1553:
214:
1569:
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1493:
1481:
1373:
54:
1517:
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1170:. Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus. This can result in other severe brain malformations and birth defects. A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine has documented a case in which they found evidence of the Zika virus in the brain of a fetus that displayed the morphology of microcephaly.
2345:
Opladen T, LĂłpez-Laso E, CortĂšs-Saladelafont E, Pearson TS, Sivri HS, Yildiz Y, Assmann B, Kurian MA, Leuzzi V, Heales S, Pope S, Porta F, GarcĂa-Cazorla A, HonzĂk T, Pons R, Regal L, Goez H, Artuch R, Hoffmann GF, Horvath G, Thöny B, Scholl-BĂŒrgi S, Burlina A, Verbeek MM, Mastrangelo M, Friedman J,
2876:
Ramos, Regina; Viana, Rafaela; Brainer-Lima, Alessandra; FlorĂȘncio, Telma; Carvalho, Maria Durce; van Der Linden, Vanessa; Amorim, Antonio; Rocha, Maria Ăngela; Medeiros, FabĂola (2017). "Perinatal
Chikungunya Virus-Associated Encephalitis Leading to Postnatal-Onset Microcephaly and Optic Atrophy".
2397:
Szczepanski, Sandra; Hussain, MuhammadSajid; Sur, Ilknur; AltmĂŒller, Janine; Thiele, Holger; Abdullah, Uzma; Waseem, SyedaSeema; Moawia, Abubakar; NĂŒrnberg, Gudrun; Noegel, Angelika Anna; Baig, Shahid
Mahmood; NĂŒrnberg, Peter (30 November 2015). "A novel homozygous splicing mutation of CASC5 causes
4031:
Johnson, Matthew B.; Sun, Xingshen; Kodani, Andrew; Borges-Monroy, Rebeca; Girskis, Kelly M.; Ryu, Steven C.; Wang, Peter P.; Patel, Komal; Gonzalez, Dilenny M.; Woo, Yu Mi; Yan, Ziying; Liang, Bo; Smith, Richard S.; Chatterjee, Manavi; Coman, Daniel; Papademetris, Xenophon; Staib, Lawrence H.;
350:
with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size. Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled
1388:
and supportive. Because some cases of microcephaly and its associated symptoms may be a result of amino acid deficiencies, treatment with amino acids in these cases has been shown to improve symptoms such as seizures and motor function delays.
2840:
Tibussek, Daniel; Sinclair, Adriane; Yau, Ivanna; Teatero, Sarah; Fittipaldi, Nahuel; Richardson, Susan E.; Mayatepek, Ertan; Jahn, Peter; Askalan, Rand (2015). "Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal
Meningitis Has Cerebrovascular Complications".
321:
for normal brain function is poor. Occasional cases develop normal intelligence and grow normally (apart from persistently small head circumference). It is reported that in the United States, microcephaly occurs in 1 in 800-5,000 births.
1835:
Faheem, Muhammad; Naseer, Muhammad Imran; Rasool, Mahmood; Chaudhary, Adeel G; Kumosani, Taha A; Ilyas, Asad
Muhammad; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Ahmed, Farid; Algahtani, Hussain A; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H; Saleh Jamal, Hasan (2015).
1593:! The men in your service ought pay sincere care with the dwarf's head while sleeping during the voyage to the palace" (so that it does not fall off). At the same time, it could be for other reasons unrelated to microcephaly, etc.
3932:
Shen, J; Gilmore, EC; Marshall, CA; Haddadin, M; Reynolds, JJ; Eyaid, W; Bodell, A; Barry, B; Gleason, D; Allen, K; Ganesh, VS; Chang, BS; Grix, A; Hill, RS; Topcu, M; Caldecott, KW; Barkovich, AJ; Walsh, CA (March 2010).
4681:
4554:
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in North
America and Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries, where they were known by the name "pinheads". Many of them were presented as different species (e.g., "monkey man") and described as being the
293:
conditions, though almost always in combination with other symptoms. Mutations that result solely in microcephaly (primary microcephaly) exist but are less common. External toxins to the embryo, such as
3485:
1249:. Researchers studied 286 additional children who were in utero during the atomic bombings, and after a year they found these children had a higher incidence of microcephaly and mental retardation.
4674:
3563:
Cavallin, Mara; Rujano, Maria A.; Bednarek, Nathalie; Medina-Cano, Daniel; Bernabe Gelot, Antoinette; Drunat, Severine; Maillard, Camille; Garfa-Traore, Meriem; Bole, Christine (2017-10-01).
1589:(6th Dynasty, circa 2125â2080 BC); it could be inferred that this person was also microcephalic. In a letter preserved at the British Museum, the young king gives instructions by letter, "
4667:
1996:
4654:
2083:
3982:
Alkuraya, FS; Cai, X; Emery, C; Mochida, GH; Al-Dosari, MS; Felie, JM; Hill, RS; Barry, BJ; Partlow, JN; Gascon, GG; Kentab, A; Jan, M; Shaheen, R; Feng, Y; Walsh, CA (13 May 2011).
3785:
Adams, Hieab H. H.; Hibar, Derrek P.; Chouraki, Vincent; Stein, Jason L.; Nyquist, Paul A.; RenterĂa, Miguel E.; Trompet, Stella; Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro; Seshadri, Sudha (2016).
3686:
3506:
Mlakar, Jernej; Korva, Misa; Tul, NataĆĄa; PopoviÄ, Mara; PoljĆĄak-Prijatelj, Mateja; Mraz, Jerica; Kolenc, Marko; Resman Rus, Katarina; Vesnaver
Vipotnik, Tina (2016-03-10).
1227:
who had been pregnant at the time gave birth to children with microcephaly. Microcephaly was present in 7 children from a group of 11 pregnant women at 11â17 weeks of
314:
below the mean for age and sex. Some academics advocate defining it as head circumference more than three standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex.
4649:
1285:, or a combination of these factors. Research in animal models such as rodents has found many genes that are required for normal brain growth. For example, the
608:
1552:
2215:
598:
4179:
O'Driscoll M, Jeggo PA (July 2008). "The role of the DNA damage response pathways in brain development and microcephaly: insight from human disorders".
317:
There is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal. In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the
3471:
4480:
4032:
Hyder, Fahmeed; Mandeville, Joseph B.; Grant, P. Ellen; Im, Kiho; Kwak, Hojoong; Engelhardt, John F.; Walsh, Christopher A.; Bae, Byoung-Il (2018).
3171:
Stone, Jennifer L.; O'Donovan, Michael C.; Gurling, Hugh; Kirov, George K.; Blackwood, Douglas H. R.; Corvin, Aiden; et al. (September 2008).
4955:
3449:
3423:
1772:
2928:
1616:
Jenny Lee Snow and Elvira Snow, whose stage names were Pip and Flip, respectively, were sisters with microcephaly who acted in the 1932 film
1163:
841:
2091:
4416:
3446:"CDC issues interim travel guidance related to Zika virus for 14 Countries and Territories in Central and South America and the Caribbean"
1540:
1317:, resulting in the loss of future daughter neurons. The severity of the condition may depend on the timing of infection during pregnancy.
1231:
who survived the blast at less than 1.2 km (0.75 mi) from ground zero. Due to their proximity to the bomb, the pregnant women's
3682:
278:
4394:
1889:
Leviton, A.; Holmes, L.B.; Allred, E.N.; Vargas, J. (2002). "Methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of congenital microcephaly".
1810:
1167:
1585:
A 'dwarf' of Punt (ancient
Somalia) was given by the Chief clans as partial tribute to the last ruler of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom,
2781:
Donald, Kirsten A.; Walker, Kathleen G.; Kilborn, Tracy; Carrara, Henri; Langerak, Nelleke G; Eley, Brian; Wilmshurst, Jo M (2015).
1739:
2685:
Reddy, Nihaal; Calloni, Sonia F.; Vernon, Hilary J.; Boltshauser, Eugen; Huisman, Thierry A. G. M.; Soares, Bruno P. (2018-05-01).
1104:
1022:), based on their role in brain size and primary microcephaly syndromes when mutated. In addition to microcephalin, these include
4866:
3565:"WDR81 mutations cause extreme microcephaly and impair mitotic progression in human fibroblasts and Drosophila neural stem cells"
2448:
2190:
4327:
3726:
3658:
3623:
3352:
1966:
592:
3277:
Rimol, Lars M.; Agartz, Ingrid; Djurovic, Srdjan; Brown, Andrew A.; Roddey, J. Cooper; Kahler, Anna K.; et al. (2010).
4447:
3748:
2493:
1297:, and experimental mutations of many genes can cause microcephaly in mice, similar to human microcephaly. Mutations of the
815:
646:
1132:). Moreover, an association has been established between common genetic variants within known microcephaly genes (such as
4960:
4569:
2733:
2239:
4343:
Mateen, F.J.; Boes, C.J. (2010). "'Pinheads': the exhibition of neurologic disorders at 'The
Greatest Show on Earth'".
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197:
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1238:
795:
467:
299:
891:
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218:
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Microcephaly is a feature common to several different genetic disorders arising from a deficiency in the cellular
4818:
1468:
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926:
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2056:
1480:
777:
449:
4659:
2519:
Emily E. Petersen; Erin
Staples; Dana Meaney-Delman; Marc Fischer; Sascha R. Ellington; William M. Callaghan;
2113:"Microcephaly with Spastic Quadriplegia disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials"
1568:
773:
661:
445:
17:
1806:"Facts about Microcephaly | Birth Defects | National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities"
1449:
543:
4089:
Nowakowski, TJ; Pollen, AA; Di Lullo, E; Sandoval-Espinosa, C; Bershteyn, M; Kriegstein, AR (5 May 2016).
1516:
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4439:
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656:
213:
2612:
2112:
3445:
3415:
3114:"Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Comparative genomics of autism and schizophrenia"
1325:
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879:
862:
613:
587:
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1697:
1637:
3787:"Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association"
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987:
681:
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indication or warning sign, but no uniformity exists in its definition. It is usually defined as a
295:
4091:"Expression Analysis Highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika Virus Entry Receptor in Neural Stem Cells"
3885:"FGF signaling expands embryonic cortical surface area by regulating Notch-dependent neurogenesis"
3366:
Rasmussen, Sonja A.; Jamieson, Denise J.; Honein, Margaret A.; Petersen, Lyle R. (13 April 2016).
2936:
2255:
1628:, possibly born Simon Metz, was a widely known sideshow performer and actor, who also appeared in
1891:
1528:
1504:
1265:
Microcephaly generally is due to the diminished size of the largest part of the human brain, the
820:
766:
732:
727:
438:
263:
159:
4214:
Ribeiro JH, Altinisik N, Rajan N, Verslegers M, Baatout S, Gopalakrishnan J, Quintens R (2023).
4138:
Li, C; Xu, D; Ye, Q; Hong, S; Jiang, Y; Liu, X; Zhang, N; Shi, L; Qin, CF; Xu, Z (7 July 2016).
2276:
4408:
2348:"Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiencies"
1926:
Opitz, J. M.; Holt, M. C. (1990). "Microcephaly: general considerations and aids to nosology".
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686:
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31:
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Intracranial volume also affects this pathology, as it is related with the size of the brain.
1014:, deletions of genes and microcephaly. Several genes have been designated "MCPH" genes, after
4823:
4533:
4386:
4317:
3706:
2783:"HIV Encephalopathy: pediatric case series description and insights from the clinic coalface"
2321:
1324:
response. Individuals with the following DNA damage response disorders exhibit microcephaly:
1192:
896:
3088:
3039:
Damlich, Jennifer; Qato, Roa; Cruz, Meredith; Colon, Maria; Wilkins, Isabelle (2009-07-01).
1805:
1199:). Most cases of microlissencephaly are described in consanguineous families, suggesting an
4045:
3984:"Human mutations in NDE1 cause extreme microcephaly with lissencephaly [corrected]"
3290:
3184:
3125:
2518:
825:
717:
399:
383:
290:
3650:
Fanaroff and Martin's
Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine E-Book: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant
2525:"Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak â United States, 2016"
2138:"Practice Parameter: Evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review)"
1002:
Genetic mutations cause most cases of microcephaly. Relationships have been found between
8:
4749:
4690:
4558:
4034:"Aspm knockout ferret reveals an evolutionary mechanism governing cerebral cortical size"
3279:"Sex-dependent association of common variants of microcephaly genes with brain structure"
2142:
1735:
1410:
1269:, and the condition can arise during embryonic and fetal development due to insufficient
830:
485:
4242:
4215:
4049:
3294:
3188:
3129:
1842:
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and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies.
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1990:
Stoler-Poria, S.; Lev, D.; Schweiger, A.; Lerman-Sagie, T.; Malinger, G. (2010-01-12).
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1418:
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1179:
947:
936:
631:
491:
311:
149:
4563:
4265:
de Koning, T. J. (2006). "Treatment with amino acids in serine deficiency disorders".
1904:
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are associated with microcephaly in humans and a knockout model has been developed in
4789:
4591:
4464:
4372:
4360:
4323:
4290:
4282:
4247:
4196:
4161:
4140:"Zika Virus Disrupts Neural Progenitor Development and Leads to Microcephaly in Mice"
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4013:
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2716:
2708:
2546:
2415:
2379:
2322:"Trisomy 13 | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) â an NCATS Program"
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2023:
2015:
1972:
1962:
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1314:
906:
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3519:
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3298:
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3241:
3200:
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3133:
3052:
3041:"Discussion: 'Microcephaly associated with congenital heart defect' by Barbu et al"
3015:
2986:
2970:
2886:
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2812:
2794:
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2536:
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2407:
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2005:
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134:
74:
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3118:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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371:
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2411:
1856:
1352:. These findings suggest that a normal DNA damage response is critical during
374:
may not appear until later in life. Affected newborns generally have striking
342:
Neural scans of a normal-sized skull (left) and a case of microcephaly (right)
4949:
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2019:
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becomes more obvious, although the entire body also is often underweight and
239:
4548:
3481:
3303:
3245:
3173:"Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia"
3138:
1976:
61:
A baby with microcephaly (left) compared to a baby with a typical head size
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4899:
4847:
4737:
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4165:
4124:
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4017:
3968:
3918:
3869:
3820:
3771:
3744:"Study of Adolescents Exposed in Utero to the Atomic Bomb, Nagasaki, Japan"
3707:"Pioneering Studies §Atomic Radiation §Microcephaly and Mental Retardation"
3598:
3581:
3564:
3541:
3476:
3472:"CDC issues travel advisory for 14 countries with alarming viral outbreaks"
3393:
3330:
3263:
3214:
3157:
3074:
3000:
2906:
2862:
2826:
2762:
2720:
2550:
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2027:
1912:
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1398:
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has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the
1007:
992:
957:
722:
705:
375:
303:
281:
early in pregnancy, though the cause is not identified in most cases. Many
3935:"Mutations in PNKP cause microcephaly, seizures and defects in DNA repair"
3836:"Genomic variants and variations in malformations of cortical development"
3524:
3507:
3384:
3367:
2703:
2686:
1939:
1313:
have been shown to infect and kill the primary stem cell of the brainâthe
4882:
4719:
4702:
4615:
4460:
4088:
2498:
1666:
1432:
1405:
1298:
1224:
1053:
550:
387:
356:
3312:
3196:
395:
4804:
4319:
Colosseum in Rome: a travel guide and tour as with the best local guide
2974:
1559:
1278:
1246:
1159:
952:
780: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
666:
452: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
391:
302:, can also result in microcephaly. Microcephaly serves as an important
262:
development is often affected; people with this disorder often have an
255:
222:
138:
4516:
4216:"DNA damage and repair: underlying mechanisms leading to microcephaly"
2346:
Wassenberg T, Jeltsch K, KulhĂĄnek J, Kuseyri HĂŒbschmann O (May 2020).
1010:
on one side. On the other side, a relationship has been found between
4732:
3368:"Zika Virus and Birth Defects â Reviewing the Evidence for Causality"
2588:
2010:
1991:
1625:
1610:
1422:
1357:
1228:
1216:
698:
318:
277:
The disorder is caused by a disruption to the genetic processes that
232:
142:
35:
3802:
3742:
Burrow, Gerard N.; Hamilton, Howard B.; Hrubec, Zdenek (June 1964).
1989:
755:
427:
4629:
3950:
2453:
1220:
1155:
1034:
497:
360:
330:
271:
267:
27:
Condition in which the head is small due to an underdeveloped brain
3647:
Martin, Richard J.; Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Walsh, Michele C. (2014).
2687:"Neuroimaging Findings of Organic Acidemias and Aminoacidopathies"
1431:, were cited as influences on the development of the long-running
4727:
3883:
Rash, BG; Lim, HD; Breunig, JJ; Vaccarino, FM (26 October 2011).
3562:
3345:"Zika virus - Brazil: confirmed Archive Number: 20150519.3370768"
1590:
1385:
1282:
1242:
379:
4574:
3416:"CDC Concludes Zika Causes Microcephaly and Other Birth Defects"
2737:
2243:
1397:
People with small heads were displayed as a public spectacle in
1305:
that exhibits severe microcephaly. In addition, viruses such as
4543:
4528:
4213:
3365:
3230:"DUF1220 domains, cognitive disease, and human brain evolution"
2959:"Genetic disorders of thyroid metabolism and brain development"
2875:
2449:"Microcephaly in infants and children: Etiology and evaluation"
1838:"Molecular genetics of human primary microcephaly: an overview"
1602:
1459:
1361:
1302:
1289:
genes regulate the balance between stem cell proliferation and
1233:
1094:
1084:
1003:
982:
347:
338:
250:"head") is a medical condition involving a smaller-than-normal
217:
A mother holding her son who was born with microcephaly due to
3170:
2396:
2218:. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. Archived from
2136:
Ashwal, S.; Michelson, D.; Plawner, L.; Dobyns, W. B. (2009).
1736:"Microcephaly - Definition of Microcephaly by Merriam-Webster"
266:, poor motor function, poor speech, abnormal facial features,
113:
4030:
2684:
2244:
Microcephaly 18, Primary, Autosomal Dominant; MCPH18 - 617520
1333:
1152:
1064:
1024:
352:
259:
30:"Microcephalus" redirects here. For the genus of beetle, see
2135:
346:
There are a variety of symptoms that can occur in children.
3931:
1834:
1310:
1196:
1140:) and normal variation in brain structure as measured with
1124:
1114:
1074:
1044:
251:
107:
101:
92:
83:
3448:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016-01-15.
2839:
2780:
1928:
Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology
414:. It has been classified in two types based on the onset:
1888:
1337:
1299:
abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene
503:
Chromosomal (balanced rearrangements and ring chromosome)
154:
Abnormally small head and brain, neurological impairments
3276:
3091:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016-12-07
3981:
3882:
3784:
2088:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2751:"Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome)"
2185:
2183:
1992:"Developmental outcome of isolated fetal microcephaly"
1384:
There is no known cure for microcephaly. Treatment is
3505:
104:
98:
86:
77:
4506:
3741:
3038:
1953:
Behrman, R.E.; Kligman, R. M.; Jensen, H.B. (2000).
1952:
1648:
1206:
110:
89:
4178:
3646:
2738:
Miller-Dieker Lissencephaly Syndrome; MDLS - 247200
2398:primary microcephaly in a large Pakistani family".
2180:
599:
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase deficiency
394:may also occur. Motor ability varies, ranging from
258:or it may develop in the first few years of life.
95:
80:
1954:
1640:, a member of radio host Howard Stern's Wack Pack.
188:Usually genetic or toxin exposure during pregnancy
3351:. International Society for Infectious Diseases.
3108:
355:. As the child grows older, the smallness of the
4947:
1404:People with microcephaly were sometimes sold to
3283:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3045:American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
2957:Kurian, Manju A; Jungbluth, Heinz (July 2014).
2956:
2933:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
2569:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
1558:55-year-old female, 1920 (linear descendant of
1546:18-year-old sister and 9-year-old brother, 1917
4024:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2298:"Trisomy 18: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2258:. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
4675:
4440:"Historical Review - Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt"
2755:National Center for Biotechnology Information
1417:(although he may not have had microcephaly),
1338:xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A
1164:International Society for Infectious Diseases
842:Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism
3711:Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten
3615:Caffey's Pediatric Diagnostic Imaging E-Book
2748:
2338:
1961:(16th ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
1609:(not to be confused with the slightly later
1241:that was relatively high due to the massive
334:Microcephaly (left) vs. normocephaly (right)
3833:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3618:(12th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
3227:
2467:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
370:development is common, but disturbances in
4682:
4668:
4342:
4137:
3359:
3270:
2963:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1811:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1356:, perhaps to protect against induction of
1336:-dependent primary microcephaly disorder,
1168:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
52:
4264:
4241:
4231:
4155:
4114:
4065:
4007:
3958:
3908:
3859:
3810:
3761:
3580:
3523:
3508:"Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly"
3469:
3383:
3320:
3302:
3253:
3204:
3147:
3137:
3056:
2990:
2816:
2798:
2702:
2540:
2373:
2363:
2163:
2009:
1925:
1865:
1855:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1722:Health Library: Diseases & Conditions
796:Learn how and when to remove this message
468:Learn how and when to remove this message
3693:
3556:
3112:; Stead, P.; Elliot, M. (January 2010).
2879:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2749:Joyce, Tina; Huecker, Martin R. (2019),
2434:
2197:. University of Rochester Medical Center
2042:
1371:
337:
329:
212:
4867:Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
4315:
2565:"Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation"
1997:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1245:output of the lower explosive-yielding
1239:biologically significant radiation dose
14:
4956:Congenital disorders of nervous system
4948:
4267:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
3704:
2757:, AU.S. National Library of Medicine,
1746:
285:can result in microcephaly, including
4663:
4437:
3611:
3013:
2635:
2529:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1830:
1828:
1800:
1798:
1773:"NINDS Microcephaly Information Page"
1273:proliferation, impaired or premature
1173:
1148:surface area and total brain volume.
593:Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency
382:. Development of motor functions and
325:
4448:American Journal of Medical Genetics
4419:from the original on 31 January 2012
3749:Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
2494:"Microcephaly - Symptoms and causes"
1293:in the stem cell layer known as the
1191:(smooth brain surface due to absent
1144:(MRI)â—âi.e., primarily brain
816:Congenital disorder of glycosylation
778:adding citations to reliable sources
749:
647:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
450:adding citations to reliable sources
421:
4397:from the original on 14 April 2016.
4316:Stories, Wander (4 February 2015).
3834:Jamuar, SS; Walsh, CA (June 2015).
3234:Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol
2734:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2240:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
24:
4693:malformations and deformations of
4438:Kozma, Chahira (10 October 2005).
3988:American Journal of Human Genetics
3840:Pediatric Clinics of North America
1825:
1795:
1260:
1252:
745:
198:alcohol consumption while pregnant
25:
4972:
4502:
2352:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
2216:"Microcephaly autosomal dominant"
1207:Historical causes of microcephaly
642:Vertically transmitted infections
300:vertically transmitted infections
4486:from the original on 17 May 2017
3689:from the original on 2009-05-25.
3426:from the original on 31 May 2016
3355:from the original on 2016-01-30.
1742:from the original on 2014-09-14.
1651:
1579:
1567:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1448:
1376:Baby with microcephaly during a
754:
426:
219:vertically transmitted infection
73:
4819:Agenesis of the corpus callosum
4431:
4401:
4379:
4336:
4309:
4258:
4207:
4172:
4131:
4082:
3975:
3925:
3876:
3827:
3778:
3735:
3675:
3640:
3605:
3512:New England Journal of Medicine
3499:
3488:from the original on 2016-01-18
3463:
3452:from the original on 2016-01-18
3438:
3408:
3372:New England Journal of Medicine
3337:
3221:
3164:
3102:
3081:
3032:
3007:
2950:
2921:
2869:
2833:
2774:
2742:
2727:
2678:
2654:
2629:
2605:
2581:
2557:
2512:
2390:
2314:
2290:
2269:
2248:
2233:
2208:
2129:
2105:
2084:"Cephalic Disorders Fact Sheet"
2076:
1957:Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics
1779:. June 30, 2015. Archived from
1724:. Cleveland Clinic. April 2023.
1201:autosomal recessive inheritance
927:Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
765:needs additional citations for
437:needs additional citations for
34:. For the genus of spider, see
4409:"Interview with Bill Griffith"
4387:"Zip the Pinhead: What is it?"
3901:10.1523/jneurosci.4439-11.2011
1946:
1919:
1882:
1728:
1710:
1187:is microcephaly combined with
13:
1:
1905:10.1016/S0378-3782(02)00065-8
1703:
662:Congenital varicella syndrome
417:
4357:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ff9636
4193:10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.03.018
3653:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2891:10.1097/INF.0000000000001690
2156:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b783f7
1626:Schlitze "Schlitzie" Surtees
1367:
1346:ligase 4 deficiency syndrome
1006:, duplications of genes and
812:Inborn errors of metabolism
7:
4785:other reduction deformities
3889:The Journal of Neuroscience
3719:10.1007/978-90-481-8820-8_2
3228:Dumas L, Sikela JM (2009).
2855:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.014
2638:"GLUT1 deficiency syndrome"
2279:. World Health Organization
1644:
1522:20-year-old female, 1906/07
1360:by DNA damage occurring in
657:Congenital rubella syndrome
636:Death of a monozygotic twin
10:
4977:
4961:Disorders causing seizures
4233:10.3389/fcell.2023.1268565
4157:10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.017
4107:10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.012
4000:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.003
3089:"Facts about Microcephaly"
3058:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.042
3014:Reference, Genetics Home.
2662:"Maternal phenylketonuria"
2636:Reference, Genetics Home.
2365:10.1186/s13023-020-01379-8
2191:"Microcephaly in Children"
2062:Stanford Children's Health
1638:Lester "Beetlejuice" Green
1413:. Famous examples include
1392:
1326:Nijmegen breakage syndrome
1177:
1142:magnetic resonance imaging
892:AicardiâGoutiĂšres syndrome
880:Nijmegen breakage syndrome
614:Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome
595:- in up to 25% of patients
588:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
578:SmithâLemliâOpitz syndrome
410:Microcephaly is a type of
29:
4913:
4890:
4881:
4758:
4710:
4701:
4606:
4510:
4415:. Goblin Magazine. 1995.
4279:10.1007/s10545-006-0269-0
4058:10.1038/s41586-018-0035-0
3852:10.1016/j.pcl.2015.03.002
2929:"Galloway-Mowat Syndrome"
2843:The Journal of Pediatrics
2800:10.1186/s12981-014-0042-7
2787:AIDS Research and Therapy
2412:10.1007/s00439-015-1619-5
2326:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
1857:10.1186/1755-8794-8-S1-S4
1698:Oropouche orthobunyavirus
1474:18-year-old Emil R., 1868
1425:. Stars of the 1932 film
1223:, several women close to
858:Contiguous gene deletion
539:Contiguous gene deletion
534:Unbalanced rearrangements
405:
203:
192:
184:
176:
168:
158:
148:
128:
65:
60:
51:
46:
4771:Congenital hydrocephalus
3713:. Springer. p. 21.
3612:Coley, Brian D. (2013).
3470:Beth Mole (2016-01-17).
1498:52-year-old female, 1900
988:Congenital heart disease
682:Fetal hydantoin syndrome
544:WolfâHirschhorn syndrome
296:alcohol during pregnancy
164:Neurological impairments
3705:Kalter, Harold (2010).
3304:10.1073/pnas.0908454107
3246:10.1101/sqb.2009.74.025
3139:10.1073/pnas.0906080106
3020:Genetics Home Reference
2642:Genetics Home Reference
1669:(Usually rapidly fatal)
1486:Elderly female, 1888/89
888:with abnormal genitalia
821:Mitochondrial disorders
733:Placental insufficiency
728:Maternal hypothyroidism
671:Zika fever#Microcephaly
264:intellectual disability
2542:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502e1
1693:Achalasia microcephaly
1510:10-year-old male, 1904
1381:
1277:, the death of neural
1211:After the dropping of
968:Chronic kidney failure
922:Traumatic brain injury
863:MillerâDieker syndrome
687:Fetal alcohol syndrome
343:
335:
254:. Microcephaly may be
225:
207:2â12 per 10,000 births
32:Microcephalus (beetle)
4824:Septo-optic dysplasia
4776:DandyâWalker syndrome
3525:10.1056/NEJMoa1600651
3385:10.1056/NEJMsr1604338
2704:10.1148/rg.2018170042
1613:at the French court).
1423:Schlitzie the Pinhead
1375:
897:Ataxia telangiectasia
341:
333:
216:
4461:10.1002/ajmg.a.31068
3582:10.1093/brain/awx218
3124:(Suppl 1): 1736â41.
2613:"Zellweger syndrome"
2523:(January 22, 2016).
1843:BMC Medical Genomics
1237:children received a
918:Disruptive injuries
870:Single gene defects
826:Peroxisomal disorder
774:improve this article
718:gestational diabetes
623:Disruptive injuries
609:Primary microcephaly
574:Single gene defects
446:improve this article
400:spastic quadriplegia
4750:Chiari malformation
4413:ZippythePinhead.com
4393:. 16 October 2010.
4220:Front Cell Dev Biol
4050:2018Natur.556..370J
3791:Nature Neuroscience
3295:2010PNAS..107..384R
3197:10.1038/nature07239
3189:2008Natur.455..237S
3130:2010PNAS..107.1736C
2195:Health Encyclopedia
2004:(2). Wiley: 154â8.
831:Glucose transporter
486:autosomal recessive
312:standard deviations
310:(HC) more than two
246:"small" and ÎșΔÏαλΟ
4921:Currarino syndrome
4892:Neural tube defect
4834:Hemimegalencephaly
4800:Microlissencephaly
4712:Neural tube defect
4607:External resources
2975:10.1111/dmcn.12445
2521:Denise J. Jamieson
1419:Maximo and Bartola
1382:
1185:Microlissencephaly
1180:Microlissencephaly
1174:Microlissencephaly
948:HIV encephalopathy
937:Hemorrhagic stroke
861:17p13.3 deletion (
716:Poorly controlled
701:exposure to mother
632:Hemorrhagic stroke
556:7q11.23 deletion (
492:Autosomal dominant
366:Severely impaired
344:
336:
326:Signs and symptoms
308:head circumference
226:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4877:
4876:
4790:Holoprosencephaly
4639:
4638:
4391:The Human Marvels
4329:978-9-949-51606-3
4322:. WanderStories.
4181:DNA Repair (Amst)
3728:978-90-481-8820-8
3660:978-0-323-29537-6
3625:978-1-4557-5360-4
3575:(10): 2597â2609.
3422:. 13 April 2016.
3183:(7210): 237â241.
2849:(5): 1187â92.e1.
2256:"Poland syndrome"
2117:www.malacards.org
1968:978-0-7216-7767-5
1587:Pepi II Neferkare
1534:3 relatives, 1913
1458:, a French court
1437:Zippy the Pinhead
1354:brain development
1315:radial glial cell
1219:and "Fat Man" on
907:Cockayne syndrome
876:(primarily girls)
806:
805:
798:
604:Holoprosencephaly
565:DiGeorge syndrome
558:Williams syndrome
478:
477:
470:
412:cephalic disorder
283:genetic syndromes
211:
210:
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4968:
4926:Diastomatomyelia
4888:
4887:
4708:
4707:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4508:
4507:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4444:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4273:(2â3): 347â351.
4262:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4235:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4011:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3895:(43): 15604â17.
3880:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3584:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3527:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3387:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3306:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3060:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3016:"Fanconi anemia"
3011:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2935:. Archived from
2925:
2919:
2918:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2802:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2706:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2090:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2013:
2011:10.1002/uog.7556
1987:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1769:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1673:Cerebral rubicon
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1574:6 siblings, 1920
1571:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1452:
1378:physical therapy
1295:ventricular zone
1271:neural stem cell
1215:"Little Boy" on
847:Organic acidemia
801:
794:
790:
787:
781:
758:
750:
738:Craniosynostosis
563:22q11 deletion (
473:
466:
462:
459:
453:
430:
422:
386:may be delayed.
256:present at birth
135:Medical genetics
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
56:
44:
43:
21:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4935:
4909:
4873:
4810:Hydranencephaly
4754:
4697:
4688:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4602:
4601:
4519:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4351:(22): 2028â32.
4341:
4337:
4330:
4314:
4310:
4263:
4259:
4212:
4208:
4177:
4173:
4136:
4132:
4087:
4083:
4044:(7701): 370â5.
4029:
4025:
3980:
3976:
3939:Nature Genetics
3930:
3926:
3881:
3877:
3832:
3828:
3803:10.1038/nn.4398
3797:(12): 1569â82.
3783:
3779:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3703:
3694:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3626:
3610:
3606:
3561:
3557:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3364:
3360:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3275:
3271:
3226:
3222:
3169:
3165:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3008:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2874:
2870:
2838:
2834:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2747:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2593:Mito Foundation
2587:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2395:
2391:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2302:medlineplus.gov
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2150:(11): 887â897.
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2043:
1988:
1984:
1969:
1951:
1947:
1924:
1920:
1887:
1883:
1850:(Suppl 1): S4.
1833:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1688:Seckel syndrome
1659:Medicine portal
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1472:
1463:
1453:
1415:Zip the Pinhead
1395:
1370:
1330:Seckel syndrome
1307:cytomegalovirus
1267:cerebral cortex
1263:
1261:Pathophysiology
1255:
1253:Other relations
1209:
1182:
1176:
932:Ischemic stroke
802:
791:
785:
782:
771:
759:
748:
746:Postnatal onset
712:phenylketonuria
627:Ischemic stroke
583:Seckel syndrome
525:Edward syndrome
515:Poland syndrome
474:
463:
457:
454:
443:
431:
420:
408:
372:motor functions
328:
124:
76:
72:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4974:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4862:Polymicrogyria
4858:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4853:Schizencephaly
4850:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4829:Megalencephaly
4826:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4695:nervous system
4687:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:NINDS Overview
4652:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4588:
4577:
4566:
4551:
4536:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:Classification
4504:
4503:External links
4501:
4498:
4497:
4455:(4): 303â311.
4430:
4400:
4378:
4335:
4328:
4308:
4257:
4206:
4187:(7): 1039â50.
4171:
4144:Cell Stem Cell
4130:
4095:Cell Stem Cell
4081:
4023:
3974:
3951:10.1038/ng.526
3924:
3875:
3826:
3777:
3756:(6): 430â444.
3734:
3727:
3692:
3683:"Aftereffects"
3674:
3659:
3639:
3624:
3604:
3555:
3498:
3462:
3437:
3407:
3378:(20): 1981â7.
3358:
3336:
3269:
3220:
3163:
3101:
3080:
3031:
3006:
2969:(7): 627â634.
2949:
2920:
2868:
2832:
2773:
2741:
2726:
2697:(3): 912â931.
2677:
2653:
2628:
2604:
2580:
2556:
2511:
2466:
2433:
2406:(2): 157â170.
2400:Human Genetics
2389:
2337:
2313:
2289:
2277:"Microcephaly"
2268:
2247:
2232:
2207:
2179:
2128:
2104:
2075:
2057:"Microcephaly"
2041:
1982:
1967:
1945:
1918:
1881:
1824:
1794:
1745:
1727:
1718:"Microcephaly"
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1623:
1614:
1594:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1394:
1391:
1369:
1366:
1350:Bloom syndrome
1342:Fanconi anemia
1262:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1208:
1205:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1151:The spread of
1000:
999:
998:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
978:Hypothyroidism
972:
971:
970:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
941:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
913:
912:
911:
910:
909:
904:
902:Cohen syndrome
899:
894:
889:
882:
877:
868:
867:
866:
853:
852:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
837:Menkes disease
834:
828:
823:
818:
804:
803:
762:
760:
753:
747:
744:
743:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
708:
702:
693:
692:
691:
690:
689:
684:
676:
675:
674:
664:
659:
654:
649:
639:
638:
637:
634:
629:
618:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
590:
585:
580:
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
561:
554:
547:
537:
536:
535:
532:
530:Patau syndrome
527:
522:
517:
506:
505:
504:
501:
495:
489:
488:) microcephaly
476:
475:
434:
432:
425:
419:
416:
407:
404:
327:
324:
279:form the brain
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
132:
126:
125:
123:
122:
69:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4973:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4932:
4931:Syringomyelia
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:Lissencephaly
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Encephalocele
4743:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4434:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:(5): 536â47.
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:(3): 571â85.
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3518:(10): 951â8.
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3051:(1): e7âe12.
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2939:on 2021-03-11
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:RadioGraphics
2688:
2681:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2222:on 2020-09-21
2221:
2217:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2094:on 2019-07-27
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1934:(2): 75â204.
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:(1): 91â105.
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:Early Hum Dev
1885:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1783:on 2016-03-11
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:René of Anjou
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:Notable cases
1570:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:Bill Griffith
1439:, created by
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:Notch pathway
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:lissencephaly
1186:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:microcephalin
1013:
1012:schizophrenia
1009:
1005:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
969:
966:
965:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
945:
944:
942:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
916:
914:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
887:
886:lissencephaly
883:
881:
878:
875:
874:Rett syndrome
872:
871:
869:
864:
860:
859:
857:
856:
854:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
810:
808:
807:
800:
797:
789:
786:February 2016
779:
775:
769:
768:
763:This section
761:
757:
752:
751:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
715:
713:
709:
707:
703:
700:
697:
696:
694:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:Toxoplasmosis
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
622:
621:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
573:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
549:5p deletion (
548:
545:
542:4p deletion (
541:
540:
538:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:Down syndrome
518:
516:
513:
512:
510:
509:
507:
502:
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240:Ancient Greek
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236:microcephalia
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66:Pronunciation
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18:Microcephalia
4905:Rachischisis
4900:Spina bifida
4848:Porencephaly
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4766:Microcephaly
4765:
4738:Iniencephaly
4645:Microcephaly
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511:Chromosomal
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1667:Anencephaly
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946:Congenital
943:Infections
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398:in some to
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291:single-gene
287:chromosomal
169:Usual onset
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4805:Pachygyria
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4592:DiseasesDB
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3482:Condé Nast
3456:2016-01-17
3110:Crespi, B.
3095:2019-08-02
3025:2019-08-02
2943:2019-08-02
2768:2019-07-30
2671:2019-08-01
2647:2019-08-01
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2307:2020-10-29
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2262:2019-07-30
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2098:2019-08-02
1818:2019-07-30
1704:References
1560:Pocahontas
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