22:
404:
603:
167:
2111:
1586:
1591:
2121:
617:
264:
310:
243:, in North Korea. The decline of the Chinese community is due to migration to China in the search of a better life and education. Similar trends have been observed in Chinese communities living in South Korea. In the 1980s Chinese people were uniquely privileged in North Korea by being allowed to freely make visits abroad.
394:
and resulting persecution of Korean intellectuals caused them to flee to North Korea. North Korean government had to establish two or three refugee camps for the large numbers of
Chinese-Korean refugees fleeing China. Since the 1960s, there have been schools for the Chinese-Koreans, but very little
424:
Japanese-Koreans are descendants of people who were repatriated from Japan between 1959 and 1980. There were around 94,000 people who moved to North Korea. As of 2013 their current number is between 100,000 and 150,000. They were isolated from mainstream society in North Korea. However, they were
385:
The community of
Koreans in China grew in the late 19th century. In 1945, there were up to two million ethnic Koreans living in China. In the late 1950s and 1960s, tens of thousands of ethnic Koreans moved to North Korea. Between 50,000 and 70,000 people are believed to have moved to North Korea.
71:, that is in decline due to migration to China. While in the 1980s Chinese people living in North Korea enjoyed privileged access to trips abroad, today many of them have permanently moved to China. The Japanese community in North Korea has diverse origins. Former
744:
590:
There are very few rights to the religious minority in North Korea because they usually don't know about these people as they are a very small group of the huge population. Many people there live under the radar and hide their ethnicity.
2076:
2086:
2000:
125:
A number of communities consist of ethnic
Koreans who have repatriated to the Korean peninsula. Some 50,000 to 70,000 ethnic Koreans living in China migrated to North Korea in the wake of the famine following
2045:
363:
Less than 10,000 Russian-Korean people moved to North Korea, although the Soviet Union had one of the largest Korean minorities in the world. Most of the repatriates to North Korea came from island of
2081:
2040:
1945:
2050:
1225:
1995:
1960:
1915:
146:
in North Korea. Their repatriation took place between 1959 and 1980. During the 1960s and 1970s they maintained affluence from their
Japanese stay, but their wealth was consumed by the
1895:
1875:
1825:
2091:
1970:
1965:
142:
to construct refugee camps to house the immigrants. Between 100,000 and 150,000 ethnic
Koreans formerly living in Japan, and their descendants, form the community of repatriated
2035:
1985:
1920:
1790:
1890:
1870:
1820:
1805:
1517:
723:
390:
resulted in economic troubles and famine. In comparison, North Korean economy of that time did well. While the emigration was legal at first, it was banned after 1958. The
2096:
2015:
1975:
1950:
1840:
1830:
1935:
1900:
367:
where they had moved during
Japanese colonization of Korea. The Russian-Koreans have mainly assimilated, and do not form a separate ethnic group in modern North Korea.
425:
more affluent than typical North
Koreans in the 1960s and 1970s. The Japanese-Koreans are known from anecdotal evidence to have mainly married among themselves. After
209:
Their villages existed in North Korea, from the 18th century when their descendants migrated from China, until the 1960s. In modern times, Jaegaseung people have been
1327:
926:
1139:
1105:
1057:
150:
of the 1990s. Their communities remain tight, with marriages mostly from within the group, and separate from the rest of the North Korean society. The
952:
1510:
511:
North Korean official proportions of religious adherents. North Korea has claimed that there are only 64,000 religious people living in the country.
199:
855:
557:
North Korea has no clear religious majority. It has been suggested that North Korea is mostly irreligious. However, the figures are unreliable.
1236:
1162:
1651:
1027:
282:
72:
1503:
294:
258:
84:
826:
2025:
67:
and the
Jaegaseung people were assimilated with the Korean people. There is also a community of ethnic Chinese people, known as
63:
used to inhabit villages of their own, under lay monastic orders, until the 1960s. These monastic communities were perceived as
1835:
158:, but less than 10,000 of them have repatriated to North Korea, where they have been assimilated into the rest of the society.
2145:
1272:
1201:
888:
768:
1392:
698:
1752:
380:
1719:
1408:"'The Mystery of the Century:' Lay Buddhist Monk Villages (Chaegasŭngch'on) Near Korea's Northernmost Border, 1600s–1960"
1323:
796:"'The Mystery of the Century:' Lay Buddhist Monk Villages (Chaegasŭngch'on) Near Korea's Northernmost Border, 1600s–1960"
1646:
1714:
922:
1885:
1880:
1775:
1694:
1131:
1101:
974:
429:
the community has lost much of its affluence but it still exists as a separate group within North Korean society.
2005:
1980:
1795:
1785:
1845:
1641:
1610:
301:
community in North Korea. In 1997 a small number of ethnically
Japanese wives were allowed to return to Japan.
252:
1053:
21:
1940:
1910:
1810:
1295:
2010:
1925:
1905:
1780:
948:
1004:
2055:
1990:
1955:
1860:
1800:
1704:
1930:
1865:
1815:
1699:
1636:
1575:
651:
571:
119:
111:
851:
198:
descendants who live in Korea. Historically, they formed villages of married lay monks. They produced
1855:
1850:
1666:
1656:
1626:
636:
579:
203:
1767:
1745:
1631:
1605:
1031:
419:
321:
91:
1709:
1376:
Culture and customs of the mountain villages (lay monk villages) in far northern
Hamgyong province
1676:
1671:
1548:
1543:
570:
is allowed to exist so that the regime is able to claim it represents ideals of the 19th century
438:
234:
186:
139:
64:
1661:
1555:
724:"Los Angeles Lecture: Korea's Jōdōshinshū: Lay Monk Villages in Colonial Korea (25 April 2013)"
631:
567:
313:
115:
878:
446:
Religious Intelligence UK has tried to make an unofficial estimate of religious demographics.
386:
However, no official published statistics exist to confirm the numbers. In the late 1950s the
1262:
1191:
758:
210:
1442:
Tertitskiy, Fyodor (2015). "Exclusion as a Privilege: The Chinese Diaspora in North Korea".
656:
560:
Practicing religion is allowed by the government, but it is mandated to serve the official
1480:
1407:
795:
8:
2065:
1738:
1526:
641:
575:
574:. Various religious organizations are allowed to exist in order to create an illusion of
426:
403:
391:
147:
135:
666:
1467:
1430:
1393:"93,000 people voluntarily left Japan for North Korea after World War II. Or did they?"
1324:"From Kim to Christ: Why religion works for North Koreans - NK News - North Korea News"
818:
608:
387:
131:
1495:
2120:
1570:
1535:
1471:
1459:
1434:
1397:
1379:
1268:
1197:
884:
822:
764:
290:
80:
1565:
1560:
1451:
1422:
975:"Investigation Commission on Missing Japanese Probably Related to N.Korea (COMJAN)"
810:
661:
463:
415:
350:
325:
143:
1349:
694:
671:
646:
298:
286:
76:
25:
267:
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and substituted their tax with it. These local communities survived through the
166:
1163:"Politics and the Korean language: a history of Chinese characters in the DPRK"
1079:
622:
407:
195:
60:
2139:
2114:
1463:
1127:
1097:
918:
538:
222:
1730:
1383:
1372:
Hamgyŏng pukto pukpu san'gan purak (chaegasŭng purak) ŭi munhwa wa p'ungsŭp
493:
151:
1455:
1426:
814:
376:
2124:
1481:"The Forgotten Japanese in North Korea: Beyond the Politics of Abduction"
548:
354:
218:
155:
33:
978:
453:
333:
329:
191:
180:
127:
103:
56:
28:, now a minority religious group in North Korea, being practiced (2014)
1590:
1585:
259:
Korea under Japanese rule § Japanese migration and land ownership
880:
Russian Policy Towards China and Japan: The El'tsin and Putin Periods
518:
473:
358:
275:
107:
99:
95:
578:. The official ideology may itself be characterized as a religion.
528:
483:
364:
239:
There is a dwindling community of Chinese people, known locally as
616:
309:
214:
41:
1000:
271:
263:
756:
562:
49:
45:
44:, small religious communities, and migrants from neighboring
949:"Movements of the Japanese Red Army and the "Yodo-go" Group"
1080:"How do Westerners come to live and work in North Korea?"
110:
are also portrayed as the embodiment of the 19th century
1525:
118:, a minor party closely collaborating with the ruling
923:"Minorities in North Korea, part 1: Japanese-Koreans"
1132:"Minorities in North Korea, part 3: Chinese-Koreans"
1102:"Minorities in North Korea, part 2: Russian-Koreans"
598:
339:
1478:
410:
is a well-known member of Japanese-Korean minority.
36:is ethnically and linguistically homogeneous, some
750:
316:was part of the American community in North Korea.
1318:
1316:
585:
246:
221:. The monastic identity of lay monks was seen as
2137:
1193:Building Bridges: Is there hope for North Korea?
1054:"The Americans Who Chose To Live in North Korea"
689:
687:
228:
582:and other religious minorities are persecuted.
134:and repression of ethnic minorities during the
1369:
1313:
1267:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–85.
763:. University of California Press. p. 16.
16:Ethnic and religious minorities in North Korea
1760:
1746:
1511:
1390:
876:
684:
283:Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
73:Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
1185:
1183:
718:
716:
1405:
1260:
1189:
1019:
793:
304:
156:one of the largest Korean minorities abroad
90:There are small communities of Indians and
1753:
1739:
1518:
1504:
1441:
1226:"Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns"
1160:
913:
911:
909:
907:
285:, Japanese accompanying their repatriated
40:exist. They include groups of repatriated
1254:
1223:
1180:
789:
787:
757:Frank Reynolds; Jason A. Carbine (2000).
713:
398:
225:, and the villages have ceased to exist.
1120:
1090:
870:
402:
370:
344:
308:
262:
165:
20:
1479:Tessa Morris-Suzuki (26 October 2009).
1296:"North Korea – a geographical analysis"
1001:"EMBASSY OF INDIA PYONGYANG, DPR KOREA"
904:
432:
206:without serious pressure from outside.
85:Japanese people abducted by North Korea
2138:
1126:
1096:
917:
784:
1734:
1499:
1485:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
1060:from the original on 20 December 2016
1007:from the original on 24 November 2016
695:"North Korea - Minority Rights Group"
701:from the original on 18 October 2016
381:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
174:
170:Korean women of Jaegaseung ethnicity
161:
1720:Korean clan names of foreign origin
1527:Immigrants and expatriates in Korea
1161:Tertitskiy, Fyodor (31 July 2019).
13:
1363:
1108:from the original on 16 April 2016
929:from the original on 16 April 2016
877:Natasha Kuhrt (24 December 2007).
832:from the original on 24 April 2016
328:exist in North Korea. Two hundred
75:, Japanese spouses of repatriated
14:
2157:
1715:Immigration policy of South Korea
1330:from the original on 4 March 2016
1142:from the original on 8 March 2016
1028:"Overseas Indian Population 2001"
955:from the original on 30 July 2017
858:from the original on 4 March 2016
340:Repatriated groups in North Korea
94:. Religious communities, such as
2119:
2110:
2109:
1695:Ethnic minorities in North Korea
1589:
1584:
1391:Julie Makinen (24 August 2016).
1025:
615:
601:
502: Illegal Christians (1.15%)
1415:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
1342:
1288:
1217:
1154:
1072:
1046:
993:
967:
852:"(245) Chinese Community in NK"
803:Seoul Journal of Korean Studies
59:ethnic group of descendants of
2077:British Indian Ocean Territory
1233:Cambridge Companion to Atheism
941:
844:
738:
586:Minority rights in North Korea
332:live in North Korea and 5,000
253:Japanese people in North Korea
247:Japanese people in North Korea
1:
678:
336:visit the country each year.
229:Chinese people in North Korea
2146:Ethnic groups in North Korea
1261:Hazel Smith (9 April 2015).
566:ideology. For instance, the
274:shrine built by Japanese in
106:, exist in the country. The
7:
1705:Demographics of North Korea
1190:David Alton (17 May 2013).
747:, 1 January 1936, 51st page
594:
395:Chinese is taught in them.
289:spouses, defectors such as
79:, defecting members of the
10:
2162:
1700:Immigration to South Korea
1196:. Lion Books. p. 79.
883:. Routledge. p. 154.
652:LGBT rights in North Korea
572:Donghak Peasant Revolution
436:
413:
374:
348:
256:
250:
232:
184:
178:
112:Donghak Peasant Revolution
2105:
2064:
2024:
1766:
1761:Ethnic minorities in Asia
1687:
1619:
1598:
1582:
1533:
1444:Journal of Korean Studies
637:Disability in North Korea
38:minorities in North Korea
1826:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1224:Zuckerman, Phil (2007).
420:Zainichi Korean language
305:Small ethnic communities
138:. The influx forced the
92:Americans in North Korea
2087:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1370:Hwang Chol-san (1960).
439:Religion in North Korea
235:Chinese people in Korea
187:Religion in North Korea
140:North Korean government
120:Workers' Party of Korea
632:Chondoist Chongu Party
568:Chondoist Chongu Party
411:
399:Japanese-Korean people
317:
314:Charles Robert Jenkins
278:
171:
116:Chondoist Chongu Party
29:
1456:10.1353/jks.2015.0009
1427:10.1353/seo.2013.0019
815:10.1353/seo.2013.0019
414:Further information:
406:
375:Further information:
371:Chinese-Korean people
349:Further information:
345:Russian-Korean people
320:Small communities of
312:
266:
257:Further information:
233:Further information:
185:Further information:
169:
87:live in the country.
24:
2001:United Arab Emirates
1406:Kim Hwansoo (2013).
854:. 18 November 2007.
794:Kim Hwansoo (2013).
760:The Life of Buddhism
657:Women in North Korea
433:Religious minorities
2028:limited recognition
1242:on 5 September 2015
642:Foreigners in Korea
576:freedom of religion
427:North Korean famine
392:Cultural Revolution
148:North Korean famine
136:Cultural Revolution
1130:(12 August 2013).
1034:on 20 October 2006
981:on 1 November 2016
609:North Korea portal
412:
388:Great Leap Forward
318:
279:
172:
132:Great Leap Forward
30:
2133:
2132:
2070:other territories
1728:
1727:
1398:Los Angeles Times
1274:978-0-521-89778-5
1203:978-0-7459-5768-5
1100:(8 August 2013).
921:(6 August 2013).
890:978-1-134-40352-3
770:978-0-520-21105-6
291:Japanese Red Army
175:Jaegaseung people
162:Ethnic minorities
81:Japanese Red Army
2153:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2082:Christmas Island
1768:Sovereign states
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1748:
1741:
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1513:
1506:
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1402:
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1358:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1326:. 4 March 2016.
1320:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1301:. pp. 70–86
1300:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1235:. Archived from
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1152:
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1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1030:. Archived from
1023:
1017:
1016:
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1012:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
977:. Archived from
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965:
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960:
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667:Hamgyŏng dialect
662:Gyeonggi dialect
625:
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619:
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606:
605:
604:
546:
536:
526:
516:
501:
491:
481:
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464:Korean shamanism
461:
451:
416:Zainichi Koreans
351:Sakhalin Koreans
144:Zainichi Koreans
77:Zainichi Koreans
2161:
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2156:
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2041:Northern Cyprus
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1710:Korean diaspora
1683:
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1536:Korean division
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1364:Further reading
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743:
739:
729:
727:
726:. 25 April 2013
722:
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702:
693:
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685:
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672:Pyongan dialect
647:Korean Buddhism
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287:Zainichi Korean
261:
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204:colonial period
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55:The historical
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1450:(1): 177–199.
1439:
1421:(2): 269–305.
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1179:
1153:
1128:Lankov, Andrei
1119:
1098:Lankov, Andrei
1089:
1086:. 4 July 2019.
1071:
1045:
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992:
966:
940:
919:Lankov, Andrei
903:
889:
869:
843:
809:(2): 297–299.
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623:Society portal
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437:Main article:
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408:Kang Chol-hwan
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1946:Philippines
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1881:North Korea
1776:Afghanistan
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1637:Indonesians
1620:South Korea
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1334:22 November
1305:22 November
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1246:22 November
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959:22 November
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745:Dong-A ilbo
705:22 November
549:Catholicism
355:Koryo-saram
219:North Korea
211:assimilated
114:with their
34:North Korea
2006:Uzbekistan
1981:Tajikistan
1896:Kyrgyzstan
1876:Kazakhstan
1796:Bangladesh
1786:Azerbaijan
1667:Pakistanis
1657:Mongolians
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1627:Brazilians
1576:Vietnamese
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679:References
454:Irreligion
334:Westerners
330:Westerners
192:Jaegaseung
181:Jaegaseung
128:Mao Zedong
104:Christians
96:Chondoists
57:Jaegaseung
2092:Hong Kong
2046:Palestine
1971:Sri Lanka
1966:Singapore
1846:Indonesia
1632:Filipinos
1606:Americans
1472:143332284
1464:2158-1665
1435:201783375
1350:"History"
823:201783375
580:Christian
541:(15.625%)
531:(15.625%)
519:Chondoism
474:Chondoism
377:Chosŏnjok
359:Koryo-mar
322:Americans
295:abductees
276:Pyongyang
213:with the
108:Chondoist
100:Buddhists
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2115:Category
2036:Abkhazia
1986:Thailand
1941:Pakistan
1921:Mongolia
1916:Maldives
1911:Malaysia
1811:Cambodia
1688:See also
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1611:Japanese
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1384:23977624
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856:Archived
836:24 April
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730:25 April
699:Archived
595:See also
529:Buddhism
484:Buddhism
476:(13.30%)
466:(15.76%)
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299:Japanese
26:Buddhism
2011:Vietnam
1926:Myanmar
1906:Lebanon
1836:Georgia
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1781:Armenia
1662:Nepalis
1566:Indians
1561:Germans
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1136:NK News
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69:huaqiao
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1991:Turkey
1956:Russia
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1871:Jordan
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1821:Cyprus
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1976:Syria
1951:Qatar
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1841:India
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1816:China
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1460:ISSN
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