Military Commissions Act of 2006

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counsel for petitioner-appellant, and they agree with the briefing schedule proposed below. As explained below, the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA), Pub. L. No. 109-366 (see Attachment 1), which took effect on October 17, 2006, removes federal court jurisdiction over pending and future habeas corpus actions and any other actions filed by or on behalf of detained aliens determined by the United States to be enemy combatants, such as petitioner-appellant al- Marri, except as provided in Section 1005(e)(2) and (e)(3) of the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA). In plain terms, the MCA removes this Court's jurisdiction (as well as the district court's) over al-Marri's habeas action. Accordingly, the Court should dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction and remand the case to the district court with instructions to dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.

2004:] be left to a single person, who might often be of subordinate rank. The matter should be taken to a court, as persons taking part in the fight without the right to do so are liable to be prosecuted for murder or attempted murder, and might even be sentenced to capital punishment (12). This suggestion was not unanimously accepted, however, as it was felt that to bring a person before a military tribunal might have more serious consequences than a decision to deprive him of the benefits afforded by the Convention (13). A further amendment was therefore made to the Stockholm text stipulating that a decision regarding persons whose status was in doubt would be taken by a 'competent tribunal', and not specifically a military tribunal. 36: 883:) preserving habeas corpus. The Kennedy amendment was defeated on separation of powers grounds although the Republican manager of the bill and chairman of the Armed Services Committee, Senator Warner (R-VA), noted that he agreed with Sen. Kennedy that the techniques were grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and "clearly prohibited by the bill." Specter's amendment was rejected by a vote of 51–48. Specter voted for the bill despite the defeat of his amendment. The bill was finally passed by the House on September 29, 2006 and presented to the President for signing on October 10, 2006. 202: 437:(e) Treatment of Rulings and Precedents— The findings, holdings, interpretations, and other precedents of military commissions under this chapter may not be introduced or considered in any hearing, trial, or other proceeding of a court-martial convened under chapter 47 of this title. The findings, holdings, interpretations, and other precedents of military commissions under this chapter may not form the basis of any holding, decision, or other determination of a court-martial convened under that chapter. 1803: 1817: 4329: 704:(e)(1) No court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by or on behalf of an alien detained by the United States who has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination. (2) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 1005(e) of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 ( 4339: 1783:. On June 29, 2007, the court reversed that decision, releasing an order that expressed their intent to hear the challenge. The two cases have been consolidated into one. Oral arguments were heard on December 5, 2007. The decision, extending habeas corpus rights to alien unlawful enemy combatants but allowing the commissions to continue to prosecute war crimes, was handed down on June 12, 2008. 3334: 492:(b) Lawful Enemy Combatants— Military commissions under this chapter shall not have jurisdiction over lawful enemy combatants. Lawful enemy combatants who violate the law of war are subject to chapter 47 of this title. Courts-martial established under that chapter shall have jurisdiction to try a lawful enemy combatant for any offense made punishable under this chapter. 804:—the ability of an imprisoned person to challenge their confinement in court—applies only to resident aliens within the United States as well as other foreign nationals captured here and abroad" and that "it does not restrict the rights and freedoms and liberties of U.S. citizens anymore than they already have been restricted." 1164:. Under this program, suspected terrorists have been detained and questioned about threats against our country. Information we have learned from the program has helped save lives at home and abroad. By authorizing the creation of military commissions, the Act will also allow us to prosecute suspected terrorists for war crimes. 1400:. Authorizing indefinite detention of anybody the Government designates, without any proceeding and without any recourse—is what our worst critics claim the United States would do, not what American values, traditions and our rule of law would have us do. This is not just a bad bill, this is a dangerous bill. 601:(ii) a person who, before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, has been determined to be an unlawful enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense. 2006:

Another change was made in the text of the paragraph, as drafted at Stockholm, in order to specify that it applies to cases of doubt as to whether persons having committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the enemy belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4 (14). The

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Executive Director Anthony D. Romero said, "The president can now, with the approval of Congress, indefinitely hold people without charge, take away protections against horrific abuse, put people on trial based on hearsay evidence, authorize trials that can sentence people to death based on testimony

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columnist Andrew McCarthy argued that since the law applies to "aliens with no immigration status who are captured and held outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, and whose only connection to our country is to wage a barbaric war against it" they do not have a constitutional right

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The Act also contains provisions (often referred to as the "habeas provisions") removing access to the courts for any alien detained by the United States government who is determined to be an enemy combatant, or who is 'awaiting determination' regarding enemy combatant status. This allows the United

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Let us say that my wife, who is here in the gallery with us tonight, a sixth generation Oregonian, is walking by the friendly, local military base and is picked up as an unlawful enemy combatant. What is her recourse? She says, "I am a U.S. citizen". That is a jurisdictional fact under this statute,

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engaged in hostilities against the United States for violations of the law of war and other offenses triable by military commission." While the most controversial provisions in the law refer to "alien unlawful enemy combatants", section 948a refers to "unlawful enemy combatants" (not explicitly

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and by this section, the President has the authority for the United States to interpret the meaning and application of the Geneva Conventions and to promulgate higher standards and administrative regulations for violations of treaty obligations which are not grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions.

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editorial page. Without getting into a point-by-point rebuttal here on the floor, I would simply say that I have been reading the Congressional Record trying to find the bill that page so vociferously denounced. The hyperbolic attack is aimed not at any bill this body is today debating, nor even at

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Simply put, this legislation ensures that we respect our obligations under Geneva, recognizes the President's constitutional authority to interpret treaties, and brings accountability and transparency to the process of interpretation by ensuring that the executive's interpretation is made public. I

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of 2005, while not allowing a standard habeas corpus review, provides that each detainee "has a right to appeal to our civilian-justice system. — specifically, to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. And if that appeal is unsuccessful, the terrorist may also seek certiorari review by the

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for agents involved in the detention and interrogation of individuals "believed to be engaged in or associated with international terrorist activity". The 2006 MCA amended section 1004(a) of the Detainee Treatment Act to guarantee free counsel in the event of civil or criminal prosecution and

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Today, the Senate sent a strong signal to the terrorists that we will continue using every element of national power to pursue our enemies and to prevent attacks on America. The Military Commissions Act of 2006 will allow the continuation of a CIA program that has been one of America's most potent

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note), no court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider any other action against the United States or its agents relating to any aspect of the detention, transfer, treatment, trial, or conditions of confinement of an alien who is or was detained by the United States and has

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on March 26, 2007. The agreement stipulated an effective sentence of nine months in exchange for his guilty plea and compliance with other conditions. On March 31, 2007, the tribunal handed down a seven-year sentence, of which all but nine months was suspended, with the remainder to be served in

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Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure and Local Rule 27(f), respondent-appellee Commander S.L. Wright respectfully moves this Court to remand this case to the district court with instructions to dismiss it for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Respondent-appellee has conferred with

734:(2008), the US Supreme Court held that the MCA was unconstitutional as it restricted detainees' use of habeas corpus and access to the federal courts. It determined that detainees could have access to federal courts to hear habeas corpus petitions, to restore the protection of the Constitution. 1420:

treatment"—referring to the American citizen who was declared an unlawful enemy combatant and then imprisoned for three years before finally being charged with a lesser crime than was originally alleged. A legal brief filed on Padilla's behalf alleges that during his imprisonment Padilla was

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was considered a war crime and could be criminally prosecuted. Section 6 of the Military Commissions Act amended the War Crimes Act so that only actions specifically defined as "grave breaches" of Common Article 3 could be the basis for a prosecution, and it made that definition

446:(f) Status of Commissions Under Common Article 3— A military commission established under this chapter is a regularly constituted court, affording all the necessary 'judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples' for purposes of common Article 3 of the 1383:

who, before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, has been determined to be an unlawful enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of

616:(B) a member of a militia, volunteer corps, or organized resistance movement belonging to a State party engaged in such hostilities, which are under responsible command, wear a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance, carry their arms openly, and abide by the law of war; or 815:

that "by so restricting habeas corpus, this bill does not just apply to enemy aliens. It applies to all Americans because, while the provision on page 93 has the word "alien in it, the provision on page 61 does not have the word alien in it." For more on this interpretation, see

1459:, however, a plurality of the Supreme Court (four justices) found that conspiracy—one of the offenses enumerated in the MCA—was not a crime triable by military commission. The bill's statement that conspiracy is a traditional war crime, does not, by legislative fiat, make it so. 1454:

The MCA states that it does not create any new crimes, but simply codifies offenses "that have traditionally been triable by military commissions." This provision is meant to convince the courts that there are no ex post facto problems with the offenses that the bill lists. In

1145:, Jeffrey Addicott wrote "the new Military Commissions Act reflects a clear and much-needed Congressional commitment to the war on terror, which to this point has been largely conducted in legal terms by the executive branch with occasional interjections from the judiciary". 2009:

It therefore seems to us that this provision should not be interpreted too restrictively; the reference in the Convention to 'a belligerent act' relates to the principle which motivated the person who committed it, and not merely the manner in which the act was committed."

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responded by stating: "We believe that Congress intended to grant jurisdiction under the Military Commissions Act to individuals, like Mr. Khadr, who are being held as enemy combatants under existing C.S.R.T. procedures." That position was called "dead wrong" by Specter.

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The Act also defines an alien as "a person who is not a citizen of the United States", and a co-belligerent to mean "any State or armed force joining and directly engaged with the United States in hostilities or directly supporting hostilities against a common enemy."

342:). Chapter 47 of this title does not, by its terms, apply to trial by military commission except as specifically provided in this chapter. The judicial construction and application of that chapter are not binding on military commissions established under this chapter. 679:

or other civil action or proceeding to which the United States, or a current or former officer, employee, member of the Armed Forces, or other agent of the United States is a party as a source of rights in any court of the United States or its States or territories.

515:(d) Punishments— A military commission under this chapter may, under such limitations as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, adjudge any punishment not forbidden by this chapter, including the penalty of death when authorized under this chapter or the law of war. 1997:

that "At Geneva in 1949, it was first proposed that for the sake of precision the term 'responsible authority' should be replaced by 'military tribunal' (11). This amendment was based on the view that decisions which might have the gravest consequences should Hot

316:(a) Purpose— This chapter establishes procedures governing the use of military commissions to try alien unlawful enemy combatants engaged in hostilities against the United States for violations of the law of war and other offenses triable by military commission. 1445:

stated that "In violation of this fundamental tenet of the rule of law, defendants could be convicted for actions that were not illegal when they were taken." Joanne Mariner, an attorney who serves as the Terrorism and Counterterrorism Program Director at

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ruled that the military tribunals, created to deal with "unlawful enemy combatants," had no jurisdiction over detainees who had been designated only as "enemy combatants." He dismissed without prejudice all charges against Khadr. Also on June 4,

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Even though detainees now have the right to challenge the government's basis of their detention, that does not guarantee release as evidenced by the December 14, 2009 ruling of U.S. District Judge Thomas F. Hogan who upheld continued detention of

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or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense that a person is an unlawful enemy combatant is dispositive for purposes of jurisdiction for trial by military commission under this

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applied the above mentioned legal defense to prosecutions for conduct that occurred during the period September 11, 2001 to December 30, 2005. Although the provision recognizes the possibility of civil and or criminal proceedings, the

479:(a) Jurisdiction— A military commission under this chapter shall have jurisdiction to try any offense made punishable by this chapter or the law of war when committed by an alien unlawful enemy combatant before, on, or after 1130:, in which the court decided that it would not hear habeas claims brought by alien enemy prisoners held outside the US and refused to interpret the Geneva Conventions to give rights in civilian court against the government. 858:

directing the Secretary of State to notify other countries that the U.S. considered waterboarding and other enhanced interrogation techniques to be grave breaches of the Geneva Convention (SA.5088), and an amendment by

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the Administration's original position. I can only presume that some would prefer that Congress simply ignore the Hamdan decision, and pass no legislation at all. That, I suggest to my colleagues, would be a travesty.

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If the government chooses to bring a prosecution against the detainee, a military commission is convened for this purpose. The following rules are some of those established for trying alien unlawful enemy combatants.

325:(b) Authority for Military Commissions Under This Chapter— The President is authorized to establish military commissions under this chapter for offenses triable by military commission as provided in this chapter. 1697:

On June 4, 2007, in two separate cases, military tribunals dismissed charges against detainees who had been designated as "enemy combatants" but not as "unlawful enemy combatants". The first case was that of

459:(g) Geneva Conventions Not Establishing Source of Rights— No alien unlawful enemy combatant subject to trial by military commission under this chapter may invoke the Geneva Conventions as a source of rights. 2173: 1519:. According to Mariner of Human Rights Watch, the effect is "that perpetrators of several categories of what were war crimes at the time they were committed, can no longer be punished under U.S. law." The 750:

summarized the positive aspects as "restricting coerced and hearsay evidence and providing greater defense counsel resources." Overall, it argued that the law as amended still fell "short of providing the

1594:, called the Military Commissions Act of 2006 "a huge sea change for our democracy. The framers created a system where we did not have to rely on the good graces or good mood of the president. In fact, 1392:

Passing laws that remove the few checks against mistreatment of prisoners will not help us win the battle for the hearts and minds of the generation of young people around the world being recruited by

2970: 2213: 4388: 1841: 1368:, a journalist with a law degree, responds to the comment that habeas corpus has never been afforded to foreign combatants with the suggestion that, using the current sweeping definition of 792:

only to aliens, and that US citizens detained as "unlawful combatants" would still have habeas rights with which to challenge their indefinite detention. While formally opposed to the Act,

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Human Rights Interest Group, adds that the Act "risks running afoul of the principle against ex post facto criminalization, as recognized in international law (article 15 of the

501:(c) Determination of Unlawful Enemy Combatant Status Dispositive— A finding, whether before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, by a 3130: 1949: 2072: 3217: 1479:

Two provisions of the MCA have been criticized for allegedly making it harder to prosecute and convict officers and employees of the US government for misconduct in office.

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Any person is punishable as a principal under this chapter who commits an offense punishable by this chapter, or aids, abets, counsels, commands, or procures its commission.

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has criticised this claiming that "The MCA retroactively immunizes some U.S. officials who have engaged in illegal actions which have been authorized by the Executive."

1241: 3248: 586:(i) a person who has engaged in hostilities or who has purposefully and materially supported hostilities against the United States or its co-belligerents who is not a 3063: 1748: 529:

is not defined in the Act itself. It is defined in the US Army Field Manual, section 27–10, for the purpose of determining whether a person is or is not entitled to

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in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba even though the court determined that he was not a continuing threat, the government met its burden of proving he was a member of al-Qaeda.

3422: 2170: 2057: 3304: 3190: 553:"Any alien unlawful enemy combatant is subject to trial by military commission under chapter 47A — Military Commissions (of the Military Commissions Act of 2006 ( 2486: 1861: 2717: 568: 2263: 669:

may not be used unless the attorney has been determined to be eligible for access to classified information that is classified at the level Secret or higher.

377:(A) Section 810 (article 10 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), relating to speedy trial, including any rule of courts-martial relating to speedy trial. 3045: 2309: 1598:

said that he created a system essentially to be run by devils, where they could not do harm, because we didn't rely on their good motivations. Now we must."

1365: 185: 3478: 2570: 426:(2) Other provisions of chapter 47 of this title shall apply to trial by military commission under this chapter only to the extent provided by this chapter. 4378: 4018: 1702:, a Canadian who had been designated as an "enemy combatant" in 2004. Khadr was accused of throwing a grenade during a firefight in Afghanistan in 2002. 1468: 2966: 2209: 672:

A finding of Guilty by a particular commission requires only a two-thirds majority of the members of the commission present at the time the vote is taken

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case that it had been considering since 2004. A notice dated the following day listed 196 other pending habeas cases for which it made the same claim.

1633: 4363: 3540: 619:(C) a member of a regular armed force who professes allegiance to a government engaged in such hostilities, but not recognized by the United States." 2652: 2149: 394:(B) Sections 831(a), (b), and (d) (articles 31(a), (b), and (d) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), relating to compulsory self-incrimination. 868: 2739: 2192: 4023: 3482: 3472: 3662: 3552: 2036: 1711: 4373: 3546: 2429: 2282: 3166: 1376:, it is impossible to know where the battlefield is and who combatants are. Also, she notes that most of the detentions are already unlawful. 3634: 3401: 650:

or in other civil actions . This provision applies to all cases pending at the time the Act is enacted, as well as to all such future cases.

334:(c) Construction of Provisions— The procedures for military commissions set forth in this chapter are based upon the procedures for trial by 1292:

Hence in the preceding example, if Wu's wife, a citizen, were picked up outside a military base, Wu could walk across the street and file a

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The Constitution does not provide alien enemy combatants detained at Guantanamo Bay with the constitutional right to file a petition for

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to petition federal courts in challenges to their detention. All pending habeas corpus cases at the federal district court were stayed.

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does not apply to alien enemy combatants engaged in hostilities against the United States, and that the provisions of the Act removing

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and specifications in accordance with subsection (a), the accused shall be informed of the charges against him as soon as practicable.

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described the Act as "a tyrannical law that will be ranked with the low points in American democracy, our generation's version of the

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has also concluded that the new law limits the scope of trials by military commissions to non-US citizens including all legal aliens.

3437: 3277: 2388: 1986: 1685:, an Australian. The outcome of his trial was prescribed by a pre-trial agreement negotiated between Hicks's defense counsel and the 1126:

ruling, calling that ruling "an unprecedented attempt by the court to rewrite the law of war and intrude into war policy." Yoo cited

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Several amendments were proposed before final passage of the bill by the Senate; all were defeated. Among them were an amendment by

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Some commentators have interpreted this to mean that if the President says you are an enemy combatant, then you effectively are.

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No person may, without his consent, be tried by a military commission under this chapter a second time for the same offense. .

4291: 4172: 3240: 2941:""US Congress gives green light to human rights violations in the 'war on terror'" Amnesty International, September 29, 2006" 2546: 1464: 714: 2810:"The Military Commissions Act of 2006:Examining the Relationship between the International Law of Armed Conflict and US Law" 709:

been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination.

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The text of the law states that its "purpose" is to "establish procedures governing the use of military commissions to try

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This amendment is designed to protect U.S. government perpetrators of abuses during the "war on terror" from prosecution.

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retroactive to November 26, 1997. The specific actions defined in section 6 of the Military Commissions Act include

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should be tried in a military tribunal as an enemy combatant rather than in a civilian court. The document begins with:

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First, the MCA changed the definition of war crimes for which US government defendants can be prosecuted. Under the

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clarification contained in Article 4 should, of course, reduce the number of doubtful cases in any future conflict.

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The Act changes pre-existing law to forbid explicitly the invocation of the Geneva Conventions when executing the

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detained by the United States who has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an

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that says the right to challenge detention "shall not be suspended" except in cases of "rebellion or invasion".

300:. It determined that detainees had the right to petition federal courts for challenges to the legal recourse of 4202: 4156: 4094: 3961: 1580: 1429:, and enforced stress positions. He continues to be held by the United States and now has access to US courts. 1152: 747: 533:

status, and consists of a board of not less than three officers. It is also a term used in Article five of the

226: 3447: 2210:"S.Amdt. 5088 to S. 3930, which would have outlawed specific interrogation techniques including waterboarding" 1670:

Of the first three war crimes cases brought against Guantanamo Bay detainees under the MCA, one resulted in a

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engaged in hostilities or who has purposefully and materially supported hostilities against the United States.

362:(1) The following provisions of this title shall not apply to trial by military commission under this chapter: 4403: 4237: 3880: 1474: 627: 1276:(e)(1) No court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider an application for a writ of 4212: 4104: 3639: 1591: 209:

signs into law S. 3930, the Military Commissions Act of 2006, during a ceremony on October 17, 2006 in the

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The MCA's restricted definitions arguably would exempt certain U.S. officials who have implemented or had

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An Act to authorize trial by military commission for violations of the law of war, and for other purposes.

4272: 4151: 3916: 3682: 3468: 3214:"FindLaw docket for Boumediene v. Bush (No. 06-1195) and Al Odah v. US (06-1196), including amici briefs" 2137: 565: 411:(C) Section 832 (article 32 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), relating to pretrial investigation. 800:

legal commentator Andrew Cohen, commenting on this question, writes that the "suspension of the writ of

4217: 4049: 3991: 3427: 2750: 2189: 1326:, this bill redefines unlawful enemy combatant in such a broad way that it refers to any person who is 4368: 4084: 4033: 3926: 1653: 1240:

of the Senate Judiciary Committee—previously criticized the habeas provision of the Act as violating

613:(A) a member of the regular forces of a State party engaged in hostilities against the United States; 3156: 2279: 4383: 4304: 4028: 3364: 3360: 3344: 3097: 1857:

Military Police: Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees

1779: 4232: 1752: 1629: 1611:"conditions of confinement and a total lack of the due process that the Supreme Court ordered in 1576: 1487: 1306:, non-citizens can also request the courts review the legality of their arrest and imprisonment. 1221:

corpus from Guantanamo detainees tried under the Act. As such, the provisions of MCA suspending

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Any alien unlawful enemy combatant is subject to trial by military commission under this chapter.

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would note that there has been opposition to this legislation from some quarters, including the

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in our civilian courts, and thus Congress may regulate those combatants' access to the courts.

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challenged the MCA's declination of habeas corpus to "alien unlawful enemy combatants" in the

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Chapter 47A—Military commission: Subchapter I--General provisions: Sec. 948a. Definitions

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Pub. L. No. 109-366, 120 Stat. 2600 (Oct. 17, 2006), enacting Chapter 47A of title 10 of the

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States government to detain such aliens indefinitely without prosecuting them in any manner.

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literally beaten out of witnesses, and slam shut the courthouse door for habeas petitions."

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Protections from criminal and civil prosecutions for previous instances of alleged torture

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amended some of the provisions of the 2006 Act to improve protections for defendants. The

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This makes it possible for US citizens to be designated unlawful enemy combatant because

774: 3527: 2993:"'National yawn as our rights evaporate' - Countdown with Keith Olbermann - nbcnews.com" 1759:

case, refused to rule in favor of Hamdan in this case regarding habeas corpus, writing:

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In General— No person may invoke the Geneva Conventions or any protocols thereto in any

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it could be read to include anyone who has donated money to a charity for orphans in

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petition with the courts. Since the Supreme Court in 2008 ruled the restrictions on

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Another criticism is that the Act violates the Constitution's prohibition against

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Command's Responsibility: Detainee Deaths in U.S. Custody in Iraq and Afghanistan

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Command's Responsibility: Detainee Deaths in U.S. Custody in Iraq and Afghanistan

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In April 2007, the Supreme Court declined to hear two cases challenging the MCA:

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Tortured Justice: Using Coerced Evidence to Prosecute Terrorist Suspects (2008)

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The Christian Science Monitor: Will the Supreme Court shackle new tribunal law?

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Imagine Giving Donald Rumsfeld Unbounded Discretion to Detain You Indefinitely

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On November 13, 2006, the Department of Justice asserted in a motion with the

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rights, and established jurisdiction for federal courts to hear petitions for

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military combatants for the purposes of this Act by Section 948b (see above).

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Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality

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said that the Act "contravenes human rights principles." and an editorial in

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One Bush administration critic described the Act as "the legalization of the

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WashingtonWatch.com page on H.R. 6054: The Military Commissions Act of 2006

3061:

DOJ asserts MCA bars enemy immigrants, Gitmo detainees from judicial review

2106: 1675: 1671: 1315: 1432: 4124: 3875: 3812: 2366: 2331:"President Thanks Senate for Passage of Military Commissions Act of 2006" 1831: 1379:

The Act also suggests that unlawful enemy combatant refers to any person

1347: 1168: 1084:

Supporters of the act say that the Constitutional provision guaranteeing

855: 847: 771: 752: 232:

on October 17, 2006. The Act's stated purpose was "to authorize trial by

214: 2688:""The legalization of torture and permanent detention", Glenn Greenwald" 2628: 3921: 3911: 2053: 1842:

Enemy Belligerent Interrogation, Detention, and Prosecution Act of 2010

1822: 1699: 1500: 1228:

A number of legal scholars and Congressional members—including Senator

237: 1563: 1264:, but she cannot take it across the street to an article 3 court. 564:)). The definition of unlawful and lawful enemy combatant is given in 3002: 2534: 266: 210: 1816: 1211:(2008) that the MCA constituted an unconstitutional encroachment of 4252: 4192: 4069: 3901: 3817: 3792: 3724: 3575:

The Military Commissions Act: Congress Commits to the War on Terror

3534:

WILEY RUTLEDGE, EXECUTIVE DETENTION, AND JUDICIAL CONSCIENCE AT WAR

3363:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

3271:"Opinion of Supreme Court in Boumediene v. Bush, ___ US ___ (2008)" 2997: 2307:

The Military Commissions Act: Congress Commits to the War on Terror

2290: 2145: 1397: 1248: 1111: 1093: 808: 763:

There is a controversy over whether this law affects the rights of

595: 537:. However, the rights guaranteed by the third Geneva Convention to 126: 3585:

Military Commissions Act of 2006 – Turning bad policy into bad law

3530:, PRNewswire, Source: White House Press Office, September 28, 2006 2280:

Sending a Message Congress to courts: Get out of the war on terror

3956: 2841: 2837:"The Military Commissions Act of 2006: A Short Primer (Part Two)" 2781: 1703: 1516: 1504: 1492: 1351: 1323: 1260:

and she will not have recourse to the courts? She can take it to

835:

The bill passed in the House, 250–170–12, on September 29, 2006.

591: 3667: 2714:"The Bush administration's torture of U.S. citizen Jose Padilla" 1268:

Following debate in the House and Senate, the final law revoked

4389:

United States federal defense and national security legislation

3628: 3618: 3608: 3598: 3578: 3072: 2317: 1552: 1496: 1252: 587: 2539:"Thoughts on the 'Bringing Terrorists to Justice Act of 2006'" 2369:, On the Military Commissions Act, S. 3930, September 28, 2006 811:(D–OR) stated in the debate over the bill on the floor of the 3625:

How the Compromise Detainee Legislation Guts Common Article 3

3615:'All the Laws But One': Parsing the Military Commissions Bill 3241:"Justices Rule Terror Suspects Can Appeal in Civilian Courts" 288:(2008), the Supreme Court held that Section 7 of the law was 4299:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

2903: 2867: 2740:"Analysis of Proposed Rules for Military Commissions Trials" 1122:, called the Act a "stinging rebuke" of the Supreme Court's 3787: 3777: 1508: 2073:"Does the Military Commission Act Apply to U.S. Citizens?" 1636:

that the Court no longer had jurisdiction over a combined

1197:

MCA ruled unconstitutional re: suspension of habeas corpus

225:, also known as HR-6166, was an Act of Congress signed by 2967:""Bush signs terror interrogation law", Associated Press" 2000: 1749:

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

797: 3407:

Military Commissions Act of 2006 (as passed by Congress)

3150: 3148: 2909:"Military Commissions Act of 2006: A Summary of the Law" 2873:"Military Commissions Act of 2006: A Summary of the Law" 1895:

Military Commissions Act of 2006 (as passed by Congress)

3188:

Judge Rejects Detention Challenge of Bin Laden's Driver

1862:

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012

1619:" make US government officials culpable for war crimes. 1433:

Claims the MCA is an unconstitutional ex post facto law

658:(b) NOTICE TO ACCUSED—Upon the swearing of the charges 590:

enemy combatant (including a person who is part of the

2777:"The Military Commissions Act of 2006: A Short Primer" 1309: 548: 3145: 2425: 2423: 2050:"House passes amendments to Military Commissions Act" 2013:(11) See ' Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference 273:

or were awaiting hearings on their status from using

3605:

History Starts Today: The Perils of Habeas-Stripping

3595:

A Case for Delaying Military Commissions Legislation

2568:

Does the Military Commissions Act apply to citizens?

1798: 1628:

Immediately after Bush signed the Act into law, the

1469:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

841: 713:

Among other things, the MCA created the position of

2622: 2270:, Andrew McCarthy, National Review, October 3, 2006 1564:

Other claims the MCA is a violation of human rights

838:Bush signed the bill into law on October 17, 2006. 832:, passed the Senate, 65–34, on September 28, 2006. 466:Sec. 948c. Persons subject to military commissions 3444:, House version of the Bill, which was not enacted 3096:. The Harper's Magazine Foundation. Archived from 3033:by Nat Hentoff, Village Voice, December 17th, 2006 2454:""House Floor Debate on Military Commissions Act"" 2420: 1634:U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 1463:Law professor John P. Cerone, the co-chair of the 555:10 U.S.C. 948a (Section 1, Subchapter I) 3347:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 3157:"Military Judges Dismiss Charges for 2 Detainees" 2590:Shane, Scott; Liptak, Adam (September 30, 2006). 4355: 3635:Habeas Corpus: A Vital Tool in the War on Terror 3504: 2261:The New Detainee Law Does Not Deny Habeas Corpus 476:Sec. 948d. Jurisdiction of military commissions 3640:Military Commissions Act 2006—Unchecked Powers? 3483:United States House Committee on Armed Services 3473:United States House Committee on Armed Services 1884:(as well as amending section 2241 of title 28), 1488:Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions 1103:to habeas corpus. McCarthy also wrote that the 2047: 1681:The first person prosecuted under the MCA was 1350:that turns out to have some connection to the 886: 3683: 3516:Senate Passes Bill on Detainee Interrogations 2430:"Court Told It Lacks Power in Detainee Cases" 2037:Search Results - THOMAS (Library of Congress) 1944: 1942: 1507:, intentionally causing serious bodily harm, 1118:official and current professor of law at the 974: 3085: 1847:Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States 1650:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 720: 4379:George W. Bush administration controversies 4258:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 3448:Military Commissions Act of 2006 (proposed) 2589: 2107:"Q and A: Military Commissions Act of 2006" 1717:reached the same conclusion in the case of 3690: 3676: 2479: 2477: 2475: 1939: 351:(d) Inapplicability of Certain Provisions— 313:Sec. 948b. Military commissions generally 3383:Learn how and when to remove this message 3154: 3079: 2812:. American Society of International Law. 2592:"Detainee Bill Shifts Power to President" 2533: 243:It was drafted following the decision on 21:Military Commissions Act (disambiguation) 4364:Acts of the 109th United States Congress 4055:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 3652:critical of the Military Commissions Act 2623:Jennifer Van Bergen (November 1, 2006). 2484:Challenging the Military Commissions Act 2016:of Geneva of 1949, ' Vol. II-A, p. 388; 200: 3763:Operation Enduring Freedom participants 3395: 2921:from the original on September 24, 2011 2885:from the original on September 24, 2011 2834: 2774: 2502: 2472: 2460:from the original on September 19, 2015 2138:"Habeas Corpus: Working on Commissions" 1665: 4356: 3251:from the original on November 19, 2016 3169:from the original on December 29, 2015 3118: 2973:from the original on February 14, 2009 2807: 2789:from the original on November 16, 2006 2515:from the original on November 16, 2006 2412:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2060:from the original on December 2, 2009. 1964:from the original on February 16, 2017 1755:, who ruled in favor of Hamdan in the 1139:US Army Judge Advocate General's Corps 823: 4374:Counterterrorism in the United States 4292:Targeted Killing in International Law 4173:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse 3671: 3238: 3220:from the original on December 7, 2007 2808:Cerone, John P. (November 13, 2006). 2720:from the original on October 23, 2006 2694:from the original on October 23, 2006 2549:from the original on October 17, 2006 2152:from the original on November 5, 2006 2135: 2117:from the original on October 18, 2006 2019:(12) Ibid., Vol. III, p. 63, No. 95; 1927:from the original on December 7, 2010 1907: 1674:and the two others were dismissed on 1590:, professor of constitutional law at 1471:) as well as US constitutional law." 1465:American Society of International Law 715:Chief Defense Counsel (United States) 4338: 3646:The Military Commissions Act of 2006 3327: 2849:from the original on August 31, 2007 2835:Mariner, Joanne (October 25, 2006). 2672:. September 28, 2006. Archived from 2070: 1551:as well as a provision to providing 1547:(section 1004(a)) had created a new 1247:In the House debate, Representative 737: 338:under chapter 47 of this title (the 141:on September 29, 2006 (250–170) 3232: 3155:Glaberson, William (June 5, 2007). 3121:"U.S. case against Khadr collapses" 2775:Mariner, Joanne (October 9, 2006). 2625:"Bush's Brave New World of Torture" 2604:from the original on March 31, 2017 2503:Mariner, Joanne (October 9, 2006). 2071:Levy, Robert A. (October 2, 2006). 1726:United States Department of Defense 1310:Broad definition of enemy combatant 1272:protections only for non-citizens: 1143:St. Mary's University School of Law 549:Unlawful and lawful enemy combatant 307: 259:United States Department of Defense 139:Passed the House of Representatives 13: 3302:U.S. can continue to detain Yemeni 3001:. October 18, 2006. Archived from 2816:from the original on June 12, 2007 2216:from the original on June 16, 2018 2136:Cohen, Andrew (October 19, 2006). 2048:Jaclyn Belczyk (October 9, 2009). 1915:"Military Commissions Act of 2006" 1732: 1288:or is awaiting such determination. 1203:Supreme Court of the United States 1120:University of California, Berkeley 854:after five years, an amendment by 251:Supreme Court of the United States 135:on September 28, 2006 (65–34) 14: 4415: 4223:Enhanced interrogation techniques 4019:Georgia Sustainment and Stability 3907:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 3697: 3323: 3283:from the original on May 18, 2017 3133:from the original on June 6, 2007 3088:"The Plea Bargain of David Hicks" 2659:Balkinization, September 27, 2006 2394:from the original on May 18, 2017 1837:Criminal Investigation Task Force 1533:coercive interrogation techniques 842:Legislative actions in the Senate 700:These provisions are as follows: 255:Combatant Status Review Tribunals 4337: 4328: 4327: 4198:Combatant Status Review Tribunal 4147:President's Surveillance Program 4142:Military Commissions Act of 2009 4137:Military Commissions Act of 2006 4090:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4065:Moro conflict in the Philippines 4060:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 3485:, September 13, 2006, Chairman: 3479:Full Committee Markup, H.R. 6054 3332: 2905:Center for Constitutional Rights 2869:Center for Constitutional Rights 1815: 1801: 1558:Center for Constitutional Rights 1521:Center for Constitutional Rights 1450:, described the issue this way: 1320:Center for Constitutional Rights 758: 744:Military Commissions Act of 2009 503:Combatant Status Review Tribunal 340:Uniform Code of Military Justice 223:Military Commissions Act of 2006 165:Military Commissions Act of 2009 34: 29:Military Commissions Act of 2006 4014:Georgia Train and Equip Program 3565:Beginning of the end of America 3524:, September 29, 2006; Page A01. 3402:Military Commission Act of 2006 3295: 3263: 3206: 3181: 3112: 3054: 3036: 3017: 2985: 2959: 2933: 2897: 2861: 2828: 2801: 2768: 2732: 2706: 2680: 2662: 2643: 2616: 2583: 2561: 2527: 2496: 2446: 2374: 2349: 2323: 2300: 2273: 2254: 2228: 2202: 2183: 2164: 2129: 2022:(13) Ibid., Vol. II-B, p. 270; 1495:, cruel or inhumane treatment, 1334:From Section 950q. Principals: 1114:, a former Bush Administration 807:On the other hand, congressman 755:required by the Constitution." 292:because of its restrictions of 4203:Criticism of the war on terror 4157:Terrorist Surveillance Program 3962:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 3715:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 3658:Benjamin Dunphy, The Pacifican 3239:Stout, David (June 13, 2008). 3086:Scott Horton (April 2, 2007). 2627:. TomPaine.com. Archived from 2099: 2064: 2041: 2030: 1976: 1887: 1874: 1623: 1581:American Civil Liberties Union 1441:laws. Pro human rights group 1153:President of the United States 1092:do not apply to United States 817: 748:American Civil Liberties Union 257:(CSRT), as established by the 1: 4238:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 3881:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq 3558: 3505:Media articles/press releases 3471:, as ordered reported by the 1868: 1535:from war crimes prosecutions. 1318:, past Legal Director of the 641: 4213:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri 4105:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 3416:, S.3930, September 22, 2006 1904:, S.3930, September 22, 2006 1652:that, according to the Act, 1643: 1592:George Washington University 1543:In 2005, a provision of the 1280:filed by or on behalf of an 1242:a clause of the Constitution 1191: 767:for United States citizens. 7: 4281:State Sponsors of Terrorism 4152:Protect America Act of 2007 3528:Statement by President Bush 3469:Congressional Budget Office 3412:September 18, 2008, at the 2655:September 27, 2011, at the 2573:September 27, 2011, at the 2435:September 30, 2021, at the 1900:September 18, 2008, at the 1794: 1322:, and Joanne Mariner, from 887:Final passage in the Senate 788:writes that the Act denies 598:, or associated forces); or 560:September 18, 2008, at the 269:who had been classified as 240:, and for other purposes". 172:United States Supreme Court 10: 4420: 4218:Killing of Osama bin Laden 4095:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 4050:Operation Active Endeavour 3457:, text of Bill, hosted at 2493:, Jurist, October 04, 2006 2489:November 21, 2006, at the 2266:November 19, 2006, at the 2176:December 13, 2007, at the 1736: 1601:Nat Hentoff opined in the 1354:or a person organizing an 1079: 975:Final passage in the House 609:' means a person who is — 18: 4323: 4165: 4117: 4085:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia 4042: 4034:Drone strikes in Pakistan 3990: 3983: 3927:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami 3894: 3833: 3826: 3750: 3743: 3705: 3440:January 17, 2016, at the 2361:October 25, 2006, at the 2312:October 17, 2006, at the 2285:October 21, 2006, at the 2025:(14) Ibid., pp. 270-271; 1989:October 23, 2013, at the 1654:Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri 1225:are no longer in effect. 1141:and current professor at 994: 989: 984: 981: 906: 901: 896: 893: 850:which would have added a 775:unlawful enemy combatants 571:January 17, 2016, at the 178: 170: 163: 158: 110: 101: 90: 82: 77: 65: 55: 50: 42: 33: 4399:2006 in military history 4305:Unitary executive theory 3453:October 4, 2006, at the 3024:Our Own Nuremberg Trials 2195:October 2, 2006, at the 1950:""Rushing Off a Cliff", 1780:Al Odah v. United States 813:House of Representatives 778:excluding US citizens). 580:unlawful enemy combatant 541:are expressly denied to 16:Former United States law 4233:Extraordinary rendition 4228:Extrajudicial prisoners 3307:April 11, 2016, at the 3029:April 22, 2008, at the 1984:Commentary on Article 5 1630:U.S. Justice Department 1577:Alien and Sedition Acts 1300:provisions invalid, in 1255:offered this scenario: 1069:= Votes against the act 535:third Geneva Convention 253:, which ruled that the 129:) on September 22, 2006 4268:Operation Eagle Assist 4188:Clash of Civilizations 3735:Symbolism of terrorism 3536:, By Craig Green, 2006 3497:July 19, 2011, at the 3193:April 1, 2017, at the 3126:Toronto Globe and Mail 2749:. 2007. Archived from 2537:(September 22, 2006). 1960:. September 28, 2006. 1769: 1743:On December 13, 2006, 1663: 1621: 1545:Detainee Treatment Act 1541: 1529:command responsibility 1484:War Crimes Act of 1996 1461: 1414: 1386: 1363: 1340: 1332: 1290: 1266: 1160:tools in fighting the 1128:Johnson v. Eisentrager 1105:Detainee Treatment Act 711: 694: 635: 607:lawful enemy combatant 236:for violations of the 218: 4263:Operation Noble Eagle 4100:2007 Lebanon conflict 3589:Amnesty international 3119:Koring, Paul (2007). 2242:on September 16, 2008 2199:, via clerk.house.gov 2180:, via www.senate.gov. 2087:on September 28, 2007 1993:says on the issue of 1954:, September 28, 2006" 1761: 1658: 1609: 1569:Amnesty International 1525: 1452: 1410:United States Senator 1390: 1381: 1344: 1336: 1328: 1274: 1257: 1173:United States Senator 702: 656: 648:writ of habeas corpus 576: 336:general court-martial 204: 4404:2006 in American law 4080:Operation Linda Nchi 4024:OEF – Horn of Africa 3937:Islamic Courts Union 3886:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 3710:September 11 attacks 3661:Human Rights First; 3648:- commentary by the 3631:, September 25, 2006 3621:, September 25, 2006 3611:, September 26, 2006 3601:, September 27, 2006 3591:, September 29, 2006 3551:Human Rights First; 3545:Human Rights First; 3539:Human Rights First; 3475:, September 15, 2006 3396:Government documents 3353:improve this article 2676:on October 18, 2006. 2631:on November 15, 2006 2580:, September 29, 2006 2337:. September 28, 2006 2316:; Jeffrey Addicott; 1809:United States portal 1666:Initial prosecutions 19:For other uses, see 3521:The Washington Post 3365:footnote references 3314:The Washington Post 3200:The Washington Post 3100:on October 11, 2007 3076:, November 14, 2006 3005:on January 29, 2020 2441:The Washington Post 1789:Musa'ab Al-Madhwani 1687:convening authority 1683:David Matthew Hicks 1486:, any violation of 1423:sensory deprivation 1366:Jennifer Van Bergen 1063:= Votes for the act 824:Legislative history 683:As provided by the 665:A civilian defense 234:military commission 151:on October 17, 2006 104:Legislative history 30: 4310:Unlawful combatant 4243:Iranian Revolution 4029:OEF – Trans Sahara 4004:War in Afghanistan 3861:Jalaluddin Haqqani 3856:Sirajuddin Haqqani 3782:Iraqi Armed Forces 3656:2006 going on 1984 3650:Ayn Rand Institute 3642:, Globalissues.org 3571:, October 19, 2006 3245:The New York Times 3162:The New York Times 3066:2007-12-22 at the 3048:2007-07-05 at the 3043:Juris.law.pitt.edu 2947:on October 3, 2006 2747:Human Rights First 2597:The New York Times 2297:, October 19, 2006 2111:Human Rights Watch 1995:competent tribunal 1958:The New York Times 1952:The New York Times 1882:United States Code 1774:Boumediene v. Bush 1757:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1745:Salim Ahmed Hamdan 1739:Boumediene v. Bush 1719:Salim Ahmed Hamdan 1617:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1573:The New York Times 1517:taking of hostages 1515:or abuse, and the 1457:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1448:Human Rights Watch 1443:Human Rights First 1374:unlawful combatant 1303:Boumediene v. Bush 1208:Boumediene v. Bush 1135:Lieutenant Colonel 1124:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1116:Justice Department 794:Human Rights Watch 731:Boumediene v. Bush 722:Boumediene v. Bush 525:competent tribunal 481:September 11, 2001 448:Geneva Conventions 285:Boumediene v. Bush 263:Geneva Conventions 246:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 219: 181:Boumediene v. Bush 117:in the Senate by 28: 4351: 4350: 4248:Islamic terrorism 4113: 4112: 4009:OEF – Philippines 3979: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3932:Hizbul Mujahideen 3773:Northern Alliance 3581:, October 9, 2006 3428:House: 250-170-12 3419:Roll call votes: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3317:December 15, 2009 3203:December 14, 2006 3093:Harper's Magazine 2443:, 19 October 2006 2320:; October 9, 2006 1893:Senate Bill 3930 1691:Susan J. Crawford 1427:sleep deprivation 1057: 1056: 969: 968: 738:Amendment in 2009 539:lawful combatants 298:Suspension Clause 199: 198: 133:Passed the Senate 68:Statutes at Large 4411: 4369:Counterterrorism 4341: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4286:Targeted killing 4075:Iraqi insurgency 3995:Enduring Freedom 3988: 3987: 3947:Jemaah Islamiyah 3942:Jaish-e-Mohammed 3831: 3830: 3748: 3747: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3318: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3210: 3204: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3083: 3077: 3058: 3052: 3040: 3034: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2943:. 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It prohibited 249:(2006) from the 159:Major amendments 106: 94:sections created 69: 38: 31: 27: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4384:Mitch McConnell 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4319: 4208:CIA black sites 4161: 4109: 4038: 3993: 3971: 3952:Lashkar-e-Taiba 3890: 3851:Anwar al-Awlaki 3846:Hamza bin Laden 3841:Osama bin Laden 3822: 3739: 3701: 3696: 3569:Keith Olbermann 3561: 3507: 3499:Wayback Machine 3455:Wayback Machine 3442:Wayback Machine 3414:Wayback Machine 3398: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3350: 3341:This article's 3337: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3309:Wayback Machine 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3195:Wayback Machine 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3153: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3084: 3080: 3068:Wayback Machine 3059: 3055: 3050:Wayback Machine 3041: 3037: 3031:Wayback Machine 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2756:on July 5, 2007 2753: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2657:Wayback Machine 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2588: 2584: 2575:Wayback Machine 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2501: 2497: 2491:Wayback Machine 2482: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2437:Wayback Machine 2428: 2421: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2382:"Archived copy" 2380: 2379: 2375: 2363:Wayback Machine 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314:Wayback Machine 2305: 2301: 2287:Wayback Machine 2278: 2274: 2268:Wayback Machine 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2197:Wayback Machine 2188: 2184: 2178:Wayback Machine 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2142:Couric & Co 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2077:Cato-at-liberty 2069: 2065: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2008: 2005: 1991:Wayback Machine 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1902:Wayback Machine 1892: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1821: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1753:James Robertson 1741: 1735: 1733:Court challenge 1715:Keith J. 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The term ' 573:Wayback Machine 562:Wayback Machine 551: 531:prisoner of war 310: 294:detainee rights 154: 145:Signed into law 119:Mitch McConnell 102: 67: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4417: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4274:Situation Room 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3871:Khalil Haqqani 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3808:European Union 3805: 3800: 3798:United Kingdom 3795: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3722: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3643: 3637: 3632: 3622: 3612: 3602: 3592: 3582: 3572: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3489: 3476: 3462: 3459:Georgetown Law 3445: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3417: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3345:external links 3340: 3338: 3331: 3325: 3324:External links 3322: 3320: 3319: 3294: 3262: 3231: 3205: 3180: 3144: 3111: 3078: 3053: 3035: 3016: 2984: 2958: 2932: 2896: 2860: 2827: 2800: 2767: 2731: 2705: 2679: 2661: 2642: 2615: 2582: 2560: 2526: 2495: 2471: 2445: 2419: 2373: 2348: 2322: 2299: 2295:Opinionjournal 2272: 2253: 2227: 2201: 2190:Roll call vote 2182: 2171:Roll call vote 2163: 2128: 2098: 2081:Cato Institute 2063: 2040: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2014: 1975: 1938: 1906: 1886: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1852:Ghost detainee 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1812: 1796: 1793: 1737:Main article: 1734: 1731: 1676:jurisdictional 1667: 1664: 1645: 1642: 1625: 1622: 1565: 1562: 1513:sexual assault 1476: 1473: 1434: 1431: 1402: 1311: 1308: 1238:Ranking Member 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183:New York Times 1166: 1165: 1149:George W. Bush 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 988: 983: 976: 973: 967: 966: 963: 960: 957: 953: 952: 949: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 932: 929: 925: 924: 921: 918: 915: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 888: 885: 843: 840: 825: 822: 786:Robert A. Levy 784:legal scholar 782:Cato Institute 760: 757: 739: 736: 725: 719: 693: 692: 689: 681: 673: 670: 643: 640: 634: 633: 620: 617: 614: 603: 602: 599: 550: 547: 519: 518: 517: 516: 510: 509: 508: 507: 496: 495: 494: 493: 487: 486: 485: 484: 473: 472: 471: 470: 463: 462: 461: 460: 454: 453: 452: 451: 441: 440: 439: 438: 432: 431: 430: 429: 428: 427: 419: 418: 417: 416: 415: 414: 413: 412: 402: 401: 400: 399: 398: 397: 396: 395: 385: 384: 383: 382: 381: 380: 379: 378: 368: 367: 366: 365: 364: 363: 355: 354: 353: 352: 346: 345: 344: 343: 329: 328: 327: 326: 320: 319: 318: 317: 309: 306: 230:George W. Bush 207:George W. Bush 197: 196: 176: 175: 168: 167: 161: 160: 156: 155: 153: 152: 149:George W. Bush 142: 136: 130: 111: 108: 107: 99: 98: 95: 88: 87: 84: 83:Titles amended 80: 79: 75: 74: 73:120 Stat. 2600 71: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4416: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394:War on terror 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4344: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4183:Bush Doctrine 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4131:Torture Memos 4129: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3968: 3967:Islamic State 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803:United States 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727:(2003–2011) ( 3726: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699:War on terror 3693: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3487:Duncan Hunter 3484: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467:, H.R. 6054, 3466: 3465:Cost Estimate 3463: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3387: 3384: 3376: 3366: 3362: 3361:inappropriate 3358: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2951:September 29, 2946: 2942: 2936: 2917: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2578:Balkinization 2576: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2341:September 15, 2336: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2033: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1945: 1943: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1799: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1765:habeas corpus 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1632:notified the 1631: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1613:Rasul v. Bush 1608: 1606: 1605: 1604:Village Voice 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1439:ex post facto 1430: 1428: 1424: 1421:subjected to 1419: 1411: 1407: 1406:Patrick Leahy 1401: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370:war on terror 1367: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314:According to 1307: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1298:habeas corpus 1295: 1294:habeas corpus 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278:habeas corpus 1273: 1271: 1270:Habeas Corpus 1265: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:Arlen Specter 1226: 1224: 1223:Habeas Corpus 1220: 1216: 1215: 1214:habeas corpus 1210: 1209: 1204: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1162:War on Terror 1158: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090:habeas corpus 1087: 1086:habeas corpus 1075:= Abstentions 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 992: 987: 980: 972: 964: 961: 958: 955: 954: 950: 947: 944: 941: 940: 936: 933: 930: 927: 926: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 909: 904: 899: 892: 884: 882: 878: 874: 873:Patrick Leahy 870: 866: 862: 861:Arlen Specter 857: 853: 849: 839: 836: 833: 831: 821: 819: 814: 810: 805: 803: 802:habeas corpus 799: 795: 791: 790:habeas rights 787: 783: 779: 776: 773: 768: 766: 765:habeas corpus 759:Applicability 756: 754: 749: 745: 735: 733: 732: 723: 718: 716: 710: 706:10 U.S.C. 801 701: 698: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:habeas corpus 674: 671: 668: 664: 663: 662: 659: 655: 651: 649: 639: 629: 625: 618: 615: 612: 611: 610: 608: 600: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584: 583: 581: 575: 574: 570: 567: 563: 559: 556: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 526: 514: 513: 512: 511: 504: 500: 499: 498: 497: 491: 490: 489: 488: 482: 478: 477: 475: 474: 468: 467: 465: 464: 458: 457: 456: 455: 449: 445: 444: 443: 442: 436: 435: 434: 433: 425: 424: 423: 422: 421: 420: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 405: 404: 403: 393: 392: 391: 390: 389: 388: 387: 386: 376: 375: 374: 373: 372: 371: 370: 369: 361: 360: 359: 358: 357: 356: 350: 349: 348: 347: 341: 337: 333: 332: 331: 330: 324: 323: 322: 321: 315: 314: 312: 311: 305: 303: 302:habeas corpus 299: 295: 291: 287: 286: 280: 278: 277: 276:habeas corpus 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247: 241: 239: 235: 231: 228: 224: 216: 212: 208: 203: 194: 191: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 169: 166: 162: 157: 150: 147:by President 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113: 112: 109: 105: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 72: 70: 64: 61: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 4297: 4290: 4273: 4178:Axis of evil 4136: 3994: 3866:Anas Haqqani 3744:Participants 3519: 3423:Senate:65-34 3379: 3373:January 2023 3370: 3355:by removing 3342: 3312: 3297: 3285:. 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