1787:
the tablet on the other side. Dormicum is also available as 1, 3, and 10 mL ampoules at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Another manufacturer, Novell
Pharmaceutical Laboratories, makes it available as Miloz in 3 and 5 mL ampoules. Midazolam is the only water-soluble benzodiazepine available. Another maker is Roxane Laboratories; the product in an oral solution, midazolam HCl Syrup, 2 mg/mL clear, in a red to purplish-red syrup, cherry in flavor. It becomes soluble when the injectable solution is buffered to a pH of 2.9–3.7. Midazolam is also available in liquid form. It can be administered
1272:
764:
741:
1856:
47:
1397:
withdrawal syndrome in a matter of days. The risk factors for dependence include dependent personality, use of a benzodiazepine that is short-acting, high potency and long-term use of benzodiazepines. Withdrawal symptoms from midazolam can range from insomnia and anxiety to seizures and psychosis. Withdrawal symptoms can sometimes resemble a person's underlying condition. Gradual reduction of midazolam after regular use can minimise withdrawal and
1159:
4723:
1339:
at therapeutic doses. Potential drug interactions involving at least one CNS depressant were observed for 84% of midazolam users who were subsequently required to receive the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. Therefore, efforts directed toward monitoring drug interactions and preventing injuries from midazolam administration are expected to have a substantial impact on the safe use of this drug.
38:
12211:
1703:
renal and liver status affect the pharmacokinetic factors of midazolam as well as its active metabolite. However, the active metabolite of midazolam is minor and contributes to only 10% of biological activity of midazolam. Midazolam is poorly absorbed orally, with only 50% of the drug reaching the bloodstream. Midazolam is metabolised by
1843:(EMA) granted a marketing authorisation for a buccal application form of midazolam, sold under the brand name Buccolam. Buccolam was initially approved for the treatment of prolonged, acute, convulsive seizures in people from three months to less than 18 years of age. This is the first application of a
1786:
Dormicum brand midazolam is marketed by Roche as white, oval, 7.5 mg tablets in boxes of two or three blister strips of 10 tablets, and as blue, oval, 15 mg tablets in boxes of two (Dormonid 3x) blister strips of 10 tablets. The tablets are imprinted with "Roche" on one side and the dose of
1338:
Although the incidence of respiratory depression/arrest is low (0.1–0.5%) when midazolam is administered alone at normal doses, the concomitant use with CNS acting drugs, mainly analgesic opiates, may increase the possibility of hypotension, respiratory depression, respiratory arrest, and death, even
1483:
A midazolam overdose is considered a medical emergency and generally requires the immediate attention of medical personnel. Benzodiazepine overdose in healthy individuals is rarely life-threatening with proper medical support; however, the toxicity of benzodiazepines increases when they are combined
1925:
mg of midazolam. Prison officials reportedly discussed taking him to a hospital before he was pronounced dead of a heart attack 40 minutes after the execution began. An observing doctor stated that
Lockett's vein had ruptured. It is not clear whether his death was caused by one or more of the drugs
1881:
after the latter's manufacturer disallowed that drug's use for executions. Midazolam acts as a sedative, resulting in the prisoner being in a state of deep anesthesia comparable to that experienced during surgery. One or more other drugs are usually used to stop the prisoner's heart, rendering them
1412:
Chronic users of benzodiazepine medication who are given midazolam experience reduced therapeutic effects of midazolam, due to tolerance to benzodiazepines. Prolonged infusions with midazolam results in the development of tolerance; if midazolam is given for a few days or more a withdrawal syndrome
1315:
In rare susceptible individuals, midazolam has been known to cause a paradoxical reaction, a well-documented complication with benzodiazepines. When this occurs, the individual may experience anxiety, involuntary movements, aggressive or violent behavior, uncontrollable crying or verbalization, and
1311:
due to a reduction in systematic vascular resistance, and an increase in heart rate can occur. If intravenous midazolam is given too quickly, hypotension may occur. A "midazolam infusion syndrome" may result from high doses, is characterised by delayed arousal hours to days after discontinuation of
1702:
Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine in adults with an elimination half-life of 1.5–2.5 hours. In the elderly, as well as young children and adolescents, the elimination half-life is longer. Midazolam is metabolised into an active metabolite alpha-hydroxymidazolam. Age-related deficits,
2013:
The state of Nevada is also known to use midazolam in execution procedures. In July 2018, one of the manufacturers accused state officials of obtaining the medication under pretences. This incident was the first time a drug company successfully, though temporarily, halted an execution. A previous
1030:
Drawbacks include a high degree of breakthrough seizures—due to the short half-life of midazolam—in over 50% of people treated, as well as treatment failure in 14–18% of people with refractory status epilepticus. Tolerance develops rapidly to the anticonvulsant effect, and the dose may need to be
1964:, 60, using midazolam as part of its three-drug cocktail hours after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to lift a stay of execution for Oklahoma death row inmates. The execution was the state's first since 2015. Witnesses to the execution said that when the first drug, midazolam, began to flow at 4:09
1929:
According to news reports, the execution of Ronald Bert Smith in the state of
Alabama on 8 December 2016 allegedly went awry due to the fact he displayed movement soon after midazolam was injected, although prison staff confirmed twice that he was still unconcious before injecting the two fatal
1761:
and diazepam, because it is shorter lasting, is more potent, and causes less pain at the injection site. Midazolam is also becoming increasingly popular in veterinary medicine due to its water solubility. In 2018 it was revealed the CIA considered using midazolam as a "truth serum" on terrorist
1756:
than similar drugs. The anticonvulsant properties of midazolam were studied in the late 1970s, but not until the 1990s did it emerge as an effective treatment for convulsive status epilepticus. As of 2010, it is the most commonly used benzodiazepine in anesthetic medicine. In acute medicine,
1396:
A benzodiazepine dependence occurs in about one-third of individuals who are treated with benzodiazepines for longer than 4 weeks, which typically results in tolerance and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome when the dose is reduced too rapidly. Midazolam infusions may induce tolerance and a
1286:
Long-term use of benzodiazepines has been associated with long-lasting deficits in memory, and show only partial recovery six months after stopping benzodiazepines. It is unclear whether full recovery occurs after longer periods of abstinence. Benzodiazepines can cause or worsen depression.
1599:
investigation of a case of fatal overdosage. Patients with renal dysfunction may exhibit prolongation of elimination half-life for both the parent drug and its active metabolite, with accumulation of these two substances in the bloodstream and the appearance of adverse depressant effects.
1598:
Concentrations of midazolam or its major metabolite, 1-hydroxymidazolam glucuronide, may be measured in plasma, serum, or whole blood to monitor for safety in those receiving the drug therapeutically, to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or to assist in a forensic
1015:. Long-term use for the management of epilepsy is not recommended due to the significant risk of tolerance (which renders midazolam and other benzodiazepines ineffective) and the significant side effect of sedation. A benefit of midazolam is that in children it can be given
5204:
1693:
administration along with midazolam results in a reduced elimination rate of midazolam. St John's wort decreases the blood levels of midazolam. Grapefruit juice reduces intestinal 3A4 and results in less metabolism and higher plasma concentrations.
4728:
1257:. Additional caution is required in critically ill patients, as accumulation of midazolam and its active metabolites may occur. Kidney or liver impairments may slow down the elimination of midazolam leading to prolonged and enhanced effects.
11937:
1904:
in
January 2014; he was heavily anesthetized and unconscious within 4 minutes of starting the administration of midazolam and 20 more minutes after that point before he was declared medically dead. Controversy arose after he was observed
1383:
Additional caution is required in the elderly, as they are more sensitive to the pharmacological effects of benzodiazepines, metabolise them more slowly, and are more prone to adverse effects, including drowsiness, amnesia (especially
1933:
In
October 2016, the state of Ohio announced that it would resume executions in January 2017, using a formulation of midazolam, vecuronium bromide, and potassium chloride, but this was blocked by a federal judge. On 26 July 2017,
1942:'s lawyers unsuccessfully challenged his Ohio execution, arguing that midazolam might not protect him from serious pain when the other drugs are administered. He died without incident in about 14 minutes on 13 September 2017.
1137:, midazolam is routinely used at low doses via subcutaneous injection to help with agitation, restlessness or anxiety in the last hours or days of life. At higher doses during the last weeks of life, midazolam is considered a
2358:
Johnson TN, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Goddard JM, Tanner MS, Tucker GT (September 2002). "Contribution of midazolam and its 1-hydroxy metabolite to preoperative sedation in children: a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis".
960:. When given intravenously, it typically begins working within five minutes; when injected into a muscle, it can take fifteen minutes to begin working; when taken orally, it can take 10–20 minutes to begin working.
5200:
2132:
1998:, attorneys for three Oklahoma inmates argued that midazolam could not achieve the level of unconsciousness required for surgery, meaning severe pain and suffering was likely. They argued that midazolam was
2485:
Brigo F, Nardone R, Tezzon F, Trinka E (August 2015). "Nonintravenous midazolam versus intravenous or rectal diazepam for the treatment of early status epilepticus: A systematic review with meta-analysis".
1413:
can occur. Therefore, preventing a withdrawal syndrome requires that a prolonged infusion be gradually withdrawn, and sometimes, continued tapering of dose with an oral long-acting benzodiazepine such as
4718:
1909:
and appeared to choke during that time according to reporters who were allowed to be present, leading to questions about the dosing and timing of the drug administration, as well as the choice of drugs.
1739:
receptors. This results in the following pharmacological properties being produced: sedation, induction of sleep, reduction in anxiety, anterograde amnesia, muscle relaxation and anticonvulsant effects.
5614:
5583:
5238:
4100:
Kawano DF, Ueta J, Sankarankutty AK, Pereira LR, de
Freitas O (June 2009). "Midazolam-related drug interactions: detection of risk situations to the patient safety in a brazilian teaching hospital".
5708:
11837:
1484:
with other CNS depressants such as alcohol, opioids, or tricyclic antidepressants. The toxicity of benzodiazepine overdose and the risk of death are also increased in the elderly and those with
10787:
1938:
was executed with a three-drug cocktail including midazolam after the
Supreme Court refused to grant a stay. Prior to this, the last execution in Ohio had been that of Dennis McGuire. Murderer
3341:
5417:
1926:
or by a problem in the administration procedure, nor is it clear what quantities of vecuronium bromide and potassium chloride were released to his system before the execution was cancelled.
10869:
4895:
979:, such as increased activity, can occur especially in children and older people. There is evidence of risk when used during pregnancy but no evidence of harm with a single dose during
1295:
are particularly associated with intravenous administration. After nighttime administration of midazolam, residual 'hangover' effects, such as sleepiness and impaired psychomotor and
304:
5677:
5488:
5183:
3005:
Sofou K, Kristjánsdóttir R, Papachatzakis NE, Ahmadzadeh A, Uvebrant P (August 2009). "Management of prolonged seizures and status epilepticus in childhood: a systematic review".
1496:. While effective in reversing the effects of benzodiazepines it is not used in most cases as it may trigger seizures in mixed overdoses and benzodiazepine dependent individuals.
1735:
receptors (increasing the frequency of Cl channel opening) resulting in neural inhibition. Almost all of the properties can be explained by the actions of benzodiazepines on GABA
1091:
is preferred due to its long duration of action, and propofol has advantages over midazolam when used in the ICU for sedation, such as shorter weaning time and earlier tracheal
5552:
3404:
10899:
9588:
2252:
2222:
1885:
Midazolam has been used as part of a three-drug cocktail with vecuronium bromide and potassium chloride in
Florida and Oklahoma prisons and has also been used along with
1367:
responses to cold stress. Symptoms of hypotonia and the neonatal benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome have been reported to persist from hours to months after birth. Other
1287:
Paradoxical excitement occasionally occurs with benzodiazepines, including a worsening of seizures. Children and elderly individuals or those with a history of excessive
1917:
apparently regained consciousness and started speaking midway through his 2014 execution when the state of
Oklahoma attempted to execute him with an untested three-drug
3935:
Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Burke JP (1992). "Intensive surveillance of midazolam use in hospitalized patients and the occurrence of cardiorespiratory arrest".
1417:. When signs of tolerance to midazolam occur during intensive care unit sedation the addition of an opioid or propofol is recommended. Withdrawal symptoms can include
4262:
Cho HH, O'Connell JP, Cooney MF, Inchiosa MA (2007). "Minimizing tolerance and withdrawal to prolonged pediatric sedation: case report and review of the literature".
5365:
2072:
1953:, 46. Arkansas attempted to execute eight people before its supply of midazolam expired on 30 April 2017. Two of them were granted a stay of execution, and another,
3075:
O'Connor M, Bucknall T, Manias E (May 2010). "Sedation management in
Australian and New Zealand intensive care units: doctors' and nurses' practices and opinions".
2122:
10914:
10904:
2067:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
1331:
Midazolam is known to cause respiratory depression. In healthy humans, 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam may cause respiratory depression, which is postulated to be a
9447:
3431:
Authier N, Balayssac D, Sautereau M, Zangarelli A, Courty P, Somogyi AA, et al. (November 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome".
3110:
McQuaid KR, Laine L (May 2008). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of moderate sedation for routine endoscopic procedures".
1827:. In the United Kingdom, midazolam is a Schedule 3/Class C controlled drug. In the United States, midazolam (DEA number 2884) is on the Schedule IV list of the
1250:
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, in alcohol- or other drug-dependent individuals or those with
936:
The drug does not cause an individual to become unconscious, merely to be sedated. It is also useful for the treatment of prolonged (lasting over five minutes)
833:
340:
12266:
12246:
1083:
has a quicker recovery time and a better memory-impairing effect. It is the most popular benzodiazepine in the intensive care unit (ICU) because of its short
10889:
10874:
5606:
5575:
4721:, Walser A, Fryer RI, Benjamin L, "Imidazo benzodiazepines", published 1979-08-28, issued 1979-08-28, assigned to Hoffmann La Roche Inc.
259:
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produced by the drug. Paradoxical behavior is often not recalled by the patient due to the amnesia-producing properties of the drug. In extreme situations,
10859:
10854:
10849:
4306:
5700:
4013:
Yaster M, Nichols DG, Deshpande JK, Wetzel RC (September 1990). "Midazolam-fentanyl intravenous sedation in children: case report of respiratory arrest".
12236:
10894:
7150:
5456:
2003:
317:
12189:
11923:
10884:
7971:
3365:
de Graeff A, Dean M (February 2007). "Palliative sedation therapy in the last weeks of life: a literature review and recommendations for standards".
3348:
5413:
5390:
12091:
9743:
9581:
8781:
5317:
5126:
2440:
5179:
4885:
4639:"High-Throughput Metabolic Soft-Spot Identification in Liver Microsomes by LC/UV/MS: Application of a Single Variable Incubation Time Approach"
5667:
12251:
8993:
7533:
2730:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
117:
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5298:
9597:
5971:
847:
3606:
Merritt P, Hirshman E, Hsu J, Berrigan M (January 2005). "Metamemory without the memory: are people aware of midazolam-induced amnesia?".
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2415:
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functions, may persist into the next day. This may impair the ability of users to drive safely and may increase the risk of falls and
11317:
10777:
6842:
5760:
5540:
1723:) of midazolam in HLM is 3.3 minutes. The therapeutic as well as adverse effects of midazolam are due to its effects on the GABA
329:
5267:
1335:(CNS) effect. When midazolam is administered in combination with fentanyl, the incidence of hypoxemia or apnea becomes more likely.
1283:
as a side effect of midazolam are generally unaware their memory is impaired, unless they had previously known it as a side effect.
3408:
5201:"ViroPharma's Buccolam (Midazolam, Oromucosal Solution) Granted European Marketing Authorization for Treatment of Acute Seizures"
2192:
1874:
1731:
receptors directly but, as with other benzodiazepines, it enhances the effect of the endogenous neurotransmitter GABA on the GABA
5518:
2244:
2214:
2162:
2753:
Isojärvi JI, Tokola RA (December 1998). "Benzodiazepines in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability".
2664:
1844:
5644:
7964:
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4753:
4702:
4571:
4425:
4400:
4370:
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Rosenbaum A, Kain ZN, Larsson P, Lönnqvist PA, Wolf AR (September 2009). "The place of premedication in pediatric practice".
3539:
1824:
987:
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4577:
1351:
of pregnancy, may cause risk to the neonate, including benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, with possible symptoms including
1110:
injections should be avoided due to the increased risk of cardiovascular depression, as well as neurological complications.
12261:
5357:
4871:
1266:
1145:
when it is necessary to alleviate intolerable suffering not responsive to other treatments, but the need for this is rare.
5158:
3825:
2064:
2010:
ruled that they had failed to prove that midazolam was cruel and unusual when compared to known, available alternatives.
1748:
Midazolam is among about 35 benzodiazepines currently used medically, and was synthesized in 1975 by Walser and Fryer at
1488:
or when used intravenously. Treatment is supportive; activated charcoal can be used within an hour of the overdose. The
12231:
2060:
1658:
enhance the metabolism of midazolam leading to a reduced action. Sedating antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs such as
972:
5093:
4930:
1113:
Sedation using midazolam can be used to relieve anxiety and manage behaviour in children undergoing dental treatment.
12241:
12185:
11616:
8698:
7526:
3978:
Wright SW, Chudnofsky CR, Dronen SC, Wright MB, Borron SW (March 1990). "Midazolam use in the emergency department".
2697:
2644:
1607:
1198:
1106:, and the possibility of development of a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, as well as neurological complications.
892:
867:
168:
2924:
Eriksson K, Kälviäinen R (November 2005). "Pharmacologic management of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood".
1930:
drugs. This controversy again stirred concern among the public regarding the effectiveness of the drug in question.
7957:
7932:
7494:
2453:
1142:
1087:, combined with its water solubility and its suitability for continuous infusion. However, for long-term sedation,
4490:
Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PC, Chan SY, Heng PW, Chan E, et al. (2005). "Herb-drug interactions: a literature review".
3145:
Arcangeli A, Antonelli M, Mignani V, Sandroni C (November 2005). "Sedation in PACU: the role of benzodiazepines".
12256:
6784:
1409:
alterations in gene expression, which causes long-term changes in the function of the GABAergic neuronal system.
1291:
use and individuals with a history of aggressive behavior or anger are at increased risk of paradoxical effects.
506:
289:
149:
4591:
Spina SP, Ensom MH (March 2007). "Clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring of midazolam in critically ill patients".
4342:
2014:
attempt in 2017, to halt an execution in the state of Arizona by another drug manufacturer was not successful.
1180:
7373:
5440:
581:
11136:
6835:
5753:
3468:"Economic evaluation of propofol and lorazepam for critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation"
2065:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
1485:
1031:
increased by several times to maintain anticonvulsant therapeutic effects. With prolonged use, tolerance and
4143:
McElhatton PR (November–December 1994). "The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation".
3563:
Verbeeck RK (December 2008). "Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction".
875:
InChI=1S/C18H13ClFN3/c1-11-21-9-13-10-22-18(14-4-2-3-5-16(14)20)15-8-12(19)6-7-17(15)23(11)13/h2-9H,10H2,1H3
12181:
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Mc Donnell CG, Harte S, O'Driscoll J, O'Loughlin C, Van Pelt FN, Shorten GD, et al. (September 2003).
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1999:
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1098:
Midazolam is sometimes used in neonatal intensive care units. When used, additional caution is required in
759:
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2529:
2094:
2032:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
1901:
1859:
720:
3421:"n their last 24 hours... 31% had low doses of medication to ... the remaining 4% required higher doses"
2782:"Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children"
1324:
can be administered to inhibit or reverse the effects of midazolam. Antipsychotic medications, such as
12201:
11026:
9224:
9038:
5313:
5137:
1935:
1211:
Routes of administration of midazolam can be oral, intranasal, buccal, intravenous, and intramuscular.
1176:
20:
3180:
De Cosmo G, Congedo E, Clemente A, Aceto P (November 2005). "Sedation in PACU: the role of propofol".
2457:
709:
476:
8875:
2970:
Wolfe TR, Macfarlane TC (May 2006). "Intranasal midazolam therapy for pediatric status epilepticus".
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1976:. Grant continued breathing, and a member of the execution team wiped the vomit off his face. At 4:15
1950:
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4443:"The effects of concurrent atorvastatin therapy on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous midazolam"
1711:. Oxidation of midazolam is the major metabolite in human liver microsome (HLM). The half life (t
1708:
1478:
1414:
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1072:
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217:
107:
4307:"Assessment of GABA(A)benzodiazepine receptor (GBzR) sensitivity in patients on benzodiazepines"
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9087:
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7111:
6281:
5859:
3466:
Cox CE, Reed SD, Govert JA, Rodgers JE, Campbell-Bright S, Kress JP, et al. (March 2008).
3048:
Brown TB, Lovato LM, Parker D (January 2005). "Procedural sedation in the acute care setting".
2411:
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symptoms include hyperexcitability, tremor, and gastrointestinal upset (diarrhea or vomiting).
1332:
1304:
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Midazolam, in combination with an antipsychotic drug, is indicated for the acute management of
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Beran RG (April 2008). "An alternative perspective on the management of status epilepticus".
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3695:
Vermeeren A (2004). "Residual effects of hypnotics: epidemiology and clinical implications".
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in the United States. Owing to its water solubility, it was found to be less likely to cause
1749:
1401:. Tolerance and the resultant withdrawal syndrome may be due to receptor down-regulation and
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1016:
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5479:"Ohio puts killer of 3 year-old to death in first execution in more than three years"
4952:
Steib A, Hausberger D, Robillart A, Roche A, Franckhauser D, Dupeyron JP (June 2006). "".
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8:
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3745:"Analgesia and sedation in children: practical approach for the most frequent situations"
1685:
enhance the sedative effects of midazolam. Midazolam is metabolized almost completely by
1385:
1368:
1316:
other similar effects. This seems to be related to the altered state of consciousness or
1280:
1055:
Intravenous midazolam is indicated for procedural sedation (often in combination with an
1043:
midazolam may be both easier to administer and more effective than rectally administered
976:
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2007:
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The state of Florida used midazolam to execute William Frederick Happ in October 2013.
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4776:
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2599:
2582:
2503:
2376:
2340:
2154:
1961:
1946:
1863:
1783:
Midazolam is available in the United States as a syrup or as an injectable solution.
364:
141:
5636:
5075:
5022:
4620:
4533:
Arayne MS, Sultana N, Bibi Z (October 2005). "Grape fruit juice-drug interactions".
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4291:
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3592:
3034:
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2515:
1312:
midazolam, and may lead to an increase in the length of ventilatory support needed.
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3801:
3790:"Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines: literature review and treatment options"
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1994:
1918:
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64:
4989:"Use of intrathecal midazolam to improve perioperative analgesia: a meta-analysis"
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4797:
4770:
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4113:
3531:
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3444:
1913:
The usage of midazolam in executions became controversial after condemned inmate
1788:
1704:
1398:
1348:
561:
453:
429:
407:
7988:
7546:
5154:
5049:
2499:
2155:"Buccolam 10 mg oromucosal solution - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
12136:
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11874:
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1678:
1670:
1635:
1402:
1288:
1279:
Side effects of midazolam in the elderly are listed above. People experiencing
1036:
986:
Midazolam was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1982. It is on the
968:
910:
252:
46:
5381:"The Drug Used in Alabama's Problematic Execution Has a Controversial History"
4655:
4223:"Midazolam induces expression of c-Fos and EGR-1 by a non-GABAergic mechanism"
3891:
Bailey PL, Pace NL, Ashburn MA, Moll JW, East KA, Stanley TH (November 1990).
3619:
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3123:
1980:
p.m., officials said Grant was unconscious, and he was pronounced dead at 4:21
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918:
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377:
228:
5576:"Arkansas Executes Ledell Lee, State's First Inmate Put to Death Since 2005"
5358:"Oklahoma execution: Clayton Lockett writhes on gurney in botched procedure"
4919:
Orange Book: Approved Drug Products With Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations
4637:
Zhu Y, Chen G, Zhang K, Chen C, Chen W, Zhu M, et al. (November 2022).
2901:
2884:
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9913:
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8273:
8258:
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8110:
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7876:
7858:
7809:
7703:
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7278:
7130:
6894:
6855:
6569:
6012:
6007:
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5809:
5100:
5067:
5014:
4973:
4917:
4674:
4612:
4546:
4511:
4468:
4440:
4420:(8th ed.). Foster City CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1037–40.
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4283:
4248:
4207:
4121:
3813:
3770:
3716:
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3584:
3549:
3501:
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1020:
267:
4604:
4322:
4172:
4083:
4034:
4026:
3999:
3956:
3918:
3866:
3526:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 182. pp. 335–360.
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29:
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5234:
3893:"Frequent hypoxemia and apnea after sedation with midazolam and fentanyl"
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1535:
1458:
1325:
1308:
964:
232:
135:
12151:
6820:
5701:"Nevada inmate on death row whose execution was delayed commits suicide"
3088:
2738:
1945:
In April 2017, the state of Arkansas carried out a double-execution, of
1102:; midazolam should not be used for longer than 72 hours due to risks of
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6017:
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5915:
5875:
5864:
5844:
5829:
5798:
5793:
5258:
5256:
5058:
1969:
1954:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1526:
1513:
1493:
1321:
1183: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1092:
1040:
953:
914:
809:
612:
247:
240:
5541:"Ohio executes man convicted of killing two in back-to-back robberies"
3761:
2123:"Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021"
1757:
midazolam has become more popular than other benzodiazepines, such as
12109:
12061:
12056:
12041:
11999:
11994:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11900:
11796:
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5945:
5890:
5854:
5819:
5804:
5088:
4886:"CIA considered potential truth serum for terror suspects after 9/11"
4799:
Pediatric critical care medicine: basic science and clinical evidence
1939:
1820:
1758:
1655:
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1518:
1466:
1364:
1352:
1296:
1088:
547:
486:
205:
121:
5253:
4694:
Short Textbook of Pharmacology for Dental and Allied Health Sciences
3522:
Olkkola KT, Ahonen J (2008). "Midazolam and other benzodiazepines".
2357:
1638:
inhibit the metabolism of midazolam, leading to a prolonged action.
1158:
12166:
12099:
12076:
12025:
12021:
12017:
11957:
11931:
11791:
11751:
11731:
11711:
11701:
11641:
11636:
11450:
11412:
11362:
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10796:
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10757:
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10476:
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8553:
8518:
8371:
8303:
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7145:
7125:
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6589:
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6215:
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5672:
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3430:
1667:
1647:
1489:
1454:
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1438:
1422:
1360:
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1125:
when it is associated with aggressive or out-of-control behaviour.
1099:
1080:
1076:
1060:
1044:
669:
661:
592:
163:
5738:
4305:
Potokar J, Coupland N, Wilson S, Rich A, Nutt D (September 1999).
2185:"Hypnovel 10mg in 2ml - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1035:
can occur and the elimination half-life may increase, up to days.
1011:
Midazolam is sometimes used for the acute management of prolonged
832:
12113:
12103:
11862:
11801:
11776:
11771:
11646:
11626:
11606:
11427:
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4686:
4684:
3144:
2448:
1682:
1356:
1012:
937:
5124:
3293:"Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis-induced aggression"
2583:"Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics"
2530:"Midazolam, Midazolam Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals"
12046:
12009:
11631:
11584:
11455:
11437:
11397:
11081:
10879:
9525:
8677:
8573:
7766:
5233:[The Neglected Execution of Ronald Smith] (in German).
4560:
Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan MD (1 April 2009).
4365:. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 212–213.
3241:
1686:
1674:
1508:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1056:
700:
491:
446:
442:
438:
4717:
4681:
4359:
Boon NA, Davidson S, Colledge NR, Walker B, Hunter JG (2006).
4261:
4099:
1877:
in combination with other drugs. It was introduced to replace
1492:
for an overdose of midazolam (or any other benzodiazepine) is
11407:
9550:
8870:
7638:
5094:"List of psychotropic substances under international control"
4951:
4395:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. p. 80.
4058:"Sudden hypotension associated with midazolam and sufentanil"
3651:
1973:
1808:
1804:
1579:
823:
680:
434:
4830:
Hypertension: a companion to Brenner and Rector's the kidney
4559:
4012:
3977:
3242:
Ashley PF, Chaudhary M, Lourenço-Matharu L (December 2018).
3179:
1271:
725:
37:
10840:
8017:
5314:"Controversial execution in Ohio uses new drug combination"
3839:
Reves JG, Fragen RJ, Vinik HR, Greenblatt DJ (March 1985).
3399:
1574:
963:
Side effects can include a decrease in efforts to breathe,
652:
85:
5637:"US Supreme Court backs use of contentious execution drug"
4566:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. p. 588.
4358:
3934:
3838:
3605:
3074:
2637:
Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition
2311:"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of midazolam in man"
16:
Benzodiazepine used for anesthesia and procedural sedation
6615:
5668:"Death row prisoner kills himself after execution halted"
4833:(2 ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby. p. 816.
4744:
Kaplan JM, Reich DL, Lake CL, Konstadt SN (15 May 2006).
4384:
4382:
4304:
2724:
2039:
91:
79:
70:
3291:
Huf G, Alexander J, Gandhi P, Allen MH (November 2016).
2484:
1391:
5414:"Federal Judge Blocks Ohio's Lethal Injection Protocol"
4743:
4553:
3742:
3290:
2779:
2215:"Seizalam- midazolam hydrochloride injection, solution"
1960:
In October 2021, the state of Oklahoma executed inmate
1819:
In the Netherlands, midazolam is a List II drug of the
988:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
929:. It induces sleepiness, decreases anxiety, and causes
9596:
4379:
3339:
1869:
The drug has been introduced for use in executions by
1831:
as a non-narcotic agent with low potential for abuse.
12199:
9390:
3890:
2580:
2414:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
2308:
82:
19:"Versed" redirects here. For the book of poetry, see
3465:
1275:
Injectable midazolam in 1 and 5 mg/ml strengths
88:
76:
4697:. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 128.
2581:Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S (August 2008).
2024:
1388:), ataxia, hangover effects, confusion, and falls.
580:
94:
73:
67:
5441:"When a Common Sedative Becomes an Execution Drug"
4795:
4388:
4220:
3244:"Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment"
2923:
2780:McTague A, Martland T, Appleton R (January 2018).
2004:Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
12149:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:
5333:"One execution botched, Oklahoma delays the next"
4954:Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation
4532:
4188:Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation
4055:
3787:
3647:
3645:
3068:
3047:
1079:in impairing memory of endoscopy procedures, but
12223:
4636:
4221:Fukuda K, Shoda T, Mima H, Uga H (August 2002).
3788:Mancuso CE, Tanzi MG, Gabay M (September 2004).
3743:Mencía SB, López-Herce JC, Freddi N (May 2007).
1775:Midazolam is available as a generic medication.
560:
5607:"Oklahoma executes death row inmate John Grant"
5324:
5203:(Press release). ViroPharma. 6 September 2011.
4418:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
3930:
3928:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
2969:
2685:
2274:
2272:
2270:
1375:by mothers using midazolam is not recommended.
1063:), preoperative sedation, for the induction of
855:ClC1=CC=C2C(C(C3=CC=CC=C3F)=NCC4=CN=C(C)N42)=C1
535:
7979:
7541:
5231:"Die fahrlässige Hinrichtung des Ronald Smith"
5180:Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
4392:Addiction medicine: an evidence-based handbook
4095:
4093:
3886:
3884:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3642:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2752:
2435:
2433:
1342:
12267:World Health Organization essential medicines
12247:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
9582:
8994:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
7965:
7527:
6836:
5754:
4853:
3521:
3364:
2965:
2963:
2836:"Status epilepticus: an evidence based guide"
2639:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 21.
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
458:Within 5 min (IV), 15 min (IM), 20 min (oral)
5349:
4489:
4179:
3925:
3508:
3342:"Care of the Dying Pathway (lcp) (Hospital)"
3109:
3103:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2267:
1889:in a two-drug protocol in Ohio and Arizona.
1823:. Midazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the
1499:Symptoms of midazolam overdose can include:
167:
9598:
9383:
4826:
4632:
4630:
4535:Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
4090:
3881:
3731:
3297:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3248:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2822:
2786:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2755:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
2430:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
1727:receptors; midazolam does not activate GABA
1593:
12237:Chemical substances for emergency medicine
9589:
9575:
7972:
7958:
7534:
7520:
6843:
6829:
5761:
5747:
5604:
5573:
5224:
5222:
5082:
4590:
4409:
4362:Davidson's principles practice of medicine
4142:
4056:West JM, Estrada S, Heerdt M (July 1987).
3980:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
3041:
2998:
2972:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
2960:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2480:
2478:
1834:
762:
739:
620:
6850:
5311:
5282:
5125:Blackpool NHS Primary Care Trust (2007).
5057:
5004:
4690:
4664:
4654:
4458:
4238:
4073:
3908:
3856:
3760:
3694:
3565:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
3491:
3316:
3267:
2900:
2859:
2805:
2737:
2598:
2547:
2334:
2309:Heizmann P, Eckert M, Ziegler WH (2012).
1199:Learn how and when to remove this message
640:
5511:"Ohio to resume executions with new jab"
5355:
4986:
4857:Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4796:Wheeler DS, Wong HR, Shanley TP (2007).
4627:
3562:
3459:
2634:
2387:
2315:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1900:The state of Ohio used midazolam in the
1854:
1328:, have also been used for this purpose.
1270:
5438:
5411:
5378:
5288:
5219:
4772:Sedation: a guide to patient management
4768:
4748:(5th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.
4185:
3405:"National care of the dying audit 2009"
3340:Liverpool Care Pathway (January 2005).
2718:
2679:
2623:
2475:
735:
600:
140:
12224:
5698:
5665:
5555:from the original on 14 September 2017
5330:
5301:from the original on 12 December 2013.
5228:
4874:from the original on 12 November 2012.
4854:Riviere J, Papich MG (30 March 2009).
4816:from the original on 8 September 2017.
4580:from the original on 20 February 2017.
4415:
3215:Rawicz M (October–December 2008). "".
3214:
2882:
2833:
2692:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 539.
2059:
1862:, the site of the state of Oklahoma's
1845:paediatric-use marketing authorisation
1765:
1050:
1047:in the emergency control of seizures.
753:
514:8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4
386:
358:
9570:
7953:
7515:
6824:
5742:
5320:from the original on 17 January 2014.
5241:from the original on 10 December 2016
5189:from the original on 23 January 2012.
5090:International Narcotics Control Board
5035:
4898:from the original on 27 November 2018
2732:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2706:from the original on 30 November 2021
2667:from the original on 5 September 2015
2418:from the original on 5 September 2015
2290:from the original on 25 February 2024
2255:from the original on 10 December 2023
1957:, 51, was executed on 20 April 2017.
1825:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
1392:Tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal
1067:, and for sedation of people who are
708:
688:
371:
158:
126:
12252:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche
12190:GABA metabolism/transport modulators
5393:from the original on 9 December 2016
5266:. Death Penalty Information Center.
5207:from the original on 31 October 2014
1892:
1850:
1502:
1267:Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
1245:
1181:adding citations to reliable sources
1152:
271:
11807:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
5768:
5711:from the original on 6 January 2019
5680:from the original on 6 January 2019
5521:from the original on 5 October 2016
5368:from the original on 30 April 2014.
5345:from the original on 13 March 2017.
5312:Ford D, Fantz A (16 January 2014).
4827:Oparil S, Weber M (22 April 2005).
4389:Rastegar DA, Fingerhood MI (2005).
2661:"Midazolam use while Breastfeeding"
1987:
1128:
975:may occur following long-term use.
668:
660:
551:
347:
13:
10870:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
5617:from the original on 28 April 2017
5586:from the original on 28 April 2017
5459:from the original on 14 March 2017
5420:from the original on 16 March 2017
4264:Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
3949:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1992.tb04512.x
3841:"Midazolam: pharmacology and uses"
3433:Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises
2926:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
2327:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02270.x
2135:from the original on 25 March 2024
2075:from the original on 3 August 2023
1762:suspects in project "Medication".
14:
12278:
11617:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
8699:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
6805:* atypical activity profile (not
6743:Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines
5727:
5491:from the original on 29 July 2017
5270:from the original on 3 April 2015
5264:"State by State Lethal Injection"
5161:from the original on 16 May 2013.
4802:. London: Springer. p. 984.
4775:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 335.
3828:from the original on 6 June 2011.
3077:American Journal of Critical Care
2456:. 26 October 2012. Archived from
1347:Midazolam, when taken during the
1148:
298:
190:
12209:
5692:
5659:
5647:from the original on 1 July 2015
5629:
5182:(CHMP). 5 July 2011. p. 1.
4933:from the original on 5 July 2021
4860:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 358.
4504:10.2165/00003495-200565090-00005
4460:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03339.x
4240:10.1097/00000539-200208000-00024
4075:10.1213/00000539-198707000-00026
3910:10.1097/00000542-199011000-00005
3858:10.1097/00000542-198503000-00017
3709:10.2165/00023210-200418050-00003
3666:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03114.x
3407:. United Kingdom. Archived from
3347:. United Kingdom. Archived from
2600:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x
2225:from the original on 12 May 2021
2195:from the original on 4 July 2024
2165:from the original on 4 July 2024
1873:in certain jurisdictions in the
1157:
1143:continuous deep sedation therapy
1075:units. Midazolam is superior to
921:before surgical anesthesia, and
799:
796:
793:
787:
63:
45:
36:
12037:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
6785:Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone
5598:
5567:
5533:
5503:
5471:
5432:
5405:
5372:
5305:
5193:
5165:
5147:
5118:
5029:
4980:
4945:
4910:
4878:
4847:
4820:
4789:
4762:
4737:
4711:
4584:
4526:
4483:
4434:
4298:
4255:
4233:(2): 373–8, table of contents.
4214:
4136:
4049:
4006:
3971:
3832:
3781:
3688:
3599:
3556:
3424:
3393:
3358:
3333:
3284:
3235:
3208:
3173:
3138:
2917:
2885:"Refractory status epilepticus"
2876:
2773:
2746:
2686:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
2653:
2522:
2351:
2302:
1814:
1778:
1697:
1602:
1260:
1168:needs additional citations for
1001:
880:Key:DDLIGBOFAVUZHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
412:By mouth (variable, around 40%)
335:
10986:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
5605:KOCO Staff (28 October 2021).
5574:McCausland P (21 April 2017).
5291:"Happ executed using new drug"
4993:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
4769:Malamed MF (16 October 2002).
3367:Journal of Palliative Medicine
3309:10.1002/14651858.CD005146.pub3
3260:10.1002/14651858.CD003877.pub5
2798:10.1002/14651858.CD001905.pub3
2361:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2237:
2207:
2177:
2147:
2115:
2087:
2053:
1023:for acute seizures, including
990:. Midazolam is available as a
781:
324:
311:
1:
12182:Receptor/signaling modulators
10738:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
5412:Rebecca H (26 January 2017).
5379:Sanburn J (9 December 2016).
5289:Watkins M (15 October 2013).
5229:Schulz S (10 December 2016).
5127:"Medicines Management Update"
3806:10.1592/phco.24.13.1177.38089
2689:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
2587:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
2017:
1486:obstructive pulmonary disease
994:. In many countries, it is a
11932:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)
11017:anabolic-androgenic steroids
9799:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
9604:receptor positive modulators
5356:Fretland K (30 April 2014).
4987:Ho KM, Ismail H (May 2008).
4966:10.1016/j.annfar.2006.01.018
4927:Food and Drug Administration
4200:10.1016/j.annfar.2010.02.016
4186:Serreau R (April 2010). "".
4165:10.1016/0890-6238(94)90029-9
4114:10.1097/PTS.0b013e3181a5dafa
3992:10.1016/0735-6757(90)90192-3
3532:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_16
3484:10.1097/CCM.0B013E3181544248
3445:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001
2000:cruel and unusual punishment
1116:
905:, sold under the brand name
7:
12262:Lethal injection components
10572:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
9225:Tetracyclic antidepressants
9039:Tetracyclic antidepressants
5699:Bowden J (5 January 2019).
5666:Porter T (6 January 2019).
5439:Blinder A (13 March 2017).
5050:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.013
4691:Udaykumar P (30 May 2008).
3401:Royal College of Physicians
2883:Murthy JM (December 2006).
2834:Walker M (September 2005).
2500:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.030
2245:"Nayzilam- midazolam spray"
1902:execution of Dennis McGuire
1860:Oklahoma State Penitentiary
1472:
1343:Pregnancy and breastfeeding
1239:0.05 to 0.15 mg/kg IV
1231:0.07 to 0.10 mg/kg IM
1223:0.15 to 0.40 mg/kg IV
1006:
10:
12283:
10900:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
5487:. New York. 25 July 2017.
5331:Ekholm E (29 April 2014).
5099:. incb.org. Archived from
5006:10.1177/0310057X0803600307
3217:Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego
3194:10.2174/138945005774574425
3159:10.2174/138945005774574416
3112:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
3007:Journal of Child Neurology
2984:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.11.004
2742:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
2071:(published 4 April 2023).
1972:about two dozen times and
1743:
1529:(difficulty staying awake)
1476:
1378:
1264:
771:Chemical and physical data
339:: Prescription only (
21:Versed (poetry collection)
18:
12232:21-Hydroxylase inhibitors
12175:
11825:
11593:
11530:
11497:
11464:
11436:
11150:
11092:Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
10971:
10928:
10839:
10811:
10723:
10605:
10047:
9734:
9635:Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
9610:
9428:
9381:
9353:
9320:
9300:
9246:
9202:Tricyclic antidepressants
9187:
9175:
9118:
9060:
9016:Tricyclic antidepressants
8984:
8921:
8909:
8838:
8686:
8623:
8590:
8572:
8504:
8451:
8408:
8380:
8322:
8199:
8056:
8008:
7996:
7910:
7885:
7857:
7824:
7765:
7732:
7684:
7656:
7647:
7554:
7472:
7407:
7363:
7356:
7334:
7243:
7110:
7099:
7063:
7024:
6872:
6863:
6803:
6777:
6758:
6742:
6726:
6688:
6670:
6654:
6630:
6544:
6516:
6480:
6374:
6280:
6239:
6203:
5776:
4656:10.3390/molecules27228058
4102:Journal of Patient Safety
3620:10.1007/s00213-004-1958-8
3577:10.1007/s00228-008-0553-z
3124:10.1016/j.gie.2007.12.046
3050:American Family Physician
2726:World Health Organization
2412:"Midazolam Hydrochloride"
2284:European Medicines Agency
2002:and thus contrary to the
1921:combination including 100
1841:European Medicines Agency
1829:Controlled Substances Act
1555:Impaired motor functions
940:. Midazolam can be given
888:
863:
843:
821:
808:
775:
770:
751:
719:
699:
679:
651:
631:
611:
591:
571:
546:
526:
502:
497:
485:
475:
462:
452:
428:
418:
406:
398:
288:
283:
258:
246:
216:
204:
178:
148:
134:
116:
106:
58:
53:
44:
35:
12242:2-Fluorophenyl compounds
12186:GABA receptor modulators
12096:sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
8787:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
6672:Pyridotriazolodiazepines
6546:Thienotriazolodiazepines
5215:– via PR Newswire.
4276:10.1177/0885066607299556
4227:Anesthesia and Analgesia
4062:Anesthesia and Analgesia
3019:10.1177/0883073809332768
2938:10.1586/14737175.5.6.777
2852:10.1136/bmj.331.7518.673
1594:Detection in body fluids
9274:Atypical antipsychotics
9088:Atypical antipsychotics
7203:Eslicarbazepine acetate
6778:Benzodiazepine prodrugs
6282:Triazolobenzodiazepines
5134:National Health Service
5038:Epilepsy & Behavior
4145:Reproductive Toxicology
2902:10.4103/0028-3886.28104
2488:Epilepsy & Behavior
2069:Diário Oficial da União
1835:Marketing authorization
1770:
1709:glucuronide conjugation
1479:Benzodiazepine overdose
1415:clorazepate dipotassium
1133:In the final stages of
952:, by spraying into the
950:injection into a muscle
518:-imidazo benzodiazepine
12257:Imidazobenzodiazepines
12072:Retigabine (ezogabine)
11348:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
10915:7,8-Dihydromethysticin
10905:5,6-Dehydromethysticin
9784:Benzylbutylbarbiturate
9448:Chlorophenylalkyldiols
9256:Typical antipsychotics
9070:Typical antipsychotics
6760:Pyrrolobenzodiazepines
6481:Oxazolobenzodiazepines
6375:Imidazobenzodiazepines
6358:(active metabolite of
5860:Desmethylflunitrazepam
4925:(44th ed.). U.S.
3472:Critical Care Medicine
1866:
1333:central nervous system
1305:respiratory depression
1276:
6632:Thienobenzodiazepines
4719:US patent 4166185
4605:10.1592/phco.27.3.389
4323:10.1007/s002130051104
4027:10.1542/peds.86.3.463
3379:10.1089/jpm.2006.0139
2441:"Midazolam Injection"
2095:"Product information"
1858:
1750:Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc
1707:(CYP) enzymes and by
1561:Impaired coordination
1293:Paradoxical reactions
1274:
1255:psychiatric disorders
1236:Intravenous sedation
1085:elimination half-life
12127:constituents (e.g.,
11911:Deuterated etifoxine
10973:Neuroactive steroids
10943:Apronal (apronalide)
10795:constituents (e.g.,
10412:N-Desalkylflurazepam
9405:Gabapentin enacarbil
8453:Neuroactive steroids
8423:Apronal (apronalide)
7859:Neuroactive steroids
7826:Arylcyclohexylamines
6240:2,3-Benzodiazepines*
4894:. 13 November 2018.
4731:17 June 2022 at the
3755:(2 Suppl): S71–S82.
3654:Pediatric Anesthesia
3182:Current Drug Targets
3147:Current Drug Targets
2321:(Suppl 1): 43S–49S.
2286:. 5 September 2011.
2191:. 16 February 2022.
2006:. In June 2015, the
1968:p.m., Grant started
1177:improve this article
996:controlled substance
913:medication used for
320:(Psychoactive drugs)
11920:dihydroergocryptine
11232:Pyrazolopyrimidines
10890:5,6-Dihydroyangonin
10875:7,8-Dihydroyangonin
10062:3-Hydroxyphenazepam
9904:Methylphenobarbital
7543:General anesthetics
6905:Methylphenobarbital
6580:Deschloroclotizolam
6204:1,5-Benzodiazepines
6026:-Desalkylflurazepam
5789:3-Hydroxyphenazepam
5777:1,4-Benzodiazepines
5295:The Gainesville Sun
5143:on 4 December 2010.
4563:Clinical Anesthesia
4345:on 12 January 2002.
4157:1994RepTx...8..461M
3749:Jornal de Pediatria
3223:(4 Pt 1): 958–967.
3089:10.4037/ajcc2009541
2635:Hamilton R (2015).
2463:on 22 February 2016
2251:. 19 January 2023.
1766:Society and culture
1687:cytochrome P450-3A4
1608:Protease inhibitors
1386:anterograde amnesia
1369:neonatal withdrawal
1216:
1051:Procedural sedation
977:Paradoxical effects
973:withdrawal syndrome
971:to its effects and
931:anterograde amnesia
923:procedural sedation
909:among others, is a
367:(Prescription only)
307:(Prescription only)
32:
12014:4-O-methylhonokiol
11677:Dichloralphenazone
11575:Methylmethaqualone
11152:Nonbenzodiazepines
10865:Desmethoxyyangonin
10860:11-Hydroxyyangonin
10855:11-Methoxyyangonin
10850:10-Methoxyyangonin
10237:Ethyl carfluzepate
9839:Cyclopentobarbital
9470:Diethylpropanediol
8752:Dichloralphenazone
8668:Methylmethaqualone
8506:Nonbenzodiazepines
8033:Diethylpropanediol
7937:Never to phase III
7499:Never to phase III
6689:Pyrazolodiazepines
5896:Ethyl carfluzepate
5734:Inchem - Midazolam
5517:. 3 October 2016.
5445:The New York Times
5338:The New York Times
5155:"US DEA Schedules"
5132:. United Kingdom:
4746:Cardiac Anesthesia
4416:Baselt RC (2008).
4311:Psychopharmacology
3777:on 4 October 2011.
3608:Psychopharmacology
3524:Modern Anesthetics
3411:on 20 January 2010
3403:(September 2009).
3354:on 8 October 2011.
2761:(Suppl 1): 80–92.
2454:Ministry of Health
2373:10.1093/bja/aef213
2008:U.S. Supreme Court
1867:
1541:Respiratory arrest
1277:
1220:Perioperative use
1214:
1065:general anesthesia
1025:status epilepticus
992:generic medication
967:, and sleepiness.
965:low blood pressure
477:Duration of action
414:intramuscular 90%+
28:
12197:
12196:
12157:MRK-409 (MK-0343)
11928:dihydroergotamine
11871:potassium bromide
11865:compounds (e.g.,
11812:Trichloroethylene
11580:Nitromethaqualone
11499:Pyrazolopyridines
11001:3α-Androstanediol
10895:7,8-Dihydrokavain
10247:Ethyl loflazepate
10024:Thiotetrabarbital
9640:Ethanol (alcohol)
9564:
9563:
9316:
9315:
9114:
9113:
8834:
8833:
8715:Potassium bromide
8673:Nitromethaqualone
8181:Thiotetrabarbital
8028:Ethanol (alcohol)
7947:
7946:
7906:
7905:
7724:Thiotetrabarbital
7629:Trichloroethylene
7509:
7508:
7468:
7467:
7352:
7351:
7336:Potassium openers
7254:Oxazolidinediones
7186:Valproate pivoxil
7151:Acetylpheneturide
7095:
7094:
7050:Valproate pivoxil
7026:GABA-T inhibitors
6996:potassium bromide
6818:
6817:
6727:Pyrrolodiazepines
6585:Deschloroetizolam
6554:α-Hydroxyetizolam
5906:Ethyl loflazepate
5106:on 31 August 2012
4867:978-0-8138-2061-3
4840:978-0-7216-0258-5
4809:978-1-84628-463-2
4782:978-0-323-01226-3
4755:978-1-4160-0253-6
4704:978-81-8448-149-5
4573:978-0-7817-8763-5
4427:978-0-9626523-7-0
4402:978-0-7817-6154-3
4372:978-0-443-10057-4
3762:10.2223/JPED.1625
3571:(12): 1147–1161.
3541:978-3-540-72813-9
2846:(7518): 673–677.
2131:. 3 August 2022.
2063:(31 March 2023).
1962:John Marion Grant
1947:Jack Harold Jones
1893:Notable incidents
1864:execution chamber
1851:Use in executions
1590:
1589:
1558:Impaired reflexes
1246:Contraindications
1243:
1242:
1209:
1208:
1201:
956:, or through the
900:
899:
834:Interactive image
721:CompTox Dashboard
390:
375:
362:
350:
343:for higher doses)
338:
327:
315:
302:
194:
161:
12274:
12214:
12213:
12212:
12205:
11916:Dihydroergolines
11833:3-Hydroxybutanal
11466:Piperidinediones
11199:Imidazopyridines
10733:6-Methylapigenin
10665:Hydroxyphenamate
10537:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
10242:Ethyl dirazepate
10122:Chlordiazepoxide
10014:Thiobutabarbital
9726:Trifluoroethanol
9716:Trichloroethanol
9706:-Pentanol (2M2B)
9600:
9591:
9584:
9577:
9568:
9567:
9489:muscle relaxants
9392:
9389:
9185:
9184:
8919:
8918:
8856:4-Fluorophenibut
8592:Piperidinediones
8466:Allopregnanolone
8048:Trichloroethanol
8006:
8005:
7974:
7967:
7960:
7951:
7950:
7654:
7653:
7536:
7529:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7361:
7360:
7245:Calcium blockers
7156:Chlorphenacemide
7108:
7107:
7082:GAT-1 inhibitors
6870:
6869:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6822:
6821:
6655:Pyridodiazepines
6518:Thienodiazepines
6472:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
6185:Triflunordazepam
5901:Ethyl dirazepate
5815:Chlordiazepoxide
5763:
5756:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5643:. 29 June 2015.
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5549:Associated Press
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5177:
5173:"Monthly Report"
5169:
5163:
5162:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5136:. Archived from
5131:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5098:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5061:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5008:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4924:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4741:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4658:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4498:(9): 1239–1282.
4487:
4481:
4480:
4462:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4386:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4341:. Archived from
4302:
4296:
4295:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3860:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3800:(9): 1177–1185.
3785:
3779:
3778:
3773:. Archived from
3764:
3740:
3729:
3728:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3519:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3303:(11): CD005146.
3288:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3254:(12): CD003877.
3239:
3233:
3232:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2632:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2578:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2445:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2385:
2384:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2036:nctr-crs.fda.gov
2028:
1995:Glossip v. Gross
1988:Legal challenges
1983:
1979:
1967:
1924:
1919:lethal injection
1882:medically dead.
1871:lethal injection
1754:thrombophlebitis
1721:
1720:
1716:
1662:, phenytoin and
1564:Impaired balance
1532:Mental confusion
1503:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1161:
1153:
1139:first line agent
1135:end-of-life care
1129:End of life care
927:severe agitation
896:
895:
836:
816:
801:
798:
795:
789:
783:
766:
755:
744:
743:
729:
727:
712:
692:
672:
664:
644:
624:
604:
584:
564:
554:
553:
539:
467:
388:
385:
380:
373:
370:
360:
357:
349:
346:
337:
334:
326:
323:
313:
310:
300:
297:
275:
192:
189:
171:
160:
157:
144:
130:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
49:
40:
33:
31:
27:
12282:
12281:
12277:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12271:
12222:
12221:
12220:
12210:
12208:
12200:
12198:
12193:
12171:
12129:isovaleric acid
12092:Sulfonylalkanes
11990:Hopantenic acid
11974:tolfenamic acid
11962:flufenamic acid
11924:dihydroergosine
11867:lithium bromide
11826:Others/unsorted
11821:
11682:Dichloromethane
11657:Chloral hydrate
11652:Chloral betaine
11589:
11526:
11493:
11460:
11432:
11161:Cyclopyrrolones
11146:
11052:Etiocholanolone
10967:
10924:
10885:5-Hydroxykavain
10835:
10807:
10719:
10601:
10049:Benzodiazepines
10043:
9854:Ethallobarbital
9849:Enallylpropymal
9730:
9711:Tribromoethanol
9698:-Butanol (2M2P)
9644:alcoholic drink
9606:
9603:
9595:
9565:
9560:
9424:
9387:
9377:
9349:
9312:
9296:
9242:
9189:Antidepressants
9180:
9171:
9142:Dexmedetomidine
9123:
9110:
9056:
8986:Antidepressants
8980:
8941:Diphenhydramine
8914:
8905:
8843:
8830:
8819:Isovaleric acid
8782:Sulfonylalkanes
8737:Chloral hydrate
8732:Chloral betaine
8710:Lithium bromide
8682:
8619:
8586:
8568:
8500:
8447:
8404:
8376:
8318:
8201:Benzodiazepines
8195:
8101:Ethallobarbital
8052:
8001:
7992:
7978:
7948:
7943:
7942:
7927:Clinical trials
7902:
7881:
7853:
7820:
7761:
7734:Benzodiazepines
7728:
7680:
7643:
7550:
7540:
7510:
7505:
7504:
7489:Clinical trials
7464:
7403:
7348:
7330:
7239:
7112:Sodium blockers
7102:
7091:
7059:
7020:
6940:Benzodiazepines
6877:
6859:
6852:Anticonvulsants
6849:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6799:
6773:
6754:
6738:
6722:
6684:
6666:
6650:
6626:
6540:
6512:
6476:
6370:
6276:
6235:
6199:
5772:
5770:Benzodiazepines
5767:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5681:
5664:
5660:
5650:
5648:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5618:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5587:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5492:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5377:
5373:
5354:
5350:
5329:
5325:
5310:
5306:
5287:
5283:
5273:
5271:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5227:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5092:(August 2003).
5087:
5083:
5034:
5030:
4985:
4981:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4825:
4821:
4810:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4742:
4738:
4733:Wayback Machine
4724:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4689:
4682:
4635:
4628:
4593:Pharmacotherapy
4589:
4585:
4574:
4558:
4554:
4531:
4527:
4488:
4484:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4357:
4350:
4303:
4299:
4260:
4256:
4219:
4215:
4184:
4180:
4141:
4137:
4098:
4091:
4054:
4050:
4011:
4007:
3976:
3972:
3937:Pharmacotherapy
3933:
3926:
3889:
3882:
3837:
3833:
3794:Pharmacotherapy
3786:
3782:
3741:
3732:
3693:
3689:
3650:
3643:
3604:
3600:
3561:
3557:
3542:
3520:
3509:
3464:
3460:
3429:
3425:
3414:
3412:
3398:
3394:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3289:
3285:
3240:
3236:
3213:
3209:
3178:
3174:
3143:
3139:
3108:
3104:
3073:
3069:
3046:
3042:
3003:
2999:
2968:
2961:
2922:
2918:
2889:Neurology India
2881:
2877:
2832:
2823:
2792:(1): CD001905.
2778:
2774:
2751:
2747:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2633:
2624:
2579:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2388:
2356:
2352:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2280:"Buccolam EPAR"
2278:
2277:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2161:. 7 June 2022.
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2020:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1951:Marcel Williams
1936:Ronald Phillips
1922:
1915:Clayton Lockett
1895:
1853:
1837:
1817:
1789:intramuscularly
1781:
1773:
1768:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1705:cytochrome P450
1700:
1605:
1596:
1591:
1481:
1475:
1406:
1399:rebound effects
1394:
1381:
1363:, and impaired
1349:third trimester
1345:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1174:
1162:
1151:
1131:
1119:
1053:
1009:
1004:
925:, and to treat
891:
889:
884:
881:
876:
871:
870:
859:
856:
851:
850:
839:
814:
804:
792:
786:
747:
723:
715:
695:
675:
647:
627:
607:
587:
567:
550:
542:
522:
519:
510:
509:
465:
454:Onset of action
420:Protein binding
413:
408:Bioavailability
400:Pharmacokinetic
394:
378:
279:
219:
207:
200:
181:
174:
66:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12280:
12270:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12219:
12218:
12195:
12194:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12145:
12144:
12137:valerenic acid
12122:
12117:
12107:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11966:mefenamic acid
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11875:sodium bromide
11860:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11829:
11827:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11742:Methoxypropane
11739:
11737:Methoxyflurane
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11697:Ethyl chloride
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11603:
11601:
11591:
11590:
11588:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11536:
11534:
11532:Quinazolinones
11528:
11527:
11525:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11503:
11501:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11470:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11442:
11440:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11227:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11194:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11156:
11154:
11148:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10977:
10975:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10934:
10932:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10846:
10844:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10817:
10815:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10800:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10729:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10611:
10609:
10603:
10602:
10600:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10053:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9954:Propylbarbital
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9829:Crotylbarbital
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9794:Brophebarbital
9791:
9789:Brallobarbital
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9740:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9700:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9675:Methylpentynol
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9616:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9601:
9594:
9593:
9586:
9579:
9571:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9536:Passion flower
9533:
9523:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9359:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9326:
9324:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9286:
9281:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9263:
9261:Chlorpromazine
9252:
9250:
9248:Antipsychotics
9244:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9232:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9214:
9209:
9199:
9193:
9191:
9182:
9178:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9128:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9100:
9095:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9077:
9075:Chlorpromazine
9066:
9064:
9062:Antipsychotics
9058:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9046:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9028:
9023:
9013:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8990:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8936:Cyproheptadine
8933:
8927:
8925:
8923:Antihistamines
8916:
8912:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8880:sodium oxybate
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8851:1,4-Butanediol
8847:
8845:
8841:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8824:Valerenic acid
8821:
8816:
8806:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8723:
8722:
8720:Sodium bromide
8717:
8712:
8701:
8696:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8629:
8627:
8625:Quinazolinones
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8596:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8510:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8457:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8414:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8378:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8328:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8146:Propylbarbital
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8043:Methylpentynol
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7977:
7976:
7969:
7962:
7954:
7945:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7830:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7771:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7738:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7690:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7660:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7614:Methoxypropane
7611:
7609:Methoxyflurane
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7539:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7369:
7367:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7340:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7301:
7294:Gabapentinoids
7286:
7281:
7266:
7264:Paramethadione
7261:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7183:
7178:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7116:
7114:
7105:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7072:GABAR agonists
7067:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:(and related):
7030:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
7000:sodium bromide
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6932:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6885:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6848:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5728:External links
5726:
5723:
5722:
5691:
5658:
5628:
5597:
5566:
5532:
5502:
5470:
5431:
5404:
5371:
5348:
5323:
5304:
5281:
5252:
5218:
5192:
5164:
5146:
5117:
5081:
5044:(3): 349–353.
5028:
4999:(3): 365–373.
4979:
4960:(6): 615–625.
4944:
4909:
4877:
4866:
4846:
4839:
4819:
4808:
4788:
4781:
4761:
4754:
4736:
4710:
4703:
4680:
4626:
4599:(3): 389–398.
4583:
4572:
4552:
4525:
4482:
4453:(9): 899–904.
4433:
4426:
4408:
4401:
4378:
4371:
4348:
4317:(2): 180–184.
4297:
4270:(3): 173–179.
4254:
4213:
4194:(4): e37–e46.
4178:
4151:(6): 461–475.
4135:
4089:
4068:(7): 693–694.
4048:
4021:(3): 463–467.
4005:
3970:
3943:(3): 213–216.
3924:
3903:(5): 826–830.
3897:Anesthesiology
3880:
3851:(3): 310–324.
3845:Anesthesiology
3831:
3780:
3730:
3703:(5): 297–328.
3687:
3660:(9): 817–828.
3641:
3614:(3): 336–343.
3598:
3555:
3540:
3507:
3478:(3): 706–714.
3458:
3439:(6): 408–413.
3423:
3392:
3357:
3332:
3283:
3234:
3207:
3188:(7): 741–744.
3172:
3153:(7): 745–748.
3137:
3118:(6): 910–923.
3102:
3083:(3): 285–295.
3067:
3040:
3013:(8): 918–926.
2997:
2978:(3): 343–346.
2959:
2932:(6): 777–783.
2916:
2895:(4): 354–358.
2875:
2821:
2772:
2745:
2717:
2698:
2678:
2652:
2645:
2622:
2546:
2521:
2474:
2452:. New Zealand
2429:
2386:
2367:(3): 428–437.
2350:
2301:
2266:
2236:
2206:
2176:
2146:
2114:
2103:. 28 June 2004
2086:
2052:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2016:
1989:
1986:
1894:
1891:
1852:
1849:
1836:
1833:
1816:
1813:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1699:
1696:
1679:antipsychotics
1671:antihistamines
1640:St John's wort
1636:clarithromycin
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1523:Slurred speech
1521:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1474:
1471:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1344:
1341:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:Premedication
1225:
1224:
1221:
1207:
1206:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1149:Administration
1147:
1141:in palliative
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1052:
1049:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
911:benzodiazepine
898:
897:
886:
885:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
858:
857:
854:
846:
845:
844:
841:
840:
838:
837:
829:
827:
819:
818:
812:
806:
805:
802:
790:
784:
779:
773:
772:
768:
767:
757:
749:
748:
746:
745:
732:
730:
717:
716:
714:
713:
705:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
685:
683:
677:
676:
674:
673:
665:
657:
655:
649:
648:
646:
645:
637:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
617:
615:
609:
608:
606:
605:
597:
595:
589:
588:
586:
585:
577:
575:
569:
568:
566:
565:
557:
555:
544:
543:
541:
540:
532:
530:
524:
523:
521:
520:
513:
505:
504:
503:
500:
499:
495:
494:
489:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
432:
426:
425:
422:
416:
415:
410:
404:
403:
396:
395:
393:
392:
383:
368:
355:
344:
332:
321:
308:
294:
292:
286:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
264:
262:
256:
255:
253:Benzodiazepine
250:
244:
243:
222:
220:administration
214:
213:
210:
202:
201:
199:
198:
196:
186:
184:
176:
175:
173:
172:
154:
152:
146:
145:
138:
132:
131:
124:
114:
113:
112:Versed, others
110:
104:
103:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12279:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12229:
12227:
12217:
12207:
12206:
12203:
12192:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12180:
12174:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12142:
12138:
12134:
12133:isovaleramide
12130:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12115:
12111:
12108:
12105:
12101:
12097:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11975:
11971:
11970:niflumic acid
11967:
11963:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11921:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11896:Clomethiazole
11894:
11892:
11891:Chlormezanone
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11881:Carbamazepine
11879:
11876:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11861:
11858:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11757:Nitrous oxide
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11687:Diethyl ether
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11529:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11496:
11490:
11489:Pyrithyldione
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11471:
11469:
11467:
11463:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11441:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11234:
11233:
11229:
11228:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11201:
11200:
11196:
11195:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11163:
11162:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11153:
11149:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10970:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10931:
10927:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10838:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10810:
10804:
10801:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10722:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10695:Phenprobamate
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10660:Hexapropymate
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10635:Difebarbamate
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10608:
10604:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10447:Nortetrazepam
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10307:Flutoprazepam
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10287:Flunitrazolam
10285:
10283:
10282:Flunitrazepam
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10272:Flubromazolam
10270:
10268:
10267:Flubromazepam
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10167:Cloniprazepam
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10057:2-Oxoquazepam
10055:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10046:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9999:Thialbarbital
9997:
9995:
9994:Tetrabarbital
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9979:Spirobarbital
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9959:Proxibarbital
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9949:Propallylonal
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9929:Phenobarbital
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9919:Pentobarbital
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9909:Narcobarbital
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9874:Heptobarbital
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9844:Difebarbamate
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9834:Cyclobarbital
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9779:Benzobarbital
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9733:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9650:Ethchlorvynol
9648:
9645:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9592:
9587:
9585:
9580:
9578:
9573:
9572:
9569:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9515:
9514:Methocarbamol
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9504:Mephenoxalone
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9494:Chlorphenesin
9492:
9491:
9490:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9464:
9463:Phenaglycodol
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9449:
9446:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9380:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9352:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9299:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9245:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9223:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9207:Amitriptyline
9205:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9174:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9117:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9086:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9059:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9021:Amitriptyline
9019:
9018:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8956:Methapyrilene
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8861:Aceburic acid
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8837:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8814:Isovaleramide
8812:
8811:
8810:
8809:Sesquiterpene
8807:
8805:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8747:Clomethiazole
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:Pyrithyldione
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8589:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8571:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8407:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8362:Phenprobamate
8360:
8358:
8357:Methocarbamol
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8347:Hexapropymate
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8264:Flutoprazepam
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8249:Flunitrazepam
8247:
8245:
8244:Flunitrazolam
8242:
8240:
8239:Flubromazolam
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8141:Phenobarbital
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8131:Pentobarbital
8129:
8127:
8126:Narcobarbital
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8116:Mephobarbital
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8096:Cyclobarbital
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8038:Ethchlorvynol
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7995:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7970:
7968:
7963:
7961:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7844:Phencyclidine
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7805:Phenoperidine
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7709:Narcobarbital
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7619:Nitrous oxide
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:Diethyl ether
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7537:
7532:
7530:
7525:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7455:Levetiracetam
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7384:Ethoxzolamide
7382:
7380:
7379:Acetazolamide
7377:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7365:CA inhibitors
7362:
7359:
7355:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7269:Trimethadione
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7208:Oxcarbazepine
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7198:Carbamazepine
7196:
7194:
7192:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7098:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6915:Phenobarbital
6913:
6911:
6910:Pentobarbital
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6841:
6839:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6812:
6802:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Fluclotizolam
6598:
6596:
6595:Flubrotizolam
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6336:Flunitrazolam
6334:
6332:
6331:Flubromazolam
6329:
6327:
6326:Flualprazolam
6324:
6322:
6321:Fluadinazolam
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:Nortetrazepam
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:Flutoprazepam
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Flunitrazepam
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5911:Flubromazepam
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:Difludiazepam
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Cloniprazepam
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5784:2-Oxoquazepam
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5662:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5223:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5102:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4932:
4929:(FDA). 2024.
4928:
4921:
4920:
4913:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4685:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4631:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4353:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3986:(2): 97–100.
3985:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2699:9783527607495
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2646:9781284057560
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2479:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:Health Canada
2124:
2118:
2102:
2101:
2100:Health Canada
2096:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1887:hydromorphone
1883:
1880:
1879:pentobarbital
1876:
1875:United States
1872:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:In 2011, the
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:intrathecally
1794:
1793:intravenously
1790:
1784:
1776:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:carbamazepine
1661:
1660:phenobarbital
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:hypertonicity
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1374:
1373:Breastfeeding
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:disinhibition
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:hip fractures
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1166:This section
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1123:schizophrenia
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:tachyphylaxis
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:critical care
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:tachyphylaxis
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
981:breastfeeding
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:intravenously
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:premedication
916:
912:
908:
904:
894:
887:
878:
873:
872:
869:
862:
853:
852:
849:
842:
835:
831:
830:
828:
825:
820:
813:
811:
807:
780:
778:
774:
769:
765:
761:
758:
756:
754:ECHA InfoCard
750:
742:
738:
737:DTXSID5023320
734:
733:
731:
722:
718:
711:
707:
706:
704:
702:
698:
691:
687:
686:
684:
682:
678:
671:
667:as HCl:
666:
663:
659:
658:
656:
654:
650:
643:
639:
638:
636:
634:
630:
623:
619:
618:
616:
614:
610:
603:
599:
598:
596:
594:
590:
583:
579:
578:
576:
574:
570:
563:
559:
558:
556:
549:
545:
538:
534:
533:
531:
529:
525:
517:
512:
511:
508:
501:
496:
493:
490:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
471:1.5–2.5 hours
470:
468:
461:
457:
455:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
431:
427:
423:
421:
417:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391: Rx-only
384:
381:
369:
366:
356:
354:
345:
342:
333:
331:
322:
319:
309:
306:
296:
295:
293:
291:
287:
282:
274:
269:
266:
265:
263:
261:
257:
254:
251:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:intramuscular
226:
223:
221:
215:
211:
209:
203:
197:
188:
187:
185:
183:
177:
170:
165:
156:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
99:
61:
59:Pronunciation
57:
54:Clinical data
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
26:
22:
12178:
12177:
12148:
12005:Lavender oil
11747:Nitric oxide
11667:Cryofluorane
11612:Acetophenone
11570:Methaqualone
11565:Mecloqualone
11560:Mebroqualone
11550:Diproqualone
11545:Cloroqualone
11474:Glutethimide
11278:
11230:
11197:
11159:
11132:Testosterone
11097:Progesterone
11062:Hydroxydione
11011:Androsterone
10938:Acecarbromal
10843:constituents
10630:Cyclarbamate
10620:Carisoprodol
10401:
10392:Metaclazepam
10387:Menitrazepam
10377:Meclonazepam
10372:Lormetazepam
10302:Flutemazepam
10127:Ciclotizolam
10117:Carburazepam
10009:Thiobarbital
9969:Secobarbital
9934:Phetharbital
9914:Nealbarbital
9899:Methohexital
9884:Hexobarbital
9819:Butallylonal
9814:Butobarbital
9769:Barbexaclone
9764:Aprobarbital
9749:Allobarbital
9736:Barbiturates
9703:
9695:
9685:Petrichloral
9556:Valnoctamide
9458:Metaglycodol
9453:Fenpentadiol
9363:Daridorexant
9266:Thioridazine
9217:Trimipramine
9152:Medetomidine
9080:Thioridazine
9031:Trimipramine
8976:Propiomazine
8971:Promethazine
8777:Petrichloral
8762:Kavalactones
8694:Acetophenone
8663:Methaqualone
8658:Mecloqualone
8653:Mebroqualone
8643:Diproqualone
8638:Cloroqualone
8600:Glutethimide
8496:Progesterone
8486:Hydroxydione
8418:Acecarbromal
8332:Carisoprodol
8278:
8274:Lormetazepam
8259:Flutemazepam
8161:Secobarbital
8121:Methohexital
8111:Hexobarbital
8091:Butobarbital
8086:Butabarbital
8076:Aprobarbital
8066:Allobarbital
8058:Barbiturates
7877:Hydroxydione
7810:Remifentanil
7741:
7704:Methohexital
7699:Hexobarbital
7686:Barbiturates
7569:Cyclopropane
7556:Inhalational
7445:Fenfluramine
7425:Brivaracetam
7374:Sulfonamides
7372:
7307:
7292:
7289:Phensuximide
7279:Ethosuximide
7274:Succinimides
7272:
7252:
7211:
7191:Carboxamides
7189:
7169:
7144:
7131:Fosphenytoin
7119:
7080:
7070:
7033:
6988:
6969:
6938:
6923:
6895:Barbexaclone
6890:Barbiturates
6888:
6570:Ciclotizolam
6431:
6023:
6013:Metaclazepam
6008:Menitrazepam
5998:Meclonazepam
5987:Lormetazepam
5936:Flutemazepam
5810:Carburazepam
5713:. Retrieved
5704:
5694:
5682:. Retrieved
5671:
5661:
5649:. Retrieved
5631:
5619:. Retrieved
5600:
5588:. Retrieved
5569:
5559:15 September
5557:. Retrieved
5535:
5523:. Retrieved
5505:
5493:. Retrieved
5482:
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5444:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5407:
5395:. Retrieved
5384:
5374:
5362:The Guardian
5361:
5351:
5336:
5326:
5307:
5294:
5284:
5272:. Retrieved
5243:. Retrieved
5209:. Retrieved
5195:
5167:
5149:
5138:the original
5120:
5108:. Retrieved
5101:the original
5084:
5041:
5037:
5031:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4918:
4912:
4900:. Retrieved
4889:
4880:
4856:
4849:
4829:
4822:
4798:
4791:
4771:
4764:
4745:
4739:
4713:
4693:
4649:(22): 8058.
4646:
4642:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4562:
4555:
4541:(4): 45–57.
4538:
4534:
4528:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4417:
4411:
4391:
4361:
4343:the original
4314:
4310:
4300:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4108:(2): 69–74.
4105:
4101:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4018:
4014:
4008:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3940:
3936:
3900:
3896:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3775:the original
3752:
3748:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3657:
3653:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3523:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3395:
3373:(1): 67–85.
3370:
3366:
3360:
3349:the original
3335:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3056:(1): 85–90.
3053:
3049:
3043:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2975:
2971:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2739:10665/371090
2729:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2688:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2655:
2636:
2593:(2): 69–86.
2590:
2586:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:
2524:
2491:
2487:
2465:. Retrieved
2458:the original
2447:
2420:. Retrieved
2364:
2360:
2353:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2283:
2257:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2158:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2035:
2026:
2012:
1993:
1991:
1959:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1912:
1899:
1896:
1884:
1868:
1847:by the EMA.
1838:
1818:
1815:Legal status
1801:intranasally
1785:
1782:
1779:Availability
1774:
1747:
1701:
1698:Pharmacology
1691:Atorvastatin
1628:erythromycin
1606:
1603:Interactions
1597:
1584:
1498:
1482:
1463:hypertension
1419:irritability
1411:
1395:
1382:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1303:. Sedation,
1285:
1278:
1261:Side effects
1249:
1210:
1195:
1186:
1175:Please help
1170:verification
1167:
1132:
1120:
1112:
1097:
1054:
1029:
1017:in the cheek
1010:
1002:Medical uses
985:
962:
935:
906:
902:
901:
890:
515:
464:Elimination
290:Legal status
284:Legal status
150:License data
25:
12087:Stiripentol
12082:Seproxetine
12052:Niacinamide
12032:Loreclezole
11853:Avermectins
11817:Vinyl ether
11787:Sevoflurane
11767:Paraldehyde
11717:Halopropane
11540:Afloqualone
11522:Tracazolate
11517:ICI-190,622
11507:Cartazolate
11484:Piperidione
11479:Methyprylon
11446:Fospropofol
11368:Pipequaline
11176:Pazinaclone
11166:Eszopiclone
11022:Cholesterol
11006:Androstenol
10930:Monoureides
10910:Methysticin
10710:Tetrabamate
10690:Pentabamate
10680:Meprobamate
10650:Febarbamate
10615:Carisbamate
10567:Triflubazam
10557:Tolufazepam
10517:Rilmazafone
10512:Remimazolam
10487:Proflazepam
10472:Pivoxazepam
10432:Nitrazepate
10422:Nimetazepam
10357:Lopirazepam
10327:Haloxazolam
10277:Fludiazepam
10222:Doxefazepam
10197:Delorazepam
10177:Clotiazepam
10172:Clorazepate
10137:Cinolazepam
10034:Vinbarbital
9989:Tetrabamate
9944:Probarbital
9924:Phenallymal
9889:Metharbital
9864:Febarbamate
9759:Amobarbital
9660:Isopropanol
9630:Chloralodol
9541:Scopolamine
9485:Guaifenesin
9480:Fenadiazole
9436:Cannabidiol
9410:Mirogabalin
9368:Lemborexant
9345:Tasimelteon
9330:Agomelatine
9289:Risperidone
9235:Mirtazapine
9124:-Adrenergic
9103:Risperidone
9049:Mirtazapine
8999:Etoperidone
8966:Pheniramine
8951:Hydroxyzine
8772:Paraldehyde
8767:Loreclezole
8633:Afloqualone
8615:Piperidione
8605:Methyprylon
8534:Pazinaclone
8514:Eszopiclone
8476:Alphaxolone
8471:Alphadolone
8410:Monoureides
8352:Meprobamate
8289:Nitemazepam
8284:Nimetazepam
8229:Doxefazepam
8214:Cinolazepam
8186:Vinbarbital
8151:Proxibarbal
8136:Phenallymal
8071:Amobarbital
8023:Chloralodol
7923:from market
7790:Embutramide
7785:Anileridine
7757:Remimazolam
7694:Amobarbital
7671:Fospropofol
7634:Vinyl ether
7624:Sevoflurane
7485:from market
7435:Carisbamate
7430:Cannabidiol
7316:Lamotrigine
7220:Lamotrigine
7171:Fatty acids
7166:Pheneturide
7161:Phenacemide
7136:Mephenytoin
7035:Fatty acids
7016:Stiripentol
7011:Paraldehyde
6975:Nimetazepam
6955:Clorazepate
6900:Metharbital
6795:Rilmazafone
6769:Anthramycin
6662:Lopirazepam
6646:Telenzepine
6605:Fluetizolam
6531:Clotiazepam
6498:Haloxazolam
6442:Remimazolam
6417:I-Iomazenil
6360:Rilmazafone
6231:Triflubazam
6180:Tolufazepam
6091:Proflazepam
6081:Pivoxazepam
6051:Nitrazepate
6041:Nitemazepam
6036:Nimetazepam
5921:Fludiazepam
5886:Doxefazepam
5850:Delorazepam
5840:Clorazepate
5825:Cinolazepam
5397:10 December
5245:10 December
5235:der Spiegel
5110:17 December
5059:10072/22410
4902:27 November
4447:Anaesthesia
3415:10 February
2539:3 September
2494:: 325–336.
1644:rifapentine
1536:Hypotension
1459:tachycardia
1421:, abnormal
1326:haloperidol
1309:hypotension
1021:in the nose
817: g·mol
760:100.056.140
498:Identifiers
382:Schedule IV
330:Schedule IV
233:intravenous
136:MedlinePlus
108:Trade names
12226:Categories
12120:Topiramate
12110:Terpenoids
12067:Propanidid
12057:Org 25,435
11985:Flupirtine
11980:Fluoxetine
11886:Chloralose
11857:ivermectin
11762:Norflurane
11727:Isoflurane
11672:Desflurane
11662:Chloroform
11622:Aliflurane
11555:Etaqualone
11383:SB-205,384
11313:CP-615,003
11308:CL-218,872
11262:Panadiplon
11252:Lorediplon
11181:Suproclone
11142:Zuranolone
11102:Renanolone
11087:Posovolone
11067:Minaxolone
11057:Ganaxolone
10996:Alfaxalone
10991:Alfadolone
10981:Acebrochol
10948:Bromisoval
10826:Metomidate
10813:Imidazoles
10773:Hispidulin
10725:Flavonoids
10685:Nisobamate
10675:Mebutamate
10645:Ethinamate
10640:Emylcamate
10607:Carbamates
10577:Tuclazepam
10552:Tetrazepam
10507:Reclazepam
10482:Premazepam
10462:Phenazepam
10442:Nordazepam
10437:Nitrazolam
10427:Nitrazepam
10407:Motrazepam
10362:Loprazolam
10352:Lofendazam
10337:Imidazenil
10297:Flutazolam
10292:Flurazepam
10262:Fletazepam
10217:Dimdazenil
10212:Diclazepam
10192:Cyprazepam
10182:Cloxazolam
10162:Clonazolam
10157:Clonazepam
10147:Climazolam
10107:Brotizolam
10102:Bromazolam
10097:Bromazepam
10092:Bretazenil
10087:Bentazepam
10077:Arfendazam
10072:Alprazolam
10067:Adinazolam
10039:Vinylbital
10019:Thiopental
9894:Methitural
9809:Buthalital
9804:Butalbital
9655:Isobutanol
9509:Metaxalone
9499:Mephenesin
9420:Pregabalin
9400:Gabapentin
9373:Suvorexant
9308:Niaprazine
9284:Quetiapine
9279:Olanzapine
9162:Tizanidine
9157:Romifidine
9147:Lofexidine
9137:Detomidine
9098:Quetiapine
9093:Olanzapine
9004:Nefazodone
8946:Doxylamine
8931:Captodiame
8742:Chloralose
8706:compounds
8648:Etaqualone
8544:Suproclone
8524:Lirequinil
8491:Minaxolone
8481:Eltanolone
8461:Acebrochol
8428:Bromisoval
8395:Metomidate
8382:Imidazoles
8342:Ethinamate
8337:Emylcamate
8324:Carbamates
8299:Nitrazolam
8294:Nitrazepam
8269:Loprazolam
8254:Flurazepam
8224:Clonazolam
8219:Climazolam
8209:Brotizolam
8191:Vinylbital
8176:Thiopental
7898:Propanidid
7872:Alfaxalone
7867:Alfadolone
7849:Tiletamine
7834:Esketamine
7816:Sufentanil
7800:Alfentanil
7719:Thiopental
7604:Isoflurane
7574:Desflurane
7564:Chloroform
7460:Perampanel
7450:Ganaxolone
7440:Etiracetam
7399:Zonisamide
7394:Topiramate
7344:Retigabine
7326:Zonisamide
7321:Topiramate
7304:Pregabalin
7299:Gabapentin
7284:Mesuximide
7235:Zonisamide
7230:Topiramate
7225:Rufinamide
7215:Lacosamide
7181:Valpromide
7121:Hydantoins
7103:modulators
7055:Vigabatrin
7045:Valpromide
6980:Nitrazepam
6950:Clonazepam
6930:Cenobamate
6925:Carbamates
6865:GABAergics
6734:Premazepam
6717:Zometapine
6641:Olanzapine
6610:Israpafant
6575:Clotizolam
6565:Brotizolam
6526:Bentazepam
6493:Flutazolam
6488:Cloxazolam
6467:Sarmazenil
6427:Loprazolam
6412:Imidazenil
6402:Flumazenil
6387:Climazolam
6382:Bretazenil
6356:Rilmazolam
6346:Phenazolam
6341:Nitrazolam
6311:Clonazolam
6306:Bromazolam
6300:Balovaptan
6295:Alprazolam
6290:Adinazolam
6267:Talampanel
6257:GYKI-52895
6252:GYKI-52466
6226:Lofendazam
6211:Arfendazam
6190:Tuclazepam
6163:Tetrazepam
6106:Reclazepam
6071:Phenazepam
6056:Nordazepam
6046:Nitrazepam
6018:Motrazepam
5972:Kenazepine
5931:Flurazepam
5916:Fletazepam
5876:Diclazepam
5865:Devazepide
5845:Cyprazepam
5830:Clonazepam
5799:BMS-906024
5794:Bromazepam
5621:29 October
5484:Daily News
5364:. London.
4015:Pediatrics
2045:22 October
2018:References
1970:convulsing
1955:Ledell Lee
1949:, 52, and
1624:fluoxetine
1620:grapefruit
1616:sertraline
1612:nefazodone
1527:Somnolence
1514:Dysarthria
1494:flumazenil
1477:See also:
1322:flumazenil
1265:See also:
1189:March 2024
1093:extubation
1069:ventilated
1059:, such as
1041:intranasal
915:anesthesia
822:3D model (
810:Molar mass
690:CHEBI:6931
642:R60L0SM5BC
613:ChemSpider
573:IUPHAR/BPS
537:59467-70-8
528:CAS Number
507:IUPAC name
481:1 to 6 hrs
430:Metabolism
341:Anlage III
248:Drug class
241:intranasal
12179:See also:
12141:valerenol
12062:Phenytoin
12042:Monastrol
12000:Lanthanum
11995:KRM-II-81
11958:Fenamates
11953:Etifoxine
11948:Etazepine
11943:Efavirenz
11901:Darigabat
11797:Teflurane
11782:Roflurane
11777:Propylene
11722:Halothane
11707:Fluroxene
11692:Enflurane
11595:Volatiles
11512:Etazolate
11423:Viqualine
11378:RWJ-51204
11343:L-838,417
11333:Imepitoin
11303:CGS-20625
11298:CGS-13767
11283:Adipiplon
11257:Ocinaplon
11219:Saripidem
11214:Necopidem
11191:Zopiclone
11186:Suriclone
11171:Pagoclone
11077:ORG-21465
11072:ORG-20599
10963:Ectylurea
10953:Carbromal
10831:Propoxate
10821:Etomidate
10748:Baicalein
10705:Styramate
10700:Procymate
10670:Lorbamate
10655:Felbamate
10625:Clocental
10597:Zomebazam
10592:Zolazepam
10587:Zapizolam
10582:Uldazepam
10562:Triazolam
10547:Temazepam
10542:Sulazepam
10532:Ro48-8684
10527:Ro48-6791
10522:Ripazepam
10492:Pyrazolam
10467:Pinazepam
10417:Nifoxipam
10402:Midazolam
10397:Mexazolam
10382:Medazepam
10367:Lorazepam
10347:Ketazolam
10342:Irazepine
10332:Iclazepam
10322:Halazepam
10317:Gidazepam
10312:Fosazepam
10232:Estazolam
10227:Elfazepam
10202:Demoxepam
10132:Cinazepam
10112:Camazepam
10082:Avizafone
10004:Thiamylal
9939:Primidone
9869:Heptabarb
9859:Eterobarb
9824:Carbubarb
9721:Triclofos
9620:Brometone
9546:Trazodone
9487:-related
9340:Ramelteon
9335:Melatonin
9322:Melatonin
9230:Mianserin
9197:Trazodone
9132:Clonidine
9044:Mianserin
9009:Trazodone
8961:Perlapine
8804:Triclofos
8757:Gaboxadol
8564:Zopiclone
8549:Suriclone
8539:Saripidem
8529:Necopidem
8443:Ectylurea
8438:Carbromal
8400:Propoxate
8390:Etomidate
8367:Procymate
8314:Triazolam
8309:Temazepam
8279:Midazolam
8234:Estazolam
8171:Thiamylal
8106:Heptabarb
7985:sedatives
7981:Hypnotics
7933:Phase III
7921:Withdrawn
7893:Etomidate
7780:Oxycodone
7752:Lorazepam
7742:Midazolam
7714:Thiamylal
7649:Injection
7599:Halothane
7594:Fluroxene
7584:Enflurane
7495:Phase III
7483:Withdrawn
7420:Beclamide
7311:Imepitoin
7259:Ethadione
7176:Valproate
7141:Phenytoin
7087:Tiagabine
7077:Progabide
7040:Valproate
7006:Imepitoin
6985:Temazepam
6970:Midazolam
6965:Lorazepam
6935:Felbamate
6920:Primidone
6790:Avizafone
6712:Zomebazam
6707:Zolazepam
6702:Ripazepam
6696:Razobazam
6680:Zapizolam
6622:Metizolam
6536:Ro09-9212
6503:Mexazolam
6462:Ro4938581
6457:Ro48-8684
6452:Ro48-6791
6447:Ro15-4513
6432:Midazolam
6422:L-655,708
6366:Triazolam
6351:Pyrazolam
6316:Estazolam
6272:Tofisopam
6262:Nerisopam
6247:Girisopam
6195:Uldazepam
6174:Timelotem
6168:Tifluadom
6158:Temazepam
6153:Sulazepam
6148:SH-I-048A
6143:Ro20-8552
6138:Ro20-8065
6133:Ro07-9749
6128:Ro07-5220
6117:Ro05-4082
6111:RO4491533
6076:Pinazepam
6031:Nifoxipam
6003:Medazepam
5992:Lufuradom
5982:Lorazepam
5977:Ketazolam
5966:Irazepine
5961:Iclazepam
5956:Halazepam
5951:Gidazepam
5946:Fosazepam
5891:Elfazepam
5855:Demoxepam
5820:Cinazepam
5805:Camazepam
5715:6 January
5684:6 January
5525:3 October
5453:0362-4331
4643:Molecules
3697:CNS Drugs
2710:24 August
2671:29 August
2534:Drugs.com
2229:1 January
2079:16 August
1940:Gary Otte
1821:Opium Law
1759:lorazepam
1656:phenytoin
1652:rifabutin
1632:diltiazem
1568:Dizziness
1546:Vasomotor
1519:Nystagmus
1467:tachypnea
1365:metabolic
1353:hypotonia
1297:cognitive
1117:Agitation
1089:lorazepam
969:Tolerance
903:Midazolam
710:ChEMBL655
487:Excretion
466:half-life
218:Routes of
208:liability
206:Addiction
180:Pregnancy
169:Midazolam
128:Monograph
122:Drugs.com
30:Midazolam
12216:Medicine
12167:TCS-1205
12162:TCS-1105
12152:α-Pinene
12125:Valerian
12100:tetronal
12077:Safranal
12026:obovatol
12022:magnolol
12018:honokiol
11848:Alogabat
11843:AA-29504
11792:Synthane
11752:Nitrogen
11732:Kerosine
11712:Gasoline
11702:Ethylene
11642:Centalun
11637:Butylene
11451:Propofol
11413:U-89843A
11393:TGSC01AA
11363:NS-11394
11328:GBLD-345
11293:CGS-9896
11288:CGS-8216
11272:Zaleplon
11267:Taniplon
11247:Indiplon
11242:Fasiplon
11237:Divaplon
11224:Zolpidem
11127:SAGE-872
11122:SAGE-689
11117:SAGE-516
11112:SAGE-324
11107:SAGE-105
11015:Certain
10958:Capuride
10920:Yangonin
10797:baicalin
10793:Skullcap
10783:Luteolin
10758:Catechin
10753:Baicalin
10743:Apigenin
10715:Tybamate
10502:Quazepam
10497:QH-II-66
10477:Prazepam
10457:Oxazolam
10452:Oxazepam
10252:Etizolam
10207:Diazepam
10187:CP-1414S
10152:Clobazam
10142:Clazolam
10029:Valofane
9984:Talbutal
9974:Sigmodal
9879:Hexethal
9774:Barbital
9754:Alphenal
9744:(-)-DMBB
9690:Propanol
9680:Pentanol
9670:Methanol
9612:Alcohols
9530:morphine
9521:Midaflur
9441:Cannabis
9415:Phenibut
9167:Xylazine
8896:Phenibut
8866:Baclofen
8792:Tetronal
8727:Centalun
8582:Propofol
8559:Zolpidem
8554:Zaleplon
8519:Indiplon
8433:Capuride
8372:Tybamate
8304:Quazepam
8166:Talbutal
8081:Barbital
8010:Alcohols
7839:Ketamine
7795:Fentanyl
7775:Morphine
7747:Diazepam
7676:Propofol
7666:Ciprofol
7589:Ethylene
7415:Albutoin
7389:Sultiame
7126:Ethotoin
6960:Diazepam
6945:Clobazam
6813:ligands)
6811:receptor
6750:Clazolam
6590:Etizolam
6508:Oxazolam
6407:GL-II-73
6221:CP-1414S
6216:Clobazam
6122:Ro5-4864
6101:QH-II-66
6096:Quazepam
6086:Prazepam
6066:Oxazepam
5871:Diazepam
5709:Archived
5705:The Hill
5678:Archived
5673:Newsweek
5645:Archived
5641:BBC News
5615:Archived
5611:ABC News
5590:28 April
5584:Archived
5580:NBC News
5553:Archived
5545:CBS News
5519:Archived
5515:BBC News
5489:Archived
5463:15 March
5457:Archived
5424:15 March
5418:Archived
5391:Archived
5366:Archived
5343:Archived
5318:Archived
5299:Archived
5274:10 April
5268:Archived
5239:Archived
5205:Archived
5184:Archived
5159:Archived
5076:42219786
5068:18262847
5023:19088163
5015:18564797
4974:16632296
4931:Archived
4896:Archived
4891:NBC News
4872:Archived
4814:Archived
4729:Archived
4675:36432161
4621:24319062
4613:17316150
4578:Archived
4547:16380358
4520:46963549
4512:15916450
4477:25382546
4469:12911366
4339:31542770
4331:10525753
4292:42497090
4284:17569173
4249:12145054
4208:20347563
4130:12973546
4122:19920444
4043:36531097
3965:42657347
3875:28308031
3826:Archived
3822:38614605
3814:15460178
3771:17530139
3725:25592318
3717:15089115
3674:19691689
3628:15290003
3593:27888650
3585:18762933
3550:18175099
3502:18176312
3453:19900604
3387:17298256
3327:27885664
3278:30566228
3229:19471072
3202:16305451
3167:16305452
3132:18440381
3097:19770414
3062:15663030
3035:41731847
3027:19332572
2992:16635708
2946:16274335
2911:17114841
2870:16179702
2816:29320603
2767:10030438
2728:(2023).
2704:Archived
2665:Archived
2617:24453988
2609:18384456
2516:33207030
2508:25817929
2422:1 August
2416:Archived
2381:12402721
2288:Archived
2253:Archived
2249:DailyMed
2223:Archived
2219:DailyMed
2193:Archived
2163:Archived
2139:25 March
2133:Archived
2107:14 April
2073:Archived
1805:buccally
1668:sedative
1648:rifampin
1548:collapse
1490:antidote
1473:Overdose
1455:diarrhea
1451:vomiting
1443:seizures
1439:delirium
1423:reflexes
1407:receptor
1361:cyanosis
1359:spells,
1252:comorbid
1100:newborns
1081:propofol
1077:diazepam
1061:fentanyl
1045:diazepam
1013:seizures
1007:Seizures
942:by mouth
938:seizures
893:(verify)
593:DrugBank
318:Class B1
260:ATC code
225:By mouth
182:category
164:DailyMed
12114:borneol
12112:(e.g.,
12104:trional
12094:(e.g.,
12012:(e.g.,
12010:Lignans
11960:(e.g.,
11918:(e.g.,
11863:Bromide
11855:(e.g.,
11838:α-EMTBL
11802:Toluene
11772:Propane
11647:Chloral
11627:Benzene
11607:Acetone
11438:Phenols
11428:Y-23684
11418:U-90042
11403:TPA-023
11388:SX-3228
11373:ROD-188
11358:NS-2710
11353:NS-2664
11338:JM-1232
11323:ELB-139
11318:CTP-354
11204:Alpidem
10803:Wogonin
10778:Linarin
10257:FG-8205
9964:Reposal
9665:Menthol
9625:Butanol
9528:(e.g.,
9526:Opioids
9475:Evoxine
9212:Doxepin
9026:Doxepin
8901:Tolibut
8797:Trional
8704:Bromide
8574:Phenols
8156:Reposal
7767:Opioids
7658:Phenols
7308:Others:
7212:Others:
7146:Ureides
7101:Channel
6992:Bromide
6989:Others:
6559:Apafant
6437:PWZ-029
6397:FG-8205
6392:EVT-201
5651:29 June
5495:27 July
5416:. NPR.
5316:. CNN.
4666:9693510
4173:7881198
4153:Bibcode
4084:2955719
4035:2388795
4000:2302291
3957:1608855
3919:2122773
3867:3156545
3682:7743205
3636:7142863
3493:2763279
3318:6464403
3269:6517004
2954:2865644
2861:1226249
2807:6491279
2467:6 April
2449:Medsafe
2345:6138080
2336:1428091
2199:16 June
2169:16 June
1974:vomited
1907:gasping
1744:History
1717:⁄
1683:alcohol
1675:opioids
1427:tremors
1379:Elderly
1357:apnoeic
1289:alcohol
1281:amnesia
1215:Dosing
777:Formula
602:DB00683
548:PubChem
379:WARNING
353:Class C
351::
328::
276:)
270: (
268:N05CD08
195: C
166::
142:a609003
12202:Portal
12047:Niacin
11632:Butane
11585:SL-164
11456:Thymol
11398:TP-003
11279:Others
11082:P1-185
11042:5β-DHP
11037:5α-DHP
11032:3α-DHP
10880:Kavain
10788:Rc-OMe
9429:Others
9355:Orexin
9301:Others
9291:, etc.
9268:, etc.
9237:, etc.
9219:, etc.
9105:, etc.
9082:, etc.
9051:, etc.
9033:, etc.
8687:Others
8678:SL-164
7916:WHO-EM
7886:Others
7478:WHO-EM
7408:Others
7357:Others
7064:Others
5451:
5211:4 July
5074:
5066:
5021:
5013:
4972:
4937:4 July
4864:
4837:
4806:
4779:
4752:
4725:
4701:
4673:
4663:
4619:
4611:
4570:
4545:
4518:
4510:
4475:
4467:
4424:
4399:
4369:
4337:
4329:
4290:
4282:
4247:
4206:
4171:
4128:
4120:
4082:
4041:
4033:
3998:
3963:
3955:
3917:
3873:
3865:
3820:
3812:
3769:
3723:
3715:
3680:
3672:
3634:
3626:
3591:
3583:
3548:
3538:
3500:
3490:
3451:
3385:
3325:
3315:
3276:
3266:
3227:
3200:
3165:
3130:
3095:
3060:
3033:
3025:
2990:
2952:
2944:
2909:
2868:
2858:
2814:
2804:
2765:
2696:
2643:
2615:
2607:
2514:
2506:
2379:
2343:
2333:
2294:4 July
2259:4 July
2061:Anvisa
1982:
1978:
1966:
1923:
1809:orally
1585:
1509:Ataxia
1465:, and
1447:nausea
1431:clonus
1057:opioid
1037:Buccal
907:Versed
848:SMILES
815:325.77
701:ChEMBL
670:D00696
662:D00550
492:Kidney
447:CYP3A5
443:CYP3A4
439:CYP3A3
376:
363:
316:
303:
237:buccal
162:
102:
11906:DEABL
11599:gases
11408:TP-13
11137:THDOC
11027:DHDOC
9551:UMB68
8871:GABOB
7639:Xenon
5187:(PDF)
5176:(PDF)
5141:(PDF)
5130:(PDF)
5104:(PDF)
5097:(PDF)
5072:S2CID
5019:S2CID
4923:(PDF)
4617:S2CID
4516:S2CID
4492:Drugs
4473:S2CID
4335:S2CID
4288:S2CID
4126:S2CID
4039:S2CID
3961:S2CID
3871:S2CID
3818:S2CID
3721:S2CID
3678:S2CID
3632:S2CID
3589:S2CID
3352:(PDF)
3345:(PDF)
3031:S2CID
2950:S2CID
2613:S2CID
2512:S2CID
2461:(PDF)
2444:(PDF)
2189:(emc)
2159:(emc)
1984:p.m.
1807:, or
1580:Death
1108:Bolus
958:cheek
948:, by
868:InChI
824:JSmol
681:ChEBI
435:Liver
11209:DS-1
10841:Kava
10768:EGCG
9704:tert
9696:tert
9599:GABA
9391:VDCC
9177:5-HT
8840:GABA
8018:2M2B
7998:GABA
7989:N05C
7547:N01A
6881:PAMs
6874:GABA
6807:GABA
5717:2019
5686:2019
5653:2015
5623:2021
5592:2017
5561:2017
5527:2016
5497:2017
5465:2017
5449:ISSN
5426:2017
5399:2016
5386:Time
5276:2015
5247:2016
5213:2024
5112:2008
5064:PMID
5011:PMID
4970:PMID
4939:2024
4904:2018
4862:ISBN
4835:ISBN
4804:ISBN
4777:ISBN
4750:ISBN
4699:ISBN
4671:PMID
4609:PMID
4568:ISBN
4543:PMID
4508:PMID
4465:PMID
4422:ISBN
4397:ISBN
4367:ISBN
4327:PMID
4280:PMID
4245:PMID
4204:PMID
4169:PMID
4118:PMID
4080:PMID
4031:PMID
3996:PMID
3953:PMID
3915:PMID
3863:PMID
3810:PMID
3767:PMID
3713:PMID
3670:PMID
3624:PMID
3581:PMID
3546:PMID
3536:ISBN
3498:PMID
3449:PMID
3417:2010
3383:PMID
3323:PMID
3301:2016
3274:PMID
3252:2018
3225:PMID
3198:PMID
3163:PMID
3128:PMID
3093:PMID
3058:PMID
3023:PMID
2988:PMID
2942:PMID
2907:PMID
2866:PMID
2812:PMID
2763:PMID
2712:2020
2694:ISBN
2673:2015
2641:ISBN
2605:PMID
2541:2024
2504:PMID
2469:2016
2424:2015
2377:PMID
2341:PMID
2296:2024
2261:2024
2231:2021
2201:2022
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