236:
206:
192:. Microbes such as bacteria have been gaining resistance to antimicrobials they were previously susceptible to. Usage of incompatible levels of antimicrobials provides the selective pressure that has driven the direction and evolution of resistance of bacterial pathogens. This has been seen at sub-MIC levels of antibiotics. As such, it is increasingly important to determine the MIC in order to make the best choice in prescribing antimicrobials.
153:
determination and clinical usage. Because pathogens continue to evolve, and new drugs continue to be developed, the CLSI's MIC protocols are periodically updated to reflect these changes. The protocols and parameters set by the CLSI are considered to be the "gold standard" in the United States and are used by regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, to make evaluations.
185:. As such, it is difficult to prescribe correct antimicrobials. The MIC is determined in such cases by growing the pathogen isolate from the patient on plate or broth, which is later used in the assay. Thus, knowledge of the MIC will provide a physician valuable information for making a prescription.
161:
Nowadays, the MIC is used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The MIC is reported by providing the susceptibility interpretation next to each antibiotic. The different susceptibility interpretations are: "S" (susceptible or responding to a standard dosing regimen), "I" (intermediate or requiring
266:
MIC is used clinically over MBC because MIC is more easily determined. In addition, drug effectiveness is generally similar when taken at both MIC and MBC concentrations because the host immune system can expel the pathogen when bacterial proliferation is at a standstill. When the MBC is much higher
226:
into multiple tubes (or wells) to obtain a gradient. The dilution rate can be adjusted depending on the breakpoint and the practitioner's needs. The microbe, or the inoculating agent, must come from the same colony-forming unit, and must be at the correct concentration. This may be adjusted by
221:
necessary to run this assay: the media, an antimicrobial agent, and the microbe being tested. The most commonly used media is cation-adjusted
Mueller Hinton Broth, due to its ability to support the growth of most pathogens and its lack of inhibitors towards common antibiotics. Depending on the
152:
developed the broth dilution technique using the turbidity of the broth for assessment. This is commonly believed to be the conception point of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Later in the 1980s, the
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute consolidated the methods and standards for MIC
275:
Increasing bacterial outbreaks and newer strains of
Microbes and Pathogen invading our lives daily, there is an increasing need to Test these microbes. Mutating Bacteria poses a higher risk to humans more than ever and thus MIC Test is important to ensure we are one step ahead of them.
374:
Pfaller MA, Andes D, Diekema DJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Sheehan D (December 2010). "Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and
Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods".
227:
incubation time and dilution. For verification, the positive control is plated in a hundred fold dilution to count colony forming units. The microbes inoculate the tubes (or plate) and are incubated for 16–20 hours. The MIC is generally determined by turbidity.
246:
can be used as an alternative method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of a wide range of antimicrobial agents against different organisms. They have been widely used in microbiology laboratories around the world. Manufactured by
222:
pathogen and antibiotics being tested, the media can be changed and/or adjusted. The antimicrobial concentration is adjusted into the correct concentration by mixing stock antimicrobial with media. The adjusted antimicrobial is
263:(MBC) is the minimum concentration of an antibacterial agent that results in bacterial death. It is defined by the inability to re-culture bacteria, and the closer the MIC is to the MBC, the more bactericidal the compound.
410:
Bennani FE, Doudach L, El Rhayam Y, Karrouchi K, Cherrah Y, Tarib A, Ansar M, Faouzi ME (November 2022). "Identification of the new progress on pyrazole derivatives molecules as antimicrobial and antifungal agents".
239:
Etest. After the required incubation period, when an even lawn of growth is distinctly visible, the MIC value is read where the pointed end of the inhibition ellipse intersects the side of the strip.
86:
In diagnostic labs, MIC test results are used to grade the susceptibility of microbes. These grades are assigned based on agreed upon values called breakpoints. Breakpoints are published by
267:
than the MIC, drug toxicity makes taking the MBC of the drug detrimental to patient. Antimicrobial toxicity can come in many forms, such as immune hypersensitivity and off-target toxicity.
2469:
2362:
647:
Turnidge JD, Ferraro MJ, Jorgensen JH (2003). "Susceptibility Test
Methods: General Considerations". In Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (eds.).
2124:
167:
99:
83:
potency of the chemical, but other variables can affect results too. The MIC is often expressed in micrograms per milliliter (ÎĽg/mL) or milligrams per liter (mg/L).
2551:
2464:
173:
In clinics, more often than not, exact pathogens cannot be easily determined by symptoms of the patient. Then, even if the pathogen is determined, different
170:. There have been major discrepancies between the breakpoints from various European countries over the years, and between those from the CLSI and EUCAST.
538:"Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition"
445:"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls"
2193:
2234:
251:, Etests are a ready-to-use, non-porous plastic reagent strip with a predefined gradient of antibiotic, covering a continuous concentration range.
2117:
995:
95:
2412:
163:
91:
672:
O'Neill AJ, Chopra I (August 2004). "Preclinical evaluation of novel antibacterial agents by microbiological and molecular techniques".
2518:
2110:
490:
McKinnon PS, Davis SL (April 2004). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases".
1296:
717:
On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae
2603:
128:
against bacteria and fungi of interest. MIC values provide a quantitative measure of an extract or compound's antimicrobial
1388:
1353:
259:
While the MIC is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial or antifungal agent necessary to inhibit visible growth, the
136:
toxicity data is available, MICs can also be used to calculate selectivity index values, a measure of off-target to target
890:"The interface between antibiotic resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus and its impact upon clinical outcomes"
2417:
2082:
1121:
971:
823:
790:
260:
1205:
1180:
938:
656:
1636:
2427:
2432:
2012:
1505:
2387:
2479:
2253:
2067:
1763:
1674:
1540:
1011:"Interplay Between Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence During Disease Promoted by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"
2407:
1992:
1617:
1114:
Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard
783:
Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard
297:
118:
2474:
2437:
2422:
1545:
189:
2656:
1735:
443:
Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, EcheverrĂa J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (June 2020).
148:
After the discovery and commercialization of antibiotics, microbiologist, pharmacologist, and physician
1470:
1289:
816:
Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-second informational supplement
2357:
1982:
1730:
1724:
720:
2508:
2459:
2275:
2167:
2142:
2047:
1749:
182:
2307:
1798:
1560:
1555:
1465:
1383:
2543:
2442:
2147:
1934:
1695:
1670:
1605:
1494:
1378:
129:
114:
87:
1170:
79:. The value obtained is largely dependent on the susceptibility of the microorganism and the
2500:
2134:
2042:
1834:
1313:
1282:
209:
Broth dilution assay. The MIC is determined by examining tubes containing the microbe and a
2367:
2077:
1939:
1849:
1690:
1570:
1338:
8:
2625:
2566:
2556:
2484:
2270:
1987:
1875:
1844:
1490:
1450:
1373:
1175:(7th ed.). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. pp. 696, 697.
290:
285:
72:
2635:
2282:
1957:
1907:
1808:
1621:
1600:
1500:
1421:
1333:
1255:
1230:
1086:
1059:
1058:
Gullberg E, Cao S, Berg OG, Ilbäck C, Sandegren L, Hughes D, Andersson DI (July 2011).
1035:
1010:
989:
697:
562:
537:
515:
472:
348:
321:
2102:
865:
848:
162:
increased exposure), and "R" (resistant). These interpretations were developed by the
2620:
2452:
2229:
1952:
1813:
1803:
1631:
1625:
1460:
1260:
1211:
1201:
1176:
1127:
1117:
1091:
1040:
977:
967:
944:
934:
911:
870:
829:
819:
796:
786:
760:
723:
689:
652:
651:(8th ed.). Washington: American Society of Clinical Microbiology. p. 1103.
604:
567:
507:
476:
464:
420:
392:
353:
149:
121:
964:
Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system: manual for early implementation
701:
519:
2630:
2528:
1997:
1885:
1880:
1680:
1650:
1436:
1416:
1398:
1250:
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549:
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384:
343:
333:
205:
174:
125:
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2172:
2037:
1912:
1740:
1700:
1685:
1393:
1343:
1076:
223:
210:
188:
Accurate and precise usage of antimicrobials is also important in the context of
64:
1595:
1246:
1145:
338:
2382:
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2198:
2027:
2007:
1926:
1768:
1510:
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755:
742:
685:
599:
586:
460:
388:
110:
57:
800:
503:
2650:
2596:
2533:
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2239:
2213:
2208:
2188:
2032:
1519:
1426:
1215:
1131:
981:
948:
833:
743:"History and development of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodology"
80:
68:
1026:
727:
248:
235:
2377:
2322:
2297:
2002:
1962:
1863:
1787:
1665:
1348:
1305:
1264:
1116:(Tenth ed.). Wayne, Pa.: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
1095:
1044:
915:
874:
764:
693:
608:
571:
511:
468:
424:
396:
357:
102:(EUCAST). The purpose of measuring MICs and grading microbes is to enable
20:
2615:
2332:
2087:
1574:
1550:
1231:"Mechanisms of drug toxicity and relevance to pharmaceutical development"
906:
889:
553:
76:
41:
785:(9th ed.). Wayne, Pa: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
75:, then inoculating with bacteria or fungi, and incubating at a suitable
2591:
2287:
1967:
1899:
1791:
1566:
1060:"Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations"
53:
2513:
2372:
1745:
628:. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)
103:
444:
2489:
2397:
2337:
2314:
1867:
1839:
1826:
1515:
625:
536:
Humphries R, Bobenchik AM, Hindler JA, Schuetz AN (November 2021).
492:
European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
218:
137:
45:
37:
32:
442:
373:
320:
Magréault S, Jauréguy F, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR (December 2010).
2608:
2162:
1328:
319:
535:
409:
1274:
132:. The lower the MIC, the more potent the antimicrobial. When
49:
293:, pioneer in drinking water chlorination treatment and testing
2561:
2523:
2392:
243:
1720:
1613:
1609:
1411:
928:
106:
to prescribe the most appropriate antimicrobial treatment.
1786:
818:. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
100:
European
Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2060:
961:
849:"How artificial is the antibiotic resistance definition?"
1862:
646:
2132:
2020:
1482:
1057:
846:
16:
Concentration of chemical that stops bacterial growth
587:"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations"
1444:
847:Diene SM, Abat C, Rolain JM, Raoult D (July 2017).
966:. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
888:Cameron DR, Howden BP, Peleg AY (September 2011).
887:
671:
2648:
1008:
929:Schwalbe R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC (2007).
322:"When and How to Use MIC in Clinical Practice?"
113:is often measurement of the MICs of biological
931:Antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocols
531:
529:
438:
436:
434:
369:
367:
315:
313:
96:British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2118:
1925:
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489:
840:
665:
578:
526:
483:
431:
403:
364:
310:
92:Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
2125:
2111:
1297:
1283:
1228:
994:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
620:
618:
1898:
1366:
1321:
1254:
1195:
1111:
1085:
1075:
1034:
905:
864:
813:
780:
754:
747:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
626:"New definitions of S, I and R from 2019"
598:
591:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
561:
347:
337:
35:, usually a drug, which prevents visible
1168:
1009:Geisinger E, Isberg RR (February 2017).
962:World Health Organization (2015-12-15).
234:
204:
1825:
1533:
714:
674:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
615:
584:
200:
2649:
1658:
1588:
2106:
1278:
1107:
1105:
776:
774:
740:
213:of antimicrobial agent for turbidity.
63:The MIC is determined by preparing a
1713:
1235:Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
52:. MIC testing is performed in both
2418:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
1200:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
88:standards development organizations
31:) is the lowest concentration of a
13:
2083:Minimum bactericidal concentration
1172:Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
1102:
1015:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
771:
261:minimum bactericidal concentration
14:
2668:
2544:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
2351:biochemical and immunologic tests
156:
2572:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2264:Manual testing: basic techniques
2073:Minimum inhibitory concentration
1304:
413:West African Journal of Medicine
25:minimum inhibitory concentration
2013:WHO list of essential medicines
1506:Non-specific effect of vaccines
1222:
1189:
1162:
1138:
1051:
1002:
955:
922:
881:
807:
734:
708:
649:Manual of Clinical Microbiology
2480:Novobiocin susceptibility test
2470:Bacitracin susceptibility test
2068:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
853:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
640:
593:. 48 Suppl 1 (suppl 1): 5–16.
254:
1:
2363:Amino acid decarboxylase test
1993:Functional analog (chemistry)
866:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30338-9
749:. 48 Suppl 1 (suppl_1): 1–4.
303:
270:
2475:Optochin susceptibility test
2438:Sulfide indole motility test
2423:Phenylalanine deaminase test
1546:Hill equation (biochemistry)
1077:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002158
894:Clinical Infectious Diseases
190:multidrug-resistant bacteria
183:resistance to antimicrobials
7:
1247:10.2133/dmpk.DMPK-10-RV-062
1196:Gallagher JC (2016-11-21).
339:10.3390/antibiotics11121748
279:
10:
2673:
2061:Antimicrobial pharmacology
1541:Dose–response relationship
1471:Desensitization (medicine)
721:H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.
686:10.1517/13543784.13.8.1045
461:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1
389:10.1016/j.drup.2010.09.002
195:
143:
2584:
2542:
2519:Polymerase chain reaction
2498:
2348:
2263:
2252:
2222:
2181:
2155:
2141:
1983:Coinduction (anesthetics)
1976:
1777:
1649:
1435:
1312:
933:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
504:10.1007/s10096-004-1107-7
2509:Analytical profile index
2048:Multiple drug resistance
2021:Tolerance and resistance
1389:Physiological antagonist
756:10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.1
600:10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.5
585:Andrews JM (July 2001).
548:(12): Article e0021321.
230:
67:of the chemical, adding
1799:Neuropsychopharmacology
1561:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
1556:Del Castillo Katz model
1483:Other effects of ligand
1466:Receptor (biochemistry)
1384:Irreversible antagonist
449:Pharmaceutical Research
377:Drug Resistance Updates
298:How to Perform MIS Test
181:have varying levels of
2443:Triple sugar iron test
1935:Classical pharmacology
1696:Plasma protein binding
1671:Volume of distribution
1379:Competitive antagonist
1229:Guengerich FP (2011).
1198:Antibiotics simplified
741:Wheat PF (July 2001).
240:
214:
179:Staphylococcus aureus,
177:of pathogens, such as
2501:point-of-care testing
2182:Cultures by body site
2135:clinical microbiology
2043:Antibiotic resistance
1835:Clinical pharmacology
1354:Physiological agonist
1314:Ligand (biochemistry)
1027:10.1093/infdis/jiw402
781:Cockerill FR (2012).
238:
217:There are three main
208:
2460:Voges–Proskauer test
2368:Bile solubility test
2223:Cultures by organism
2156:Isolation techniques
1940:Reverse pharmacology
1850:Pharmacoepidemiology
1691:Biological half-life
1571:Ligand binding assay
1445:Activity at receptor
1339:Irreversible agonist
1169:Tripathi KD (2013).
1112:Cockerill F (2015).
814:Cockerill F (2012).
554:10.1128/JCM.00213-21
332:(12): Article 1748.
201:Broth dilution assay
2567:McFarland standards
2557:Disk diffusion test
2552:Beta-lactamase test
2485:Lancefield grouping
2465:X and V factor test
2433:Salt tolerance test
2308:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
2271:Colonial morphology
1988:Combination therapy
1876:Pharmacoinformatics
1845:Medicinal chemistry
1451:Mechanism of action
1021:(suppl_1): S9–S17.
291:Arthur Thomas Palin
2657:Microbiology terms
2636:Inoculation needle
1958:Immunopharmacology
1908:Pharmacotoxicology
1809:Psychopharmacology
1601:Intrinsic activity
1501:Pleiotropy (drugs)
1422:Agonist-antagonist
1334:Endogenous agonist
907:10.1093/cid/cir473
715:Fleming A (1944).
455:(7): Article 125.
296:MIC Test Flow And
241:
215:
126:chemical libraries
109:The first step in
2644:
2643:
2621:Biosafety cabinet
2580:
2579:
2428:Reverse CAMP test
2248:
2247:
2230:Bacterial culture
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2056:
2055:
1953:Photopharmacology
1948:
1947:
1921:
1920:
1894:
1893:
1858:
1857:
1821:
1820:
1814:Electrophysiology
1804:Neuropharmacology
1759:
1758:
1709:
1708:
1645:
1644:
1632:Therapeutic index
1584:
1583:
1529:
1528:
1478:
1477:
1407:
1406:
1362:
1361:
419:(11): 1217–1244.
150:Alexander Fleming
90:such as the U.S.
2664:
2631:Inoculation loop
2529:Rapid strep test
2261:
2260:
2153:
2152:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2058:
2057:
2018:
2017:
1998:Polypharmacology
1923:
1922:
1896:
1895:
1886:Pharmacogenomics
1881:Pharmacogenetics
1860:
1859:
1823:
1822:
1784:
1783:
1711:
1710:
1681:Rate of infusion
1656:
1655:
1651:Pharmacokinetics
1586:
1585:
1531:
1530:
1480:
1479:
1442:
1441:
1437:Pharmacodynamics
1417:Neurotransmitter
1399:Enzyme inhibitor
1364:
1363:
1319:
1318:
1299:
1292:
1285:
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1275:
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542:J Clin Microbiol
533:
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440:
429:
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371:
362:
361:
351:
341:
317:
286:Kirby–Bauer test
224:serially diluted
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2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2576:
2538:
2494:
2403:Methyl red test
2350:
2349:Manual testing:
2344:
2303:India ink stain
2293:Acid-fast stain
2256:
2244:
2218:
2194:Genital culture
2177:
2173:Selective media
2145:
2137:
2131:
2101:
2092:
2052:
2038:Drug resistance
2016:
1972:
1944:
1917:
1913:Neurotoxicology
1890:
1854:
1817:
1779:
1773:
1755:
1705:
1701:Bioavailability
1686:Onset of action
1641:
1580:
1525:
1474:
1431:
1403:
1394:Inverse agonist
1358:
1344:Partial agonist
1308:
1303:
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1208:
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1190:
1183:
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1163:
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1110:
1103:
1070:(7): e1002158.
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1007:
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233:
211:dilution series
203:
198:
159:
146:
98:(BSAC) and the
65:dilution series
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:Automated and
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Coagulase test
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2254:Identification
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2235:Fungal culture
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Throat culture
2201:
2199:Sputum culture
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2133:Techniques in
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Bacteriostatic
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Drug tolerance
2024:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:Lists of drugs
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1927:Drug discovery
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1769:Bioequivalence
1766:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1511:Adverse effect
1508:
1503:
1498:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:Mode of action
1453:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1221:
1206:
1188:
1181:
1161:
1137:
1123:978-1562387839
1122:
1101:
1064:PLOS Pathogens
1050:
1001:
973:978-9241549400
972:
954:
939:
921:
880:
839:
825:978-1562387853
824:
806:
792:978-1562387846
791:
770:
733:
707:
680:(8): 1045–63.
664:
657:
639:
614:
577:
525:
482:
430:
402:
383:(6): 180–195.
363:
308:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
294:
288:
281:
278:
272:
269:
256:
253:
232:
229:
202:
199:
197:
194:
158:
157:Clinical usage
155:
145:
142:
111:drug discovery
60:laboratories.
58:drug discovery
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2669:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:Anaerobic jar
2602:
2598:
2597:Growth medium
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2534:Monospot test
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2240:Viral culture
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2214:Wound culture
2212:
2210:
2209:Urine culture
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Blood culture
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Tachyphylaxis
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1520:Neurotoxicity
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:Selectivity (
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1427:Pharmacophore
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:9781284111293
1203:
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1182:9789350259375
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1174:
1173:
1165:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
991:
983:
979:
975:
969:
965:
958:
950:
946:
942:
940:9781420014495
936:
932:
925:
917:
913:
908:
903:
900:(6): 576–82.
899:
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
827:
821:
817:
810:
802:
798:
794:
788:
784:
777:
775:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
737:
729:
725:
722:
718:
711:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
668:
660:
658:1-55581-255-4
654:
650:
643:
627:
621:
619:
610:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
581:
573:
569:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
532:
530:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:(4): 271–88.
497:
493:
486:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
437:
435:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
359:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
314:
309:
299:
295:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
277:
268:
264:
262:
252:
250:
245:
237:
228:
225:
220:
212:
207:
193:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
154:
151:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
81:antimicrobial
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2571:
2408:Nitrite test
2378:Citrate test
2319:Rapid tests
2298:Giemsa stain
2168:Streak plate
2072:
2003:Chemotherapy
1963:Cell biology
1864:Biochemistry
1788:Neuroscience
1736:Distribution
1666:Loading dose
1349:Superagonist
1306:Pharmacology
1238:
1234:
1224:
1197:
1191:
1171:
1164:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
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630:. Retrieved
590:
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147:
133:
108:
94:(CLSI), the
85:
62:
36:
28:
24:
21:microbiology
18:
2616:Durham tube
2448:Urease test
2257:and testing
2088:Bactericide
1764:Compartment
1575:Patch clamp
1551:Schild plot
1241:(1): 3–14.
326:Antibiotics
255:MBC testing
77:temperature
2592:Agar plate
2388:DNAse test
2288:Gram stain
1968:Physiology
1900:Toxicology
1792:psychology
1741:Metabolism
1731:Absorption
1725:Liberation
1567:Organ bath
1495:Functional
1374:Antagonist
1367:Inhibitory
1322:Excitatory
1155:2019-04-23
1150:bioMĂ©rieux
859:(7): 690.
801:1016466655
304:References
271:Importance
249:bioMĂ©rieux
104:physicians
54:diagnostic
2626:Incubator
2585:Equipment
2514:MALDI-TOF
2413:ONPG test
2373:CAMP test
2276:Hemolysis
2143:Isolation
1750:Clearance
1746:Excretion
1565:Methods (
1216:952657550
1132:932608948
990:cite book
982:950637154
949:666899344
834:795927370
477:254932190
124:or large
122:compounds
2651:Category
2490:RPR test
2398:KOH test
2358:ALA test
2328:Catalase
2315:Wet prep
2283:Staining
1868:genetics
1840:Pharmacy
1827:Medicine
1637:Affinity
1596:Efficacy
1534:Analysis
1516:Toxicity
1265:20978361
1096:21811410
1045:28375515
916:21865195
875:28653629
765:11420332
728:25424051
702:24016698
694:15268641
609:11420333
572:34550809
520:28455936
512:15015030
469:32529587
425:36455285
397:21050800
358:36551405
280:See also
219:reagents
138:toxicity
134:in vitro
119:isolated
115:extracts
46:bacteria
38:in vitro
33:chemical
2609:Gas-pak
2323:Oxidase
2163:Asepsis
2148:culture
1778:Related
1721:(L)ADME
1675:Initial
1659:Metrics
1606:Potency
1589:Metrics
1491:Binding
1461:Binding
1329:Agonist
1256:4707670
1146:"ETEST"
1087:3141051
1036:5853982
563:8601225
349:9774413
196:Methods
175:strains
144:History
130:potency
2333:Indole
1780:fields
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244:Etests
168:EUCAST
42:growth
23:, the
2562:Etest
2524:VITEK
2453:rapid
2393:IMViC
1977:Other
1714:LADME
698:S2CID
632:5 May
516:S2CID
473:S2CID
231:Etest
73:broth
50:fungi
2146:and
1866:and
1790:and
1626:TD50
1622:LD50
1618:ED50
1614:IC50
1610:EC50
1412:Drug
1261:PMID
1212:OCLC
1202:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1128:OCLC
1118:ISBN
1092:PMID
1041:PMID
996:link
978:OCLC
968:ISBN
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935:ISBN
912:PMID
871:PMID
830:OCLC
820:ISBN
797:OCLC
787:ISBN
761:PMID
724:OCLC
690:PMID
653:ISBN
634:2023
605:PMID
568:PMID
508:PMID
465:PMID
421:PMID
393:PMID
354:PMID
166:and
164:CLSI
69:agar
56:and
2338:PYR
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1251:PMC
1243:doi
1082:PMC
1072:doi
1031:PMC
1023:doi
1019:215
902:doi
861:doi
751:doi
682:doi
595:doi
558:PMC
550:doi
500:doi
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385:doi
344:PMC
334:doi
71:or
48:or
44:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.