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443:âIn any case, HM 65 is not holding a snake, but a spirally-striped object that could not have been a snake, as Evans knew. ... knew that snakes never have âpeppermint stripesâ. Indeed the textured surface of the upper original portion of the âserpentâ seems to reflect the craftsmanâs intent to depict a twisted object such as a rope or cord.â
277:
155:
arm was missing below the elbow. The head was recreated by Evans and one of his restorers. The crown was an incomplete fragment in the same pit, and the cat/panther was another separate piece, which Evans only decided belonged to the figure some time later, partly because there seemed to be matching
801:
Boston: "She has long been admired by many experts, but some have questioned her authenticity. Her face has been seen as "too modern-looking," and her hips too narrow for a Minoan woman. Scientific testing has proven inconclusive... about 1600â1500 B.C. or early 20th century". In 2021 it was not on
431:
Emily Bonney argues that the goddess isnât holding the snakes at all, and thus could not be seen as a âSnake
Goddessâ. Instead, âshe stands with arms raised, holding either end of what appears to be a long cord that hangs nearly to her feetâ. This fits well with the Syrian iconographic tradition of
65:, but Evans has subsequently been criticised for overstatements and excessively speculative ideas, both in terms of his "restoration" of specific objects, including the most famous of these figures, and the ideas about the Minoans he drew from the archaeology. The figures are now on display at the
396:
While the statuette's true function is somewhat unclear, her exposed and amplified breasts suggest that she is probably some sort of fertility figure. The figurines may illustrate the fashion of dress of Minoan women, however, it is also possible that bared breasts represented a sign of mourning.
99:
The combination of elaborate clothes that leave the breasts completely bare, and "snake-wrangling", attracted considerable publicity, not to mention various fakes, and the smaller figure in particular remains a popular icon for Minoan art and religion, now also generally referred to as a "Snake
143:
The larger of these figures has snakes crawling over her arms and up to her "tall cylindrical crown", at the top of which a snake's head rears up. The figure lacked the body below the waist, one arm, and part of the crown. She has prominent bare breasts, with what seems to be one or more snakes
80:, around 1600 BCE. It was Evans who called the larger of his pair of figurines a "Snake Goddess", the smaller a "Snake Priestess"; since then, it has been debated whether Evans was right, or whether both figurines depict priestesses, or both depict the same deity or distinct deities.
183:
Another figurine now in Berlin, made of bronze, has on her head what may be three snakes, or just tresses of hair. She seems to be a priestess or worshipper rather than a deity, as she is stooped slightly forward, and making the Minoan worship gesture of a
456:, his name for a knot with a loop of fabric above and sometimes fringed ends hanging down below. Numerous such symbols in ivory, faience, painted in frescoes or engraved in seals sometimes combined with the symbol of the double-edged axe or
288:
Emily Bonney regards the figures as reflective of Syrian religion which had a brief impact on Crete, when "the elites at
Knossos emulated Syrian iconography as an assertion of their access to exotic knowledge and control of trade."
199:, probably representing the goddess rather than humans, in at least one case "snake-wrangling" and with snakes rising from the diadem or headress. This type of figure often has attributes rising from the headress, typified by the
257:
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bare-breasted female figurine with a snake engraved around her headdress, and holes pierced through her clenched fists, presumably to suggest these held snakes. This is also now regarded as a fake. It was bought by
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with one hand and the other brought up to the chest or, in this case, the throat. The one breast visible has a prominent nipple, so is presumably intended to be bare. This is probably
128:
Evans called the "Temple
Repositories", since they contained a variety of objects that were presumably no longer required for use, perhaps after a fire. The figurines are made of
381:). She was the goddess of fertility and sexuality and her worship was connected with an orgiastic cult. Her temples were decorated with serpentine motifs. In a related Greek myth
156:
fittings on the crown and cat. Recent scholars seem somewhat more ready to accept that the hat and cat belong together than that either or both belong to the rest of the figure.
159:
A third figure, intermediate in size, is broken off at the waist, but the lower part is comparable. The cist also contained another arm that might have held a snake.
144:
winding round them. Because of the missing pieces, it is not clear if it is one or more snakes around her arms. Her dress includes a thick belt with a "sacred knot".
108:. Several scholars have also argued that these figurines are not really holding snakes in their hands, or as many snakes as Evans thought, but some other items.
136:-paste material which after firing gives a true vitreous finish with bright colors and a lustrous sheen. This material symbolized the renewal of life in old
393:
but did not pursue this connection. Statuettes similar to the "snake goddess" type identified as "priest of Wadjet" and "magician" were found in Egypt.
1387:
838:, Walters, "The joining method, style, and material make the authenticity of this piece doubtful... 16th century BCE or early 20th century".
1994:
323:
is often symbolically associated with the renewal of life because it sheds its skin periodically. A similar belief existed in the ancient
1144:
N. Marinatos 2000, The
Goddess and the Warrior: The Naked Goddess and Mistress of Animals in Early Greek Religion. New York: Routledge.
1286:
83:
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was the symbol of holiness on human figures or cult-objects. Its combination with the double-axe can be compared with the
Egyptian
1974:
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1919:
26:
1999:
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Both goddesses have a knot with a projecting looped cord between their breasts. Evans noticed that these are analogous to the
1929:
1786:
1097:
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Gold ring & blow-up. Four women with similar dress. The wavy line about the woman at far right has been called a snake.
266:
stone figure, probably a fake, pre-1929. A snake winds round the headdress and the hands are pierced as if to hold snakes.
960:
Kresios in the guise of a snake is regarded the "protector of storehouses". A snake is the "good daemon" at the temple of
1185:
MacGillivray, J.A. 2000 Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the
Archaeology of the Minoan Myth. New York: Hill and Wang. p.223
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body and gold snakes twined around the arms is now generally regarded as a fake. It was bought by the museum in 1914.
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The two
Knossos snake goddess figurines were found by Evans's excavators in one of a group of stone-lined and lidded
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The smaller figure, as restored, holds two snakes in her raised hands, and the figure on her head-dress is a cat or
1969:
1314:
1888:
1883:
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1197:"Disarming the Snake Goddess: a Reconsideration of the faience figurines from the temple repositories at Knossos"
1156:"Disarming the Snake Goddess: a Reconsideration of the faience figurines from the temple repositories at Knossos"
695:"Disarming the Snake Goddess: a Reconsideration of the faience figurines from the temple repositories at Knossos"
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66:
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Largely reconstructed relief fresco of a (?) goddess from Psira; one of the few figures with comparable bodices
436:, she argues that these images were meant to represent the goddess opening her skirt to display her sexuality.
20:
1979:
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abducted and carried to Crete. Evans tentatively linked the snake goddess with the
Egyptian snake goddess
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noticed that in the Minoan religion the snake was the protector of the house, as it later appears also in
211:
The tremendous impact of the
Knossos figures, once published by Evans and in a book by the Italian doctor
1959:
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358:(whose name might mean "utterly pure" or "the very holy one"), who is often depicted surrounded by
1076:, transl. by R. Lattimore. (1970) University of Chicago Press,Phoenix Book p.437 (Book XXII 77-81)
300:
traditions regarding women and domesticity. The figurines have also been interpreted as showing a
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385:, who is sometimes identified with Astarte in ancient sources, was a Phoenician princess whom
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Barry Powell suggested that the "snake goddess" reduced in legend into a folklore heroine was
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Evans' reconstruction of the "Snake
Goddess Shrine": Objects from the Temple Repositories at
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The Boston ivory and gold figure, probably a fake, pre-1914. Gold snakes coil round the arms.
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texts. Although Linear A is not yet deciphered, Palmer relates tentatively the inscription
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591:(female monsters with sharp fangs and hair of living, venomous snakes in Greek mythology)
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gives a literary description of this kind of mourning, and this was also observed by
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The Knossos figurines, both significantly incomplete, date to near the end of the
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In 2002, one author still regarded it as "probably genuine" - Castleden, Rodney,
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Das Rätsel der Donauzivilisation. Die Entdeckung der ältesten Hochkultur Europas
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Detail of the larger Knossos figure; the parts below this are reconstructed.
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Mysteries of the Snake Goddess: Art, Desire, and the Forging of History
1031:(First British edition, published 1975 by Souvenir Press Ltd., London.)
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775:"A statuette of the Minoan Snake Goddess. Gift of Mrs. W. Scott Fitz".
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Goddess". But archaeologists have found few comparable images, and a
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140:, therefore it was used in the funeral cult and in the sanctuaries.
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Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds
597:(female snake-handling followers and maddened victims of Dionysos)
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Graves, Robert (2012). "Chapter 1: The Pelasgian Creation Myth".
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1282:, Boston MFA page - "about 1600â1500 B.C. or early 20th century"
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from a dealer in Paris in 1929, and left to the museum in 1931.
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plays little part in current thinking about the cloudy topic of
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myth of creation refers to snakes as the reborn dead. However,
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955:] (in German). Vol. 1. Munich, DE: C.H. Beck Verlag.
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984:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. p.
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which seems to have accompanied goddesses, with the Hittite
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171:
Minoan terracotta votive figure holding a snake or snakes,
125:
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similar images as in the Figure 10 of her article. Citing
351:
cult it signified wisdom and was the symbol of fertility.
284:, including the two figures, soon after discovery in 1903.
1000:
with new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe
1092:(in German). Munich, DE: Verlag C.H. Beck. p. 241.
30:
Minoan Snake Goddess figurines, c. 1600 BCE,
688:
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416:, a possible interpretation of inscriptions found in
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151:. However, as excavated, she lacked a head and the
19:"Snake Goddess" redirects here. For other uses, see
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215:, quickly led to ingenious fakes. A figure in the
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506:features a place setting for a "Snake Goddess".
87:The younger "snake goddess", from the palace of
58:greatly expanded knowledge and awareness of the
1302:, 1978, Penguin (Penguin/Yale History of Art),
1381:
1117:
1019:. Efstathiadis group S.A. pp. 260, 276.
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926:(Penguin Classics Deluxe ed.). Penguin.
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464:religious symbol. Such symbols were found in
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192:I, rather later than the Knossos figures.
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660:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7â9.
292:The figurines are probably (according to
1357:, 2002, Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0618144757
1085:
976:Powell, Barry; Howe, Herbert M. (1998).
949:Die Geschichte der griechischen Religion
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543:, with snake, Knossos, 1700-1600 BC, AMH
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120:The smaller figure before "restoration"
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308:, who is also associated with snakes.
16:Artifacts from the Minoan civilization
1369:
1348:Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism
877:. Harvard University Press. pp.
653:
644:
634:German; this is the boundary between
1350:, 2009, University of Chicago Press.
1312:
1201:Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
1160:Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
1120:Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta
815:, p. 5, 2002, Taylor & Francis,
699:Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
304:-type goddess and as a precursor to
111:
1995:Archaeological discoveries in Crete
1124:The Minoan Culture of Ancient Crete
370:related the snake goddess with the
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1787:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a
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2011:
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813:Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete
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195:Later still are some terracotta
1975:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1925:Minoan archaeological artifacts
1920:1903 archaeological discoveries
1889:Archaeological Museum of Chania
1884:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1812:Papoura Hill Circular Structure
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472:sites. It is believed that the
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67:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
32:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1894:Archaeological Museum of Sitia
1333:Images of Women in Ancient Art
1300:The Arts in Prehistoric Greece
1280:"Statuette of a snake goddess"
750:Witcombe: 2; Hood, 133; German
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42:were excavated in 1903 in the
40:Minoan snake goddess figurines
21:Snake goddess (disambiguation)
1:
2000:Sculptures of women in Greece
1313:Witcombe, Christopher L.C.E.
1272:
953:The History of Greek Religion
908:Columbia. The free Dictionary
460:which was the most important
1930:2nd-millennium BC sculptures
1802:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
777:Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin
480:(eternal life), or with the
7:
572:
484:(welfare/life) a symbol of
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2016:
1118:Schachermeyer, F. (1964).
1015:Wunderlich, H.G. (1994) .
539:Pot, probably a stand for
509:
496:The 1979 feminist artwork
428:, which means "mistress".
217:Boston Museum of Fine Arts
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1195:Bonney, Emily M. (2011).
1154:Bonney, Emily M. (2011).
1086:Haarmann, Harald (2011).
693:Bonney, Emily M. (2011).
670:– via Google Books.
412:name may be related with
230:in Baltimore, is a small
1727:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
947:Nilsson, Martin (1967).
869:Burkert, Walter (1985).
622:
523:Bronze Minoan figure in
206:
1970:Sculptures of goddesses
1822:Wall Paintings of Thera
1737:Snake goddess figurines
783:(73): 51â55. Dec 1914.
226:Another figure, in the
50:in the Greek island of
1742:La Parisienne (fresco)
1315:"Minoan Snake Goddess"
1261:: CS1 maint: others (
1213:10.1558/jmea.v24i2.171
1172:10.1558/jmea.v24i2.171
741:Witcombe: 4; Hood, 133
711:10.1558/jmea.v24i2.171
654:Ogden, Daniel (2013).
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331:, and appears also in
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1915:17th-century BC works
1732:Horns of Consecration
1722:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
1052:On the Syrian Goddess
439:According to Bonney,
368:Hans Georg Wunderlich
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279:
170:
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1980:Sculptures of snakes
1752:Prince of the Lilies
1710:Art and Architecture
1331:essay originally in
613:(in Hindu mythology)
606:Matriarchal religion
488:(the knot of Isis).
408:The snake goddess's
163:Other Minoan figures
1965:Sculpture forgeries
1397:Minoan civilization
1321:on 2 September 2012
1126:] (in German).
1017:The Secret of Crete
723:Witcombe: 2; German
347:. Within the Greek
302:mistress of animals
179:, 1300-1200 BC, AMH
78:Minoan civilization
74:neo-palatial period
63:Minoan civilization
1960:Legendary serpents
1858:Arkalochori script
1848:Cretan hieroglyphs
1807:Minoan Bull-leaper
1777:Knossos board game
1353:Lapatin, Kenneth,
1042:Lucian of Samosata
964:on Acropolis, etc.
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228:Walters Art Museum
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1792:Malia altar stone
1705:
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1416:Minoan chronology
1243:. Brooklyn Museum
1132:Kohlhammer Verlag
1099:978-3-406-62210-6
905:"snake worship".
601:Master of Animals
341:Martin P. Nilsson
296:) related to the
112:Knossos figurines
2007:
1940:Mother goddesses
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1682:Mount Juktas
1662:Psychro Cave
1505:Hagia Triada
1426:Minoan seals
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1319:the original
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1291:Khan Academy
1245:. Retrieved
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1757:Stirrup jar
1652:Arkalochori
1645:Sanctuaries
1611:Nea Roumata
1555:Monastiraki
1515:Palaikastro
1498:Settlements
1226:Witcombe: 9
1064:Witcombe: 8
856:Witcombe: 3
640:Late Minoan
474:sacral knot
454:sacral knot
448:Sacral knot
298:Paleolithic
190:Late Minoan
153:proper left
1950:Minoan art
1909:Categories
1692:Traostalos
1636:Yerokambos
1565:Vathypetro
1411:Minoan art
1308:0140561420
1278:"Boston":
1273:References
414:A-sa-sa-ra
372:Phoenician
60:Bronze Age
1667:Atsipades
1616:Odigitria
1591:Apesokari
1570:Zominthos
1239:. artist
1128:Stuttgart
1074:The Iliad
1054:]. 4.
762:Hood, 112
732:Hood, 133
470:Mycenaean
426:iĹĄhaĹĄĹĄara
403:Herodotus
349:Dionysiac
337:Pelasgian
264:Baltimore
1872:See also
1843:Linear B
1838:Linear A
1772:Kouloura
1697:Vrysinas
1687:Petsofas
1601:Kamilari
1560:Vasiliki
1530:Troullos
1474:Phaistos
1257:cite web
1247:6 August
802:display.
573:See also
418:Linear A
232:steatite
219:with an
186:facepalm
34:, Crete.
1990:Ariadne
1985:Astarte
1831:Writing
1657:Kamares
1626:Phylaki
1621:Phourni
1606:Koumasa
1545:Amnisos
1535:Trypiti
1525:Gournia
1520:Kydonia
1489:Galatas
1469:Knossos
1462:Palaces
1044:(200).
789:4423650
595:Maenads
541:rhytons
510:Gallery
375:Astarte
360:Maenads
356:Ariadne
329:Semites
321:serpent
294:Burkert
282:Knossos
203:(AMH).
177:Gortyna
149:panther
130:faience
89:Knossos
69:(AMH).
48:Knossos
1631:Stylos
1586:Armeni
1550:Petras
1540:Lakkos
1510:Kommos
1484:Zakros
1404:Topics
1325:1 July
1306:
1096:
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962:Athena
930:
885:
881:, 30.
847:Boston
819:
787:
664:
589:Gorgon
584:Wadjet
579:Ishtar
525:Berlin
466:Minoan
462:Minoan
458:labrys
410:Minoan
391:Wadjet
383:Europa
364:satyrs
335:. The
134:quartz
1672:Karfi
1579:Tombs
1479:Malia
1455:Sites
1217:p.178
1176:p.180
1122:[
1050:[
951:[
785:JSTOR
623:Notes
399:Homer
221:ivory
207:Fakes
173:Kania
138:Egypt
126:cists
52:Crete
1677:Modi
1327:2006
1304:ISBN
1263:link
1249:2015
1094:ISBN
1021:ISBN
990:ISBN
958:Zeus
928:ISBN
883:ISBN
817:ISBN
662:ISBN
638:and
486:Isis
482:tyet
478:ankh
468:and
387:Zeus
362:and
327:and
319:The
38:Two
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492:Art
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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