3376:
3402:
3389:
72:. Over the years, the mind-blindness hypothesis has faced criticism from the scientific community due to inconclusive empirical evidence, mixed findings with different ToM tasks, repetitive failed replications of some (but not all) classic ToM studies, and consistent evidence (including some studies by Baron-Cohen) of substantial heterogeneity of autistic people in ToM and empathy measures.
87:
therefore perceive the world in a confusing and frightening manner, leading to a social withdrawal. The theory was based on the assumption that biology is linked to autistic behavior, so it was expected that a delayed development or lack of ToM would lead to additional psychiatric complications. Research into a model with more than
204:. There is now a large pool of strong evidence supporting the heterogeneity of autism, and general scientific consensus accepts this as contrary to the original mind-blindness hypothesis, although there has existed some disagreement that heterogeneity is incompatible with alternative mind-blindness definitions.
123:
Since the frontal lobe is associated with executive function, it was predicted that the frontal lobe plays an important role in ToM; that executive function and ToM share the same functional regions in the brain. Damage to the frontal lobe is known to affect ToM, partially confirming this hypothesis.
94:
Mind-blindness, a lack of ToM, was later theorised to be equivalent to a lack of empathy, although research published a year later suggests there is considerable overlap but not complete equivalence. It was empirically demonstrated that processing of complex cognitive emotions is more difficult than
235:
people, as opposed to an asymmetric theory such as the mind-blindness hypothesis. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the double empathy problem. A possible explanation supported empirically is that the reciprocal lack of understanding between autistic people and neurotypicals is because
140:, is crucial for the normal functioning of ToM and self monitoring. Although there is a possibility that ToM and mind-blindness could explain executive function deficits, it was argued that autism is not identified with the failure of executive function alone. It has also been shown that the right
116:
195:
argues in support of the mind-blindness hypothesis in spite of inconclusive evidence for its generalisation. Recognising the hypothesis has lost popularity, Carruthers argues this is mainly due to the disregard of its proponents to consider the perspectives of autistic people. The latter view is
86:
Mind-blindness is defined as a state where the ToM has not been developed in an individual. According to the theory, neurotypical people can make automatic interpretations of events taking into consideration the mental states of people, their desires, and beliefs. Individuals lacking ToM would
921:
Lombardo, Michael V.; Lai, Meng-Chuan; Auyeung, Bonnie; Holt, Rosemary J.; Allison, Carrie; Smith, Paula; Chakrabarti, Bhismadev; Ruigrok, Amber N. V.; Suckling, John; Bullmore, Edward T.; MRC AIMS Consortium; Bailey, Anthony J.; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Bolton, Patrick F.; Bullmore, Edward T.
57:. In the context of the theory, mind-blindness implies being unable to predict behavior and attribute mental states including beliefs, desires, emotions, or intentions of other people. The mind-blindness theory asserts that children who delay in this development will often develop
183:
tasks correlates with autism, suggesting mentalization theory as an effective explanatory model of autism, especially for social skill deficiencies. However, the generally unclear physiological basis of mentalization at the time limited a broader understating of the correlation.
199:
The assumption that autism is a homogenous condition underpinned by a ToM deficit, genetics, neurological abnormalities, or a 'failure of understanding' as implied by the mind-blindness hypothesis was questioned shortly after its publication. This contrasts with autism as
161:
In an attempt to empirically explain the tendency of autistic people to avoid eye contact, a hypothesis was proposed in 1995 that autistic children fail to "read" the eyes of others. This hypothesis was tested with participant performance on
166:
and detecting gaze shifts. In the moral blindness hypothesis study, some evidence existed to support this hypothesis. At the time there was insufficient evidence to support a generalization to explain facial processing difficulties and
227:, developed in 2012, is a theory in opposition of the mind-blindness hypothesis. It proposes that social and communication difficulties present in autistic people are due to a reciprocal lack of understanding and mutual differences in
786:
Baksh, R. Asaad; Abrahams, Sharon; Bertlich, Maya; Cameron, Rebecca; Jany, Sharon; Dorrian, Terin; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Allison, Carrie; Smith, Paula; MacPherson, Sarah E.; Auyeung, Bonnie (2021-10-03).
1360:
1593:
Toal, F.; Daly, E. M.; Page, L.; Deeley, Q.; Hallahan, B.; Bloemen, O.; Cutter, W. J.; Brammer, M. J.; Curran, S.; Robertson, D.; Murphy, C.; Murphy, K. C.; Murphy, D. G. M. (July 2010).
171:, common characteristics of autism, with this hypothesis. In 2001, it was suggested that the mind-blindness hypothesis may explain more severe symptoms of autism, including
2247:
2104:
2072:
463:
602:"Putting theory of mind in its place: psychological explanations of the socio-emotional-communicative impairments in autistic spectrum disorder"
1453:
Chiu, Pearl H.; Kayali, M. Amin; Kishida, Kenneth T.; Tomlin, Damon; Klinger, Laura G.; Klinger, Mark R.; Montague, P. Read (February 2008).
95:
processing simpler emotions. In addition, evidence existed at the time that autism was not correlated with the failure of social bonding and
1945:
215:, which asserts there exists neurological sex differences in autism, and that such differences are not due exclusively to socialization.
522:
1301:
Vogeley, K.; Bussfeld, P.; Newen, A.; Herrmann, S.; Happé, F.; Falkai, P.; Maier, W.; Shah, N.J.; Fink, G.R.; Zilles, K. (July 2001).
2948:
1972:"Supplemental Material for Interaction Takes Two: Typical Adults Exhibit Mind-Blindness Towards Those With Autism Spectrum Disorder"
856:"Testing the Empathizing–Systemizing theory of sex differences and the Extreme Male Brain theory of autism in half a million people"
3236:
2838:
2808:
2728:
2703:
2582:
2462:
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1836:
1828:
Chapter 16 The evolution of empathizing and systemizing: assortative mating of two strong systemizers and the cause of autism
1382:
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2536:
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2010:
3368:
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2339:
2092:
279:
212:
69:
789:"Social cognition in adults with autism spectrum disorders: Validation of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT)"
2748:
1577:
1512:"Taking an "intentional stance" on eye-gaze shifts: A functional neuroimaging study of social perception in children"
53:
to others. According to the theory, a lack of ToM is considered equivalent to a lack of both cognitive and affective
1400:"Specialization of right temporo-parietal junction for mentalizing and its relation to social impairments in autism"
3429:
3381:
2988:
2773:
2565:
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2963:
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2097:
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815:
764:
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2933:
2753:
2376:
2344:
2252:
471:
1154:
Josef Perner & Birgit Lang (1 September 1999). "Development of theory of mind and executive control".
309:
Baron-Cohen, Simon; Campbell, Ruth; Karmiloff-Smith, Annette; Grant, Julia; Walker, Jane (November 1995).
168:
3407:
2973:
2208:
2022:
Smukler, David (February 2005). "Unauthorized Minds: How 'Theory of Mind' Theory
Misrepresents Autism".
1767:
1455:"Self Responses along Cingulate Cortex Reveal Quantitative Neural Phenotype for High-Functioning Autism"
751:
Smukler, David (February 2005). "Unauthorized Minds: How 'Theory of Mind' Theory
Misrepresents Autism".
2868:
2738:
2718:
2497:
2242:
1873:
1374:
1099:
Rogers, Kimberley; Dziobek, Isabel; Hassenstab, Jason; Wolf, Oliver T.; Convit, Antonio (2006-08-12).
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2553:
2526:
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2156:
2119:
1398:
Lombardo, Michael V.; Chakrabarti, Bhismadev; Bullmore, Edward T.; Baron-Cohen, Simon (June 2011).
141:
137:
987:
HajdĂşk, Michal; Pinkham, Amy E.; Penn, David L.; Harvey, Philip D.; Sasson, Noah J. (April 2022).
236:"we interpret others’ actions according to models built through experience with our own actions".
3345:
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3052:
2878:
2858:
2848:
2663:
2643:
2514:
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2081:
1652:"Heterogeneity within Autism Spectrum Disorders: What have We Learned from Neuroimaging Studies?"
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1596:"Clinical and anatomical heterogeneity in autistic spectrum disorder: a structural MRI study"
125:
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shared by David
Smukler in his 2005 analysis of the history of the ToM in autism research.
1510:
Mosconi, Matthew W.; Mack, Peter B.; McCarthy, Gregory; Pelphrey, Kevin A. (August 2005).
414:
Jurecic, Ann (Spring 2006). "Mindblindness: Autism, Writing, and the
Problem of Empathy".
8:
3350:
3115:
2900:
2818:
2359:
2303:
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570:
1788:
1361:"Chapter 16. Autism as Mind-Blindness: an elaboration and partial defence (pp. 257 ff.)"
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1197:
Bird, Chris M.; Castelli, Fulvia; Malik, Omar; Frith, Uta; Husain, Masud (2004-04-01).
1179:
1136:
1076:
1043:
1024:
988:
964:
923:
898:
855:
854:
Greenberg, David M.; Warrier, Varun; Allison, Carrie; Baron-Cohen, Simon (2018-11-27).
836:
726:
681:
656:
637:
551:
496:
441:
338:
326:
277:
Baron-Cohen, Simon (1990). "Autism: a specific cognitive disorder of 'mind-blindness".
1399:
1199:"The impact of extensive medial frontal lobe damage on 'Theory of Mind' and cognition"
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484:
386:
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1987:
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1322:
1287:
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1267:
1228:
1220:
1171:
1128:
1120:
1081:
1063:
1044:"Mixed emotions: the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism"
1028:
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2412:
2391:
2146:
1910:
1470:
1368:
1766:
Baron-Cohen, S.; Knickmeyer, Rebecca S.; Belmonte, Mathew S. (4 November 2005).
924:"Unsupervised data-driven stratification of mentalizing heterogeneity in autism"
2833:
2813:
2416:
2308:
2183:
1364:
1100:
81:
46:
1612:
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292:
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3335:
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1991:
1971:
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955:
889:
824:
722:
625:
617:
334:
311:"Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes?"
228:
180:
179:
deficiencies. With good robustness, it was found that a lower performance on
176:
104:
99:
in childhood. This was interpreted to suggest that emotion is a component of
1983:
1846:
1796:
1302:
1263:
880:
657:"Empirical Failures of the Claim That Autistic People Lack a Theory of Mind"
3125:
2426:
2403:
2043:
1804:
1695:
1628:
1535:
1496:
1431:
1334:
1318:
1246:
Stone, Valerie E.; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Knight, Robert T. (September 1998).
1232:
1215:
1198:
1175:
1132:
1085:
1020:
989:"Heterogeneity of social cognitive performance in autism and schizophrenia"
973:
907:
832:
772:
690:
633:
547:
492:
437:
395:
232:
50:
2050:
1831:. R. I. M. Dunbar, Louise Barrett. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007.
1279:
3264:
3176:
3120:
2958:
2743:
2442:
2261:
1826:
429:
245:
1303:"Mind Reading: Neural Mechanisms of Theory of Mind and Self-Perspective"
136:, the circumscribed region of the anterior paracingulate cortex and the
3211:
3206:
2923:
2658:
2198:
1059:
672:
586:
308:
20:
1397:
947:
2873:
1711:"The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity"
1004:
520:(25 March 2009). "Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory".
363:
88:
115:
3325:
3085:
2790:
1895:"On the ontological status of autism: the 'double empathy problem'"
172:
1768:"Sex Differences in the Brain: Implications for Explaining Autism"
853:
571:"A Critical Examination of Mindblindness as a Metaphor for Autism"
3226:
219:
Mind-blindness of non-autistic people relative to autistic people
157:
Mind-blindness of autistic people relative to non-autistic people
54:
58:
42:
38:
462:
Gallagher, Helen L.; Frith, Christopher D. (1 February 2003).
461:
1300:
785:
707:
1509:
1098:
144:
behaves differently in those with autism, and the middle
2036:
10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43<11:UMHTOM>2.0.CO;2
765:
10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43<11:UMHTOM>2.0.CO;2
148:
is less active in autistic people during mentalization.
1560:
Carruthers, Peter; Smith, Peter K., eds. (1996-02-23).
1452:
1153:
986:
526:. 1156, The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience (1): 68–80.
1245:
1196:
920:
16:
Hypothesis regarding theory of mind in autistic people
207:
An author of the original mind-blindness hypothesis,
151:
1101:"Who Cares? Revisiting Empathy in Asperger Syndrome"
1594:
1592:
654:
1650:Lenroot, Rhoshel K.; Yeung, Pui Ka (2013-10-30).
816:20.500.11820/ea02ab9c-73be-4e85-916a-7612aa640013
64:One of the main proponents of mind-blindness was
3421:
569:Dinishak, Janette; Akhtar, Nameera (June 2013).
41:initially proposed in 1990 that claims that all
1559:
860:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2021:
1248:"Frontal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind"
750:
655:Gernsbacher, Morton; Yergeau, Melanie (2019).
568:
2066:
1105:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
1649:
49:(ToM), meaning they are unable to attribute
2080:
2008:
516:
315:British Journal of Developmental Psychology
276:
211:, later published foundational research in
2073:
2059:
1355:
746:
744:
742:
740:
523:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1736:1983/309dc16c-cfe9-4356-81b8-6d95510b5eb0
1734:
1685:
1667:
1486:
1214:
1075:
963:
897:
879:
814:
804:
680:
385:
23:, the inability to produce mental images.
3237:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1041:
464:"Functional imaging of 'theory of mind'"
368:"Mind Blindness and the Brain in Autism"
272:
270:
268:
266:
114:
1708:
737:
706:
599:
512:
510:
457:
455:
413:
124:From a 2000 study, it was found that a
3422:
1889:
358:
356:
354:
352:
45:have a lack or developmental delay of
2729:Psychological effects of Internet use
2054:
1885:
1883:
1555:
1553:
1349:
702:
700:
362:
263:
2009:Baron-Cohen, Simon (June 15, 1996).
1147:
507:
452:
409:
407:
405:
304:
302:
2709:Digital media use and mental health
349:
110:
13:
2340:Automatic and controlled processes
2002:
1880:
1702:
1643:
1586:
1550:
697:
327:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1995.tb00687.x
280:International Review of Psychiatry
231:style between autistic people and
152:History and relationship to autism
14:
3451:
2749:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2015:Times Higher Education Supplement
1252:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1042:Bird, G.; Cook, R. (2013-07-23).
661:Archives of Scientific Psychology
402:
299:
75:
3400:
3387:
3375:
3374:
2774:Mobile phones and driving safety
1528:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.027
1416:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.067
540:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x
2677:Computer-mediated communication
2011:"First lessons in mind reading"
1964:
1933:
1819:
1759:
1656:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
1503:
1446:
1391:
1294:
1239:
1190:
1092:
1035:
980:
914:
847:
779:
2954:Empathising–systemising theory
2257:female intrasexual competition
2194:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1976:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1709:Chapman, Robert (2020-08-17).
793:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
648:
593:
575:Child Development Perspectives
562:
213:empathising–systemising theory
70:empathising–systemising theory
1:
3314:Standard social science model
2367:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
1727:10.1080/09515089.2020.1751103
1168:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01362-5
806:10.1080/13854046.2020.1737236
485:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00025-6
387:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00552-9
3162:Missing heritability problem
2754:Social aspects of television
2377:Evolution of nervous systems
2345:Computational theory of mind
2017:. No. 1180. p. 18.
1911:10.1080/09687599.2012.710008
1562:Theories of Theories of Mind
1471:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.020
1370:Theories of Theories of Mind
1156:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
472:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
256:
7:
3435:Interpersonal relationships
3408:Evolutionary biology portal
1941:"Double empathy, explained"
239:
10:
3456:
3369:Evolutionary psychologists
3242:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3157:Human–animal communication
2869:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
2719:Imprinted brain hypothesis
2687:Human–computer interaction
1375:Cambridge University Press
128:that comprised the medial
79:
18:
3363:
3289:Environmental determinism
3260:Cultural selection theory
3252:
3147:Evolutionary epistemology
3134:
3061:evolutionary neuroscience
3023:
3016:
2914:
2789:
2734:Rank theory of depression
2657:
2581:
2483:
2289:
2282:
2236:Parent–offspring conflict
2145:
2088:
1613:10.1017/S0033291709991541
1117:10.1007/s10803-006-0197-8
293:10.3109/09540269009028274
142:temporo-parietal junction
134:anterior cingulate cortex
3182:Cultural group selection
3066:Biocultural anthropology
2759:Societal impacts of cars
2692:Media naturalness theory
2382:Fight-or-flight response
1899:Disability & Society
1715:Philosophical Psychology
1669:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00733
1570:10.1017/cbo9780511597985
1363:. In Carruthers, Peter;
1048:Translational Psychiatry
723:10.1177/0959354304046179
618:10.1177/1362361311430403
138:superior temporal sulcus
119:Superior temporal sulcus
19:Not to be confused with
3430:Nonverbal communication
3382:Evolutionary psychology
3346:Sociocultural evolution
3187:Dual inheritance theory
2644:Personality development
2105:Theoretical foundations
2082:Evolutionary psychology
1984:10.1037/abn0000199.supp
1797:10.1126/science.1115455
1264:10.1162/089892998562942
881:10.1073/pnas.1811032115
710:Theory & Psychology
417:Literature and Medicine
103:that is separable from
3304:Social constructionism
3299:Psychological nativism
3274:Biological determinism
3222:Recent human evolution
3217:Punctuated equilibrium
3040:Behavioral epigenetics
3035:evolutionary economics
3004:Variability hypothesis
2949:Emotional intelligence
2682:Engineering psychology
2372:Evolution of the brain
1601:Psychological Medicine
1319:10.1006/nimg.2001.0789
600:Boucher, Jill (2012).
225:double empathy problem
120:
68:, who later pioneered
3331:Multilineal evolution
3294:Nature versus nurture
3253:Theoretical positions
3101:Functional psychology
3096:Evolutionary medicine
3071:Biological psychiatry
2779:Texting while driving
2769:Lead–crime hypothesis
2629:Cognitive development
2614:Caregiver deprivation
2125:Gene selection theory
169:affective sensitivity
118:
91:was also considered.
3284:Cultural determinism
3091:Evolutionary biology
3076:Cognitive psychology
3024:Academic disciplines
2672:Cognitive ergonomics
2639:Language acquisition
2619:Childhood attachment
2432:Wason selection task
2326:Behavioral modernity
2115:Cognitive revolution
2098:Evolutionary thought
1216:10.1093/brain/awh108
430:10.1353/lm.2006.0021
366:(20 December 2001).
3351:Unilineal evolution
3116:Population genetics
2901:Sexy son hypothesis
2839:Hormonal motivation
2819:Concealed ovulation
2360:Dual process theory
2231:Parental investment
1891:Milton, Damian E.M.
1872:CS1 maint: others (
1789:2005Sci...310..819B
940:2016NatSR...635333.
872:2018PNAS..11512152G
866:(48): 12152–12157.
532:2009NYASA1156...68B
3309:Social determinism
3192:Fisher's principle
3152:Great ape language
3142:Cultural evolution
3111:Philosophy of mind
2944:Division of labour
2906:Westermarck effect
2854:Mating preferences
2764:Distracted driving
2498:Literary criticism
2355:Domain specificity
2335:modularity of mind
2024:Mental Retardation
1060:10.1038/tp.2013.61
928:Scientific Reports
753:Mental Retardation
673:10.1037/arc0000067
587:10.1111/cdep.12026
518:Baron-Cohen, Simon
164:false-belief tasks
121:
3417:
3416:
3395:Psychology portal
3359:
3358:
3202:Hologenome theory
3172:Unit of selection
3167:Primate cognition
3081:Cognitive science
3012:
3011:
2883:Sexual attraction
2859:Mating strategies
2624:Cinderella effect
2554:Moral foundations
2458:Visual perception
2350:Domain generality
2319:Facial expression
2267:Sexual dimorphism
2226:Natural selection
2172:Hamiltonian spite
1951:Simons Foundation
1838:978-0-19-856830-8
1783:(5749): 819–823.
1384:978-0-521-55916-4
1357:Carruthers, Peter
948:10.1038/srep35333
209:Simon Baron-Cohen
187:In the 1996 book
173:social withdrawal
130:prefrontal cortex
66:Simon Baron-Cohen
3447:
3404:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3021:
3020:
3017:Related subjects
2804:Adult attachment
2331:Cognitive module
2287:
2286:
2274:Social selection
2248:Costly signaling
2243:Sexual selection
2130:Modern synthesis
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2018:
1996:
1995:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1893:(October 2012).
1887:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1671:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1607:(7): 1171–1181.
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1410:(3): 1832–1838.
1395:
1389:
1388:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1218:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1005:10.1002/aur.2730
999:(8): 1522–1534.
984:
978:
977:
967:
918:
912:
911:
901:
883:
851:
845:
844:
818:
808:
799:(7): 1275–1293.
783:
777:
776:
748:
735:
734:
704:
695:
694:
684:
652:
646:
645:
597:
591:
590:
566:
560:
559:
514:
505:
504:
468:
459:
450:
449:
411:
400:
399:
389:
360:
347:
346:
306:
297:
296:
274:
251:Causes of autism
193:Peter Carruthers
189:Theories of Mind
146:cingulate cortex
111:Biological basis
101:social cognition
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3355:
3341:Neoevolutionism
3248:
3232:Species complex
3197:Group selection
3135:Research topics
3130:
3106:Neuropsychology
3008:
2994:Substance abuse
2916:Sex differences
2910:
2824:Coolidge effect
2785:
2697:Neuroergonomics
2662:
2653:
2577:
2479:
2413:Folk psychology
2294:
2278:
2148:
2141:
2084:
2079:
2005:
2003:Further reading
2000:
1999:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1707:
1703:
1648:
1644:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1558:
1551:
1508:
1504:
1451:
1447:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1365:Smith, Peter K.
1354:
1350:
1299:
1295:
1244:
1240:
1195:
1191:
1152:
1148:
1097:
1093:
1040:
1036:
993:Autism Research
985:
981:
919:
915:
852:
848:
784:
780:
749:
738:
705:
698:
653:
649:
598:
594:
567:
563:
515:
508:
466:
460:
453:
412:
403:
361:
350:
307:
300:
275:
264:
259:
242:
221:
159:
154:
113:
84:
78:
43:autistic people
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3398:
3385:
3372:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3046:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2885:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Mind-blindness
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2668:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2417:theory of mind
2410:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2300:
2298:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Baldwin effect
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2019:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1963:
1932:
1905:(6): 883–887.
1879:
1837:
1818:
1758:
1721:(6): 799–819.
1701:
1642:
1585:
1578:
1549:
1522:(1): 247–252.
1502:
1465:(3): 463–473.
1445:
1390:
1383:
1348:
1313:(1): 170–181.
1293:
1258:(5): 640–656.
1238:
1209:(4): 914–928.
1189:
1162:(9): 337–344.
1146:
1111:(4): 709–715.
1091:
1034:
979:
922:(2016-10-18).
913:
846:
778:
736:
717:(5): 685–703.
696:
667:(1): 102–118.
647:
612:(3): 226–246.
592:
581:(2): 110–114.
561:
506:
451:
401:
380:(6): 969–979.
348:
321:(4): 379–398.
298:
261:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
248:
241:
238:
220:
217:
158:
155:
153:
150:
126:neural network
112:
109:
89:two categories
82:Theory of mind
80:Main article:
77:
76:Theory of mind
74:
47:theory of mind
35:mind blindness
27:Mind-blindness
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Neo-Darwinism
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Functionalism
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Connectionism
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:indeterminism
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Schizophrenia
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Mental health
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Mate guarding
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Age disparity
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Schizophrenia
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2664:Mental health
2660:
2659:Human factors
2656:
2650:
2649:Socialization
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:paternal bond
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2473:NaĂŻve physics
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:Motor control
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:Ophidiophobia
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Arachnophobia
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Display rules
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Kin selection
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Adaptationism
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1579:9780521551106
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
743:
741:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
703:
701:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
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2510:Anthropology
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