Mimicry - Knowledge

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tends to avoid anything that looks like it for a long time, and does not re-sample soon to see whether the initial experience was a false negative. However, if mimics become more abundant than models, then the probability of a young predator having a first experience with a mimic increases. Batesian systems are therefore most likely to be stable where the model is more abundant than the mimic.

1675:), which is recognized by other fishes as a cleaner. The false cleanerfish resembles the cleaner, and mimics the cleaner's "dance". Once it is allowed close to the client, it attacks, biting off a piece of its fin before fleeing. Fish wounded in this fashion soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they also become much more cautious of the model. 442:. Mimicry systems have three basic roles: a mimic, a model, and a dupe. When these correspond to three separate species, the system is called disjunct; when the roles are taken by just two species, the system is called bipolar. Mimicry evolves if a dupe (such as a predator) perceives a mimic (such as a palatable prey) as a model (the organism it resembles), and 310:(translated and presented by Ralph Meldola). He described a situation where different species were each unpalatable to predators, and shared similar, genuine, warning signals. Bates found it hard to explain why this should be so, asking why they should need to mimic each other if both were harmful and could warn off predators on their own. Müller put forward 1483:

species of varying toxicity. These species store toxins from its host plant, which are maintained even in the adult. As levels of toxin vary depending on diet, some individuals are more toxic than the rest, which profit from the toxicity of those individuals, just as hoverflies benefit from mimicking

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with respect to the mimic (e.g., avoiding harm). Some cases may belong to more than one class, e.g., automimicry and aggressive mimicry are not mutually exclusive, as one describes the species relationship between model and mimic, while the other describes the function for the mimic (obtaining food).

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applies in most forms of mimicry. Specifically, Batesian mimicry can only be maintained if the harm caused to the predator by eating a model outweighs the benefit of eating a mimic. The nature of learning is weighted in favor of the mimics, for a predator that has a bad first experience with a model

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action of a dupe. Birds, for example, use sight to identify palatable insects, whilst avoiding noxious ones. Over time, palatable insects may evolve to resemble noxious ones, making them mimics and the noxious ones models. Models do not have to be more abundant than mimics. In the case of mutualism,

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When a man comes by chance upon a young brood , and tries to catch them, the hen-bird rolls in front of the hunter, pretending to be lame: the man every moment thinks he is on the point of catching her, and so she draws him on and on, until every one of her brood has had time to escape; hereupon she

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to recognize the snake's warning signals. There would then be no advantage for an extremely deadly snake in being aposematic: any predator that attacked it would be killed before it could learn to avoid the deadly prey, so the snake would be better off being camouflaged to avoid attacks. But if the

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has another strategy to reach its host's intestine. They are brightly coloured and move in a pulsating fashion. A sporocyst-sac pulsates in the snail's eye stalks, coming to resemble an irresistible meal for a songbird. In this way, it can bridge the gap between hosts, allowing it to complete its

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of females. Beta males mimic females and manage to enter the harem of females without being detected by the alpha males allowing them to mate. Gamma males are the smallest males and mimic juveniles. This also allows them to mate with the females without the alpha males detecting them. Similarly,

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The resemblance of the genera named is the more worthy of notice since it occurs between insects both belonging to the group of butterflies which are protected by distastefulness. The explanation which applies in ordinary cases of mimicry—and no other has, so far as I know, been offered—cannot

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butterflies; when perching on a twig or flower, they commonly do so upside down and shift their rear wings repeatedly, causing antenna-like movements of the "tails" on their wings. Studies of rear-wing damage support the hypothesis that this strategy is effective in deflecting attacks from the

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One form of automimicry is where one part of an organism's body resembles another part. For example, the tails of some snakes resemble their heads; they move backwards when threatened and present the predator with the tail, improving their chances of escape without fatal harm. Some fishes have

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bear "false eyes" on the back of the head, misleading predators into reacting as though they were the subject of an aggressive stare. Many insects have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and patterns of markings on the wings themselves. These combine to create a "false head". This

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Gilbertian mimicry is bipolar, involving only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by mimicking it, the reverse of host-parasite aggressive mimicry. It was coined by Pasteur as a phrase for such rare mimicry systems, and is named after the American

91:, is harmful, and is avoided by the dupe, such as an insect-eating bird. Birds hunt by sight, so the mimicry in that case is visual, but in other cases mimicry may make use of any of the senses. Most types of mimicry, including Batesian, are deceptive, as the mimics are not harmful, but 526:

effects, creating an increasingly close resemblance. This model is supported by empirical evidence that suggests that a few single point mutations cause large phenotypic effects, while numerous others produce smaller effects. Some regulatory elements collaborate to form a

286:. The term "Batesian mimicry" has since been used in his honour, its usage becoming restricted to the situation in which a harmless mimic gains protection from its predators by resembling a distasteful model. Among the observations in Bates's 1862 paper is the statement: 334: 472:

rings of co-mimics. In the evolution of wasp-like appearance, it has been argued that insects evolve to masquerade wasps since predatory wasps do not attack each other, and that this mimetic resemblance has had the useful side-effect of deterring vertebrate predators.

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Emsleyan or Mertensian mimicry describes the unusual case where a deadly prey mimics a less dangerous species. It was first proposed by M. G. Emsley in 1966 as a possible explanation for how a predator can learn to avoid a very dangerous aposematic animal, such as a

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to the mimic's selective advantage. The resemblances can be via any sensory modality, including any combination of visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or electric. Mimicry may be to the advantage of both organisms that share a resemblance, in which case it is

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fields and looks similar to rice; its seeds are often mixed in rice and have become difficult to separate through Vavilovian mimicry. Vavilovian mimics may eventually be domesticated themselves, as in the case of rye in wheat; Vavilov called these weed-crops

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however argued that although natural selection might stabilize a "mimic" form, it would not be necessary to create it. The most widely accepted model used to explain the evolution of mimicry in butterflies is the two-step hypothesis. The first step involves

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Sinervo, B.; Miles, D. B.; Frankino, W. A.; Klukowski, M.; Denardo, D. F. (2000). "Testosterone, Endurance, and Darwinian Fitness: Natural and Sexual Selection on the Physiological Bases of Alternative Male Behaviors in Side-Blotched Lizards".

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than of distinct 'mimic' and 'model' species, as their warning signals tend to converge. Also, the mimetic species may exist on a continuum from harmless to highly noxious, so Batesian mimicry grades smoothly into Müllerian convergence.

603:, which are hypothesized to resemble the eyes of larger animals. They may not resemble any specific organism's eyes, and whether or not animals respond to them as eyes is also unclear. The model is usually another species, except in 1197:. The signal receiver also benefits by this system, despite being deceived about species identity, as it is able to generalize the pattern to potentially harmful encounters. The distinction between mimic and model that is clear in 492:

butterflies. Models tend to be relatively closely related to their mimics, but mimicry can be of vastly different species, for example when spiders mimic ants. Most known mimics are insects, though many other examples including

1445:, so those that lay on vacant leaves provide their offspring with a greater chance of survival. The stipules thus appear to have evolved as Gilbertian mimics of butterfly eggs, under selection pressure from these caterpillars. 8522: 119:, an orchid flower is the mimic, resembling a female bee, its model; the dupe is the male bee of the same species, which tries to copulate with the flower, enabling it to transfer pollen, so the mimicry is again bipolar. In 548:

Some mimicry is imperfect. Natural selection drives mimicry only far enough to deceive predators. For example, when predators avoid a mimic that imperfectly resembles a coral snake, the mimic is sufficiently protected.

1467:; where the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. This is the analogue of Batesian mimicry within a single species, and occurs when there is a palatability spectrum within a population. Examples include the 1694:

Parasites can be aggressive mimics, though the situation is somewhat different from those outlined previously. They can mimic their hosts' natural prey, allowing themselves to be eaten as a pathway into their host.

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In Batesian mimicry, the mimic resembles the model, but does not have the attribute that makes it unprofitable to predators (e.g., unpalatability, or the ability to sting). In other words, a Batesian mimic is a

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is also blurred. Where one species is scarce and another abundant, the rare species can be said to be the mimic. When both are present in similar numbers, however, it makes more sense to speak of each as a

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for this phenomenon: if a common predator confuses the two species, individuals in both those species are more likely to survive, as fewer individuals of either species are killed by the predator. The term

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resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions

1892: 390: 2129:, some males mimic the yellow throat coloration and even mating rejection behaviour of the other sex to sneak matings with guarded females. These males look and behave like unreceptive females. This 368: 1792:

mimic male flowers of their own species, cheating pollinators out of a reward. This reproductive mimicry may not be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of

1807:, the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By resembling the model, a flower can lure its pollinators without offering nectar. The mechanism occurs in several orchids, including 1271:) all have a red background color with black and white/yellow rings. In this system, both the milk snakes and the deadly coral snakes are mimics, while the false coral snakes are the model. 1686:. It flies amongst the vultures, effectively camouflaged as a vulture which poses no threat to the hawk's prey. It hunts by suddenly breaking from the formation and ambushing its prey. 620:

The terminology used has been debated, as classifications have differed or overlapped; attempts to clarify definitions have led to the partial replacement of old terms with new ones.

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of that species to try to copulate with the flower. This is much like aggressive mimicry in fireflies, but with a more benign outcome for the pollinator. The mechanism is named after

1298: 1318: 1242:. The scenario is unlike Müllerian mimicry, where the most harmful species is the model. But if a predator dies on its first encounter with a deadly snake, it has no occasion to 615:

Many types of mimicry have been described. An overview of each follows, highlighting the similarities and differences between the various forms. Classification is often based on

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Shuster, Stephen (May 1987). "Alternative Reproductive Behaviors: Three Discrete Male Morphs in Paracerceis sculpta, an Intertidal Isopod from the Northern Gulf of California".

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and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. In the simplest case, as in

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Robbins, Robert K. The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies. The American Naturalist Vol. 118, No. 5 (Nov., 1981), pp. 770-775

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Inter-sexual mimicry (a type of automimicry, as it is within a single species) occurs when individuals of one sex in a species mimic members of the opposite sex to facilitate

1126:), a rare species which lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, has a similar red crest, black back, and barred underside to two larger woodpeckers: 1886:

by releasing chemicals that fool the worker ants to believe that the caterpillar larvae are ant larvae. This enables the larvae to be brought directly into the ant's nest.

1758:. This is common in plants with deceptive flowers that do not provide the reward they seem to offer and it may occur in Papua New Guinea fireflies, in which the signal of 306:

also spent many years studying butterflies in the Amazon rainforest. He first published a journal article on mimicry in German in 1878, followed in 1879 by a paper to the

607:, where members of the species mimic other members, or other parts of their own bodies, and in inter-sexual mimicry, where members of one sex mimic members of the other. 3815:

Rowland, Hannah M.; Ihalainen, Eira; Lindström, Leena; Mappes, Johanna; Speed, Michael P. (2007). "Co-mimics have a mutualistic relationship despite unequal defences".

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butterflies. This type of mimicry is unique in several respects. Firstly, both the mimic and the model benefit from the interaction, which could thus be classified as

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Huheey, James E. (1976). "Studies in warning coloration and mimicry VII — Evolutionary consequences of a Batesian–Müllerian spectrum: A model for Müllerian mimicry".

2078:. Weeders do not want to select weeds and their seeds that look increasingly like cultivated plants, yet there is no other option. For example, early barnyard grass, 1587:) employ prominent patterns in the middle of their webs, such as zigzags. These may reflect ultraviolet light, and mimic the pattern seen in many flowers known as 1574:, though no conscious deceptive intent is involved. The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism that does not threaten the prey or host. 1622:", and are captured and eaten. Each female has a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the flashes of the female of the corresponding species. 480:

if mimicry negatively affects the model, in which case the model can evolve a different appearance from the mimic. Mimics may have different models for different

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Kunte, K.; Zhang, W.; Tenger-Trolander, A.; Palmer, D. H.; Martin, A.; Reed, R. D.; Mullen, S. P.; Kronforst, M. R. (2014). "doublesex is a mimicry supergene".

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eat parasites and dead skin from client fish. Some allow the cleaner to venture inside their body to hunt these parasites. However, the sabre-toothed blenny or

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butterflies have tail patterns and appendages of various degrees of sophistication that promote attacks at the rear rather than at the head. Several species of

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warning coloration. More complex types may be bipolar, involving only two species, such as when the model and the dupe are the same; this occurs for example in

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predator first learnt to avoid a less deadly warning-coloured snake, the deadly species could profit by mimicking the less dangerous snake. Some harmless

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Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A.; Igic, Branislav; Magrath, Robert D. (30 July 2014). "Avian vocal mimicry: a unified conceptual framework".

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Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1975). "Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants". In L. E. Gilbert; P. H. Raven (eds.).

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that regulate a complex cluster of linked genes that cause large changes in morphology. The second step consists of selections on genes with smaller

246:, used the term "mimicry" informally to depict the way that the structure and coloration of some insects resembled objects in their environments: 7797: 4722:

Sourakov, Andrei (2013): Two heads are better than one: false head allows Calycopis cecrops (Lycaenidae) to escape predation by a Jumping Spider,

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Mimicry is defensive or protective when organisms are able to avoid harmful encounters by deceiving enemies into treating them as something else.

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is an alternative explanation for why coral reef fish have come to resemble each other; the same applies to benthic marine invertebrates such as

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1976. "Mistake" pollination as a reproductive system, with special reference to the Caricaceae. Pp 161–169 in J. Burley and B. T. Styles, eds.

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is effective against "usurper" males with orange throats, but ineffective against blue throated "guarder" males, which chase them away. Female

7656: 2006:(generally bees and wasps), and may account for around 60% of pollinations. Depending on the morphology of the flower, a pollen sac called a 8217: 1850:

are a canonical example; the female cuckoo has its offspring raised by a bird of a different species, cutting down the biological mother's

7471: 6735: 6246: 3662:; Stubbins, Claire L.; Hardman, Chloe J. (30 May 2008). "The anti-predator function of 'eyespots' on camouflaged and conspicuous prey". 7636: 7621: 7386: 7134: 6631: 7144: 2268: 7672: 5227: 4697: 2070:. Selection against the weed may occur either by manually killing the weed, or by separating its seeds from those of the crop by 131:

on their wings that mimic their own heads, misdirecting predator dupes to strike harmlessly. Many other types of mimicry exist.

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Moran, Jonathan A. (1996). "Pitcher dimorphism, prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant

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Vavilov, N. I. (1951). "The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants (translation by K. S. Chester)".

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Barber, Jesse R.; Plotkin, David; Rubin, Juliette J.; Homziak, Nicholas T.; Leavell, Brian C.; et al. (21 June 2022).

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Wiklund, Christer; Tullberg, Birgitta S. (September 2004). "Seasonal polyphenism and leaf mimicry in the comma butterfly".

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from the species they imitated, although they belong to a family totally different in structure and metamorphosis from the

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near their tails, and when mildly alarmed swim slowly backwards, presenting the tail as a head. Some insects such as some

8503: 7995: 2436: 282: 7497: 6810: 83:, a mimic resembles a model, so as to deceive a dupe, all three being of different species. A Batesian mimic, such as a 8061: 7111: 7038: 5142:

Kelley, Laura A.; Coe, Rebecca L.; Madden, Joah R.; Healy, Susan D. (1 September 2008). "Vocal mimicry in songbirds".

3038: 1228:, when the predator is very likely to die, making learning unlikely. The theory was developed by the German biologist 6437: 6204: 6182: 6039: 5991: 5952: 5902: 4146: 2994:

Roy, B. A. (1994). "The effects of pathogen-induced pseudoflowers and buttercups on each other's insect visitation".

2931: 2455:(1878). "Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen" [On the Advantages of Mimicry in Butterflies]. 464:

each model is also a mimic; all such species can be called "co-mimics". Many harmless species such as hoverflies are

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Sinervo, B.; C. M. Lively (1996). "The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies".

4620:(1970). "Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain and implications for mimicry theory". In Chambers, K. L. (ed.). 2014:

of the next flower the male tries to inseminate, resulting in pollination. The mimicry is a combination of visual,

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that share some of the characteristics of a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey or

1048:. Mimics are less likely to be found out (for example by predators) when in low proportion to their model. Such 8582: 8067: 7533: 5943: 1591:. Spiders change their web day to day, which can be explained by the ability of bees to remember web patterns. 6663: 6340: 3973:

Barber, Jesse R.; Chadwell, Brad A.; Garrett, Nick; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Conner, William E. (July 2009).

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involving seeds, vocal mimicry in birds, and aggressive and Batesian mimicry in brood parasite-host systems.

167: 1632: 8483: 8128: 8013: 6320: 2308: 211: 163: 6315: 6280: 2348: 8587: 8203: 8073: 8007: 7852: 7840: 6847: 6539: 3701:(August 2013). "Defensive posture and eyespots deter avian predators from attacking caterpillar models". 2208: 2126: 1724: 1571: 251: 112: 531:

for the development of butterfly color patterns. The model is supported by computational simulations of

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Lloyd, J. E. (1975). "Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris Fireflies: Signal Repertoires by Femmes Fatales".

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to form aggregations to attract females. Other forms of mimicry have a reproductive component, such as

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Bawa, K. S. (1980). "Mimicry of male by female flowers and intrasexual competition for pollinators in

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Jackson, R. R. (1995). "Eight-legged tricksters: Spiders that specialize at catching other spiders".

4595: 4089:"Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation" 2002:, who first described the phenomenon. It is most common in orchids, which mimic females of the order 1668: 1637: 1438: 1307: 1257: 277: 7371: 6142: 3106: 7522: 7262: 7187: 6592: 6231: 4566: 2130: 1746:(rear part) is held raised. This presumably increases the chances of the ant being eaten by birds. 439: 8317: 7912: 7822: 7465: 7161: 6085:

Wiens, D. (1978). "Mimicry in Plants". In Max K. Hecht; William C. Steere; Bruce Wallace (eds.).

6071: 6031: 5020: 3044: 2843: 2590: 1743: 1730: 3570:(November 2007). "Field Experiments on the effectiveness of 'eyespots' as predator deterrents". 1437:

eggs near the point of hatching. The butterflies avoid laying eggs near existing ones, reducing

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style resembles its prey, allowing it to hunt undetected. Mimicry is not limited to animals; in

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Lloyd, J. E. (1965) Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris: Firefly Femmes Fatales Science 149:653–654.

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Endler, John A. (August 1981). "An Overview of the Relationships Between Mimicry and Crypsis".

2594: 1723:, and must then find a suitable bird to mature in. Since the host birds do not eat snails, the 494: 485: 477: 31: 6556: 6217: 4560: 3437:

Pawlik, J.R. (2012). "12". In Fattorusso, E.; Gerwick, W.H.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (eds.).

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Howse, P. E.; Allen, J. A. (1994). "Satyric Mimicry: The Evolution of Apparent Imperfection".

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Kikuchi, D.; Pfenning, D. (2010). "Predator Cognition Permits Imperfect Coral Snake Mimicry".

2138: 8079: 8049: 8031: 7828: 7428: 7314: 7048: 7007: 7002: 6980: 6683: 6430: 6290: 3975:"Naïve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning" 3194:"Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Drive the Origin and Maintenance of Imperfect Mimicry" 2080: 1945: 1821: 1500: 1442: 1413:

who described it in 1975. The classical instance of Gilbertian mimicry is in the plant genus

481: 397: 17: 3612:"Predator perception and the interrelation between different forms of protective coloration" 2670:

Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A. (27 April 2016). "Mimicry for all modalities".

2582: 1096:). Several palatable moths produce ultrasonic click calls to mimic unpalatable tiger moths. 8166: 7888: 7331: 7309: 7139: 7120: 7028: 6960: 6909: 6658: 6643: 6637: 6597: 6380: 6355: 6295: 5760: 5690: 4935: 4889: 4834: 4651: 4100: 4041: 3927: 3409: 3350: 3303: 3205: 3150: 3003: 2873: 2762: 2681: 2537: 2056: 1907: 1809: 645: 552: 443: 68: 7416: 6514: 3879:"Palatability and escaping ability in Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds ( 1155: 850: 469: 375: 316: 92: 60: 8: 8551: 8511: 8295: 7785: 7616: 7611: 7596: 7324: 7255: 7212: 7156: 6626: 6472: 6310: 5911: 5681: 5349:

Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by Epidendrurn ibaguense (Orchidaceae) in Panama".

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Benson, W. W. (1977). "On the Supposed Spectrum Between Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

4893: 4838: 4655: 4104: 4045: 3931: 3413: 3354: 3307: 3209: 3154: 3007: 2877: 2766: 2685: 2541: 2281: 1108:) are able to intentionally alter their body shape and coloration to resemble dangerous 599:

caterpillars resemble twigs, bark, leaves, bird droppings or flowers. Many animals bear

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of strongly defended species such as wasps, while many such well-defended species form

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How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

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Hecht, M. K.; Marien, D. (1956). "The coral snake mimic problem: a reinterpretation".

3566:; Hopkins, Elinor; Hinde, William; Adcock, Amabel; Connolly, Yvonne; Troscianko, Tom; 1858:. The adaptation to different hosts is inherited through the female line in so-called 571:

In its broadest definition, mimicry can include non-living models. The specific terms

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in 1823. Originally used to describe people, "mimetic" was used in zoology from 1851.

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brood parasitism, where a female lays in a conspecific's nest, as illustrated by the

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Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's

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Barbero, Francesca; Thomas, J.A.; Bonelli, S.; Balletto, E.; Schonrogge, K. (2009).

5417: 5163: 5070: 4955: 4862: 4473: 3722: 3683: 3593: 3522: 3323: 3280: 3091: 2782: 2653: 8572: 8367: 7972: 7906: 7502: 7411: 7361: 7058: 6891: 6783: 6763: 6702: 6571: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6482: 6423: 6350: 6335: 6170: 6159: 6108: 6090: 6055: 6007: 5967: 5853: 5824: 5804: 5768: 5725: 5698: 5629: 5619: 5533: 5525: 5492: 5444: 5405: 5358: 5296: 5264: 5198: 5190: 5151: 5108: 5050: 4978: 4943: 4923: 4897: 4842: 4769: 4669: 4659: 4556: 4507: 4491: 4461: 4393: 4343: 4300: 4263: 4253: 4210: 4118: 4108: 4059: 4049: 4014: 3986: 3945: 3935: 3894: 3826: 3817: 3775: 3748: 3710: 3671: 3631: 3623: 3581: 3545: 3510: 3479: 3463: 3417: 3368: 3358: 3311: 3260: 3223: 3213: 3178: 3158: 3121: 3079: 3011: 2960: 2889: 2881: 2857: 2800: 2796: 2770: 2753: 2748: 2726: 2689: 2633: 2553: 2545: 2481: 2414: 2277: 2155: 2015: 1974: 1941: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1859: 1846:

or Kirbyan mimicry is a two species system where a brood parasite mimics its host.

1843: 1838: 1785: 1679: 1604: 1374: 1229: 1218: 1198: 1021: 842: 765: 721: 699: 510: 465: 402: 345: 226: 80: 52: 5155: 3779: 3714: 3585: 3514: 2840:

Avoiding Attack: the Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals, and Mimicry

2803:(January 2017). "Cheats and Deceits: How Animals and Plants Exploit and Mislead". 2367: 1463:

and Jane Van Zandt Brower who first described it in 1967, is a postulated form of

1384:

flower species use Gilbertian mimicry, defending against being eaten by larvae of

979:

or parasite resembles and attacks prey or host; parasite may get itself swallowed

8290: 8177: 7735: 7694: 7641: 7541: 7356: 6842: 6778: 6768: 5481:"A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts" 4846: 4258: 3363: 3218: 3070: 2672: 2403:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae" 2316: 2121: 2067: 2011: 1979: 1697: 1092: 823: 506: 319:, named in his honour, has since been used for this mutualistic form of mimicry. 276:. Returning home, he described multiple forms of mimicry in an 1862 paper at the 6793: 6094: 4969:

Willis, E. O. (1963). "Is the Zone-Tailed Hawk a Mimic of the Turkey Vulture?".

2477: 2452: 2010:

is attached to the head or abdomen of the male. This is then transferred to the

303: 231: 8478: 8473: 8406: 8043: 7954: 7688: 7517: 7512: 7396: 7299: 7202: 6965: 6881: 6869: 6773: 6519: 6150:

Vane-Wright, R. I. (1976). "A unified classification of mimetic resemblances".

5890: 5624: 4644:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4427: 4034:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2102: 1944:: cuckoo eggs (larger) mimic many species of host birds' eggs, in this case of 1815: 1683: 1641: 1619: 1567: 1286: 1239: 1184: 808: 579:

are sometimes used when the models are inanimate, and the mimicry's purpose is

264:) go still further in this mimicry, representing a small branch with its spray. 144: 4215: 4198: 3675: 3422: 3397: 2619: 2549: 8566: 8468: 8463: 8134: 7858: 7753: 7747: 7572: 7401: 6955: 6874: 6852: 6827: 6798: 6788: 6750: 6345: 4603: 4533: 3998: 3838: 3567: 2831: 2175: 2165: 2134: 1903: 1629:

may be able to increase their rate of capturing insect prey through mimicry.

1420: 1236: 1105: 1062: 864: 672:

Brooding bird mimics itself with broken wing, luring predator away from nest

596: 584: 519: 426: 96: 8327: 5497: 5480: 4465: 4113: 4054: 3974: 3940: 1598:

female. The model in this situation is the same species as the dupe. Female

1146:

adapts its leaf shape and colour to match that of the plant it is climbing.

8379: 8302: 8285: 8182: 7942: 7834: 7765: 7718: 7712: 7700: 7527: 7192: 6886: 6832: 6668: 6285: 6122: 5938: 5865: 5816: 5808: 5643: 5547: 5529: 5458: 5378: 5316: 5212: 5120: 5062: 5035: 4947: 4854: 4413: 4363: 4320: 4277: 4244: 4224: 4132: 4073: 4006: 3959: 3645: 3627: 3439:

Antipredatory defensive roles of natural products from marine invertebrates

3382: 3315: 3272: 3237: 3170: 2980: 2903: 2701: 2645: 2567: 2363: 1755: 1656: 1588: 1262: 937: 786:

resembles less deadly species, predators get chance to learn to avoid them

588: 295: 160: 5430: 4683: 4664: 4150: 3083: 140: 8497: 8455: 8374: 8270: 8265: 7894: 7846: 7706: 7562: 7484: 7236: 7197: 7063: 6945: 6864: 6758: 6616: 6602: 6477: 6467: 6300: 5392:

Andersson, M.; Eriksson, M. O. G. (1982). "Nest parasitism in Goldeneyes

3736: 3398:"Coincidental resemblances among coral reef fishes from different oceans" 2003: 1826: 1608:

emit light signals that mimic the mating signals of females of the genus

1581:

use aggressive mimicry to lure prey. Species such as the silver argiope (

1512: 1492: 1454: 1357: 1343: 1225: 1180: 1057: 1031: 1026: 870: 677: 604: 505:

It is widely accepted that mimicry evolves as a positive adaptation. The

456: 359: 120: 100: 48: 5330:

Dodson, C. H.; Frymire, G. P. (1961). "Natural pollination of orchids".

3830: 3739:(1981). "An overview of the relationships between mimicry and crypsis". 3162: 3068:

Alexander, Victoria N. (2002). "Nabokov, Teleology and Insect Mimicry".

895:

Plant mimic resembles female bee, deceives male, gets itself pollinated

8444: 8439: 8357: 8260: 8107: 7924: 7791: 7294: 7278: 7226: 7089: 7053: 6950: 6607: 6401: 6360: 6325: 6046:

Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems".

6019: 5916: 5737: 5449: 5370: 5308: 4990: 4909: 4781: 4538:

Kritisches Verzeichniss der myrmecophilin und termitophilen Arthropoden

4405: 4355: 4312: 3990: 3023: 2972: 2289: 2150: 2064: 1855: 1797: 1532: 1523: 1425: 1415: 1386: 1380: 1248: 1189: 1109: 1074: 984: 812: 560: 489: 452: 380: 350: 291: 124: 5112: 2885: 2693: 694:

Multiple forms, e.g. one sex mimics the other, tail mimics head, etc.

488:, with different individuals imitating different models, as occurs in 8546: 8449: 8195: 7918: 7759: 7068: 6901: 6857: 6837: 6388: 6373: 6367: 5927: 5772: 3793: 2774: 2338: 2180: 2071: 2007: 1964: 1536: 1527: 1400: 1353: 1097: 976: 816: 541: 528: 523: 355: 238:

to explain why distasteful species should evolve similar appearances.

193: 183: 123:, another bipolar system, model and mimic are the same, as when blue 108: 6713: 6261: 6011: 5729: 5362: 5300: 5194: 4982: 4901: 4773: 4519: 4397: 4347: 4304: 3015: 2964: 2402: 8275: 8240: 8001: 7567: 6935: 5857: 5599: 5409: 5054: 3972: 3810: 3808: 3264: 2637: 2060: 1899: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1652: 1563: 1480: 1430: 1267: 1243: 1165: 515: 425:

Batesian vs Müllerian mimicry: the former is deceptive, the latter

159:, "to imitate". "Mimicry" was first used in zoology by the English 84: 76: 44: 5606:

Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; et al. (2020).

2334: 2332: 2266:

Pasteur, G. (1982). "A Classificatory Review of Mimicry Systems".

1507:) mimic its own eyes, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head. 1179:

In Müllerian mimicry, two or more species have similar warning or

8401: 8396: 8384: 8347: 8255: 8140: 8112: 8037: 7391: 7221: 6970: 6611: 6269: 6262: 5983: 5088:. Research Signpost; Trivandrum, Kerala, India. pp. 229–242. 4511: 2032: 1734:) changes the colour of the abdomen of workers of the canopy ant 1599: 1594:

Another case is where males are lured towards what seems to be a

1391: 1233: 1164:

Comparison of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, illustrated with a

1143: 1113: 580: 434: 5589:

Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord

5034:

Yanoviak, S. P.; Kaspari, M.; Dudley, R.; Poinar, G. Jr (2008).

3805: 3140: 218:

The behaviour is recognised as a form of mimicry by biologists.

8019: 7991: 7960: 7948: 7870: 3814: 2860:; Vane-Wright, Richard I.; Wickler, Wolfgang (1 January 2017). 2329: 2112: 1991: 1987: 1926: 1847: 1789: 1710: 1578: 922: 556: 459:. The evolutionary convergence between groups is driven by the 260: 255: 39: 6199:. Creative Education. Mankato, Minnesota, USA, Great Britain. 6068:

Cheats and deceits: how animals and plants exploit and mislead

5086:

Bioluminescence in Focus - a collection of illuminating essays

4542:

Critical Inventory of Myrmecophile and Termitophile Arthropods

3766:

Allen, J. A.; Cooper, J. M. (2010). "Crypsis and masquerade".

1854:. The ability to lay eggs that mimic the host eggs is the key 384:

butterflies. Plate LXII from Müller's collected writings, 1881

8434: 7247: 7023: 5793: 4726:(Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 47:15-16, 1047-1054 4199:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory" 2751:(1965). "Mimicry and the Evolution of Animal Communication". 2040: 1615: 783: 5098: 5084:

Ohba, N.; Shimoyama, Ayu (2009). Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (ed.).

4624:. Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Oregon State Univ. pp. 69–82. 3191: 1678:

A mechanism that does not involve any luring is seen in the

8312: 8250: 8245: 5998:

Evans, M. A. (1965). "Mimicry and the Darwinian Heritage".

5605: 5433:"Acoustical mimicry in a predatory social parasite of ants" 5033: 3192:

Wilson, J.; Jahner, J.; Williams, K.; Forister, M. (2013).

2085: 2052: 2048: 1995: 1187:

attributes (e.g. being unpalatable), as first described in

1169: 918: 845:

adult or egg mimics host which raises the young as its own

760:

Palatable butterfly resembles toxic member of same species

738:

Palatable mimic resembles distasteful model, deceives dupe

88: 56: 6415: 5958:

Dafni, A. (1984). "Mimicry and Deception in Pollination".

2789: 1651:

A different aggressive strategy is to mimic a mutualistic

1142:. Batesian mimicry occurs in the plant kingdom, where the 99:, as when species of wasps and of bees all have genuinely 95:, where different harmful species resemble each other, is 8025: 6819: 5077: 5036:"Parasite-induced fruit mimicry in a tropical canopy ant" 4430:(1956). "Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen". 4027: 3562: 2036: 1173: 1036: 949: 716:

Female flower resembles male flower, cheating pollinator

4173:"Deceptive Woodpecker Uses Mimicry to Avoid Competition" 2856: 2581:

King, R. C.; Stansfield, W. D.; Mulligan, P. K. (2006).

2039:

is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of

5269:

Variation, breeding, and conservation of tropical trees

4634: 3616:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2862:"A hypothesis to explain accuracy of wasp resemblances" 2620:"Imperfect Mimicry and the Limits of Natural Selection" 1910:, alarming small birds enough to give time to lay eggs. 1825:, and is pollinated by monarch butterflies and perhaps 1742:. It also changes the behaviour of the ant so that the 1001:

Mimic resembles background (plant parts, or inanimate)

5980:

Defence in Animals: a survey of anti-predator defences

4147:"Mimic Octopus, Thaumoctopus mimicus at MarineBio.org" 3856:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 464. 3658: 2580: 6177:(translated from the German), McGraw-Hill, New York. 3461: 5179:"Evolutionary origins of vocal mimicry in songbirds" 5141: 4548: 4087:

Kawahara, Akito Y.; Barber, Jesse R. (19 May 2015).

2497:

Proclamations of the Entomological Society of London

1832: 200:

to lure predators away from their flightless young:

7632:

List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing

5750: 4380:Emsley, M. G. (1966). "The mimetic significance of 2830: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2111:. An example is the three male forms of the marine 5479:Welbergen, Justin A.; Davies, Nicholas B. (2011). 5177:Goller, Maria; Shizuka, Daizaburo (22 June 2018). 2730: 2611: 2358: 2356: 1874:), do not involve mimicry The parasitic butterfly 1035:, a harmless bush cricket, mimics a well-defended 451:; or it can be to the detriment of one, making it 327:obtain for this imitation among protected species. 258:of the oak on which I took it. The spectre tribe ( 250:A jumping bug, very similar to the one figured by 5391: 4747:Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities 3916:"Acoustic mimicry in a predator–prey interaction" 3037:Johnson, Steven D.; Schiestl, Florian P. (2016). 2669: 1709:, their eggs then passing out of the bird in the 1356:in a nest or colony. Most of the models here are 624:Some kinds of mimicry classified by Pasteur 1982 8564: 4554: 2665: 2663: 2296: 1719:, a terrestrial snail. The eggs develop in this 5511: 5478: 4638:; Van Brower, J. V. Z.; Corvino, J. M. (1967). 4489: 4093:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3851: 3498: 3250: 3104: 3036: 2926:(4th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. Chapter 50. 2353: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2074:. Vavilovian mimicry illustrates unintentional 1394:(not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs. 566: 298:, without examining them closely after capture. 272:worked for several years on butterflies in the 5837: 5563:Un curieux cas de mimetisme chez les Ophrydées 4698:"Northern Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium californicum)" 4086: 3696: 2795: 2617: 2490:; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies" 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 1487: 8211: 7263: 7105: 6729: 6431: 6247: 5329: 5176: 5083: 2660: 2514: 2472: 2470: 205:returns to the nest and calls the young back. 5583:Pouyanne, M.-A. (1917). "La fécondation des 5561: 4526: 3913: 3600: 2741: 2393: 2391: 2389: 1255:), the moderately toxic false coral snakes ( 1090:imitate the poisonous pipevine swallowtail ( 500: 354:species (top and third row) and distasteful 30:"Mimic" redirects here. For other uses, see 7472:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 5909:(a supplement of volume 131 of the journal 5744: 5514:"Cuckoo–hawk mimicry? An experimental test" 4744:Begon, M.; Townsend, C.; Harper, J. (1996) 4640:"Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain" 4485: 4483: 4451: 3765: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2307: 2222: 869:Distasteful co-mimics resemble each other, 406:, showing a beetle (below) mimicking a wasp 8218: 8204: 7637:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate 7622:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago 7270: 7256: 7112: 7098: 6736: 6722: 6438: 6424: 6254: 6240: 5655: 5653: 3852:Stearns, S. C.; Hoekstra, Rolf F. (2000). 3293: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2467: 2445: 2202: 2200: 2120:. Alpha males are the largest and guard a 2051:that come to share characteristics with a 1738:to make it appear like the ripe fruits of 1429:butterflies. The host plants have evolved 87:, is harmless, while its model, such as a 7853:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip) 7135:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6632:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6112: 5679:Barrett, S. (1983). "Mimicry in Plants". 5633: 5623: 5537: 5496: 5448: 5202: 4750:(third edition) Blackwell Science, London 4673: 4663: 4375: 4373: 4267: 4257: 4214: 4122: 4112: 4063: 4053: 3949: 3939: 3907: 3898: 3887:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3741:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3635: 3538:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3483: 3472:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3468:"The Evolution and Ecology of Masquerade" 3421: 3395: 3372: 3362: 3336: 3227: 3217: 3125: 3114:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3067: 2947:Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by 2893: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2557: 2425: 2386: 1986:In Pouyannian mimicry, a flower mimics a 1773: 242:In 1823, Kirby and Spence, in their book 7119: 6048:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5960:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5897:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5582: 5512:Davies, N. B.; Welbergen, J. A. (2008). 4700:. Owl Research Institute. Archived from 4480: 4447: 4445: 3876: 3870: 3105:Holmgren, N. M. A.; Enquist, M. (1999). 2921: 2910: 2520: 2269:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2031: 1963: 1788:, is a form of automimicry where female 1631: 1614:. Male fireflies from several different 1491: 1373: 1159: 1025: 420: 225: 38: 5715: 5709: 5678: 5659: 5650: 4922: 4795:Craig, C. L. (1995). "Webs of Deceit". 4759: 4738: 4589: 4544:] (in German). Berlin: Felix Dames. 4532: 4426: 4420: 4196: 3606: 2747: 2725: 2708: 2618:Kikuchi, D. W.; Pfennig, D. W. (2013). 2265: 2197: 2096: 1531:misdirects predators such as birds and 312:the first mathematical model of mimicry 14: 8565: 8225: 5348: 5225: 4968: 4926:(1966). "Mimicry in Tropical Fishes". 4616: 4379: 4370: 4333: 4290: 3735: 3535: 3436: 3185: 2946: 2815: 2476: 2451: 2323:Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown 1352:, the mimic resembles a model that it 1212: 1050:negative frequency-dependent selection 416: 8199: 7251: 7093: 6920:Evolution of color vision in primates 6743: 6717: 6419: 6235: 5017:Parasites and the behavior of animals 5014: 4875: 4824: 4794: 4442: 4237: 3914:Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007). 2431: 2397: 1705:, matures in the digestive system of 1441:between caterpillars, which are also 1312:(the model for both types of mimicry) 1056:There are many Batesian mimics among 280:in London, and then in his 1863 book 75:is an evolved resemblance between an 5895:Mimicry and the evolutionary process 5838:Muller, M. N.; Wrangham, R. (2002). 5280: 3462:Skelhorn, John; Rowland, Hannah M.; 2526:"The Evolution of Müllerian Mimicry" 1535:. Spectacular examples occur in the 290:I was never able to distinguish the 8504:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 7996:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform 6454: 6060:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 5972:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001355 4382:Erythrolamprus aesculapii ocellatus 3979:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3664:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2993: 2503:. Translated by R. Meldola: 20–29. 2438:The naturalist on the river Amazons 2407:Transactions of the Linnean Society 2282:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 444:is deceived to change its behaviour 283:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 236:first mathematical model of mimicry 143:dates to 1637. It derives from the 24: 6572:Pouyannian (with pseudocopulation) 6164:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x 6089:. Vol. 11. pp. 365–403. 5883: 5518:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5332:Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 5285:(D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae)". 3900:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01471.x 3753:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3550:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3296:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3127:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01880.x 2510:from the original on 2 March 2024. 2419:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x 2362: 2206: 1803:In Dodsonian mimicry, named after 1796:. It is common in many species of 1138:. This mimicry reduces attacks on 25: 8599: 7387:As evidence for natural selection 6227:Camouflage and Mimicry in Fossils 6211: 5703:10.1038/scientificamerican0987-76 4592:Coevolution of Animals and Plants 2374:from the original on 30 June 2024 1833:Kirbyan mimicry, brood parasitism 650:Description (mimic, model, dupe) 8326: 7498:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 7370: 7320:Coincident disruptive coloration 6809: 6698: 6697: 6538: 6473:Aristotelian/Distraction display 5560:Correvon H., Pouyanne M. (1916) 3485:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01347.x 2141:that make them look like males. 1934: 1915: 1891: 1328:Lampropeltis triangulum annulata 1324:The harmless Mexican milk snake, 1317: 1297: 1276: 389: 367: 333: 6000:Journal of the History of Ideas 5845:The Quarterly Review of Biology 5831: 5787: 5672: 5576: 5554: 5505: 5472: 5437:Journal of Experimental Biology 5424: 5385: 5342: 5323: 5274: 5258: 5219: 5170: 5135: 5092: 5027: 5008: 4997: 4962: 4916: 4869: 4818: 4809: 4788: 4753: 4729: 4716: 4690: 4628: 4610: 4583: 4327: 4284: 4240:"Repeating Patterns of Mimicry" 4231: 4190: 4165: 4139: 4080: 4021: 3966: 3877:Pinheiro, Carlos E. G. (1996). 3845: 3786: 3768:Journal of Biological Education 3759: 3729: 3690: 3652: 3556: 3529: 3492: 3455: 3430: 3389: 3330: 3287: 3244: 3134: 3107:"Dynamics of mimicry evolution" 3098: 3061: 3030: 2987: 2940: 2850: 2625:The Quarterly Review of Biology 2574: 2047:Vavilovian mimicry is found in 1749: 1459:Browerian mimicry, named after 1292:(the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic) 1183:signals and both share genuine 583:. For example, animals such as 308:Entomological Society of London 221: 8068:Operational Camouflage Pattern 7534:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 7277: 6653: 5982:. Harlow, Essex and New York, 5944:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 5396:: some evolutionary aspects". 5271:. Academic Press, London, U.K. 3441:. Springer. pp. 677–710. 2321:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). 1784:Bakerian mimicry, named after 13: 1: 7865:Australian Disruptive Pattern 6664:Frequency-dependent selection 6189: 6175:Mimicry in Plants and Animals 5718:Journal of Crustacean Biology 5156:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.012 4496:Mimicry in plants and animals 3780:10.1080/00219266.1985.9654747 3715:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.029 3586:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.01.031 3515:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.008 2733:Mimicry in plants and animals 2318:An Introduction to Entomology 2209:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2191: 2021: 1953: 1543: 1363: 1337: 1283:The deadly Texas coral snake, 948:Mimic resembles and deceives 244:An Introduction to Entomology 8129:Diffused lighting camouflage 8014:Universal Camouflage Pattern 7647:USN WWII camouflage measures 4847:10.1126/science.187.4175.452 4259:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341 3364:10.1371/journal.pone.0054939 3219:10.1371/journal.pone.0061610 2127:common side-blotched lizards 2059:. It is named after Russian 1977:with a flower of the orchid 1880:parasitizes the ant species 1713:. They are then taken up by 1689: 1554: 1448: 1149: 1007: 567:Living and non-living models 151:, "imitative", in turn from 134: 127:butterflies have 'tails' or 7: 8074:Netherlands Fractal Pattern 8008:Tactical Assault Camouflage 7841:Disruptive Pattern Material 6848:Simple eye in invertebrates 6445: 6095:10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_6 3396:Robertson, D. Ross (2015). 3337:Robertson, D. Ross (2013). 2144: 1570:; the strategy resembles a 1488:Misdirection by automimicry 1360:insects, principally ants. 1015: 811:/prey mimics and so repels 497:, plants, and fungi exist. 411: 344:'s 1862 paper illustrating 10: 8604: 7044:Infrared sensing in snakes 6331:Behavior-altering parasite 6218:Warning colour and mimicry 5947:. Methuen and Co, London, 5840:"Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas" 5625:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z 5229:Cuckoo: Cheating by Nature 3854:Evolution: An Introduction 2951:(Orchidaceae) in Panama". 2100: 2025: 2000:Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne 1957: 1925:resembles a predator, the 1836: 1777: 1547: 1510: 1452: 1367: 1341: 1216: 1153: 1019: 535:. The Batesian mimicry in 254:, also much resembles the 178: 173: 155:, the verbal adjective of 29: 8534: 8484:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 8427: 8335: 8324: 8233: 8158: 8121: 8100: 8093: 7982: 7937:Camouflage Central-Europe 7931:Desert Camouflage Pattern 7807: 7778: 7728: 7671: 7664: 7655: 7604: 7595: 7555: 7483: 7444: 7437: 7379: 7368: 7347:Multi-spectral camouflage 7285: 7175: 7127: 7016: 6928: 6915:Evolution of color vision 6900: 6818: 6807: 6749: 6692: 6585: 6547: 6536: 6453: 6341:Host–parasite coevolution 6276: 6222:University College London 4596:University of Texas Press 4500:Journal of Animal Ecology 4216:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010 4197:Gianoli, Ernesto (2014). 3676:10.1007/s00265-008-0607-3 3423:10.1007/s00338-015-1309-8 2550:10.1007/s00114-008-0403-y 1669:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1638:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1562:is found in predators or 1439:intraspecific competition 1419:, which is grazed by the 1308:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 1258:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 501:Evolutionary explanations 476:Mimicry can result in an 440:to protect from predators 362:, second and bottom row). 212:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 210:Aristotle, translated by 7523:Johann Georg Otto Schick 7188:Anti-predator adaptation 6593:Anti-predator adaptation 5568:J. Soc. Nat. Hortic. Fr. 4567:Harvard University Press 2922:Campbell, N. A. (1996). 2585:A dictionary of genetics 2186: 1813:which mimics flowers of 1728:life cycle. A nematode ( 1618:are attracted to these " 1572:wolf in sheep's clothing 1046:sheep in wolf's clothing 610: 113:wolf-in-sheep's-clothing 7913:Desert Night Camouflage 7466:Abbott Handerson Thayer 7162:Paradox of the plankton 6266:biological interactions 6220:• Lecture outline from 6072:Oxford University Press 6032:Oxford University Press 5043:The American Naturalist 5021:Oxford University Press 4622:Biochemical Coevolution 4466:10.1002/jmor.1050980207 4114:10.1073/pnas.1416679112 4055:10.1073/pnas.2117485119 3941:10.1073/pnas.0703627104 3253:The American Naturalist 3045:Oxford University Press 2844:Oxford University Press 2838:; Speed, M. P. (2004). 2591:Oxford University Press 2530:Die Naturwissenschaften 1740:Hyeronima alchorneoides 1731:Myrmeconema neotropicum 1253:Lampropeltis triangulum 1232:who named it after the 484:stages, or they may be 268:The English naturalist 43:Many insects including 8578:Polymorphism (biology) 7458:The Colours of Animals 7452:Edward Bagnall Poulton 7342:Multi-scale camouflage 6197:Mimicry and Camouflage 6028:Camouflage and Mimicry 5809:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622 5562: 5530:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331 4948:10.1098/rstb.1966.0036 4724:Phidippus pulcherrimus 4498:by Wolfgang Wickler". 3881:Tyrannus melancholicus 3628:10.1098/rspb.2007.0220 3316:10.1098/rspb.1994.0102 2368:"Fritz Müller in 1891" 2044: 1994:species, inducing the 1983: 1975:attempting to copulate 1774:Bakerian and Dodsonian 1682:, which resembles the 1648: 1508: 1395: 1390:butterflies with leaf 1176: 1040: 873:warning off predators 478:evolutionary arms race 430: 329: 302:The German naturalist 300: 266: 239: 216: 64: 32:Mimic (disambiguation) 8583:Camouflage mechanisms 8318:Widmanstätten pattern 8050:Multi-Terrain Pattern 8032:Airman Battle Uniform 7829:Rhodesian Brushstroke 7429:Underwater camouflage 7315:Disruptive coloration 7128:Patterns of evolution 7049:Monocular deprivation 7008:Underwater camouflage 7003:Structural coloration 6981:Disruptive coloration 6684:Underwater camouflage 6463:Aggressive/Wicklerian 5924:Carpenter, G. D. Hale 5797:Hormones and Behavior 5498:10.1093/beheco/arr008 5226:Davies, Nick (2015). 5004:See here for a photo. 4878:Nepenthes rafflesiana 4665:10.1073/pnas.57.4.893 4454:Journal of Morphology 4384:Peters from Tobago". 3697:Hossie, Thomas John; 3084:10.1353/nab.2010.0004 2866:Ecology and Evolution 2457:Zoologischer Anzeiger 2081:Echinochloa oryzoides 2035: 1967: 1822:Asclepias curassavica 1635: 1511:Further information: 1505:Chaetodon capistratus 1501:foureye butterflyfish 1495: 1484:well-defended wasps. 1377: 1342:Further information: 1163: 1116:. In the Amazon, the 1058:butterflies and moths 1029: 539:is controlled by the 424: 398:Alfred Russel Wallace 324: 288: 248: 229: 202: 42: 27:Evolutionary strategy 8167:Dazzled and Deceived 7332:Distractive markings 7310:Counter-illumination 7140:Convergent evolution 7121:Evolutionary ecology 7029:Blindness in animals 6961:Counter-illumination 6910:Evolution of the eye 6659:Evolutionary ecology 6644:Deception in animals 6638:Dazzled and Deceived 6598:Animal communication 6356:Parasitic castration 6296:Deception in animals 6087:Evolutionary Biology 6066:Stevens, M. (2016). 5443:(Pt 24): 4084–4090. 5283:Jacaratia dolichaula 4598:. pp. 210–240. 4569:. pp. 511–514. 3985:(Pt 14): 2141–2148. 3802:, book 9, chapter 9. 2949:Epidendrum ibaguense 2097:Inter-sexual mimicry 2057:artificial selection 1810:Epidendrum ibaguense 1673:Labroides dimidiatus 1665:Aspidontus taeniatus 1332:(the Batesian mimic) 1304:The moderately toxic 1135:Campephilus robustus 1078:butterflies such as 1072:imitate unpalatable 952:, lives in ant nest 553:Convergent evolution 69:evolutionary biology 8552:Mathematics and art 8542:Pattern recognition 8512:Aristid Lindenmayer 8056:Australian Multicam 7859:U.S. "M81" Woodland 7617:Aircraft camouflage 7612:Military camouflage 7325:Disruptive eye mask 7213:Distraction display 7157:Divergent evolution 6505:Emsleyan/Mertensian 6195:Hoff, M. K. (2003) 5912:American Naturalist 5765:1996Natur.380..240S 5695:1987SciAm.257c..76B 5682:Scientific American 5587:par les insectes". 5573:: 29–31, 41–42, 84. 5524:(1644): 1817–1822. 5398:American Naturalist 5246:on 28 February 2021 4940:1966RSPTB.251..473W 4894:1996JEcol..84..515M 4839:1975Sci...187..452L 4704:on 28 December 2015 4656:1967PNAS...57..893B 4494:(1969). "Review of 4105:2015PNAS..112.6407K 4046:2022PNAS..11917485B 4040:(25): e2117485119. 3932:2007PNAS..104.9331B 3831:10.1038/nature05899 3699:Sherratt, Thomas N. 3622:(1617): 1457–1464. 3414:2015CorRe..34..977R 3355:2013PLoSO...854939R 3308:1994RSPSB.257..111H 3210:2013PLoSO...861610W 3163:10.1038/nature13112 3155:2014Natur.507..229K 3008:1994Ecol...75..352R 2878:2017EcoEv...7...73B 2836:Sherratt, Thomas N. 2767:1965Natur.208..519W 2686:2016EcolL..19..609D 2542:2008NW.....95..681S 2117:Paracerceis sculpta 1898:Mimicry in a brood 1852:parental investment 1760:Pteroptyx effulgens 1475:from the subfamily 1404:Lawrence E. Gilbert 1213:Emsleyan/Mertensian 1118:helmeted woodpecker 625: 533:population genetics 417:Evolved resemblance 198:distraction display 8588:Warning coloration 8490:On Growth and Form 8390:Logarithmic spiral 8227:Patterns in nature 8173:Stealth technology 7683:Splittertarnmuster 7578:Thomas N. Sherratt 7208:Deimatic behaviour 7167:Predator satiation 7152:Parallel evolution 6976:Deimatic behaviour 6649:Deimatic behaviour 6395:Cleaning symbiosis 6152:Biol. J. Linn. Soc 5978:Edmunds, M. 1974. 5934:. London: Methuen. 5485:Behavioral Ecology 5450:10.1242/jeb.032912 5394:Bucephala clangula 5101:Biological Reviews 5015:Moore, J. (2002). 4882:Journal of Ecology 4636:Brower, Lincoln P. 4618:Brower, Lincoln P. 4555:Hölldobler, Bert; 4238:Meyer, A. (2006). 3991:10.1242/jeb.029991 3799:History of Animals 2805:Skeptical Inquirer 2349:book 9, chapter 8. 2344:History of Animals 2053:domesticated plant 2045: 2028:Vavilovian mimicry 1984: 1973:, a scoliid wasp, 1970:Dasyscolia ciliata 1960:Pouyannian mimicry 1923:Common hawk-cuckoo 1872:Bucephala clangula 1862:(gens, singular). 1768:Vavilovian mimicry 1736:Cephalotes atratus 1649: 1646:Epinephelus tukula 1627:carnivorous plants 1596:sexually receptive 1560:Aggressive mimicry 1550:Aggressive mimicry 1509: 1433:that mimic mature 1396: 1370:Gilbertian mimicry 1350:Wasmannian mimicry 1261:), and the deadly 1177: 1129:Dryocopus lineatus 1123:Dryocopus galeatus 1087:Limenitis arthemis 1041: 623: 431: 342:Henry Walter Bates 322:Müller wrote that 270:Henry Walter Bates 240: 189:History of Animals 117:Pouyannian mimicry 105:aggressive mimicry 65: 59:(A, B), which are 47:(C, D, E) and the 8560: 8559: 8517:Benoît Mandelbrot 8417:Self-organization 8353:Natural selection 8343:Pattern formation 8193: 8192: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8089: 8088: 7901:Camouflage Daguet 7774: 7773: 7627:Dazzle camouflage 7591: 7590: 7493:Mary Taylor Brush 7337:Motion camouflage 7305:Active camouflage 7245: 7244: 7183:Signalling theory 7087: 7086: 7079:Visual perception 7074:Underwater vision 7039:Feature detection 7034:Eyespot apparatus 6993:Eyespot (mimicry) 6941:Animal coloration 6744:Vision in animals 6711: 6710: 6679:Signalling theory 6654:Mimicry#Evolution 6627:Community ecology 6622:Animal coloration 6468:Ant/Myrmecomorphy 6413: 6412: 6104:978-1-4615-6958-9 6080:978-0-19-870789-9 5759:(6571): 240–243. 5662:Chronica Botanica 5265:Baker, Herbert G. 5239:978-1-4088-5656-7 5183:Evolution Letters 5113:10.1111/brv.12129 4833:(4175): 452–453. 4576:978-0-674-04075-5 4557:Wilson, Edward O. 4492:Wickler, Wolfgang 4490:Sheppard, P. M.; 4432:Zool. Jahrb. Syst 4099:(20): 6407–6412. 3926:(22): 9331–9334. 3863:978-0-19-854968-0 3670:(11): 1787–1793. 3568:Cuthill, Innes C. 3464:Ruxton, Graeme D. 3448:978-90-481-3833-3 3302:(1349): 111–114. 3149:(7491): 229–232. 3054:978-0-19-104723-7 2886:10.1002/ece3.2586 2832:Ruxton, Graeme D. 2801:Frazier, Kendrick 2797:Radford, Benjamin 2749:Wickler, Wolfgang 2727:Wickler, Wolfgang 2694:10.1111/ele.12602 2604:978-0-19-530762-7 2207:Harper, Douglas. 2171:Molecular mimicry 2161:Locomotor mimicry 1805:Calaway H. Dodson 1794:sexual dimorphism 1780:Mimicry in plants 1721:intermediate host 1661:false cleanerfish 1584:Argiope argentata 1461:Lincoln P. Brower 1156:Müllerian mimicry 1005: 1004: 470:Müllerian mimicry 376:Müllerian mimicry 348:between harmless 317:Müllerian mimicry 274:Amazon rainforest 93:Müllerian mimicry 16:(Redirected from 8595: 8368:Sexual selection 8330: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8197: 8196: 8098: 8097: 7669: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7602: 7601: 7508:Norman Wilkinson 7503:John Graham Kerr 7442: 7441: 7374: 7362:Urban camouflage 7272: 7265: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7059:Palpebral (bone) 6892:Schizochroal eye 6813: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6715: 6714: 6703:Category mimicry 6701: 6700: 6542: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6404: 6397: 6383: 6376: 6351:Kleptoparasitism 6336:Brood parasitism 6256: 6249: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6167: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6126: 6116: 6063: 6026:Owen, D. (1980) 6023: 5975: 5935: 5908: 5878: 5877: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5773:10.1038/380240a0 5748: 5742: 5741: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5637: 5627: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5452: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5278: 5272: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5242:. Archived from 5223: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5144:Animal Behaviour 5139: 5133: 5132: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5040: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4934:(772): 473–474. 4920: 4914: 4913: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4757: 4751: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4667: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4261: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4218: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4149:. Archived from 4143: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4116: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4057: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3943: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3812: 3803: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3703:Animal Behaviour 3694: 3688: 3687: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3610:(22 June 2007). 3604: 3598: 3597: 3580:(5): 1215–1227. 3573:Animal Behaviour 3560: 3554: 3553: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3502:Animal Behaviour 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3366: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3231: 3221: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3111: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3034: 3028: 3027: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2919: 2908: 2907: 2897: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2828: 2813: 2812: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2775:10.1038/208519a0 2761:(5010): 519–21. 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2723: 2706: 2705: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2589:(7th ed.). 2588: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2561: 2522:Sherratt, Thomas 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2494: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2360: 2351: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2305: 2294: 2293: 2263: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2204: 2156:Chemical mimicry 2076:selection by man 2018:, and by touch. 1938: 1919: 1895: 1883:Myrmica schencki 1877:Phengaris rebeli 1844:Brood parasitism 1839:Brood parasitism 1786:Herbert G. Baker 1680:zone-tailed hawk 1479:, which feed on 1412: 1354:lives along with 1321: 1301: 1280: 1230:Wolfgang Wickler 1219:Emsleyan mimicry 1199:Batesian mimicry 1022:Batesian mimicry 917:Mimic resembles 626: 622: 511:Vladimir Nabokov 393: 371: 346:Batesian mimicry 337: 214: 196:use a deceptive 139:Use of the word 81:Batesian mimicry 61:Müllerian mimics 21: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8530: 8423: 8331: 8322: 8229: 8224: 8194: 8189: 8178:Cloaking device 8146: 8117: 8085: 7984: 7978: 7889:Type 87 (China) 7809: 7803: 7770: 7744:(1917 aircraft) 7736:Camouflage tree 7724: 7695:Rauchtarnmuster 7674: 7651: 7642:Ship camouflage 7587: 7551: 7547:Timothy O'Neill 7542:Geoffrey Barkas 7479: 7433: 7375: 7366: 7357:Snow camouflage 7352:Self-decoration 7281: 7276: 7246: 7241: 7171: 7123: 7118: 7088: 7083: 7012: 6924: 6896: 6814: 6805: 6745: 6742: 6712: 6707: 6688: 6581: 6543: 6534: 6449: 6444: 6414: 6409: 6400: 6393: 6379: 6372: 6272: 6260: 6214: 6192: 6149: 6138: 6137: 6128: 6127: 6105: 6084: 6045: 6012:10.2307/2708228 5997: 5957: 5922: 5905: 5889: 5886: 5884:Further reading 5881: 5836: 5832: 5792: 5788: 5749: 5745: 5730:10.2307/1548612 5714: 5710: 5677: 5673: 5658: 5651: 5604: 5600: 5581: 5577: 5559: 5555: 5510: 5506: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5429: 5425: 5390: 5386: 5363:10.2307/2408322 5347: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5301:10.2307/2408216 5279: 5275: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5195:10.1002/evl3.62 5175: 5171: 5140: 5136: 5097: 5093: 5082: 5078: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4998: 4983:10.2307/1365357 4967: 4963: 4921: 4917: 4902:10.2307/2261474 4874: 4870: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4798:Natural History 4793: 4789: 4774:10.2307/1311924 4758: 4754: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4633: 4629: 4615: 4611: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4553: 4549: 4531: 4527: 4488: 4481: 4450: 4443: 4428:Mertens, Robert 4425: 4421: 4398:10.2307/2406599 4378: 4371: 4348:10.2307/2407770 4332: 4328: 4305:10.2307/2407675 4289: 4285: 4236: 4232: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4153:on 18 July 2017 4145: 4144: 4140: 4085: 4081: 4026: 4022: 3971: 3967: 3912: 3908: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3850: 3846: 3825:(7149): 64–67. 3813: 3806: 3791: 3787: 3764: 3760: 3737:Endler, John A. 3734: 3730: 3695: 3691: 3660:Stevens, Martin 3657: 3653: 3608:Stevens, Martin 3605: 3601: 3564:Stevens, Martin 3561: 3557: 3534: 3530: 3497: 3493: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3435: 3431: 3394: 3390: 3335: 3331: 3292: 3288: 3249: 3245: 3190: 3186: 3139: 3135: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3071:Nabokov Studies 3066: 3062: 3055: 3035: 3031: 3016:10.2307/1939539 2992: 2988: 2965:10.2307/2408322 2945: 2941: 2934: 2920: 2911: 2858:Boppré, Michael 2855: 2851: 2829: 2816: 2794: 2790: 2746: 2742: 2724: 2709: 2673:Ecology Letters 2668: 2661: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2579: 2575: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2492: 2475: 2468: 2450: 2446: 2433:Bates, Henry W. 2430: 2426: 2399:Bates, Henry W. 2396: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2361: 2354: 2337: 2330: 2313:Spence, William 2306: 2297: 2264: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2147: 2105: 2099: 2091:secondary crops 2084:, is a weed in 2068:Nikolai Vavilov 2030: 2024: 1980:Ophrys speculum 1962: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1930: 1920: 1911: 1896: 1841: 1835: 1782: 1776: 1752: 1698:Leucochloridium 1692: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1540:insect's head. 1533:jumping spiders 1515: 1490: 1457: 1451: 1423:larvae of some 1406: 1372: 1366: 1346: 1340: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1293: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1221: 1215: 1158: 1152: 1093:Battus philenor 1024: 1018: 1010: 641: 633: 613: 585:flower mantises 569: 537:Papilio polytes 503: 466:Batesian mimics 419: 414: 407: 394: 385: 378:in distasteful 372: 363: 338: 278:Linnean Society 224: 215: 209: 181: 176: 137: 53:Batesian mimics 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8601: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8481: 8479:Wilson Bentley 8476: 8474:Joseph Plateau 8471: 8466: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8412:Plateau's laws 8409: 8407:Fluid dynamics 8404: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8223: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8200: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8170: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7988: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7955:wz. 93 Pantera 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7689:Platanenmuster 7686: 7679: 7677: 7666: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7583:Martin Stevens 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7525: 7520: 7518:Leon Underwood 7515: 7513:Everett Warner 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7489: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7448: 7446: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7404: 7399: 7397:Decorator crab 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7300:Countershading 7297: 7291: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7252: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7203:Apparent death 7200: 7195: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7017:Related topics 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6966:Countershading 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6882:Holochroal eye 6879: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6586:Related topics 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6525:In vertebrates 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6213: 6212:External links 6210: 6209: 6208: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6168: 6147: 6139:|journal= 6103: 6082: 6064: 6043: 6024: 6006:(2): 211–220. 5995: 5976: 5955: 5936: 5920: 5903: 5893:, ed. (1988). 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5858:10.1086/339199 5830: 5803:(4): 222–233. 5786: 5743: 5724:(2): 318–327. 5708: 5671: 5649: 5598: 5575: 5553: 5504: 5491:(3): 574–579. 5471: 5423: 5410:10.1086/283965 5384: 5341: 5322: 5273: 5257: 5238: 5232:. Bloomsbury. 5218: 5189:(4): 417–426. 5169: 5150:(3): 521–528. 5134: 5107:(2): 643–668. 5091: 5076: 5055:10.1086/528968 5026: 5007: 4996: 4977:(4): 313–317. 4961: 4915: 4888:(4): 515–525. 4868: 4817: 4808: 4787: 4752: 4737: 4728: 4715: 4689: 4627: 4609: 4582: 4575: 4547: 4534:Wasmann, Erich 4525: 4479: 4460:(2): 335–365. 4441: 4419: 4369: 4342:(2): 454–455. 4326: 4283: 4230: 4209:(9): 984–987. 4189: 4164: 4138: 4079: 4020: 3965: 3906: 3893:(4): 351–365. 3883:, Tyrannidae)" 3869: 3862: 3844: 3804: 3792:Pasteur cites 3785: 3758: 3728: 3709:(2): 383–389. 3689: 3651: 3599: 3555: 3528: 3509:(3): 621–627. 3491: 3454: 3447: 3429: 3388: 3329: 3286: 3265:10.1086/657041 3259:(6): 830–834. 3243: 3184: 3133: 3120:(2): 145–158. 3097: 3060: 3053: 3040:Floral Mimicry 3029: 3002:(2): 352–358. 2986: 2959:(1): 135–136. 2939: 2932: 2909: 2849: 2814: 2788: 2740: 2737:. McGraw-Hill. 2707: 2680:(6): 609–619. 2659: 2638:10.1086/673758 2632:(4): 297–315. 2610: 2603: 2573: 2536:(8): 681–695. 2513: 2466: 2444: 2424: 2413:(3): 495–566. 2385: 2352: 2328: 2325:. p. 405. 2309:Kirby, William 2295: 2221: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2139:pseudo-penises 2135:spotted hyenas 2103:Sexual mimicry 2101:Main article: 2098: 2095: 2026:Main article: 2023: 2020: 1958:Main article: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1940: 1933: 1931: 1921: 1914: 1912: 1897: 1890: 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1816:Lantana camara 1778:Main article: 1775: 1772: 1751: 1748: 1691: 1688: 1684:turkey vulture 1642:potato grouper 1620:femmes fatales 1556: 1553: 1548:Main article: 1545: 1542: 1489: 1486: 1453:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1323: 1316: 1314: 1303: 1296: 1294: 1287:Micrurus tener 1282: 1275: 1240:Robert Mertens 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1185:anti-predation 1154:Main article: 1151: 1148: 1144:chameleon vine 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 981: 980: 974: 971: 968: 963: 960: 954: 953: 946: 943: 940: 935: 932: 926: 925: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 897: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 875: 874: 871:aposematically 867: 862: 859: 856: 853: 847: 846: 843:Brood parasite 840: 837: 834: 829: 826: 820: 819: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 788: 787: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 718: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 652: 651: 648: 643: 638: 635: 630: 612: 609: 568: 565: 520:modifier genes 502: 499: 433:Mimicry is an 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 395: 388: 386: 373: 366: 364: 339: 332: 223: 220: 207: 180: 177: 175: 172: 168:William Spence 136: 133: 63:of each other. 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8600: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8469:Ernst Haeckel 8467: 8465: 8464:Adolf Zeising 8462: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8308:Vortex street 8306: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286:Quasicrystals 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8216: 8214: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8135:Yehudi lights 8133: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7981: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7754:Denison smock 7752: 7749: 7748:Telo mimetico 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Innes Cuthill 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402:Flower mantis 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7266: 7261: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024:Animal senses 7022: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:Chromatophore 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6853:Mammalian eye 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6828:Arthropod eye 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6739: 6734: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6346:Hyperparasite 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6263:Inter-species 6257: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6206: 6205:1-58341-237-9 6202: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6184: 6183:0-07-070100-8 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6041: 6040:0-19-217683-8 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5993: 5992:0-582-44132-3 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5953:0-416-30050-2 5950: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5915:dedicated to 5914: 5913: 5906: 5904:0-226-07608-3 5900: 5896: 5892: 5891:Brower, L. P. 5888: 5887: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5357:(1): 135–36. 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5295:(3): 467–74. 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5049:(4): 536–44. 5048: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5005: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4768:(8): 590–98. 4767: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650:(4): 893–98. 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4434:(in German). 4433: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4392:(4): 663–64. 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4314: 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Retrieved 2115: 2109:sneak mating 2106: 2090: 2079: 2046: 2016:by olfaction 1985: 1978: 1968: 1946:reed warbler 1881: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1842: 1827:hummingbirds 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1783: 1763: 1759: 1756:reproduction 1753: 1750:Reproductive 1739: 1735: 1729: 1714: 1696: 1693: 1677: 1672: 1664: 1657:Cleaner fish 1650: 1645: 1624: 1609: 1603: 1593: 1582: 1576: 1558: 1516: 1504: 1464: 1458: 1434: 1424: 1414: 1397: 1385: 1379: 1347: 1326: 1306: 1285: 1266: 1263:coral snakes 1256: 1252: 1222: 1209: 1203: 1188: 1178: 1139: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1102:Thaumoctopus 1101: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1042: 1030: 1011: 938:Commensalist 908:Reproductive 886:Reproductive 707:Reproductive 656:Aristotelian 614: 589:planthoppers 572: 570: 551: 547: 540: 536: 504: 475: 432: 401: 379: 349: 325: 321: 304:Fritz Müller 301: 289: 281: 267: 259: 252:Schellenberg 249: 243: 241: 234:created the 232:Fritz Müller 222:19th century 217: 203: 187: 182: 156: 152: 148: 138: 72: 66: 55:of stinging 36: 8498:Alan Turing 8456:Liber Abaci 8375:Mathematics 8281:in crystals 8271:Soap bubble 8266:Phyllotaxis 7895:wz. 89 Puma 7847:wz. 68 Moro 7750:(1929 tent) 7707:Sumpfmuster 7563:Roy Behrens 7556:Researchers 7485:Camoufleurs 7237:Unkenreflex 7198:Aposematism 7064:Pseudopupil 6946:Aposematism 6865:Mollusc eye 6603:Aposematism 6478:Automimicry 6321:Synnecrosis 6301:Inquilinism 6291:Competition 6171:Wickler, W. 6054:: 169–199. 5966:: 259–278. 5939:Cott, H. 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B. Ford 5250:8 November 4971:The Condor 4762:BioScience 4506:(1): 243. 3774:(4): 268. 3408:(3): 977. 2593:. p. 2192:References 2151:Biomimicry 2065:geneticist 2022:Vavilovian 1954:Pouyannian 1856:adaptation 1798:Caricaceae 1544:Aggressive 1537:hairstreak 1435:Heliconius 1426:Heliconius 1416:Passiflora 1387:Heliconius 1381:Passiflora 1364:Gilbertian 1338:Wasmannian 1249:milk snake 1190:Heliconius 1181:aposematic 1110:sea snakes 1075:Heliconius 992:Protective 985:Camouflage 966:Aggressive 958:Wicklerian 930:Wasmannian 901:Vavilovian 879:Pouyannian 861:Forbidding 858:Protective 832:Aggressive 802:Forbidding 799:Protective 792:Gilbertian 776:Forbidding 773:Protective 754:Forbidding 751:Protective 732:Forbidding 729:Protective 710:Forbidding 685:Protective 663:Protective 640:Dupe finds 573:masquerade 524:phenotypic 490:Heliconius 482:life cycle 396:Page from 381:Heliconius 351:Dismorphia 292:Leptalides 194:partridges 157:mimeisthai 107:, where a 101:aposematic 45:hoverflies 8547:Emergence 8450:Fibonacci 7919:Flecktarn 7808:Late 20th 7760:Frog Skin 7528:Hugh Cott 7417:Müllerian 7380:In nature 7069:Rhopalium 6902:Evolution 6875:gastropod 6843:Eye shine 6838:Eagle eye 6769:Dinosaurs 6562:Dodsonian 6549:In plants 6515:Müllerian 6488:Locomotor 6389:Symbiosis 6374:Carnivore 6368:Predation 6311:Mutualism 6158:: 25–56. 6141:ignored ( 6131:cite book 5781:205026253 5618:(1): 16. 5351:Evolution 5338:: 133–39. 5288:Evolution 5129:207101926 4708:23 August 4604:636384400 4438:: 541–76. 4386:Evolution 4336:Evolution 4293:Evolution 4182:12 August 3999:0022-0949 3839:0028-0836 3794:Aristotle 3747:: 25–31. 2953:Evolution 2441:. Murray. 2339:Aristotle 2181:Semiotics 2072:winnowing 2008:pollinium 1868:goldeneye 1725:sporocyst 1707:songbirds 1690:Parasites 1600:fireflies 1564:parasites 1555:Predators 1528:pygmy owl 1449:Browerian 1401:ecologist 1195:mutualism 1150:Müllerian 1098:Octopuses 1008:Defensive 998:Deceptive 973:Deceptive 970:Agreeable 945:Deceptive 942:Agreeable 914:Deceptive 911:Agreeable 892:Deceptive 889:Agreeable 855:3 or more 851:Müllerian 839:Deceptive 836:Agreeable 805:Deceptive 779:Deceptive 757:Deceptive 744:Browerian 735:Deceptive 713:Deceptive 691:Deceptive 688:Agreeable 669:Deceptive 666:Agreeable 646:Deception 542:doublesex 529:supergene 461:selective 453:parasitic 403:Darwinism 356:Ithomiini 230:In 1879, 184:Aristotle 149:mimetikos 135:Etymology 8276:Symmetry 8234:Patterns 8101:Deployed 8080:Xingkong 8002:MultiCam 7994:(2001) ( 7779:Post-war 7703:(c 1941) 7657:Patterns 7597:Military 7568:Tim Caro 7412:Batesian 7145:examples 6936:Albinism 6557:Bakerian 6500:Chemical 6483:Batesian 6123:22182416 5930:(1933). 5874:43440407 5866:11963460 5817:11104640 5668:: 1–366. 5644:32793330 5548:18467298 5459:19946088 5418:86699716 5404:: 1–16. 5379:28563205 5317:28568703 5213:30283692 5164:53192695 5121:25079896 5071:23857167 5063:18279076 4956:83609965 4863:26761854 4855:17835312 4562:The Ants 4559:(1990). 4536:(1894). 4474:83825414 4414:28562911 4364:28563231 4321:28565050 4278:17048984 4225:24768053 4133:25941377 4074:35704762 4007:19561203 3960:17517637 3723:53263767 3684:28288920 3646:17426012 3594:53186893 3523:54270418 3466:(2010). 3383:23372795 3343:PLOS ONE 3324:84458742 3281:35411437 3273:20950143 3238:23593490 3198:PLOS ONE 3171:24598547 3092:42675699 2981:28563205 2904:28070276 2811:(1): 60. 2783:37649827 2729:(1968). 2702:27117779 2654:11436992 2646:24552099 2568:18542902 2524:(2008). 2505:Archived 2488:Thyridia 2480:(1879). 2463:: 54–55. 2435:(1863). 2401:(1862). 2372:Archived 2315:(1823). 2145:See also 2131:strategy 2061:botanist 2055:through 1900:parasite 1716:Succinea 1703:flatworm 1653:symbiont 1611:Photinus 1605:Photuris 1577:Several 1524:lycaenid 1520:eyespots 1497:Eyespots 1481:milkweed 1477:Danainae 1471:and the 1431:stipules 1392:stipules 1358:eusocial 1268:Micrurus 1204:co-mimic 1166:hoverfly 1114:lionfish 1016:Batesian 977:Predator 817:predator 813:parasite 766:Emsleyan 722:Batesian 700:Bakerian 637:Function 617:function 601:eyespots 516:mutation 412:Overview 208:— 129:eyespots 125:lycaenid 109:predator 85:hoverfly 77:organism 51:(F) are 8573:Mimicry 8535:Related 8402:Crystal 8397:Physics 8385:Fractal 8363:Mimicry 8348:Biology 8256:Meander 8159:Related 8141:Adaptiv 8113:Nakidka 8038:Type 07 7998:(2002)) 7985:century 7810:century 7742:Lozenge 7407:Mimicry 7392:Crypsis 7287:Methods 7232:Mimicry 7222:Crypsis 7176:Signals 6998:Mimicry 6971:Crypsis 6784:Mammals 6612:Crypsis 6510:Eyespot 6447:Mimicry 6306:Mimicry 6270:ecology 6173:(1968) 6114:3282713 6020:2708228 5984:Longman 5941:(1940) 5932:Mimicry 5825:5759575 5761:Bibcode 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