catholic cabinet. The latter was finally nipped in the bud by Parliament since the latter decided not to grant its confidence because the proposed Catholic coalition did not respect "Flemish national law", that it "was not qualified to resolve the difficulties of the parliamentary situation" and that it did not make it possible to fight the bourgeoisie". 3831: 3775: 3719: 3663: 3543: 3384: 1724:); allows the government to "commit its responsibility" on a bill per parliamentary session (apart from Government and Social Security budgets on which this special power can be used without numerical limit), the bill is considered passed without a vote unless a no-confidence motion is adopted by the lower house, thus effectively treating the bill as an issue of a vote of confidence ( 1230:

public schools. Both the socialists and the liberals have the impression that they are playing a fool's game where the lowest bidder will have the chance to claim a few positions in a government that will carry out the entire Christian program. The Christian Social Party then tries to capitalize on its 104 seats to gain confidence. Contrary to all expectations, the abstention of one

997:, the governing Labour party won by a majority of 66 seats in the House of Commons with only 35.2% of the popular vote.) If support for some parties is regionally concentrated, however, then Duverger's law applies separately to each region, and so no party can be sufficiently dominant in each region to receive a majority of the seats. This was the situation in Canada in the 2765:, the government was a minority government. The suspension of the whip of 21 Conservative MPs on 24 July 2019 resulted in the working majority of the government being – 43. The government lost several Parliamentary votes in the Autumn of 2019 before a general election was called. Johnson gained the Conservatives biggest majority since 2042:

theoretically grants minority governments a high degree of longevity, but they are rare in practice. No minority government has ever been invested on the federal level, though brief periods of minority government have existed when a government has lost its majority mid-term. Minority governments have

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for parliamentary elections in 1958, France has known only a few minority governments: indeed, the majoritarian electoral system usually produces seizable parliamentary majorities on which governments can rely, but there are some exceptions. Since 1958, only 2 out of 16 legislative elections resulted

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As with day-to-day business, the minority government provides a flexible institutional response in times of crisis that allows the state to continue to function and to be able to carry out its essential tasks. However, unlike a majority government, the action of a minority government is not locked to

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II minority government thus received the support of a relative majority of the members present, 106 in favour and 104 against. A few months later, the minority government became a majority government when the Liberal Party joined the government team after an agreement was reached on the school issue.

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Whatever party forms the government must either form a coalition with one or more other parties, or they must win some form of support from the other parties or independents so as to avoid no-confidence motions. Because of no-confidence motions, minority governments are frequently short-lived or fall

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To deal with situations in parliamentary systems where no clear majority to form a government exists, two or more parties may establish a formal coalition government, commanding a clear majority of the parliamentary members. A party might also enter into less formal alliances or agreements with other

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Nevertheless, the now-common practice of the party with the most seats forming the government has led to a widespread misconception among voters that a convention exists whereby the party with the most seats always gets to form the government. In fact, the most compelling reason for this practice is

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In Westminster systems, in minority situations, the incumbent government usually has the first opportunity to attempt to win the confidence of the House. This is so even if the incumbents have fewer seats – the incumbent prime minister still holds their commission for the duration of the writ period

799:. It is sworn into office, with or without the formal support of other parties, enabling a government to be formed. Under such a government, legislation can only be passed with the support or consent of enough other members of the legislature to provide a majority, encouraging multi-partisanship. In 2180:

with the approval of the Dáil. Since the 1980s, the popularity of other parties has increased such that coalition governments are now typical and expected, with one of the two major parties being the senior partner, and with one or more junior partners ensuring that the coalition retains a majority

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model". However, most minority governments still resulted from the loss of a majority – on 13 occasions due to the withdrawal of a coalition partner, on 12 occasions due to defeat in an election, and on four occasions due to parliamentary defections. Only seven minority governments were formed on a

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obtained a remarkable score that had nothing to envy to its results of the 19th century with 104 seats out of 212. However, the government's formation patinated notably on the school question which pitted Catholics and lay people against each other and which related to the financing of Catholic and

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Never in the federated entities has a minority government been formed spontaneously. On the other hand, at the central and then federal state level, there have been five attempts to form a minority government. Three of these attempts were transformed. As Lucien Rigaux points out in an issue devoted

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to form a government that can benefit from a broad parliamentary base. While the liberals seem to be acquiescing, the negotiations with the socialists reveal divergences, mainly on the implementation of regionalisation, on the question of state interference in economic affairs and on the method of

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is not unfamiliar with minority governments. Moreover, this type of government is not explicitly provided for in the Constitution, even though the Constitution does not prevent its existence. More often than not, minority governments emerge following elections when the government that was in power

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from confidence votes, whereas a governing party without a plurality in the House needs at least one other party to vote with it at all times (assuming the largest party will always vote no confidence, but that is almost certain to occur when they are denied the opportunity to govern). This means

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Then, in 1974, the political context was that of the state reforms initiated in 1970. Community autonomy was achieved, but the implementation of regionalisation was at a standstill, in particular because the Brussels dossier was repeatedly put on ice. Fifteen days after the elections of 10 March

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A common situation is a governance with "jumping majorities", where the cabinet stays as long as it can negotiate support from a majority in the parliament, even though that majority may be differently formed from issue to issue or bill to bill. On occasion, the legislature may permit a minority

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failed to come to fruition. However, on 6 July 2007, Welsh Labour Party members voted for a coalition with Plaid, which was followed by a similar result from Plaid Cymru members the next day. As a result, the Welsh Assembly was controlled by the Labour-Plaid alliance with Rhodri Morgan as First

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as long as there is no agreement on everything, there is no agreement on anything. Nevertheless, it decides to grant its benevolent abstentions to the Christian Liberal coalition so that a government can be formed quickly. With 100 votes in favour, 63 against and, above all, 47 abstentions, the

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Additional support is possible also because MPs leaving a party faction are not allowed to officially join another faction until the next elections. A government can be a minority government either throughout its term or just a part of its term, usually the latter. A list of minority cabinets:

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Since 1982 even most of multi-party coalition governments in Denmark are minority ones; thus, the government of the day is still required to make deals with non-governing parties. More often small far-left or far-right parties provide confidence support of centre-left or centre-right coalition

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which would result in policy compromises and a diluted political agenda. Coalition governments could also be viewed as unstable possibly due to examples of minority governments (Callaghan and Major) occurring as the result of governments in decline. Examples of minority governments include:

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If the Monarch does not dissolve Parliament, the remaining cabinet continues as a minority cabinet, in full possession of its powers. It can finish any legislation already before underpreparation, if Parliament passes it by majority vote; this necessitates the support of parties outside the

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An alternative arrangement is a looser alliance of parties, exemplified by Sweden. There the long-governing Social Democrats have ruled with more or less formal support from other parties – in the mid-20th century from Agrarians, after 1968 from Communists, and more recently from Greens and

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each won approximately 40 percent of the seats so they could not govern alone. However, within the Catholic Party, there remains serious reluctance to collaborate with the Socialists. It must be said that strong tensions between the two camps, particularly over the Flemishisation of the

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The main disadvantage of minority government by the elected assembly is that it can be instituted without a majority of the members of Parliament having voted in favour of it, but that, on the other hand, a majority of the members of the assembly is required to dismiss it (76 minimum).

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Between 1949 and December 2017, nine different states had at least one period of minority government, with some having as many as four. Compared to the federal level, state-level minority governments usually survived much longer, lasting an average of 333 days. The longest was the two

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as his deputy. After the 2011 Welsh General Election, Welsh Labour won 30 seats and entered into a new government, with a minority of 0. In 2016 Welsh Labour returned with 29 seats out of 30 and formed a minority government of 0 with the one remaining Liberal Democrat AM. A

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nations, each constituency elects one member of parliament by simple plurality voting. This system heavily biases the vote towards increasing the number of seats of the top two parties and reducing the seats of smaller parties, a principle known in political science as

2329:, if an election result makes a majority coalition impossible. More often, a minority government is formed when one of the cabinet's coalition partners withdraws its support, or when all ministers of a given parliamentary party resign. In these cases, the 1041:

At the Canadian federal level, in the four most recent of the five occasions a governing party lost the plurality without another winning a majority (1957, 1963, 1979, and 2006), the incumbent governments resigned rather than attempt to stay in power.

2076:, and the first Brandt cabinet retained a technical majority due to the Bundestag delegation from Berlin. Erhard and Schmidt's minority governments were short-lived, lasting less than a month, and both ended with the Chancellor leaving office. 1202:

to Belgium, which made the political climate particularly tense. The Socialists reject the invitation of the Catholic informer to form a government because the former want to associate the Communists, who have obtained a better result than the

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before their term is expired. The leader of a minority government will also often call an election in hopes of winning a stronger mandate from the electorate. In Canada, for instance, federal minority governments last an average of 18 months.

2677:, the Conservatives won the most seats and votes, but only a minority of seats in parliament. There was some discussion after the election of the possibility of creating a Conservative minority government and, because the then Prime Minister 2050:

Between 1949 and December 2017, there were 31 periods of minority government in Germany, including four at the federal and 27 at the state level. All four federal instances were the result of an incumbent government losing its majority: the

1198:, had already served its purpose. The Liberals felt that their new electoral defeat invited them to undergo an opposition cure. Socialists and Catholics clashed during the election campaign over the royal question of the return of King 993:, and thus minority governments are relatively uncommon. Advocates of this system see this as one of its advantages. A party with less than 40% of the popular vote can often win an outright majority of the seats. (For instance, in the 1336:

During the history of federal Canadian politics, there have been fifteen minority governments, in fourteen separate minority parliaments. Federal minority governments typically last less than two years. Exceptions to this include the

2116:, comprising a minority coalition of the SPD and Greens supported by the PDS, which was invested after a corruption scandal led to the collapse of the previous CDU government; it served on an interim basis from June 2001 until the 1289:

current affairs, day-to-day business or urgent decisions. It benefits from the fullness of its competences since it is constituted on the basis of a democratic decision which grants it de facto a certain democratic legitimacy.

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has formed in federal Canadian politics in 1917. Coalition governments have occurred more frequently in provincial legislatures, with several provincial coalition governments having been formed in the 20th and 21st century.

2097:"tolerance" basis similar to the Magdeburger model. Furthermore, only two minority governments lasted more than a single term: the aforementioned Höppner governments in Saxony-Anhalt, and from 1982 to 1983 and 1983–85 in 2188:

who are not members of the government to support their nomination for Taoiseach and achieve majority support. Support for bills and other items requiring a Dáil majority vote is then negotiated on a bill-by-bill basis.

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Minority governments also occur in all provincial legislatures, as well as the Yukon Legislative Assembly. However, minority governments do not occur as frequently in these legislatures as they do at the federal level.

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and budgetary legislation, in exchange for the passage of certain legislative measures proposed by the NDP. This was not a formal coalition, because the NDP remained an opposition party and was not given seats in the

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of different Parliamentary parties (which may include the defecting coalition partner). Elections are then held as scheduled at the end of the parliamentary term, since the Monarch does not dissolve parliament if an

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after the dismissal of the FDP. Of these, only the second Erhard and third Schmidt cabinets are considered "true" minority governments, as the fourth Adenauer cabinet was quickly dissolved and replaced by the

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with an absolute majority of 21 seats over all other parties. That majority was progressively whittled away through defections and by-elections defeats, the most notable of the latter including those in

4758: 4568: 1687:); allows the government to ask for a parliamentary chamber to vote on the entirety or a part of a bill while overturning all amendments that have not been proposed or sponsored by the ministers ( 2568:

and the British media tend to perceive minority governments as unstable and ineffective, as it causes problems such as governments lacking the strength to pass legislation, a vulnerability to a

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Coalitions in the Netherlands are formed with the support from parliamentary parties, elected by proportional representation. Although very rare, minority governments can be formed during the

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elections. In both instances, minority governments were formed following the elections, with no formal coalition or confidence-and-supply agreement being put in place to guarantee stability.

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categorically refuses to do so. After a month of political crisis, a cabinet composed solely of socialists is appointed by the King. In the parliamentary gallery, the then Prime Minister,

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that in most situations, the party with the most seats has the best chance and the least complicated route to winning a confidence vote, regardless of its place on the political spectrum.

3010:, where Welsh Labour returned 30 seats, half of the legislature's available 60, but one short of a working majority (31), yet no coalition government was formed, with Labour relying on 4982: 1432:

governments led by Social Democrats or Venstre. For many years, Danish politics has been divided into "Red" and "Blue" blocs, whose parliamentarians are typically expected to support

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crisis. While the negotiations have been stalled since the last elections on 26 May 2019, the coronavirus crisis has brought down the cards. A sort of national union to which the

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In Belgium, it is the King who appoints the government. However, as Belgium is a democratic state, constitutional custom requires that this appointment must be approved by the

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provides a large number of institutional tools to ensure political stability at the detriment of parliamentary sovereignty, constitutional tools that become critical when the

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with any other party, but as no other combination of parties were able to agree on a deal, the SNP chose to form a one-party minority government. They often negotiated with

1702:) within the constitutional time limit (70 days for the Government Budget, 50 days for the Social Security Budget), then the government can implement its budget by decrees; 2451:, announced that they would withdraw from their role in government, and become an opposition party, despite continuing their support of Erna Solberg as Prime Minister. 1428:, which almost always results in the winning party coming nowhere near a majority, single-party minority governments are still a regular occurrence in Danish politics. 2601:, following which the Labour Government obtained a small majority of three. The following administration also became a minority government after the collapse of the 2725:, the Conservatives won the most seats and votes but lost their majority in the House of Commons which instead weakened their hand in the Brexit negotiations. The 1384:

While minority governments may occur in Canadian politics, the formation of a formal coalitions is rare, with past minority governments relying on cooperation and

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was the only federal minority parliament that saw two different minority governments form. The most recent minority parliament elected at the federal level is the

4917: 803:, the term relates to the situation in the chamber whose confidence is considered most crucial to the continuance in office of the government (generally, the 4586:

Rigaux, Lucien (2019). "Les gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique. Leur formation et l'étendue de leur pouvoir au regard de leur légitimité démocratique".

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Rigaux, Lucien (2019). "Les gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique. Leur formation et l'étendue de leur pouvoir au regard de leur légitimité démocratique".

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and the other smaller parties. However Brown waived his right, acknowledging that because the Conservative Party had won the largest number of seats in the

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because, if they can unite, opposing parliamentary members have sufficient numbers to vote against legislation, or even bring down the government with a

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J. Velaers, « Honderd jaar vertrouwensstemmingen in de regering (1919–2018): een gewoonte die de crisis over het Marrakesh-pact overleeft »,

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ex-Communists – and have thus been able to retain executive power and (in practice) legislative initiative. This is also common in Canada, where nine

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also existed at the state level, sometimes for substantial periods. The viability of minority government varies between states, as some require an

818:. If, however, the minority government forms supporting partnerships with some parliamentary parties, it can be as stable as majority governments. 4835: 2088:, which served two complete terms (1,452 and 1,406 days, respectively) between 1994 and 2002. These governments, enabled by the abstention of the 3922: 5031: 1507:

when a minority government is appointed with additional parliamentary support (Tõnisson IV, Vähi Interim, Siimann and Siim Kallas cabinets); or

4973: 4223:' abstention, no confidence-and-supply agreement is in place and the Republicans have formally declared themselves an opposition group in the 3565: 2594: 2598: 1683:

Article 44: allows the government to reject proposed amendments that have not been discussed in committee prior to the general discussion (

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agreement may be formed. This is a more formal pact that still falls short of creating a coalition government. In the Canadian province of

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when the government is voted into office with a plurality and some MPs abstain from voting (Birk, Tõnisson II, Piip and Akel cabinets).

2653:, resulting in the eventual loss of the Major government's majority in Parliament. However, the Conservatives maintained support from 3802: 3690: 2646: 1498:

when the governing coalition loses support due to a coalition member leaving the governing coalition (Vähi II and Ansip II cabinets);

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tolerated two consecutive SPD minority governments (this arrangement ended in 1985 when the SPD and Greens entered into coalition.)

1133:, reducing the government to 73 seats. However, they retained confidence from all three MPs, enabling them to remain in government. 4534:

X. Mabille, « Le gouvernement Tindemans (1974–1977) : évolution de sa composition et de son assise parlementaire »,

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arrangement. However, the DUP later announced that no such deal had been reached. This remained the case until 26 June 2017, when

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There have been many occasions since 1900 when a single party has not commanded a parliamentary majority, although the 2010–2015

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capacity) can seek dissolution of the Dáil and call a new general election. However, this circumstance has not occurred to date.

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If no agreement can be reached to nominate an individual to lead a government, the outgoing Taoiseach (continuing to act in a

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Clarkson, Stephen (2004). "Disaster and Recovery: Paul Martin as Political Lazarus". In Dornan, Chris; Pammett, Jon (eds.).

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At this point, the Monarch may choose to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election. The cabinet continues to serve as

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cabinet to continue in office despite having been defeated on a given vote, and a minority government might even bring on a

3917: 3356: 3236: 2770: 2762: 2722: 2674: 2637: 2625: 2561: 2286: 1969: 1924: 1879: 1634: 1624: 1614: 1604: 1594: 1584: 1564: 1554: 1389: 1158: 994: 853: 2447:'s cabinet, that had been ruling with a minority since 2013, to form a majority. On January 20, 2020, the Progress party, 1708:: allows the government the possibility to avoid a vote of confidence on its program or general policy declaration in the 3403: 3343: 2354:

government. Theoretically, early general elections need not be held, but they are often necessary in practice, since the

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has seen six minority legislatures in its political history, the most among the 10 provinces and the territory of Yukon.

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had the first opportunity to form a government, there were also talks about creating some sort of alliance between the

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arrangements to govern instead. Historically, several coalition governments have formed in the 1840s and 1850s, in the

913:. The parties can rarely cooperate enough to establish a formal coalition but operate under a loose agreement instead. 2757:

After Theresa May resigned in May 2019, Boris Johnson became the new party leader and Prime Minister. For much of the

1468: 1455:(who received about 25% of the vote in the previous election) supported by three other parties; the previous cabinet, 4361: 3866: 2888: 2858: 2850: 2793: 2330: 2153: 1665: 1661: 1501:

when the Prime Minister asks the ministers of a coalition party to be relieved of their duties (Kaja Kallas cabinet);

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and the management of external affairs, had led to the fall of the homogeneous Catholic government. After 38 days of

879: 4891: 4569:"Le gouvernement minoritaire Wilmès II. Les étapes de la formation d'un gouvernement minoritaire d'un nouveau genre" 861: 5050: 2565: 2493:, formed a minority coalition government from 2010 to 2014. The recent minority coalition government is led by the 2226: 2185: 2015: 1610: 1094: 1087: 1079: 1059: 1055: 707: 4953: 4853: 4677: 2439:

As of January 20, 2020 Norway has a minority government. In the beginning of 2019, the Christian Democratic party

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A minority government is formed when a party (or a coalition) secures agreement from one or more other parties or

353: 4432:"« Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 2933: 2475: 2362: 2322: 2056: 5431: 2746: 2734: 1330: 1302: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 910: 857: 2811:

This was because the SNP gained 47 seats out of 129 in the election, which was some way short of achieving an

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vote by parliament for a government to be invested, while others require only a simple majority or plurality.

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E. Gerard, Nouvelle histoire de la Belgique. La démocratie rêvée, bridée, bafouée , Bruxelles, Le Cri, 2010,

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that the party with the most seats can survive confidence votes so long as smaller party (or parties) simply

961: 929: 358: 4261: 3746: 3511: 3459: 3240: 2961: 1973: 1928: 1883: 1480: 1448: 933: 743: 146: 4937:"Making Minority Government Work : Hung Parliaments and the challenges for Westminster and Whitehall" 4550:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 4518:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 4499:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 4454:"Historique des gouvernements minoritaires en Belgique de 1830 à aujourd'hui : une solution de crise" 4731: 3797: 3630: 3352: 3132: 3003: 2832: 2334: 2308: 2298: 2292: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2221: 2216: 2207:. Fifteen of the 32 governments in Irish history were minority governments, most of which were formed by 2204: 1425: 1231: 1110: 1086:

to Labor, allowing them to form an extremely narrow minority government. This government stood until the

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to the history of minority governments in Belgium: "The first two attempts were failures. In 1925, the

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when they achieve 50% + 1 of the votes in favour of their nomination. The Taoiseach then appoints the

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in order to give it full powers and, above all, democratic legitimacy to deal with the health crisis.

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minority Tindemans I government won the confidence of the House and the Senate five days later. The

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Firstly in 1958 a minority government received, for the first time, the support of Parliament. The

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operated with both a coalition and a looser agreement: the government was a coalition between the

3978: 3741: 3455: 3080: 2985: 2892: 2797: 2726: 2694: 2693:, it should have the first opportunity to form a government. Further discussions then led to the 2629: 2569: 2550: 2494: 2448: 2052: 1405: 1204: 1171: 973: 937: 846: 815: 736: 362: 5071: 4784:"Après une vingtaine de 49.3 et le rejet d'une 31e motion de censure, le budget 2024 est adopté" 3792: 3616: 1277: 5399: 5246: 3252: 2981: 2758: 2686: 2606: 2554: 2280: 2125: 2102: 2073: 1672: 1401: 1397: 1199: 1063: 598: 1174:

experienced an electoral debacle. They preferred to stay away from a government majority. The

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Hazell, Robert; Paun, Akash; Chalmers, Mark; Yong, Ben; Haddon, Catherine (7 December 2009).

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Minority government is unusual in Germany, though it was more common historically during the

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is the only province that has never had a minority government in its provincial legislature.

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were the largest single party with 52 seats, whereas the Liberals had 48 and the NDP had 25.

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Frederiksen, Mette; Østergaard, Morten; Dyhr, Pia Olsen; Skipper, Pernille (25 June 2019).

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of seats in the Assembly. Whilst Labour were initially unable to form a coalition with the

2929: 2908: 2870: 2828: 2820: 2819:, but more than any other single party gained. The SNP were unable to negotiate a majority 2573: 2557: 2459: 2454:

Norway has had multiple minority governments throughout history, including cabinets led by

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federal elections, with no party obtaining a majority due in part to the dominance of the

8: 5152: 4187: 4144: 3973: 3188: 3123: 2854: 2816: 2805: 2698: 2479: 2428: 2376: 2355: 2108:

Other examples of a minority government on a state level include the first government of

1550: 1247:(CVP) was appointed formator. He is entering into negotiations with the Liberals and the 1071: 1018: 906: 811: 675: 660: 645: 625: 482: 304: 289: 164: 112: 3288: 3118: 2407:. On 11 October 2013, the cabinet reached a budgetary agreement with the social-liberal 4355: 4316: 4032: 3560: 2965: 2940: 2129: 1358: 985: 630: 589: 524: 442: 254: 127: 57: 48: 4839: 4335: 3338: 2697:

between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, which enabled the formation of a

1874: 4705:"A minority government? A coalition? Here's a look at some federal election outcomes" 4341: 4320: 4308: 3463: 3248: 3184: 3170: 2977: 2896: 2812: 2766: 2682: 2586: 2486: 2380: 2044: 1981: 1936: 1891: 1476: 1472: 1460: 1437: 1075: 990: 969: 447: 422: 67: 32: 20: 3014:(minimally 1 extra vote from a non-Labour seat) for the passing of any legislation. 4815:"State of Play: Minority Governments in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1949" 4300: 3787: 3675: 3506: 2654: 2498: 2463: 2148:, a coalition of The Left, SPD, and Greens, was invested with the tolerance of the 2011: 1652: 1421: 1212: 1184: 1106: 584: 529: 511: 492: 477: 244: 179: 97: 4304: 3848: 3736: 3393: 1810: 1560: 1530: 1101:

formed a majority government of just one seat. They lost their majority after the

893:

parties or individual members to allow the minority government to stay in office.

5157: 4182: 3907: 3445: 2998: 2912: 2904: 2866: 2609: 2121: 2035: 2019: 1676: 1657: 1393: 898: 726: 655: 650: 570: 544: 539: 519: 457: 417: 412: 39: 5051:"What is Boris Johnson's majority? How purge of Tory MPs has changed Parliament" 2976:. This was because they gained 26 seats in the election, which was short of an 2733:, formed a minority government, with 317 seats, on 9 June 2017. On 10 June, the 4974:"DUP to support minority government after 'confidence and supply' deal reached" 4206:

There were two minority governments during the life of 15th Canadian Parliament

4062: 3950: 3226: 3070: 3011: 2490: 2109: 1964: 1235: 452: 402: 343: 209: 194: 2208: 5420: 4312: 3680: 2969: 2718: 2710: 2590: 2085: 2031: 1919: 1776: 1273: 1258: 1253: 1244: 1234:

member and two Liberals was enough to gain the confidence of Parliament. The

1122: 1058:

produced a federal minority government in Australia for the first time since

323: 239: 229: 5032:"Theresa May faces backlash from Scotland and Wales over £1bn Tory-DUP deal" 2915:

in August 2021, lifting Sturgeon's third government out of minority status.

2597:. That situation lasted until the prime minister called another election in 1694:

Articles 47 and 47-1: if Parliament has not voted on the Government Budget (

972:

had an agreement to support the government on confidence matters, while the

4090: 4022: 3968: 3501: 2994: 2945: 2925: 2801: 2678: 2602: 2444: 2412: 2408: 2141: 1590: 1195: 800: 558: 437: 397: 392: 328: 309: 174: 2717:

referendum, where the UK voted to leave the EU. May decided to call for a

2200: 1580: 1570: 4134: 3912: 2989: 2730: 2474:

Sweden has had several minority governments, most of the time led by the

2368: 1717: 1600: 1126: 945:. In this case, the Liberals did not even have a plurality of seats: the 804: 796: 432: 382: 318: 314: 284: 219: 154: 2993:

Minister (up until his retirement in 2009 and subsequent replacement by

721: 5072:

CBC Digital Archives – Minority Report: Governing by Minority in Canada

2633: 1357:

functioned as a minority government for half of its duration, owing to

1261:

also joined the coalition, which became a majority a few months later.

1074:

vote by 0.24%. Six crossbenchers, consisting of four independents, one

1034: 780: 279: 214: 204: 4289:"Stability of minority governments and the role of support agreements" 2869:. Throughout the parliamentary term, they informally co-operated with 1353:

Canadian parliaments, which all lasted for longer than two years. The

5076: 5006:"Theresa May's plan to govern with DUP support thrown into confusion" 4821: 4017: 3894: 3862: 3731: 3175: 2624:

A minority Government held power in the UK between December 1996 and

2455: 2276: 2199:

The last Dáil with a single-party simple majority government was the

2169: 2145: 2093: 1540: 616: 487: 259: 249: 169: 159: 5030:

Asthana, Anushka; McDonald, Henry; Carrell, Severin (26 June 2017).

4854:"North Rhine-Westphalia: Kraft is the new Minister-President in NRW" 2346:. A demissionary cabinet is not a minority government but a form of 1494:

has had several minority governments. A minority cabinet can occur:

1420:

has a rich tradition of minority governments. Despite the country's

1117:

moved to the crossbench. The government lost another seat after the

831: 4877: 4858: 4836:"Minority government: Germany is not completely without experience" 3963: 3598: 3555: 3333: 3328: 3293: 2419:. This provided the VVD/PvdA cabinet a single-seat majority in the 2350:, enjoying only limited powers until the new Parliament assembles. 1520: 1264:

Finally, the last successful attempt was made in 2020 to fight the

1082:

MP, held the balance of power. Ultimately, four crossbenchers gave

936:(NDP): the NDP agreed to support the Liberals for two years on all 299: 224: 199: 189: 82: 2721:

in 2017 to strengthen her hand in the Brexit negotiations. In the

1216: 4004: 3843: 3450: 3165: 3160: 3113: 3108: 2741:

which would see the DUP support the Conservative government on a

2014:

was a three-party minority coalition government as result of the

1491: 1417: 1378: 1374: 1326: 1141: 921: 184: 4874:"Germany's Thuringia gets left-wing state premier in rerun vote" 4756: 4236:

Support by another party short of a coalition, for example in a

2560:

was the first formal coalition of its type in Britain since the

2173: 4116: 4085: 3611: 3496: 3491: 3440: 3435: 3283: 3278: 3221: 3216: 3065: 3060: 3022:

These are the countries with a minority government as of 2024.

2973: 2714: 2113: 1737: 1022: 901:

and threaten to resign should the legislature vote against it.

387: 4129: 4075: 3830: 3774: 3718: 3662: 3542: 3388: 3383: 2383:, which all together provided the government a majority. The 2098: 2375:

The Netherlands had a minority government in 2010–2012: the

2128:, comprising a coalition of the SPD and Greens tolerated by 1222:

On the other hand, the last three attempts were successful.

795:

of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the

2701:, because it was thought that would ensure more stability. 2593:, formed a minority government for seven months after the 1194:

In 1946, the government of national unity, which followed

2440: 2388: 1736:

These are the six minority governments in the history of

2713:

as Prime Minister, after he resigned as a result of the

1720:'s entire membership to pass a motion of no confidence ( 1329:, which have non-partisan legislatures and operate as a 1070:

both won 72 seats, 4 short of a majority. Labor won the

3017: 5029: 4934: 2372:

has been able to negotiate a new coalition agreement.

1369:, whose composition was determined in September 2021. 4607:"L'enjeu démocratique des gouvernements minoritaires" 2379:. This government was supported in parliament by the 2168:

broadly works on a simple majority system, where the

1475:

minority government, a particularly notable feat, as

810:

A minority government tends to be less stable than a

4657:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 October 2019 2612:'s Government fell in March 1979 as the result of a 4972: 4892:"Dutch parties agree to form coalition government" 2749:was agreed and announced between the two parties. 2387:(2012–2017) consisted of the conservative liberal 1276:and the PTB decided to give its confidence to the 5004:Savage, Michael; McDonald, Henry (11 June 2017). 2084:-led minority governments of Reinhold Höppner in 932:to 1987 on the basis of a formal accord with the 5418: 2361:A third option is available to the Monarch: the 1406:coalition between the Conservatives and Liberals 4623:Azzi, Stephen; Kwavnick, D. (22 October 2019). 1283: 5003: 2972:initially formed a minority government in the 2857:, losing their governing majority they won in 1504:when MPs leave party factions (Ratas cabinet); 1459:, was a three-party minority coalition led by 1313:Minority governments can occur in the federal 5092: 2333:offers the full cabinet's resignation to the 1451:is a single-party minority government of the 744: 4622: 4287:Krauss, Svenja; Thürk, Maria (7 June 2022). 4219:mainly thanks to centre-right to right-wing 2668: 2580: 2063:, also after the withdrawal of the FDP; the 2038:. In the Federal Republic (since 1949), the 4651:"What happens when no one wins a majority?" 4487:, Ch. repr., séance du 19 mars 1946, p. 23. 4376:"Hung parliaments and minority governments" 4286: 2950:Scottish National Party leadership election 2773:, ending this run of minority governments. 1479:only received about 20% of the vote in the 1149:pending the formation of a new government. 860:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 821: 5099: 5085: 4678:"Can Albertans say 'minority government'?" 4618: 4616: 2704: 2509:A list of minority governments in Turkey: 2092:during confidence votes, were dubbed the " 979: 751: 737: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4675: 2853:, The SNP won 63 out of 129 seats in the 2619: 1716:); requires the absolute majority of the 880:Learn how and when to remove this message 19:For minority governments in general, see 4333: 2067:after parliamentary defections; and the 4970: 4729: 4702: 4613: 2934:resulting in an SNP minority government 2752: 1145:loses its majority and has to become a 909:from 1921 to 2005 effectively produced 16:Type of parliamentary system government 5419: 5106: 4802: 4604: 4585: 4566: 4547: 4515: 4496: 4451: 4429: 4388: 2528:(12 November 1979 – 11 September 1980) 1309:Federal minority governments in Canada 5080: 5048: 4703:Russell, Andrew (20 September 2021). 4337:The Canadian general election of 2004 2769:was Prime Minister in 1987 after the 2358:no longer has parliamentary support. 1647:Since the joint establishment of the 1467:. An earlier cabinet of Rasmussen's, 4985:from the original on 12 January 2022 4730:English, John R. (22 October 2019). 4588:Revue belge de droit constitutionnel 4391:Revue belge de droit constitutionnel 3018:List of current minority governments 2997:as First Minister) and Plaid Leader 2804:formed a minority government in the 2771:2019 United Kingdom general election 2709:In 2016, Theresa May took over from 2616:which was carried by a single vote. 1390:Parliament of the Province of Canada 858:adding citations to reliable sources 825: 4340:. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Group. 2952:and formed a minority government. 2695:establishment of a formal coalition 13: 4609:. Centre de droit public de l'ULB. 3686:Parliament of the Balearic Islands 3622:Legislative Assembly of the Azores 2534:(5 October 1995 – 30 October 1995) 2516:(17 November 1974 – 31 March 1975) 2411:and the smaller Christian parties 2040:constructive vote of no confidence 1125:. They lost another seat after MP 928:formed a minority government from 14: 5443: 5065: 2924:On 25 April 2024, First Minister 2595:General Election of February 1974 2544: 2154:2020 Thuringian government crisis 2016:June 2022 parliamentary elections 1698:) or the Social Security Budget ( 1207:, with the government, while the 4971:Malnick, Edward (10 June 2017). 4676:McFarland, Joe (20 March 2019). 4625:"Minority Governments in Canada" 4122: 4115: 4068: 4061: 4010: 4003: 3956: 3949: 3900: 3893: 3836: 3829: 3780: 3773: 3724: 3717: 3668: 3661: 3604: 3597: 3548: 3541: 3490: 3434: 3382: 3327: 3277: 3215: 3159: 3107: 3059: 2626:the general election in May 1997 1152: 1056:2010 Australian federal election 830: 720: 5049:Bloom, Dan (4 September 2019). 5042: 5023: 4997: 4964: 4946: 4928: 4910: 4884: 4866: 4846: 4828: 4776: 4759:"Retfærdig retning for Danmark" 4750: 4723: 4696: 4669: 4643: 4605:Rigaux, Lucien (9 April 2020). 4598: 4579: 4573:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4567:Rigaux, Lucien (7 April 2020). 4560: 4554:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4548:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4541: 4528: 4522:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4516:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4509: 4503:Centre de droit public de l'ULB 4497:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4490: 4477: 4464: 4452:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4430:Rigaux, Lucien (8 April 2020). 4230: 4209: 4200: 2984:, a 'Rainbow Coalition' of the 2540:(11 January 1999 – 28 May 1999) 2476:Swedish Social Democratic Party 1317:, and the legislatures of most 1272:does not, however, adhere, the 1121:, which was won by independent 4445: 4423: 4410: 4401: 4382: 4368: 4327: 4280: 4254: 3006:was also formed following the 2835:to pass certain legalisation. 2316: 1740:'s Fifth Republic as of 2024: 1303:Minority governments in Canada 1: 4483:Déclaration de gouvernement, 4360:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4305:10.1080/01402382.2021.1890455 4247: 2863:one-party minority government 2861:, but they went on to form a 2522:(21 June 1977 – 21 July 1977) 1105:which deposed Prime Minister 4458:Centre droit public de l'ULB 2876: 2055:after the withdrawal of the 1449:2019 Danish general election 1284:Advantages and disadvantages 1049: 911:minority federal governments 7: 4407:Art. 96 of the Constitution 4171: 2901:another minority government 2833:Scottish Conservative Party 2776: 2140:. The second government of 1679:has to govern in minority: 1426:proportional representation 703:Political parties by region 493:Party convention/conference 10: 5448: 4862:(in German). 14 July 2010. 4736:thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 4629:thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 4215:Despite surviving several 2974:National Assembly of Wales 2938: 2917: 2895:fell one seat short of an 2880: 2845:Second Sturgeon government 2842: 2785: 2737:announced a deal with the 2478:, with the support of the 2395:and had a majority in the 2391:and the social-democratic 2363:formation of a new cabinet 2166:Irish parliamentary system 2159: 2120:. The first government of 2025: 1486: 1412: 1396:in 1864 eventually led to 1306: 1300: 1164: 1159:Chamber of Representatives 1136: 1119:2018 Wentworth by-election 1054:The unprecedentedly close 791:when a political party or 690:Lists of political parties 18: 5163:National unity government 5112: 4684:. 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The SNP then formed a 2788:First Salmond government 2647:South East Staffordshire 2572:and the necessity for a 2497:, which is supported by 2398:House of Representatives 1457:Lars Løkke Rasmussen III 1440:cabinets, respectively. 1367:44th Canadian Parliament 1363:15th Canadian Parliament 1355:14th Canadian Parliament 995:2005 UK General Election 822:Coalitions and alliances 773:minority administration, 708:Banned political parties 408:Leader of the Opposition 376:Leaders and organization 339:Parliamentary opposition 3742:Parliament of Catalonia 2986:Conservative Party (UK) 2930:power sharing agreement 2899:. They went on to form 2893:Scottish National Party 2838: 2798:Scottish National Party 2781: 2735:Prime Minister's Office 2705:Theresa May (2017-2019) 2570:Motion of no confidence 2564:between 1931 and 1945. 2132:, was formed after the 2053:fourth Adenauer cabinet 1571:T. Vähi Interim cabinet 1469:Lars Løkke Rasmussen II 1392:. The formation of the 980:Simple plurality system 4732:"Coalition Government" 4293:West European Politics 2962:2007 Assembly election 2620:John Major (1996-1997) 2607:British Prime Minister 2605:in 1978, and the then 2126:North Rhine-Westphalia 2118:October state election 2074:fifth Adenauer cabinet 1561:J. Tõnisson IV cabinet 1531:J. Tõnisson II cabinet 1402:Canadian Confederation 1398:Canadian Confederation 1361:and by-elections. The 1227:Social Christian Party 1180:Belgian Workers' Party 801:bicameral legislatures 5432:Political terminology 5138:Confidence and supply 4711:. Corus Entertainment 4538:, 1977, n° 754, p. 11 4262:"Minority Government" 4238:confidence and supply 3854:Parliament of Navarre 2939:Further information: 2918:Further information: 2889:2021 general election 2881:Further information: 2851:2016 general election 2843:Further information: 2825:confidence and supply 2794:2007 general election 2786:Further information: 2763:2019 general election 2743:confidence and supply 2723:2017 General Election 2675:2010 General Election 2659:Ulster Unionist Party 2638:1992 General Election 2614:vote of no confidence 2303:Progressive Democrats 2205:1977 general election 2136:and served until the 2069:third Schmidt cabinet 2061:second Erhard cabinet 1471:, was a single-party 1465:Danish People's Party 1463:and supported by the 1386:confidence and supply 1323:Northwest Territories 1307:Further information: 1103:2018 leadership spill 1095:2016 federal election 1084:confidence and supply 918:confidence and supply 816:vote of no confidence 641:Confidence and supply 498:Leadership convention 349:Official party status 305:Entrepreneurial party 5427:Minority governments 5168:Consensus government 4178:Coalition government 4140:Legislative Assembly 4028:Landtag of Thuringia 3918:Legislative Assembly 3793:Fernando López Miras 3617:José Manuel Bolieiro 3399:Congress of Deputies 3008:2021 Senedd election 2909:coalition government 2871:Scottish Green Party 2829:Scottish Green Party 2821:coalition government 2753:Boris Johnson (2019) 2574:Coalition government 2558:coalition government 2480:Socialist Left Party 2460:Kjell Magne Bondevik 2385:Second Rutte cabinet 2348:caretaker government 2065:first Brandt cabinet 1331:consensus government 1315:Parliament of Canada 1278:Wilmès II government 1189:caretaker government 1147:caretaker government 934:New Democratic Party 854:improve this section 789:parliamentary system 646:Consensus government 636:Coalition government 428:Parliamentary leader 235:Classical radicalism 5394: ∘ 5391: ∘ 5388: ∘ 5385: ∘ 5382: ∘ 5379: ∘ 5374: ∘ 5371: ∘ 5368: ∘ 5365: ∘ 5362: ∘ 5359: ∘ 5354: ∘ 5351: ∘ 5348: ∘ 5345: ∘ 5342: ∘ 5339: ∘ 5334: ∘ 5331: ∘ 5328: ∘ 5325: ∘ 5322: ∘ 5319: ∘ 5314: ∘ 5311: ∘ 5308: ∘ 5305: ∘ 5302: ∘ 5299: ∘ 5294: ∘ 5291: ∘ 5288: ∘ 5285: ∘ 5282: ∘ 5279: ∘ 5274: ∘ 5271: ∘ 5268: ∘ 5265: ∘ 5262: ∘ 5259: ∘ 5241: ∘ 5237: ∘ 5233: ∘ 5228: ∘ 5224: ∘ 5219: ∘ 5214: ∘ 5210: ∘ 5205: ∘ 5201: ∘ 5197: ∘ 5193: ∘ 5188: ∘ 5184: ∘ 5179: ∘ 5153:Majority government 5133:Minority government 4922:Wall Street Journal 4898:. 29 September 2010 4842:. 20 November 2017. 4824:. 12 December 2017. 4188:Majority government 3974:Scottish Parliament 3124:Croatian Parliament 3026: 3004:minority government 2855:Scottish Parliament 2817:Scottish Parliament 2806:Scottish Parliament 2699:majority government 2562:National Government 2429:Purple (government) 2377:First Rutte cabinet 2356:coalition agreement 2134:2010 state election 2018:that saw President 1744: 1673:French Constitution 1631:K. Kallas I cabinet 1611:A. Ansip II cabinet 1483:, finishing third. 1445:Frederiksen Cabinet 1404:, only one wartime 1072:two-party preferred 1021:in the province of 812:majority government 777:minority parliament 765:minority government 727:Politics portal 676:Rotation government 666:Minority government 661:Majority government 626:Parliamentary group 483:Leadership election 165:Christian democracy 5124:Opposition parties 5121:Government parties 5118:Type of government 5107:Coalition spectrum 4924:. 20 January 2020. 4738:. Historica Canada 4631:. Historica Canada 3798:Assembly of Murcia 3025: 2966:Welsh Labour Party 2941:Swinney government 2727:Conservative Party 2630:Conservative Party 2489:, then led by the 2172:is elected by the 1743: 1591:M. Siimann cabinet 1581:T. Vähi II cabinet 1551:F. K. 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The 2464:Jens Stoltenberg 2012:Borne government 1843:Pierre Bérégovoy 1751:Government head 1745: 1742: 1653:two-round system 1621:J. Ratas cabinet 1453:Social Democrats 1422:electoral system 1213:Paul-Henri Spaak 1185:Ghent University 1107:Malcolm Turnbull 916:Occasionally, a 885: 878: 874: 871: 865: 834: 826: 769:minority cabinet 753: 746: 739: 725: 724: 564: 563: 530:Party discipline 512:Party discipline 478:Primary election 334:Opposition party 245:Social democracy 180:Environmentalism 54: 53: 28: 27: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5158:Grand coalition 5108: 5105: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5047: 5043: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4969: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4880:. 4 March 2020. 4872: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4840:Münchner Merkur 4834: 4833: 4829: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4621: 4614: 4603: 4599: 4584: 4580: 4565: 4561: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4529: 4514: 4510: 4495: 4491: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4268:. UK parliament 4260: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4235: 4231: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4183:Hung parliament 4174: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4069: 4067: 4060: 4011: 4009: 4002: 3957: 3955: 3948: 3908:New South Wales 3901: 3899: 3892: 3837: 3835: 3828: 3781: 3779: 3772: 3725: 3723: 3716: 3669: 3667: 3660: 3605: 3603: 3596: 3549: 3547: 3540: 3489: 3446:Ulf Kristersson 3433: 3381: 3339:Luís Montenegro 3326: 3276: 3249:Ensemble ! 3214: 3158: 3106: 3058: 3020: 2999:Ieuan Wyn Jones 2958: 2943: 2922: 2913:Scottish Greens 2905:Nicola Sturgeon 2885: 2879: 2867:Nicola Sturgeon 2847: 2841: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2755: 2707: 2671: 2622: 2610:James Callaghan 2583: 2547: 2507: 2472: 2437: 2319: 2314: 2203:elected at the 2186:independent TDs 2162: 2152:to resolve the 2122:Hannelore Kraft 2036:Weimar Republic 2028: 1982:Ensemble ! 1937:Ensemble ! 1892:Ensemble ! 1875:Élisabeth Borne 1677:executive power 1658:hung parliament 1645: 1640: 1541:A. Piip cabinet 1521:A. Birk cabinet 1489: 1447:elected in the 1415: 1400:in 1867. Since 1394:Great Coalition 1359:floor-crossings 1311: 1305: 1299: 1286: 1167: 1155: 1139: 1052: 982: 954:48th Parliament 899:confidence vote 886: 875: 869: 866: 851: 835: 824: 757: 719: 714: 713: 712: 692: 682: 681: 680: 656:Hung parliament 651:Grand coalition 620: 619:between parties 609: 608: 603: 594: 575: 561: 551: 550: 549: 545:Party switching 540:Party-line vote 520:Conscience vote 514: 504: 503: 502: 472: 464: 463: 462: 418:Minority leader 413:Majority leader 377: 369: 368: 367: 300:Catch-all party 274: 266: 265: 264: 149: 138: 137: 132: 107: 77: 51: 33:Politics series 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5376: 5356: 5336: 5316: 5296: 5276: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5230: 5221: 5216: 5207: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148:Full coalition 5145: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5066:External links 5064: 5061: 5060: 5041: 5022: 4996: 4963: 4945: 4927: 4909: 4883: 4865: 4845: 4827: 4801: 4775: 4749: 4722: 4695: 4668: 4642: 4612: 4597: 4578: 4559: 4540: 4527: 4508: 4489: 4476: 4463: 4444: 4422: 4409: 4400: 4381: 4367: 4346: 4326: 4299:(4): 767–792. 4279: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4229: 4208: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4030: 4025: 4020: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3234: 3229: 3227:Michel Barnier 3224: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3071:Justin Trudeau 3068: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3019: 3016: 3012:bipartisanship 2957: 2954: 2928:suspended the 2887:Following the 2878: 2875: 2840: 2837: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2754: 2751: 2706: 2703: 2670: 2667: 2636:, had won the 2621: 2618: 2582: 2579: 2546: 2545:United Kingdom 2543: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2506: 2503: 2495:Moderate Party 2491:Moderate Party 2471: 2468: 2436: 2433: 2331:Prime Minister 2318: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2232:September 1927 2229: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2161: 2158: 2110:Klaus Wowereit 2027: 2024: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1967: 1965:Michel Barnier 1962: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1734: 1733: 1726:49 paragraph 3 1722:49 paragraph 2 1714:49 paragraph 1 1703: 1692: 1689:44 paragraph 3 1685:44 paragraph 2 1649:Fifth Republic 1644: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1628: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1578: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1538: 1528: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1488: 1485: 1414: 1411: 1301:Main article: 1298: 1295: 1285: 1282: 1209:Catholic Party 1176:Catholic Party 1166: 1163: 1154: 1151: 1138: 1135: 1111:National Party 1051: 1048: 1019:Bloc Québécois 991:Duverger's law 981: 978: 952:New Zealand's 888: 887: 838: 836: 829: 823: 820: 759: 758: 756: 755: 748: 741: 733: 730: 729: 716: 715: 711: 710: 705: 700: 694: 693: 688: 687: 684: 683: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 622: 621: 615: 614: 611: 610: 605: 604: 602: 601: 595: 593: 592: 587: 582: 580:Dominant-party 576: 574: 573: 567: 562: 557: 556: 553: 552: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 516: 515: 510: 509: 506: 505: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 455: 453:Shadow cabinet 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 403:Lead candidate 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 366: 365: 356: 351: 346: 344:Party of power 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 263: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 210:Libertarianism 207: 202: 197: 195:Green politics 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 151: 150: 144: 143: 140: 139: 134: 133: 131: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 109: 108: 106: 105: 100: 98:Radical Centre 95: 89: 86: 85: 79: 78: 76: 75: 70: 64: 61: 60: 52: 47: 46: 43: 42: 40:Party politics 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5444: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5377: 5357: 5337: 5317: 5297: 5277: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5231: 5222: 5217: 5208: 5191: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4979:The Telegraph 4975: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4838:(in German). 4837: 4831: 4823: 4820:(in German). 4816: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4760: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4710: 4709:globalnews.ca 4706: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4480: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4267: 4266:parliament.uk 4263: 4257: 4253: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081:Eluned Morgan 4079: 4077: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849:María Chivite 3847: 3845: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3737:Pere Aragonès 3735: 3733: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3681:Marga Prohens 3679: 3677: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3566:General Junta 3564: 3562: 3561:Adrián Barbón 3559: 3557: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3535:Sub-national 3533: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394:Pedro Sánchez 3392: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3028: 3023: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970:Rhodri Morgan 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2761:up until the 2760: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719:Snap election 2716: 2712: 2711:David Cameron 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591:Harold Wilson 2588: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2335:Dutch Monarch 2332: 2328: 2327:Dutch cabinet 2324: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301:(Fianna Fáil– 2300: 2297: 2295:(Fianna Fáil) 2294: 2291: 2289:(Fianna Fáil) 2288: 2287:February 1982 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2269:(Fianna Fáil) 2268: 2265: 2263:(Fianna Fáil) 2262: 2259: 2257:(Fianna Fáil) 2256: 2253: 2251:(Fianna Fáil) 2250: 2247: 2245:(Fianna Fáil) 2244: 2241: 2239:(Fianna Fáil) 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2181:in the Dáil. 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:2012 election 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086:Saxony-Anhalt 2083: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032:German Empire 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010:The previous 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961:2024-present 1960: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1920:Gabriel Attal 1918: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1811:Édith Cresson 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1777:Michel Rocard 1775: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1671:In fact, the 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274:Vlaams Belang 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1259:Walloon Rally 1255: 1254:Walloon Rally 1250: 1246: 1245:Léo Tindemans 1240: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:Liberal Party 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1162: 1160: 1153:Legal grounds 1150: 1148: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1131:Liberal Party 1128: 1124: 1123:Kerryn Phelps 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1088:2013 election 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 977: 975: 971: 967: 966:United Future 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926:Liberal Party 923: 919: 914: 912: 908: 902: 900: 894: 884: 881: 873: 863: 859: 855: 849: 848: 844: 839:This section 837: 833: 828: 827: 819: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 735: 734: 732: 731: 728: 723: 718: 717: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 691: 686: 685: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 618: 613: 612: 600: 597: 596: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 572: 569: 568: 566: 565: 560: 559:Party systems 555: 554: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 513: 508: 507: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 468: 467: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 373: 372: 364: 363:International 360: 359:Transnational 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 270: 269: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Republicanism 238: 236: 233: 231: 230:Progressivism 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 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