Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War

1106: 1082: 1094: 1126: 780: 404: 662:, despite being heavily outnumbered, fought off an assault by a force of regimental strength. 18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded, while at least 245 VC were killed. It was a decisive Australian victory and is often cited as an example of the importance of combining and coordinating infantry, artillery, armour and military aviation. The battle had considerable tactical implications as well, being significant in allowing the Australians to gain dominance over Phước Tuy Province and, although there were other large-scale encounters in later years, 1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again. Regardless, during February 1967, 1 ATF sustained its heaviest casualties in the war to that point, losing 16 men killed and 55 wounded in a single week, the bulk of them during 643: 990:, announced the cessation of combat operations. Whitlam recognised North Vietnam, which welcomed his electoral success. Australian troops remained in Saigon guarding the Australian embassy until 1 July 1973. The withdrawal from South Vietnam meant that 1973 was the first time since the beginning of World War II in 1939 that Australia's armed forces were not involved in a conflict somewhere in the world. In total approximately 60,000 Australians—ground troops, air-force and naval personnel—served in South Vietnam between 1962 and 1972. 521 died as a result of the war and over 3,000 were wounded. 15,381 conscripted national servicemen served from 1965 to 1972, sustaining 202 killed and 1,279 wounded. Six Australians were listed as 928:

while maintenance and sustainment was the responsibility of the provincial government which often lacked the capacity or the will to provide it, limiting the benefit provided to the local population. The program continued until 1 ATF's withdrawal in 1971, and although it may have succeeded in generating goodwill towards Australian forces, it largely failed to increase support for the South Vietnamese government in the province. Equally, while the program made some useful contributions to the civil facilities and infrastructure in Phước Tuy which remained following the Australian departure, it had little impact on the course of the conflict.

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the organisers of the events extended invitations to members of the North Vietnamese government to attend, although this was prevented by the Australian government's refusing to grant them visas. Attendance at the subsequent marches was lower than that of May 1970, and as a result of several factors including confusion over the rules regarding what the protesters were allowed to do, aggressive police tactics, and agitation from protesters, the second march became violent. In Sydney, 173 people were arrested, while in Melbourne the police attempted to control the crowd with a baton-charge.

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recuperate. By 1971 the province had been largely cleared of local VC forces, who were now increasingly reliant on reinforcements from North Vietnam. As a measure of some success, Highway 15, the main route running through Phước Tuy between Saigon and Vũng Tàu, was open to unescorted traffic. Regardless, the VC maintained the ability to conduct local operations. Meanwhile, the AATTV had been further expanded, and a Jungle Warfare Training Centre was established in Phước Tuy Province first at Nui Dat then relocated to Van Kiep. In November 1970, the unit's strength peaked at 227 advisors.

732: 908: 447:, had to be "coerced into accepting an Australian battalion", and stopped short of formally requesting the commitment in writing, simply sending an acceptance of the offer to Canberra, the day before Menzies announced it to the Australian parliament. In that regard, it has been argued that the decision was made by the Australian government, against advice of the Department of Defence, to coincide with the commitment of US combat troops earlier in the year, and that the decision would have been made regardless of the wishes of the South Vietnamese government. 451: 39: 728:. A sweep of Hỏa Lòng was conducted, killing 50 VC and wounding 25, for the loss of five Australians killed and 24 wounded. In late February, the communist offensive collapsed, suffering more than 45,000 killed, compared with allied losses of 6,000 men. Regardless, Tet proved to be a turning point in the war and, although it was a tactical disaster for the communists, it proved a strategic victory for them. Confidence in the American military and political leadership collapsed, as did public support for the war in the United States. 323: 1018:. The deteriorating security situation forced the Australian aircraft to be withdrawn to Bangkok in mid-April, from where they flew into South Vietnam each day. The last three RAAF flights into Saigon took place on 25 April, when the Australian embassy was evacuated. While all Australians were evacuated, 130 South Vietnamese who had worked at the embassy and had been promised evacuation were left behind. Whitlam later refused to accept South Vietnamese refugees following the 5164: 5154: 1825: 924:

actions. In the final years of the Australian presence it became more involved in assistance to villages and to the provincial administration. While 1 ACAU was the main agency involved in such tasks, at times other task force units were also involved in civic action programs. Activities included construction and public works, medical and dental treatment, education, agriculture development and youth and sports programs.

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if we could...The Australians were more patient than the Americans, better guerrilla fighters, better at ambushes. They liked to stay with us instead of calling in the planes. We were more afraid of their style." According to Albert Palazzo, as a junior partner, the Australians had little opportunity to influence US strategy in the war: "the American concept remained unchallenged and it prevailed almost by default."

776:, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Nui Dat in Phước Tuy Province. The battle differed from the unusual Australian experience, because it involved infantry and armour in close-quarter house-to-house fighting against a combined PAVN/VC force, through the village of Binh Ba. For the loss of one Australian killed, the PAVN/VC lost 107 killed, six wounded and eight captured, in a hard-fought but one-sided engagement. 346:, "freely admitted to the ANZUS meeting in Canberra in May 1962, that the US armed forces knew little about jungle warfare". Given the experience that Australian forces had gained in Malaya, it was felt that Australia could contribute in Vietnam by providing advisors who were experts in the tactics of jungle warfare. The Australian government's initial response was to send 30 military advisers, dispatched as the 5174: 1170: 1587:. Australian casualties were heavy with five killed, one died of wounds and 19 wounded. A sweep of the area resulted in the recovery of only five dead Viet Cong, but drag marks and extensive blood trails indicated that they had suffered heavily, with perhaps another 33 killed or wounded in the contact, while a further 200 casualties were estimated from artillery and mortar fire, as well as airstrikes. 847: 509:. Meanwhile, 1 RAR's attachment to US forces had highlighted the differences between Australian and American operational methods, and Australian and US military leaders subsequently agreed that Australian combat forces should be deployed in a discrete province. That would allow the Australian Army to "fight their own tactical war", independently of the US. 1237:

Australian governments becoming more cautious towards the deployment of military forces overseas. Regardless, the "imperative to deploy forces overseas" remained a feature of Australian strategic behaviour in the post-Vietnam era, while the US alliance has continued to be a fundamental aspect of its foreign policy into the early 21st century.

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shun jungle tracks and clearings... picking their way carefully and quietly through bamboo thickets and tangled foliage... .It is a frustrating experience to trek through the jungle with Australians. Patrols have taken as much as nine hours to sweep a mile of terrain. They move forward a few steps at a time, stop, listen, then proceed again.

1198:(RSL) during the 1960s and 1970s on the grounds that the Vietnam War veterans did not fight a "real war". The response of the RSL varied across the country, and while some rejected Vietnam veterans, other branches, particularly those in rural areas, were said to be very supportive. Many Vietnam veterans were excluded from marching in 900:

when conditions were not favourable. Moreover, the Australians did not devote sufficient resources to disrupting the logistical infrastructure which supported the PAVN/VC forces in Phước Tuy Province and popular support for them remained strong. After 1 ATF was withdrawn in 1971 the insurgency in Phước Tuy rapidly expanded.

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people and was seen as an essential element of Australian counter-revolutionary doctrine. Australian forces had first undertaken some civic action projects in 1965 while 1 RAR was operating in Biên Hòa, and similar work was started in Phước Tuy following the deployment of 1 ATF in 1966. In June 1967 the 40-man

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Further moratoria were undertaken on 18 September 1970 and again on 30 June 1971. Arguably, the peace movement had lost its original spirit, as the political debate degenerated, according to author Paul Ham, towards "menace and violence". Dominated by elements Ham describes as "left-wing extremists",

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During the first three years of the Australian presence civic action was mainly an adjunct to military operations, the unit taking part in the cordon and search of villages and resettlement programs, as well as occasionally in directly aiding and reconstructing villages that had been damaged in major

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Meanwhile, although the bulk of Australian military resources in Vietnam were devoted to operations against the PAVN/VC forces, a civic action program was also undertaken to assist the local population and government authorities in Phước Tuy. This included projects aimed at winning the support of the

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For some VC leaders there was no doubt the Australian jungle warfare approach was effective. One former VC leader is quoted as saying: "worse than the Americans were the Australians. The Americans style was to hit us, then call for planes and artillery. Our response was to break contact and disappear

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from Đất Đỏ to the coast increasingly came to dominate task force planning. Ultimately, that would prove both controversial and costly for the Australians. Despite initial success, the minefield became a source of munitions for the VC to use against 1 ATF and, in 1969, the decision was made to remove

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By 1962, the situation in South Vietnam had become so unstable that Diem submitted a request for assistance to the United States and its allies to counter the growing insurgency and the threat that it posed to South Vietnam's security. Following that, the US began to send advisors to provide tactical

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Nevertheless, opinion polls taken at the time demonstrated that the moratorium failed to achieve its goals and had only a very limited impact upon public opinion, over half the respondents saying that they still supported national service and slightly less stating that they did not want Australia to

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The introduction of conscription by the Australian government in response to a worsening regional strategic outlook during the war was consistently opposed by the ALP and by many sections of society, and some groups resisted the call to military service by burning the letters notifying them of their

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on 9 December 1971. Meanwhile, D Company, 4 RAR with an assault pioneer and mortar section and a detachment of APCs remained in Vũng Tàu to protect the task force headquarters and 1 ALSG until the final withdrawal of stores and equipment could be completed, finally returning to Australia on 12 March

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Overall, the operational strategy used by the Australian Army in Vietnam was not successful. Palazzo believes that like the Americans, Australian strategy was focused on seeking to engage the PAVN/VC forces in battle and ultimately failed as the PAVN/VC were generally able to evade Australian forces

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Historian Albert Palazzo comments that when the Australians entered the Vietnam War, it was with their own "well considered ...concept of war", and this was often contradictory or in conflict with US concepts. The 1 ATF light infantry tactics such as patrolling, searching villages without destroying

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operations, which were designed to put pressure on enemy units and disrupt their access to the local population. To the end of Australian operations in Phước Tuy, that remained the focus of Australian efforts, and that approach arguably achieved the restoration of South Vietnamese government control

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Initially there was considerable support for Australia's involvement in Vietnam, and all Australian battalions returning from Vietnam participated in well attended welcome home parades through either Sydney, Adelaide, Brisbane or Townsville, even during the early 1970s. Regardless, as opposition to

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Although extensive, these programs were often undertaken without reference to the local population and it was not until 1969 that villagers were involved in determining what projects would be undertaken and in their construction. Equally, ongoing staff and material support was usually not provided,

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said in 1983: "I was very proud of the Australian troops. They were very professional, very well trained and they fought the people they were sent to fight—the Viet Cong. They tried not to involve civilians and generally there were fewer casualties inflicted by the Australians." Another perspective

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Due to the losses suffered at Binh Ba, the PAVN was forced to move out of Phước Tuy into adjoining provinces and, although the Australians did encounter main force units in the years to come, the Battle of Binh Ba marked the end of such clashes. Yet, while the VC had largely been forced to withdraw

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Such losses underscored the need for a third battalion, and the requirement for tanks to support the infantry, a realisation which challenged the conventional wisdom of Australian counter-revolutionary warfare doctrine, which had previously allotted only a minor role to armour. Yet, it was nearly a

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would engage in election fraud and that as a result they would win because they had more people. After the election deadline passed, the military commanders in the North began preparing an invasion of the South. Over the course of the late 1950s and early 1960s this invasion took root in a campaign

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The Australian battalion has been described ...as the safest combat force in Vietnam... It is widely felt that the Australians have shown themselves able to give chase to the guerrillas without exposing themselves to the lethal ambushes that have claimed so many American dead... Australian patrols

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that 1 ATF was "not being aggressive enough". By comparison, US forces sought to flush out the enemy and achieve rapid and decisive victory through "brazen scrub bashing" and the use of "massive firepower." Australians acknowledged they had much to learn from the US forces about heliborne assault

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between January and March. Heavy fighting resulted in 17 Australians being killed and 61 wounded, while communist casualties included at least 145 killed, 110 wounded and 5 captured, with many more removed from the battlefield. Tet also affected Phước Tuy Province and, although stretched thin, the

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on 6–7 June 1971 took place during one of the last major joint US-Australian operations, and resulted in three Australians killed and six wounded during heavy fighting in which an RAAF UH-1H Iroqouis was shot down. On 18 August 1971, Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from

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On 29 April 1965, Menzies announced that the government had received a request for further military assistance from South Vietnam. "We have decided...in close consultation with the Government of the United States—to provide an infantry battalion for service in Vietnam." He argued that a communist

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is the first person to be found guilty of having failed to comply with his call up notice during the Vietnam War. He is convicted in Melbourne and sentenced to two years gaol. He loses his appeal to the full High Court on 25 November 1968. He is released on compassionate grounds in August 1969

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Historians Andrew Ross, Robert Hall, and Amy Griffin, on the other hand make the point that Australian forces more often than not defeated the PAVN/VC whenever they met them, nine times out of ten. When the Australians were able to set ambushes, or openly engage the enemy, they defeated them and

635:, after being converted to a troop-ship, was used to convey the bulk of Australian ground forces to South Vietnam. Female members of the Army and RAAF nursing services were present in Vietnam from the outset and, as the force grew, the medical capability was expanded by the establishment of the 744:

unexpectedly declared that Australia would not increase its military commitment in Vietnam. The war continued without respite and, between May and June 1968, 1 ATF was again deployed away from Phước Tuy in response to intelligence reports of another impending offensive. In May 1968, 1 RAR and

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remained the same, the reduction in forces only adding further to the burden on the remaining battalions. Regardless, following a sustained effort by 1 ATF in Phước Tuy Province between September 1969 and April 1970, the bulk of PAVN/VC forces had become inactive and had left the province to

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tanks, and more Iroquois helicopters, were added in early 1968. In all, a further 1,200 men were deployed, taking the total Australian troop strength to over 8,000 men, its highest level during the war. This increase effectively doubled the combat power available to the task force commander.

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and military self-reliance, albeit in the context of a continued alliance with the United States. This later had important implications for the military's force structure in the 1980s and 1990s. The experience in Vietnam also caused an intolerance for casualties which resulted in successive

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would be fought specifically on the issue of Vietnam the party suffered its biggest political defeat in decades. Anti-war sentiment escalated rapidly from 1967, although it never gained support from the majority of the Australian community. The centre-left ALP became more sympathetic to the

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on 30 March and the force, which was designated 'Detachment S', reached a strength of eight Hercules by the second week of April. The aircraft of detachment S transported refugees from cities near the front line and evacuated Australians and several hundred Vietnamese orphans from Saigon to

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for 20-year-olds, in November 1964, despite opposition from within the Army and many sections of the broader community. Thereafter, battalions serving with in South Vietnam all contained National Servicemen. With the war escalating the AATTV increased to approximately 100 men by December.

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experienced social exclusion and problems readjusting to society. Nevertheless, as the tour of duty of each soldier during the Vietnam War was limited to one year (although some soldiers chose to sign up for a second or even a third tour of duty), the number of soldiers suffering from

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Later, from December 1968 to February 1969, two battalions from 1 ATF again deployed away from their base in Phước Tuy province, operating against suspected PAVN/VC bases in the Hat Dich area, in western Phước Tuy, south-eastern Biên Hòa, and south-western Long Khan provinces, during

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on 21 September proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war, and resulted in five Australians killed and 30 wounded. Finally, on 16 October Australian forces handed over control of the base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces, while the main body from

427:. By the end of 1964, there were almost 200 Australian military personnel in the South Vietnam, including an engineer and surgical team as well as a larger AATTV team. To boost the size of the Army by providing a greater pool for infantrymen, the Australian Government had introduced 378:

between 1963 and 1965 highlighted another problem. South Vietnamese officials sometimes found sustained success by a foreigner difficult to accept. Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway, of the AATTV, was killed on 6 July 1964, side by side with Master Sergeant Gabriel Alamo of the

1105: 994:, although these men are included in the list of Australians killed in action and the last of their remains were finally located and returned to Australia in 2009. Between 1962 and March 1972 the estimated cost of Australia's involvement in the war was $ 218.4 million. 1663:

rescues a wounded fellow warrant officer and carries out an unsuccessful attack on a strong enemy position. On 11 May, he fights alone against heavy odds to cover the evacuation of casualties. Simpson is later awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry in the face of the

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Pact, and in the hope of consolidating its alliance with the US, became involved in the Vietnam War. Between 1962 and 1972, Australia committed almost 60,000 personnel to Vietnam, including ground troops, naval forces and air assets, and contributed significant amounts of

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were integrated into the task force. New Zealand infantry units were deployed in 1967 and, after March 1968, were integrated into Australian battalions serving with 1 ATF. The combined infantry forces were thereafter designated "ANZAC Battalions". Special forces from the

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As well as the negative sentiments towards returned soldiers from some sections of the anti-war movement, some Second World War veterans also held negative views of the Vietnam War veterans. As a result, many Australian Vietnam veterans were excluded from joining the

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conscription, which was punishable by a monetary fine, or incited young men to refrain from registering for the draft, which was punishable by imprisonment. Growing public uneasiness about the death toll was fuelled by a series of highly publicised arrests of

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shows outstanding courage and leadership in saving the lives of many of the soldiers under his command, leading his men to safety under most difficult circumstances after an attack by the enemy in superior strength. He is awarded the Victoria

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and headed a military junta. Despite the controversy leading up to the visit, Ky's trip was a success. He dealt with the media effectively, despite hostile sentiment from some sections of the press and public. After hostile questioning from

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In the aftermath of the Vietnam War the withdrawal of the US from South-East Asia forced Australia to adopt a more independent foreign policy, moving away from forward defence and reliance on powerful allies to a greater emphasis on the

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the war increased service in Vietnam came to be seen by sections of the Australian community in less than sympathetic terms and opposition to it generated negative views of veterans in some quarters. In the years following the war, some

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Tet had a similar effect on Australian public opinion, and caused growing uncertainty in the government about the determination of the United States to remain militarily involved in Southeast Asia. Amid the initial shock, Prime Minister

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with Centurion tanks in support attack a heavily fortified base camp during Operation Overlord. Although the Australians capture the bunker system, and a second system located to the south, the bulk of the communist forces successfully

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title and tradition, a view that hurt many Vietnam veterans and resulted in continued resentment towards the RSL. In 1972 the RSL decided that Vietnam veterans should lead the march, which attracted large crowds throughout the country.

1081: 678:, the 1 ATF commander, Operation Bribie confirmed the need to establish a physical barrier, to deny the VC freedom of movement and thereby regain the initiative. The subsequent decision to establish an 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) 299:

program, hoping to counter the communist propaganda that South Vietnam was merely a US puppet state, and to involve as many other nations as possible. Thus Australia, as an ally of the United States, with obligations under the

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takes place and becomes the bloodiest engagement for Australians in Vietnam when 25 Australians are killed and nearly 100 wounded during 26 days of fighting in AO Surfers, north-east of Saigon. The operation lasts till 6 June

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began on 30 January 1968 with the aim of inciting a general uprising, simultaneously engulfing population centres across South Vietnam. In response, 1 ATF was deployed along likely infiltration routes to defend the vital Biên

592:, the Canberras flew many bombing sorties, and two were lost, while the Caribou transport aircraft supported anti-communist ground forces, and the Iroquois helicopters were used in troop-lifts and medical evacuation and, from 361:

Relationships between the AATTV and US advisors were generally very cordial, but there were sometimes significant differences of opinion on training and tactics. For example, when Serong expressed doubt about the value of the

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to the borders of the province by 1968–69, control of Phước Tuy was challenged on several occasions in the following years, including during the 1968 Tet Offensive, as well as in mid-1969, following the incursion of the PAVN

1702:, becomes the first Australian woman killed during the Vietnam War. US Marine Sergeant J. W. Killen is found guilty of her unpremeditated murder, having shot her accidentally while attempting to kill his commanding officer. 819:(DMZ) which formed the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Members of the team were involved in many combat operations, often commanding formations of Vietnamese soldiers. Some advisors worked with regular 666:. 1 ATF appeared to have lost the initiative and, for the first time in nine months of operations, the number of Australians killed in battle, or from friendly fire, mines or booby traps, had reversed the task force's 1473:. Two servicemen, Private Richard Parker and Private Peter Gillson, are posted missing believed killed during the fighting. Their bodies are recovered more than forty years later, and returned to Australia for burial. 1046:

In Australia, resistance to the war was at first very limited. Initially public opinion was strongly in support of government policy in Vietnam and when the leader of the ALP (in opposition for most of the period),

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Australian Vietnam veterans were honoured at a "Welcome Home" parade in Sydney on 3 October 1987, and it was then that a campaign for the construction of the Vietnam War Memorial began. This memorial, known as the

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8 May—First of the moratorium demonstrations: 200,000 march in Australian cities to call for an end to Australian involvement in the war. The largest turnout was in Melbourne where 70,000 people marched down

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October—US President Johnson visits Australia. Large crowds welcome him in Sydney and Melbourne, although some demonstrations take place; images of protesters throwing eggs at Johnson's car are later sent

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completed its tour of duty and was not replaced. A phased withdrawal followed and, by 11 January 1973, Australian involvement in hostilities in Vietnam had ceased. Nevertheless, Australian troops from the

291:(ALP). Diem was particularly feted by the Catholic community, as he pursued policies that discriminated in favour of the Catholic minority in his country and gave special powers to the Catholic Church. 126:'s security. By the time the last Australian personnel were withdrawn in 1972, the Vietnam War had become Australia's longest war, eventually being surpassed by Australia's long-term commitment to the 5253: 1125: 944:

was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty. 1 ATF was again reduced to just two infantry battalions, albeit with significant armour, artillery and aviation support remaining. The Australian

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29 April—The Prime Minister announces the dispatch of an infantry battalion to South Vietnam, with an armoured personnel carrier (APC) troop, a signals troop and a logistic support company.

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18 December—In response to requests from the US president and South Vietnam prime minister for another 200 advisers, the Australian Government offers to send ground troops to South Vietnam.

358:, many with previous experience from the Malayan Emergency. Their arrival in South Vietnam, during July and August 1962, was the beginning of Australia's involvement in the war in Vietnam. 1093: 2521: 1141:, and exacerbated by revelations of atrocities committed against Vietnamese civilians, leading to a rapid increase in domestic opposition to the war between 1967 and 1970. Following the 831:(CIA), which was designed to target the VC infrastructure through infiltration, arrest and assassination. The AATTV became Australia's most decorated unit of the war, winning all four 1838: 1576:

dies leading his company against more powerful opposition. He is posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery, conspicuous gallantry and leadership on more than one occasion.

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pull out of the war. The numbers that resisted the draft remained low. Indeed, by 1970 it was estimated that 99.8 per cent of those issued with call up papers complied with them.

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As the war continued to escalate following further American troop increases, 1 ATF was heavily reinforced in late 1967. A third infantry battalion arrived in December 1967, and a

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victory in South Vietnam would be a direct military threat to Australia. "It must be seen as part of a thrust by Communist China between the Indian and Pacific Oceans" he added.

211:, and the fear of its spread, which developed in Australia during the 1950s and early 1960s. Following the end of the World War II, the French had tried to reassert control over 350:(AATTV), also known as "the Team". The Australian military assistance was to be in jungle warfare training, and the Team comprised highly qualified and experienced officers and 892:: "The Aussies used squads to make contact... and brought in reinforcements to do the killing; they planned in the belief that a platoon on the battlefield could do anything." 254:

The Geneva Accords imposed a deadline of July 1956 for the governments of the two Vietnams to hold elections, with a view to uniting the country under one government. In 1955,

2576: 702:. As Phước Tuy progressively came under Australian control, 1968 saw the Australians spending a significant period of time conducting operations further afield. The communist 5324: 130:. It remains Australia's largest force contribution to a foreign conflict since the Second World War, and was also the most controversial military action in Australia since 920:(1 ACAU) was established to undertake the program. By 1970 this unit had grown to 55 men, with detachments specialising in engineering, medical, education and agriculture. 1863: 997:

In March 1975 the Australian Government dispatched RAAF transport aircraft to South Vietnam to provide humanitarian assistance to refugees fleeing the North Vietnamese

5268: 5059: 1145:, which Labor lost again but with a much reduced margin, public debate about Vietnam was increasingly dominated by those opposed to government policy. On 8 May 1970, 1764:

and the NVA 33rd Regiment north of Nui Dat, it proved to be the last major battle fought by Australian forces in the war. Five Australians are killed and 30 wounded.

1537:. Holt confirms the Australian government's full support for the United States' Vietnam policy, and in a speech on 30 June adopts the slogan 'All the way with LBJ'. 1289: 190: 5243: 439:

The question of whether a formal request was made by the South Vietnamese government at that time has been disputed. Although the South Vietnamese Prime Minister,

823:(ARVN) units and formations, while others worked with the Montagnard hill tribes, in conjunction with US Special Forces. A few were involved in the controversial 1335:

1 June—Advisor, Sergeant William Hacking becomes the first Australian to die in Vietnam when his weapon accidentally discharges after being caught in vegetation.

1377:. Johnson announces that the US will continue support of South Vietnam. By the end of 1963, 15,000 US advisors are serving in Vietnam; the US gives $ 500m in 815:

During that time, the AATTV had continued to operate in support of the South Vietnamese forces, with an area of operations stretching from the far south to the

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and logistical advice to the South Vietnamese. At the same time, the US sought to increase the legitimacy of the South Vietnamese government by instituting the

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began with a small commitment of 30 military advisors in 1962, and increased over the following decade to a peak of 7,672 Australian personnel following the

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were also attached to each Australian SASR squadron from late 1968. 1 ATF's responsibility was the security of Phước Tuy Province, excluding larger towns.

170:, to evacuate personnel from the Australian embassy. Approximately 60,000 Australians served in the war: 521 were killed and more than 3,000 were wounded. 5263: 1149:

marches were held in major Australian cities to coincide with the marches in the US. The demonstration in Melbourne, led by future deputy prime minister

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8 June—Minister for Defence announces that the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam will be increased to 83 advisers and their role will be expanded.

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6 February—A businessman named Charles Keith Hyland is captured by the Viet Cong, being one of few Australian civilians held captive during the war

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Australian advisors continued to train Vietnamese troops until the announcement by the newly elected Australian Labor government of

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announces that 1 ATF would cease operations in South Vietnam in October, and would begin commencing a phased withdrawal after that.

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them (with a view to eventually converting them), and ambush and counter ambush drew criticism from some US commanders. General

779: 5349: 3356: 1805: 796:, and again in mid-1971, with further incursions by the 33rd Regiment and several VC main force units and, finally, during the 765:. The fighting lasted 78 days and was one of the longest out-of-province operations mounted by the Australians during the war. 4509: 4437: 4382: 4152: 4067: 4024: 3983: 3868: 3822: 1469:

8 November—1 RAR fights one of the first set-piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the

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at a US Counter Insurgency Group meeting in Washington on 23 May 1963, he drew a "violent challenge" from US Marine General

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remained deployed in the country until 1 July 1973, and Australian forces were deployed briefly in April 1975, during the

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in 1968. At least 16 such parades were conducted to welcome units back during the war, with many attracting large crowds.

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in the province. Australia's peak commitment at any one time was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand's, 552, in 1969.

403: 146:, an increasingly influential anti-war movement developed, particularly in response to the government's imposition of 5339: 4700: 4363: 4344: 4325: 4306: 4285: 4266: 4247: 4228: 4209: 4171: 4133: 4107: 4086: 4045: 3964: 3945: 3926: 3907: 3845: 3803: 3784: 3765: 3742: 3721: 3702: 3683: 1404: 917: 420: 3900:

Crises and Commitments: The Politics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1965

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In 1966, journalist Gerald Stone described tactics then being used by Australian soldiers newly arrived in Vietnam:

5054: 4695: 4660: 4574: 4454: 1309: 1142: 1052: 1031: 911:

Members of an Australian civic action team confer with Vietnamese village officials on plans for local improvements

263: 119: 615:

commitments. The Sabres took no part in direct hostilities against North Vietnam, and were withdrawn in 1968. The

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parades during the 1970s because some soldiers of earlier wars saw the Vietnam veterans as unworthy heirs to the

1112: 936:

The Australian withdrawal effectively commenced in November 1970. As a consequence of the overall US strategy of

820: 801: 558: 545: 428: 2937:"Impressions: Australians in Vietnam. Overview of Australian military involvement in the Vietnam War, 1962–1975" 5219: 4604: 4599: 4418: 4190: 4002: 3664: 1873: 1858: 1848: 1261:

is recognised by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, but Australia supports the French-backed

1067: 608: 5194: 4927: 4472: 1853: 1770:

9 December—4 RAR, the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam, sails for Australia on board HMAS

1374: 1061: 983: 816: 636: 624: 553: 462:(1 RAR) was deployed. Advanced elements of the battalion departed Australia on 27 May 1965. Accompanied by a 240: 3429: 1767:

16 October—Australian forces hand over control of the Australian base at Nui Dat to South Vietnamese forces.

982:

that the remaining advisors would be withdrawn by 18 December 1972. It was only on 11 January 1973 that the

698:

Although primarily operating out of Phước Tuy, the 1 ATF was also available for deployment elsewhere in the

5177: 5011: 4944: 4690: 4096:

Hartley, John (2002). "The Australian Army Training Team Vietnam". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.).

1627: 807:

Large-scale battles were not the norm in Phước Tuy Province. More typical was company-level patrolling and

750: 537: 4934: 4579: 4545: 1423: 1233: 1023: 828: 754: 628: 375: 4867: 1512: 5112: 4917: 4781: 4527: 4099:

The 2002 Chief of Army's Military History Conference: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1962–1972

3541: 3437: 1843: 1679:

6–8 June—Australian forces destroy a large communist force in heavy house-to-house fighting during the

1408: 1355: 768:

From May 1969, the main effort of the task force refocussed on Phước Tuy Province. Later in June 1969,

467: 416: 280: 131: 440: 334:, Australian and New Zealand military forces had gained considerable experience in jungle warfare and 5117: 5084: 4983: 4956: 4786: 4762: 4502: 3895: 3396: 1508: 863: 699: 581: 513: 506: 147: 1746:

30 June—Third and final large anti-war rally in Australia; 110,000 demonstrate in Australian cities.

1286: 1060:

as a "fascist dictator" and a "butcher" ahead of his 1967 visit—at the time Ky was the chief of the

517: 255: 5238: 5206: 5139: 5016: 4725: 4632: 4589: 3584: 1716: 1687: 363: 351: 279:

tactics. In September 1957, Diem visited Australia and was given strong support by both the ruling

232: 4430:

The Search for Tactical Success in Vietnam: An Analysis of Australian Task Force Combat Operations

4337:

Medicine at War: Medical Aspects of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1950–1972

3121: 1722:

18 September—Second moratorium: 100,000 march in Australian cities; over 300 people were arrested.

4990: 4849: 4758: 4679: 3407: 2936: 2878: 1983: 1623:

May—The National Service Act is amended to impose a two-year civil gaol term for draft resisters.

1584: 1545: 1072: 589: 228: 1735: 953: 772:

fought one of the last large-scale actions of the Australian involvement in the war, during the

5021: 4973: 4685: 3049: 1801: 1760:

takes place in Phước Tuy Province. A tactically inconclusive encounter between troops from the

1660: 1216: 1187: 1138: 884: 675: 494: 486: 288: 3504: 2870: 1359: 961:, announced that 1 ATF would cease operations in October, commencing a phased withdrawal. The 326:

Personnel and aircraft of RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam arrive in South Vietnam in August 1964

239:

of latitude: the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (recognised by the Soviet Union and the

4876: 4835: 3760:. Vol. Four. Sydney: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial. 1944: 1477: 1057: 1035: 616: 3919:

A Nation at War: Australian Politics, Society and Diplomacy During the Vietnam War 1965–1975

970:—the last Australian infantry battalion in South Vietnam—sailed for Australia on board HMAS 907: 731: 270:(South Vietnam). He then refused to take part in the elections, claiming that the communist 5157: 4495: 3205: 1412: 1396:

6 July—Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin Conway, an AATV advisor, is killed in action in the

998: 859: 604: 565: 371: 1343: 153:

The withdrawal of Australia's forces from South Vietnam began in November 1970, under the

8: 5079: 5028: 4948: 4858: 4671: 4627: 1523: 1501: 1075:, Ky personally offered Stein space on his own flight to visit South Vietnam for himself. 577: 569: 267: 236: 224: 4461:"Australia's Vietnam War: Exploring the Combat Actions of the 1st Australian Task Force" 2577:"Nurses: Australian Surgical Team, South Australian staff, Bien Hoa Provincial Hospital" 1014:. They also regularly flew supplies to a large refugee camp at An Thoi on the island of 4897: 4822: 4808: 1541: 1470: 1397: 945: 762: 687: 655: 585: 498: 490: 450: 388: 48: 3758:

The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975

3634:

Interview with Robert Martin , Peter Donovan, 1989 Adelaide Gaol Oral History Project

3588: 3535: 1266: 259: 5288: 4902: 4812: 4795: 4622: 4433: 4414: 4397: 4378: 4359: 4340: 4321: 4302: 4281: 4262: 4243: 4224: 4205: 4186: 4167: 4148: 4129: 4103: 4082: 4063: 4041: 4020: 3998: 3979: 3960: 3941: 3922: 3903: 3864: 3841: 3818: 3799: 3780: 3761: 3738: 3732: 3717: 3698: 3679: 3660: 3430:"In for the long haul: 40th Anniversary of the First Air Force Deployment to Vietnam" 3069: 1804:

Government elected and within weeks releases the last imprisoned resisters including

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As a point of comparison, there were 16,000 US advisors in Vietnam at the same time.

623:, on six-month rotations, deployed on the gun-line in a shore bombardment role. The 4912: 4844: 4665: 4655: 4637: 4164:

The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People, and Their Origins

3065: 3061: 1791: 1757: 1656: 1640: 1607: 1262: 962: 883:

Looking back on ten years of reporting the war in Vietnam and Cambodia, journalist

797: 784: 716: 691: 663: 593: 367: 244: 212: 3050:""Lock up Holt, Throw away Ky": The Visit to Australia of Prime Minister Ky, 1967" 444: 5128: 5033: 4952: 4739: 1750: 1497: 1182: 958: 940:

and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war,

889: 851: 824: 619:(RAN) also made a significant contribution, which involved the deployment of one 549: 529: 502: 5188: 4035: 1786:

24 April—"The Michael Matteson Handcuff Incident"; about a thousand students at

1015: 753:. 25 Australians were killed and nearly 100 wounded, while the North Vietnamese 596:, as gunships in support of 1 ATF. At its peak it included over 750 personnel. 138:. Although initially enjoying broad support due to concerns about the spread of 5298: 4907: 4881: 4831: 4296: 4102:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Army History Unit. pp. 240–247. 3114: 1481: 1293: 1116: 1087:

Anti-Vietnam War demonstration Martin Place to Garden Island Dock, Sydney, 1966

1048: 1027: 1019: 1002: 937: 832: 749:, with armour and artillery, support fought off large-scale attacks during the 708: 658:, which took place on 18 and 19 August 1966. During the battle, a company from 552:

was added in December 1967. The New Zealand battery and a battery from the U.S

284: 167: 143: 3583:. Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History; 2125:"Vietnam—Australia's Longest War: A Calendar of Military and Political Events" 654:

From an Australian perspective, the most famous engagement in the war was the

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and, following their arrival in Vietnam in June, they were attached to the US

411:

refueling from a United States Navy tanker while operating off Vietnam in 1967

5313: 4804: 4675: 4559: 4541: 3073: 1600: 1504:-sized operation of the war, targeting an underground Viet Cong headquarters. 1463: 1313: 1282: 1254: 979: 703: 573: 424: 271: 216: 123: 81: 69: 4221:

The Battle of Coral: Vietnam Fire Support Bases Coral and Balmoral, May 1968

3754:

The RAAF in Vietnam. Australian Air Involvement in the Vietnam War 1962–1975

1056:

communists and Calwell stridently denounced South Vietnamese Prime Minister

564:

The RAAF contingent was also expanded, growing to include three squadrons —

322: 4922: 4401: 4121: 4012: 3856: 3833: 3652: 3272: 3265:"Dedication of the Australian Vietnam Forces National Memorial in Canberra" 3209: 1668: 1573: 1203: 987: 248: 208: 3202:

HPS (History and Philosophy of Science) in the Science Alliance Newsletter

1975: 1316:, announces the intention to send 30 Army advisers to South Vietnam (SVN). 867:

and joint armour and infantry assaults. Yet the US measure of success—the

4518: 3957:

Fighting to the Finish: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1968–1975

1808:. Australia begins to finalise the withdrawal of its forces from Vietnam. 1699: 1672: 1617: 1530: 1519: 1258: 1022:

in April 1975, including Australian embassy staff who were later sent to

841: 741: 220: 200: 184: 135: 115: 30: 4185:. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications. 1579:

6 August—A Company, 7 RAR was involved in heavy fighting in the eastern

838:

Australia also sent some civilian medical staff to help during the war.

258:, the prime minister of the State of Vietnam, deposed the head of state 4202:

Vietnam ANZACs – Australian & New Zealand Troops in Vietnam 1962–72

1620:, announces that Australia will not increase its commitment to Vietnam. 1480:

dies while defending a wounded comrade. He is posthumously awarded the

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of 1954 led to the splitting of the country geographically, along the

4553: 2522:"Memories of Australia's part in the Vietnam War are clouded by myth" 1695: 1635: 1199: 871:—was apparently held in contempt by many 1 ATF battalion commanders. 735:

A No. 2 Squadron Canberra bomber operating over South Vietnam in 1970

725: 720:

remaining Australian forces there successfully repelled an attack on

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Anti-Vietnam War demonstration at Phillip Street Court, Sydney, 1968

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1 RAR soldiers with a M113 armoured personnel carrier in August 1965

4278:

On the Offensive: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1967–1968

4055: 1580: 1220: 1011: 384: 339: 306: 3777:

Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles

1226: 215:, which had been occupied by Japan. In 1950, the communist-backed 3126: 1893: 1798: 1691: 674:

year before more Australian forces finally arrived. To Brigadier

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outposts, and incursions into the villages, had also continued.

3534:

Rayner, Michelle (2002). "Warnes, Catherine Anne (1949–1969)".

1169: 952:

Australian combat forces were further reduced during 1971. The

721: 712: 370:. Captain Barry Petersen's work with raising an anti-communist 4487: 3880:"Australian Government and the Involvement in the Vietnam War" 1533:

visits the United States to discuss the war with US President

1342:, South Vietnam's first President (1955–63), and his brother, 846: 275:

of insurgency, subversion and sabotage in the South employing

1190:

was probably more limited than it might otherwise have been.

1164: 931: 540:(SASR), as well as support services under the command of the 463: 398: 301: 122:'s April 1965 decision to upgrade its military commitment to 4183:

Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001

3714:

The Vietnam Years: From the Jungle to the Australian Suburbs

1864:

Order of battle of Australian forces during the Vietnam War

1466:, South Vietnam, carrying the bulk of the Australian force. 524:. 1 ATF consisted of two (and, after 1967, three) infantry 4126:

Duty First: The Royal Australian Regiment in War and Peace

251:(recognised by the non-communist world) ruling the south. 1671:, Kon Tum Province in Vietnam, Warrant Officer Class Two 1400:, he was the first Australian battle casualty of the war. 1378: 1351: 4358:. Canberra: Army History Unit, Australian War Memorial. 1422:

is introduced for 20-year-old males by ballot under the

493:. Throughout 1965, they undertook several operations in 443:, made a request in December 1964, Hương's replacement, 5207:

History of the branches of the Australian Defence Force

4259:

The Team. Australian Army Advisors in Vietnam 1962–1972

4033: 4019:(3rd ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 3863:(Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 497:

and subsequently fought significant actions, including

266:

and declared himself President of the newly proclaimed

4145:

Duty First: A History of the Royal Australian Regiment

3840:(First ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 2803: 2801: 1522:

of B Company, 5RAR was killed by friendly fire during

842:

Australian counter-insurgency tactics and civic action

783:

Soldiers recently returned from Vietnam marching past

631:

were also deployed. The ageing aircraft carrier, HMAS

3854: 3831: 1030:—condemned Whitlam, and after defeating Labor in the 474:, as well as logistics personnel, they embarked upon 195:

Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to the United States

5325:

Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War

4237: 3976:

A Certain Grandeur: Gough Whitlam's Life in Politics

3938:

Australia and the Vietnam War: The Essential History

3730: 3118:, 9 May 1970, estimated the crowd as 100,000. Also 1820: 4455:

Vietnam War Bibliography: Australia and New Zealand

4128:(First ed.). North Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 3861:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

3838:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

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Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 3574:"In Praise of Protest: The Vietnam Moratorium" 3389: 2910:"Last Aussie Vietnam War soldiers coming home" 1526:, he was the first conscript killed in the war 4503: 2716: 2714: 191:Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia 51:following a cordon and search operation near 4411:Unheralded Victory: Who Won the Vietnam War? 4275: 3954: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2746: 2744: 2562: 2560: 2353: 2351: 2117: 724:, as well as spoiling a harassing attack on 429:conscription for compulsory military service 5039:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 4334: 4240:Jungle Tracks: Australian Armour in Vietnam 3973: 2704: 2702: 2180: 2178: 1610:is defeated with heavy casualties inflicted 1606:1 February-A major Viet Cong attack in the 1041: 4510: 4496: 4320:. Frenchs Forest: Child & Associates. 3676:The Australian Army from Whitlam to Howard 3231: 3229: 3227: 3173: 3171: 2711: 2642:Neil Davis, quoted in Bowden 1987, p. 143. 1639:after serving 10 months and seven days in 1175:Vietnam Forces National Memorial, Canberra 1165:Social attitudes and treatment of veterans 932:Withdrawal of Australian forces, 1970–1973 532:, of armoured personnel carriers from the 399:Increased Australian commitment, 1965–1970 57:Vietnam Forces National Memorial, Canberra 5232:Military history of Australia by conflict 5225:History of the Royal Australian Air Force 4432:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 4375:The Royal Australian Air Force: A History 4356:Australian Military Operations in Vietnam 4034:Hackworth, David; Sherman, Julie (1989). 3422: 2831: 2819: 2741: 2557: 2348: 2251: 2249: 2212: 2210: 2208: 888:on Australian operations was provided by 24:Australian involvement in the Vietnam War 16:Australian involvement in the Vietnam War 4408: 4372: 4142: 3796:The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles 3734:Vietnam, A Portrait of its People at War 3711: 3673: 3122:"Farewell to a conscience of the nation" 3119: 2699: 2175: 1869:Role of United States in the Vietnam War 1762:4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 1740:3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 1550:6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 1507:23–24 February—1 RAR is involved in the 1500:in the Ho Bo Woods as part of the first 1446:1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 1168: 957:Vietnam; the Australian prime minister, 906: 845: 778: 730: 648:2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 641: 460:1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment 449: 402: 321: 5060:Opposition to United States involvement 4353: 4256: 4218: 4095: 3935: 3916: 3894: 3651: 3529: 3527: 3349:"Australian Army Training Team Vietnam" 3262: 3224: 3168: 2907: 2020: 2018: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1554:US Presidential Unit Citation (Vietnam) 1544:, an Australian victory is fought by D 1223:, and was dedicated on 3 October 1992. 1034:, allowed South Vietnamese refugees to 1026:by the communists. The Liberals—led by 534:1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron 330:While assisting the British during the 100:Approximately 61,000 military personnel 5312: 4318:Army Australia: An Illustrated History 4315: 4180: 4120: 4076: 3812: 3731:Chanoff, David; Doan Van Toai (1996). 3692: 3657:A History of Australian Foreign Policy 3571: 3533: 3086:Ham 2007, pp. 271, 335, 458 & 528. 2863: 2246: 2205: 1476:13 November—Warrant Officer Class Two 472:4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse 223:, began to gain the ascendency in the 5192: 4491: 4391: 4294: 4261:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 4238:McKay, Gary; Graeme Nicholas (2001). 4199: 3992: 3836:; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995). 3359:from the original on 11 December 2008 3047: 2651:Hackworth & Sherman 1989, p. 495. 2519: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1659:, Vietnam, Warrant Officer Class Two 1321:Australian Army Training Team Vietnam 757:(PAVN) lost in excess of 300 killed. 542:1st Australian Logistic Support Group 458:As a result of the announcement, the 348:Australian Army Training Team Vietnam 5355:Australia–Vietnam military relations 5215:History of the Royal Australian Navy 5173: 4276:McNeill, Ian; Ekins, Ashley (2003). 4204:. Elite Series 103. Oxford: Osprey. 4161: 4011: 3955:Ekins, Ashley; McNeill, Ian (2012). 3524: 3341: 2851:Ekins and McNeill 2012, pp. 640–641. 2420:McNeill and Ekins 2003, pp. 308–310. 2384:McNeill and Ekins 2003, pp. 126–128. 2015: 1959: 1831:Military history of Australia portal 1099:Police officers and protestors, 1966 1036:settle in Australia in large numbers 850:An Australian soldier armed with an 391:, becoming Australia's first battle 92:31 July 1962 – 18 December 1972 5345:History of Australia (1945–present) 4777:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 4463:. Australian Defence Force Academy. 4054: 3997:. North Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 3877: 3505:"Hyland, Charles Keith (1914–1989)" 2860:Edwards 1997, pp. 317–320, 325–326. 1943:. Army History Unit. Archived from 1496:8–14 January—1 RAR participates in 1111:1966 protest: one sign reads, "Was 611:in Thailand as part of Australia's 13: 5299:Military intervention against ISIL 4706:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 4280:. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. 3537:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3509:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3404:Impressions:Australians in Vietnam 3120:Strangio, Paul (13 October 2003). 3048:Deery, Phillip (1 November 2015). 2966:Coulthard-Clark 1995, pp. 329–331. 2957:Coulthard-Clark 1995, pp. 322–326. 2795:Coulthard-Clark 2001, pp. 291–292. 2579:. Health Museum of South Australia 1912: 1686:20 July—At a United States Marine 1319:3 August—The first members of the 247:(SoV), an associated state in the 203:was driven largely by the rise of 14: 5366: 4701:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 4448: 4242:. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. 2934: 1900:. Department of Veterans' Affairs 1690:club, 7 km (4 mi) from 918:1st Australian Civil Affairs Unit 650:during a patrol in September 1967 5274:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 5172: 5163: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5055:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 3636:State Library of South Australia 3628: 3621:'History maker turns historian' 3615: 3606: 3556: 3515: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3380: 3371: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3247: 3238: 3195: 3189: 3180: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2993:Jupp 2001, pp. 723–724, 732–733. 2786:Guest and McNeill 1992, p. xiii. 2554:Ekins & McNeill 2012, p.692. 2510:McKay and Nicholas 2001, p. 212. 1898:Nominal Roll of Vietnam Veterans 1823: 1375:assassination of John F. Kennedy 1234:defence of continental Australia 1213:Vietnam Forces National Memorial 1124: 1104: 1092: 1080: 313:Australia's military involvement 37: 4691:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 4517: 4469:"Australia and the Vietnam War" 4017:A Military History of Australia 3940:. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing. 3794:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001). 3775:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). 3752:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1995). 3659:. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2928: 2908:Blenkin, Max (30 August 2009). 2901: 2892: 2854: 2845: 2810: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2732: 2723: 2690: 2687:Ross, Hall & Griffin, p.255 2681: 2672: 2663: 2660:Chanoff and To.ai 1996, p. 108. 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2569: 2548: 2539: 2520:Dapin, Mark (26 October 2014). 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2474:Ekins and McNeill 2012, p. 727. 2468: 2459: 2450: 2447:McNeill and Ekins 2003, p. 310. 2441: 2438:McNeill and Ekins 2003, p. 311. 2432: 2423: 2414: 2411:McNeill and Ekins 2003, p. 303. 2405: 2402:McNeill and Ekins 2003, p. 249. 2396: 2387: 2378: 2375:McNeill and Ekins 2003, p. 269. 2369: 2366:McNeill and Ekins 2003, p. 126. 2360: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2196: 2187: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 1373:becomes US president after the 1364:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1115:an Excuse for Hitler - Is 821:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 802:South Vietnamese Regional Force 559:New Zealand Special Air Service 199:Australia's involvement in the 114:Australia's involvement in the 5335:Political history of Australia 5330:Foreign relations of Australia 5220:History of the Australian Army 4940:United States prisoners of war 4166:. Cambridge University Press. 3271:. Bill McBride. Archived from 3066:10.5263/labourhistory.109.0055 2045: 2036: 2027: 2006: 1997: 1886: 1874:South Korea in the Vietnam War 1859:New Zealand in the Vietnam War 1849:History of the Australian Army 1749:18 August 1971—Prime Minister 1292:and Australian Prime Minister 1255:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 318:Australian advisors, 1962–1965 1: 5350:Cold War history of Australia 5195:Military history of Australia 5123:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 4396:. Brisbane: Jacaranda Press. 3697:. Sydney: Collins Australia. 3644: 3198:"War, Trauma, and Psychiatry" 2545:Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 290. 1854:Military History of Australia 1062:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 984:Governor-General of Australia 835:awarded during the conflict. 817:Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone 639:at Vũng Tàu on 1 April 1968. 637:1st Australian Field Hospital 625:RAN Helicopter Flight Vietnam 554:35th Field Artillery Regiment 342:, the US Secretary of State, 178: 3978:(revised ed.). Viking. 3974:Freudenberg, Graham (2009). 3815:NZSAS: The First Fifty Years 3494:Coulhard-Clark 2001, p. 286. 1616:12 February—Prime Minister, 1196:Returned Servicemen's League 576:battlefield helicopters and 538:Special Air Service Regiment 389:Nam Dong Special Forces Camp 243:) ruling the north, and the 132:the conscription controversy 7: 5320:Anti-communism in Australia 4731:Independence Palace bombing 4060:Vietnam: The Australian War 3737:. London: Taurus & Co. 3485:Caufield 2007, pp. 357–358. 3355:. Australian War Memorial. 2327:Stephens 2006, pp. 254–257. 1816: 1424:National Service Act (1964) 1240: 829:Central Intelligence Agency 516:(1 ATF) was established in 468:armoured personnel carriers 47:waiting to be picked up by 10: 5371: 5113:Canada and the Vietnam War 4782:1965 South Vietnamese coup 4590:People's Republic of China 4570:International participants 4413:. London: Harper Collins. 4295:Nalty, Bernard C. (1998). 4143:Horner, David; ed (2008). 4062:. Sydney: Harper Collins. 3995:Australia's War in Vietnam 3712:Caufield, Michael (2007). 3542:Melbourne University Press 3438:Royal Australian Air Force 3320:Edwards 2014, pp. 265–268. 3293:Edwards 2014, pp. 261–264. 3104:Dennis et al 2008, p. 558. 3038:Edwards 1997, pp. 143–146. 3029:Edwards 1997, pp. 141–142. 3002:Dennis et al 2008, p. 557. 2975:Edwards 1997, pp. 332–335. 2678:Palazzo 2006, pp. 156–158. 2273:Dennis et al 2008, p. 555. 1844:Canada and the Vietnam War 1688:non-commissioned officer's 1409:Royal Australian Air Force 536:, and a detachment of the 417:Royal Australian Air Force 281:Liberal Party of Australia 241:People's Republic of China 188: 182: 173: 164:Australian Embassy Platoon 108:521 killed, ~3,000 wounded 5201: 5148: 5118:CIA activities in Vietnam 5100: 5047: 5004: 4966: 4890: 4714: 4648: 4615: 4534: 4525: 4335:O'Keefe, Brendan (1994). 3612:Freudenberg 2009, p. 247. 3353:Australian military units 2939:. Australian War Memorial 2871:"National Service Scheme" 2492:Horner 1990, pp. 457–459. 2291:McNeill 1993, pp. 171–172 2243:Andrew 1975, pp. 172–173. 2184:Dennis et al 2008, p. 59. 1894:"About this Nominal Roll" 1790:free the draft resister, 1509:Battle of Suoi Bong Trang 514:1st Australian Task Force 338:. According to historian 104: 96: 88: 84:against Communist attacks 76: 64: 43:Australian soldiers from 36: 28: 23: 5340:Wars involving Australia 5140:Women in the Vietnam War 5072:United States news media 5017:Indochina refugee crisis 5012:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4787:Bombing of North Vietnam 4726:Strategic Hamlet Program 4354:Palazzo, Albert (2006). 4040:. Melbourne: MacMillan. 3585:University of Wollongong 2738:Frost 1987, pp. 176–177. 2729:Frost 1987, pp. 166–168. 2597:Palazzo 2006, pp. 21–22. 2393:Palazzo 2006, pp. 79–83. 2282:Kuring 2004, pp. 321–322 1879: 1717:Bourke Street, Melbourne 1628:Battle of Coral–Balmoral 1042:Protests against the war 755:People's Army of Vietnam 751:Battle of Coral–Balmoral 419:(RAAF) sent a flight of 364:Strategic Hamlet Program 207:in Southeast Asia after 4759:Gulf of Tonkin incident 4680:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4409:Woodruff, Mark (1999). 4373:Stephens, Alan (2006). 4316:Odgers, George (1988). 4223:. London: Arrow Books. 3936:Edwards, Peter (2014). 3917:Edwards, Peter (1997). 3674:Blaxland, John (2014). 3625:, 16 January 1988, p. 2 3540:. Melbourne, Victoria: 3408:Australian War Memorial 3302:Blaxland 2014, pp. 1–5. 3263:Fontana, Shane (1995). 2879:Australian War Memorial 1984:Australian War Memorial 1976:"Vietnam War 1962–1972" 1937:"Vietnam War 1962–1972" 1585:Battle of Suoi Chau Pha 1552:. The Company earns a 1139:conscientious objectors 1001:. The first Australian 700:III Corps Tactical Zone 528:, a troop, and later a 229:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 5168:Battles and operations 5108:Awards and decorations 5022:Vietnamese boat people 4991:Impact of Agent Orange 4979:Body count controversy 4686:1954 Geneva Conference 4392:Stone, Gerald (1966). 4077:Harper, James (1990). 3458:Caufield 2007, p. 101. 3186:Woodruff 1999, p. 230. 3095:Ham 2007, pp. 449–461. 2898:Ham 2007, pp. 649–650. 2816:Ham 2007, pp. 551–552. 2633:Stone 1966, pp. 53–54. 2615:Ham 2007, pp. 138–139. 2483:Ham 2007, pp. 477–478. 2234:Ham 2007, pp. 119–120. 2154:Ham 2007, pp. 166–172. 1661:Rayene Stewart Simpson 1448:leaves for Vietnam on 1418:10 November—Selective 1177: 1119:An Excuse for Murder?" 912: 881: 854: 788: 736: 651: 487:Royal New Zealand Army 483:173rd Airborne Brigade 455: 412: 327: 289:Australian Labor Party 4877:1975 spring offensive 4836:ARVN campaign in Laos 4832:Vietnamization policy 4257:McNeill, Ian (1984). 4219:McAulay, Lex (1988). 4200:Lyles, Kevin (2004). 3993:Frost, Frank (1987). 3521:McAulay 1988, p. 338. 3476:Caufield 2007, p. 89. 3467:Caufield 2007, p. 87. 3386:Hartley 2002, p. 242. 3377:Caufield 2007, p. 80. 3338:Hartley 2002, p. 240. 3244:Edwards 1997, p. 307. 2984:Edwards 1997, p. 336. 2777:Hartley 2002, p. 244. 2720:Palazzo 2006, p. 116. 2465:Edwards 1997, p. 196. 2456:Edwards 1997, p. 193. 2345:O'Keefe 1994, p. 135. 2193:Ham 2007, pp. 118–119 1529:June—Prime Minister, 1478:Kevin Arthur Wheatley 1381:to Vietnam that year. 1215:, was established on 1172: 1143:1969 federal election 1053:1966 federal election 1032:1975 federal election 910: 876: 849: 782: 734: 711:complex northeast of 645: 629:Clearance Diving Team 617:Royal Australian Navy 599:During the war, RAAF 489:artillery battery at 453: 406: 383:, during a sustained 368:Victor "Brute" Krulak 325: 264:fraudulent referendum 4996:Environmental impact 4868:Battle of Phước Long 4633:Cold War (1962–1979) 4301:. Salamander Books. 4181:Kuring, Ian (2004). 4162:Jupp, James (2001). 4081:. Longman Cheshire. 3817:. Auckland: Viking. 3813:Crosby, Ron (2009). 3693:Bowden, Tim (1987). 3572:Markey, Ray (1998). 3329:Edwards 1991, p. 17. 3311:Blaxland 2014, p. 4. 3206:University of Sydney 3011:Edwards 2014, p. 162 2842:Odgers 1988, p. 247. 2828:Odgers 1988, p. 246. 2807:Horner 2008, p. 233. 2759:Horner 2008, p. 232. 2750:Horner 2008, p. 231. 2669:Palazzo 2006, p. 22. 2566:Dennis 1995, p. 620. 2357:Dennis 1995, p. 619. 2336:Dennis 1995, p. 519. 2318:Dennis 1995, p. 510. 2114:McNeill 1984, p. 67. 2105:Ham 2007, pp. 93–94. 2042:Ham 2007, pp. 59–71. 2003:Ham 2007, pp. 48–49. 1736:Battle of Long Khánh 1413:No. 35 Squadron RAAF 1407:are provided by the 1310:Minister for Defence 1007:Tan Son Nhat Airport 999:Ho Chi Minh Campaign 954:Battle of Long Khánh 860:William Westmoreland 800:in 1972. Attacks on 423:to the port town of 5076:In popular culture 5029:Sino-Vietnamese War 4859:Paris Peace Accords 4672:First Indochina War 4661:Japanese occupation 4628:Cambodian Civil War 4475:on 17 February 2019 3623:Adelaide Advertiser 3212:on 22 November 2005 2708:Frost 1987, p. 166. 2501:Frost 1987, p. 118. 2309:Crosby 2009, p. 195 2145:Harpur 1990, p. 98. 2087:McNeill 1984, p. 6. 2060:McNeill 1984, p. 4. 1947:on 5 September 2006 1524:Operation Hardihood 1513:Bình Dương Province 1051:announced that the 590:Ninh Thuận Province 568:, flying Caribous, 415:In August 1964 the 309:to the war effort. 287:and the opposition 268:Republic of Vietnam 237:17th parallel north 225:First Indochina War 70:Republic of Vietnam 49:US Army helicopters 5289:War in Afghanistan 4850:Christmas bombings 4823:Cambodian campaign 4394:War Without Honour 3884:Vietnam Generation 3020:Grey 2008, p. 248. 2696:Frost 1987, p. 61. 2587:– via eHive. 2202:Grey 2008, p. 237. 2163:Grey 2008, p. 238. 2069:Grey 2008, p. 236. 1542:Battle of Long Tan 1484:for his gallantry. 1471:Battle of Gang Toi 1398:Battle of Nam Dong 1323:arrive in Vietnam. 1296:reaffirms support. 1178: 1024:re-education camps 946:area of operations 913: 855: 789: 763:Operation Goodwood 737: 656:Battle of Long Tan 652: 586:Phan Rang Air Base 584:bombers. Based at 518:Phước Tuy Province 491:Bien Hoa Base Camp 456: 421:Caribou transports 413: 336:counter-insurgency 328: 283:of Prime Minister 128:War in Afghanistan 120:Menzies Government 5307: 5306: 5269:Malayan Emergency 5254:Russian Civil War 5186: 5185: 4903:Ho Chi Minh trail 4796:Buddhist Uprising 4754:Coup against Minh 4745:Coup against Diem 4668:(1949–1955) 4623:Laotian Civil War 4616:Related conflicts 4595:Republic of China 4439:978-1-10709-844-2 4384:978-0-19-555541-7 4154:978-1-74175-374-5 4069:978-0-7322-8237-0 4026:978-0-521-69791-0 3985:978-0-670-07375-7 3870:978-0-19-551784-2 3824:978-0-67-007424-2 3594:on 26 August 2006 3562:Ham 2007, p. 525. 3253:Ham 2007, p. 650. 3235:Ham 2007, p. 565. 3177:Ham 2007, p. 529. 3165:Ham 2007, p. 528. 3156:Ham 2007, p. 527. 3147:Ham 2007, p. 526. 2768:Lyles 2004, p. 8. 2624:Ham 2007, p. 418. 2606:Ham 2007, p. 316. 2429:Ham 2007, p. 345. 2300:Ham 2007, p. 179. 2264:Ham 2007, p. 131. 2255:Ham 2007, p. 128. 2225:Ham 2007, p. 123. 2216:Ham 2007, p. 121. 2172:Ham 2007, p. 175. 2033:Nalty 1998, p. 8. 1814: 1813: 1788:Sydney University 1756:21 September—the 1738:takes place when 1681:Battle of Binh Ba 1535:Lyndon B. Johnson 1371:Lyndon B. Johnson 992:missing in action 809:cordon and search 774:Battle of Binh Ba 680:barrier minefield 607:were deployed to 594:Vũng Tàu Air Base 546:based in Vũng Tàu 495:Biên Hòa Province 376:Central Highlands 354:, led by Colonel 332:Malayan Emergency 277:guerrilla warfare 155:Gorton Government 112: 111: 5362: 5190: 5189: 5176: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5156: 5155: 4913:Operation Popeye 4845:Easter Offensive 4666:State of Vietnam 4656:French Indochina 4638:Cold War in Asia 4546:Việt Minh / PAVN 4512: 4505: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4464: 4443: 4424: 4405: 4388: 4369: 4350: 4331: 4312: 4291: 4272: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4196: 4177: 4158: 4139: 4117: 4112:. Archived from 4092: 4073: 4051: 4030: 4008: 3989: 3970: 3951: 3932: 3913: 3891: 3878:Edwards, Peter. 3874: 3851: 3828: 3809: 3790: 3771: 3748: 3727: 3708: 3695:One Crowded Hour 3689: 3670: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3593: 3587:. Archived from 3578: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3531: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3401: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3269:Vietnam Veterans 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2829: 2826: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2709: 2706: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078:Ham 2007, p. 91. 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2051:Ham 2007, p. 57. 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2024:Ham 2007, p. 59. 2022: 2013: 2012:Ham 2007, p. 42. 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1972: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1933: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1890: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1792:Michael Matteson 1758:Battle of Nui Le 1657:Kon Tum Province 1641:Pentridge Prison 1608:Battle of Ba Ria 1583:area during the 1405:Caribou aircraft 1350:in a successful 1348:are assassinated 1290:visits Australia 1283:South Vietnamese 1263:State of Vietnam 1245: 1244: 1183:Vietnam veterans 1128: 1108: 1096: 1084: 963:Battle of Nui Le 833:Victoria Crosses 827:, run by the US 798:Easter Offensive 785:Sydney Town Hall 717:Operation Coburg 664:Operation Bribie 548:. A squadron of 245:State of Vietnam 213:French Indochina 97:Executed by 41: 21: 20: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5144: 5129:Pentagon Papers 5096: 5043: 5000: 4962: 4886: 4740:Buddhist crisis 4710: 4696:1955 referendum 4644: 4611: 4530: 4521: 4516: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4421: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4328: 4309: 4298:The Vietnam War 4288: 4269: 4250: 4231: 4212: 4193: 4174: 4155: 4136: 4116:on 12 May 2015. 4110: 4089: 4079:War Without End 4070: 4048: 4027: 4005: 3986: 3967: 3948: 3929: 3910: 3871: 3855:Dennis, Peter; 3848: 3832:Dennis, Peter; 3825: 3806: 3787: 3768: 3745: 3724: 3705: 3686: 3667: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3581:Illawarra Unity 3576: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3275:on 16 June 2006 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2935:Ekins, Ashley. 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1974: 1973: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1935: 1934: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1794:, from the law. 1751:William McMahon 1518:24 May-Private 1498:Operation Crimp 1358:led by General 1243: 1229: 1167: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1088: 1085: 1044: 959:William McMahon 934: 890:David Hackworth 852:M60 machine gun 844: 825:Phoenix Program 646:Members of the 605:No. 79 Squadron 566:No. 35 Squadron 550:Centurion tanks 512:In April 1966, 507:Suoi Bong Trang 503:Operation Crimp 485:, along with a 401: 387:(VC) attack on 320: 315: 197: 187: 181: 176: 72: 60: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5368: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5160: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4908:Sihanouk Trail 4905: 4900: 4898:Củ Chi tunnels 4894: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4882:Fall of Saigon 4879: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4847: 4838: 4825: 4816: 4798: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4770: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4742: 4733: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4669: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4567: 4557: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4449:External links 4447: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4425: 4419: 4406: 4389: 4383: 4370: 4364: 4351: 4345: 4332: 4326: 4313: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4254: 4248: 4235: 4229: 4216: 4210: 4197: 4191: 4178: 4172: 4159: 4153: 4140: 4134: 4124:, ed. (1990). 4118: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4009: 4003: 3990: 3984: 3971: 3965: 3952: 3946: 3933: 3927: 3914: 3908: 3896:Edwards, Peter 3892: 3875: 3869: 3852: 3846: 3829: 3823: 3810: 3804: 3791: 3785: 3772: 3766: 3749: 3743: 3728: 3722: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3684: 3671: 3665: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3627: 3614: 3605: 3564: 3555: 3523: 3514: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3434:Air Force News 3421: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3223: 3188: 3179: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3115:The Australian 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3054:Labour History 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2927: 2916:. 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Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War

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