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City. When the city of Tula was in its prime it had around 40,000 people living in it and the city flourished from 900 to 1100. The city of Tula had a main plaza surrounded by 2 pyramids and a ritual ball court. The most popular pyramid on this site (pyramid b) is the pyramid of
Quetzalcoatl which is a five-tiered pyramid with four giant carved pillars on top. The pyramid of Quetzalcoatl was named after a story of a legendary priest, also named Quetzalcoatl who was exiled from Tula around the year 1000. He is said to have ended warfare between Mayan city states and after that the Toltecs started worshiping Quetzalcoatl.
31:
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1890:
722:. The materials used here include stone slab and clay. The most important structures are: The Hall of Columns, The Ball Court, The Votive Pyramid, and The Palace and the Barracks. On the most elevated part of the hill is The Fortress. This is composed of a small pyramid and a platform, encircled by a wall that is more than 800m long and up to six feet high. La Quemada was occupied from 800 to 1200. Their founders and occupants have not been identified with certainty but probably belonged to either the
711:
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1554:"Esta gran cultura, que encontramos en niveles antiguos, es sin duda madre de otras culturas, como la maya, la teotihuacana, la zapoteca, la de El TajĂn, y otras” ("This great culture, which we encounter in ancient levels, is without a doubt mother of other cultures, like the Maya, the Teotihuacana, the Zapotec, that of El Tajin, and others"). Caso (1942), p. 46.
769:
The mother culture model argues that there was one defining culture, the Olmecs, from where therein coexisting
Mesoamerican societies derived a significant portion of fundamental societal and cultural facets. The sister culture model argues that the Olmecs were not the sole undeviating source of
598:
The Toltec empire lasted from around 700 to 1100. Although the origin of the Toltec Empire is a mystery, they are said to have migrated Mexico's northern plateau until they set up their empire’s capital in central Mexico, called Tula, which is 70 km/40 mi northwest of modern day Mexico
778:
which argues that
Mesoamerican cultures were influenced by prestigious displays which manifested, amongst other things, in their architecture. Another key facet of the debate questioned the application of the term "Mother culture" and argues that contemporary Mesoamerican civilizations were
226:
Mayan temples have a pyramid-like structure. These pyramids relied on intricate carved stone in order to create a stair-stepped design. Many of these structures featured a top platform upon which a smaller dedicatory building was constructed, associated with a particular
516:
civilization, which flourished from around 300 BCE to 500 CE, at its greatest extent included most of
Mesoamerica. Teotihuacano culture collapsed around 550 and was followed by several large city-states such as Xochicalco (whose inhabitants were probably of
1070:
231:. Maya pyramid-like structures were also erected to serve as a place of interment for powerful rulers. Maya pyramidal structures occur in a great variety of forms and functions, bounded by regional and periodical differences.
796:
city of Ceibal have hypothesized that the Olmecs had significantly lesser prominence in regards to shared architectural characteristics. This is supported by evidence, in the form of
800:, that was found at Ceibal pointing to a flux between a plethora of Mesoamerican cultures, somewhere between 1150 BCE and 850 BCE, in which a continued diffusion of culture occurred
595:
capital, in the state of Mexico is one of the best preserved five-tier pyramids in
Mesoamerican civilization. The ground plan of the site has two pyramids, Pyramid B and Pyramid C.
450:
The Olmec Great
Pyramid of La Venta is argued to be one of the earliest and most complex settlement and ceremonial sites that can be found amongst Mesoamerican civilizations.
1473:"Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History. Susan Toby Evans. Thames and Hudson, London. 2004. 502 pp., bib. $ 70.00 (cloth), $ 50.00 (paper)"
1951:
1748:
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functional without Olmec influence and describing the Olmecs as the "mother culture" robs the Olmecs and the other civilizations of their agency.
215:(1000 B.C., approximately 3,000 years ago) they were building pyramidal-plaza ceremonial architecture. The earliest monuments consisted of simple
804:
This evidence suggests multidirectional influence in regards to the dissemination of pyramid architecture amongst
Mesoamerican civilizations.
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structures have flat tops (many with temples on the top) and stairs ascending their faces, more similar to ancient
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Mesoamerica's ancient cities : aerial views of pre-Columbian ruins in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and
Honduras
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Modern archaeological scholarly thinking has been revising the concept of the Olmecs as diffusing the majority of
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74:. The builders of certain classic Mesoamerican pyramids have decorated them copiously with stories about the
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Encyclopedia of
Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum
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169:
44:
34:
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1637:"Early Ceremonial Constructions at Ceibal, Guatemala, and the Origins of Lowland Maya Civilization"
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were an ancient group of indigenous peoples that occupied territory in
Mesoamerica stretching from
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on the rises of the steps of the pyramids, on the walls, and on the sculptures contained within.
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Inomata, Takeshi; Triadan, Daniela; Aoyama, Kazuo; Castillo, Victor; Yonenobu, Hitoshi (2013).
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Photos and descriptions of Yaxha, Tonina, Edzna, El Mirador and other Meso-American pyramids
125:. They were related to the preceding cultures in the basin of Mexico such as the culture of
1970:
1961:
1648:
1071:"Pyramids and Temple Mounds: Mesoamerican Ceremonial Architecture in Eastern North America"
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A great quantity of buildings were constructed on artificial terraces upon the slopes of a
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chronology into two, the Preclassic Proto-Lencas and the later Lencas as we known today.
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whose building style they adopted and adapted. Sites involving Aztec pyramids include:
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Indigenous peoples : an encyclopedia of culture, history, and threats to survival
2016:
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2011:
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dominated central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. Their capital was
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1287:"Possible Migrations and Shifting Identities in the Central Mexican Epiclassic"
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in regards to architectural similarities between various Mesoamerican pyramids
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was a pre-columbian culture located in the modern day Mexican state of
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region from the early first millennium BCE to about the 14th century.
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were one of the earliest Mesoamerican cultures and held sway over the
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Prominent architectural features of ancient Mesoamerican civilizations
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1447:"Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán"
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1692:"Deep Dig Shows Maya Architecture Arose Independently of Olmec's"
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1041:(Rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
219:, the precursors to the spectacular stepped pyramids from the
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529:(which has traditionally been claimed to have been built by
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1343:. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 170–176.
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The debate between the "mother" and "sister" culture models
707:, built by cultures whose ethnic affiliations are unknown:
271:
1612:"Professor's Research Rocks Mesoamerican Cultural Theory"
1181:
1528:
An Archaeological Guide to Central and Southern Mexico
792:
In 2013, archaeological research done on the ancient
533:
but which now is thought to have been founded by the
521:
ethnicity), Cholula (whose inhabitants were probably
86:, ritualistic sacrifice, etc. written in the form of
1014:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 722.
726:
culture or that of the neighboring Malpaso culture.
62:. The largest pyramid in the world by volume is the
703:The following site is from the modern-day state of
2162:
1788:
477:. Purépechan architecture is noted for T-shaped
1566:"Evolution of the Mesoamerican Mother Culture"
1774:
1193:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition
904:Takacs, Sarolta Anna; Cline, Eric H. (2015).
730:The debate over Olmec architectural influence
1525:
1363:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1129:New World Review and Pan-Ameri- Can Magazine
903:
1781:
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1196:. EBSCO: Columbia University Press. 2020.
1160:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 813.
989:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
942:. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson.
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2191:Buildings and structures in Mesoamerica
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1125:"The archaeological heritage of Mexico"
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1259:Cartwright, Mark (February 17, 2015).
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1420:Cartwright, Mark (January 27, 2015).
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1341:Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs
1225:Yahya, Nazry Bin (January 28, 2021).
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940:Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs
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983:King, Heidi (2004). "Tenochtitlan".
982:
1471:Voorhies, Barbara (December 2005).
1338:
1231:. Singapore: Partridge Publishing.
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47:. Although similar in some ways to
24:
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619:pyramid, the Pyramid of Niches in
25:
2202:
1742:
986:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
93:
43:form a prominent part of ancient
1888:
1228:The Golden Ages of the Dark Ages
1154:Werner, Michael S., ed. (2001).
1069:Wicke, Charles R. (April 1965).
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563:Temple of the Feathered Serpent
121:– the site of modern-day
2186:Archaeological sites in Mexico
1157:Concise encyclopedia of Mexico
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1035:Ferguson, William M. (2001).
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821:List of Mesoamerican pyramids
770:cultural diffusion for other
1790:Native American architecture
1708:10.1126/science.340.6131.417
1532:University of Oklahoma Press
1123:Joyce, Thomas Athol (1922).
714:Votive Pyramid at La Quemada
18:Mesoamerican stepped pyramid
7:
1285:Cowgill, George L. (2013).
1008:Williams, Victoria (2020).
814:
633:
211:evidence shows that by the
84:Mesoamerican creation myths
10:
2207:
1426:World History Encyclopedia
1265:World History Encyclopedia
870:Feder, Kenneth L. (2010).
772:Mesoamerican civilizations
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356:Temple of the Inscriptions
2176:Mesoamerican architecture
2115:
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1897:
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1690:PRINGLE, HEATHER (2013).
1582:10.1017/S0956536111000150
1576:(1): 107–122 (16 pages).
1303:10.1017/S0956536113000060
910:. Routledge. p. 16.
826:Mesoamerican architecture
582:
430:
183:are a people of southern
45:Mesoamerican architecture
35:El Castillo, Chichen Itza
1679:– via Science.org.
1477:Latin American Antiquity
1339:Coe, Michael, D (2013).
876:. ABC-CLIO. p. 34.
787:
78:, the feathered serpent
64:Great Pyramid of Cholula
1661:10.1126/science.1234493
836:South American pyramids
776:costly signaling theory
749:The origin of the term
527:ceremonial site of Tula
361:San Andrés, El Salvador
144:Santa Cecilia Acatitlan
103:Santa Cecilia Acatitlan
1749:Meso-American pyramids
715:
674:Historians divide the
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66:, in the east-central
37:
2171:Mesoamerican pyramids
1564:Neff, Hector (2011).
1526:Kelly, Joyce (2001).
713:
669:
610:
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447:around 1300-400 BCE.
172:
101:
41:Mesoamerican pyramids
33:
2181:Architectural styles
1962:Mesoamerican pyramid
964:"The Aztecs/Mexicas"
938:Koontz, Rex (2013).
546:High Priest's Temple
399:Talud-Tablero Temple
221:Terminal Pre-classic
1878:Territorial Revival
1653:2013Sci...340..467I
1570:Ancient Mesoamerica
1291:Ancient Mesoamerica
555:Pyramids of the Sun
223:period and beyond.
1600:– via JSTOR.
1382:"Toltec 'builder'"
1075:American Antiquity
798:radiocarbon dating
761:denoting that the
736:cultural influence
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510:
507:Pyramid of the Sun
395:Lost World Pyramid
177:
107:
38:
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1647:(6131): 467–471.
1534:. pp. 30–2.
1350:978-0-500-29076-7
1203:978-0-7876-5015-5
907:The Ancient World
670:Yarumela Pyramid.
525:), and later the
49:Egyptian pyramids
16:(Redirected from
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2018:
2015:
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1971:Twin-pyramids
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479:step pyramids
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342:Moral Reforma
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217:burial mounds
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:and northern
186:
182:
175:
171:
165:Maya pyramids
160:
157:
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137:
135:
132:
131:
130:
128:
124:
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81:
77:
73:
69:
68:Mexican state
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
32:
19:
1927:GuachimontĂłn
1811:Mesoamerican
1699:
1695:
1685:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1616:www2.gwu.edu
1615:
1606:
1573:
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1559:
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1527:
1521:
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1476:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
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1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1294:
1290:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1227:
1220:
1192:
1171:. Retrieved
1156:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1128:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1078:
1074:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1037:
1030:
1010:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
985:
978:
967:. Retrieved
958:
939:
933:
921:. Retrieved
906:
899:
887:. Retrieved
872:
865:
841:Step pyramid
801:
791:
783:Evidence for
766:
759:Alfonso Caso
748:
739:
733:
717:
702:
683:Los Naranjos
673:
637:
614:
597:
586:
550:Chichen Itza
523:Oto-Manguean
511:
492:Tzintzuntzan
482:
464:
449:
434:
347:Nim Li Punit
262:Chichen Itza
225:
178:
159:Tenochtitlan
149:Templo Mayor
134:El Tepozteco
119:Lake Texcoco
115:Tenochtitlan
108:
80:Quetzalcoatl
57:Mesopotamian
40:
39:
2130:Corbel arch
2097:Rope bridge
2027:Sweat lodge
1982:Plank house
1922:Earth lodge
1873:Territorial
1835:San Bartolo
755:Mesoamerica
651:Monte Albán
567:Teotihuacan
542:El Castillo
519:Matlatzinca
514:Teotihuacan
498:Teotihuacan
461:Purépechans
424:Xunantunich
337:Mixco Viejo
312:Kaminaljuyu
205:El Salvador
127:Teotihuacan
123:Mexico City
88:Maya script
2165:Categories
2087:Moki steps
2059:Structures
1853:Neo-Andean
1621:2022-12-06
1530:. Norman:
1483:(4): 473.
1422:"El Tajin"
1212:1149280662
969:2006-12-27
857:References
765:were the "
720:La Quemada
572:Xochicalco
537:culture).
297:El Mirador
277:Comalcalco
229:Maya deity
199:, western
76:Hero Twins
2135:Roof comb
2067:Ballcourt
1952:Longhouse
1912:Corn crib
1716:0036-8075
1598:145389188
1513:165090398
1497:1045-6635
1456:15 August
1431:15 August
1359:cite book
1324:15 August
1319:162328949
1270:15 August
1244:15 August
1173:15 August
1139:15 August
1135:: 197–203
1108:15 August
1103:161286348
1054:15 August
993:14 August
705:Zacatecas
481:known as
475:Purépecha
471:Michoacán
414:Yaxchilan
327:Lubaantun
322:Los Monos
287:Dos Pilas
193:Guatemala
139:Malinalco
60:Ziggurats
53:New World
2117:Elements
2032:Temazcal
1907:Barabara
1732:23620025
1724:41942620
1677:29520487
1669:23620050
1590:26309551
1505:30042512
1311:26300635
923:17 March
889:17 March
851:Ziggurat
815:See also
693:TenampĂşa
688:Yarumela
640:Zapotecs
634:Zapotecs
628:El TajĂn
621:El TajĂn
611:El TajĂn
559:the Moon
455:La Venta
441:Veracruz
352:Palenque
307:La Danta
302:El Tigre
252:Calakmul
247:Bonampak
242:Altun Ha
237:Aguateca
201:Honduras
154:Tenayuca
51:, these
2082:E-Group
2072:Chultun
2022:Shabono
2002:Quiggly
1966:Triadic
1917:Chickee
1863:Revival
1830:RĂo Bec
1696:Science
1649:Bibcode
1641:Science
1388:. 2018.
662:Lencans
535:Huastec
531:Toltecs
484:yácatas
445:Tabasco
366:Tazumal
332:Mayapan
317:Lamanai
267:Cholula
257:Caracol
105:pyramid
2145:Sipapu
2140:Sascab
2125:Ashlar
2049:Wigwam
2012:Ramada
2007:Qullqa
1997:Qarmaq
1987:Pukara
1957:Maloca
1858:Pueblo
1848:Muisca
1798:Styles
1730:
1722:
1714:
1675:
1667:
1596:
1588:
1538:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1451:UNESCO
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1235:
1210:
1200:
1164:
1101:
1095:277940
1093:
1045:
1018:
946:
914:
880:
809:Ceibal
763:OImecs
593:Toltec
591:, the
583:Toltec
437:Olmecs
431:Olmecs
404:Tonina
203:, and
197:Belize
185:Mexico
111:Aztecs
72:Puebla
2107:Ushnu
2102:Sacbe
2044:Tupiq
1992:Qargi
1942:Jacal
1937:Igloo
1932:Hogan
1815:Aztec
1720:JSTOR
1673:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1586:JSTOR
1509:S2CID
1501:JSTOR
1315:S2CID
1307:JSTOR
1099:S2CID
1091:JSTOR
794:Mayan
788:Mayan
676:Lenca
656:Mitla
419:Yaxha
409:Uxmal
371:Tikal
292:Edzna
282:Copan
174:Edzna
2077:Cuel
2039:Tipi
2017:Ruka
1947:Kiva
1868:Deco
1825:Puuc
1820:Maya
1806:Inca
1728:PMID
1712:ISSN
1665:PMID
1536:ISBN
1493:ISSN
1458:2021
1433:2021
1365:link
1345:ISBN
1326:2021
1272:2021
1246:2021
1233:ISBN
1208:OCLC
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1110:2021
1056:2021
1043:ISBN
1016:ISBN
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925:2019
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891:2019
878:ISBN
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589:Tula
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544:and
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