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537:. The Lake was primarily fed by snowmelt and rain runoff when the Mexico Valley had a temperate climate. Between 11,000 and 6,000 years ago, the climate naturally warmed and snowfall in central Mexico became less prevalent. This caused the water level of the lake to drop over the next several millennia. Remnants of the ancient shoreline that Lake Texcoco had from the last glacial period can be seen on some slopes of
529:, the lake occupied the entire Mexico Valley. Lake Texcoco reached its maximum extent 11,000 years ago with a size of about 2,189 square miles (5,670 km) and over 500 feet (150 m) deep. When the lake's water level fell it created several paleo-lakes that would connect with each other from time to time. At the north in the modern community of San Miguel Tocuilla there is a great
493:). Much of the lake was fed from groundwater aquifers; fresh water poured in from Lake Chalco and Xochimilco's freshwater springs, and the thermal springs of Zumpango and Xaltocan, as well as some in Texcoco itself, provided saline water. During periods of high water levels—typically after the May-to-October
497:—the lakes were often joined as one body of water, at an average elevation of 2,242 m (7,356 ft) above mean sea level. In the drier winter months the lake system tended to separate into individual bodies of water, a flow that was mitigated by the construction of
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influence. None of these predominated and they coexisted more or less in peace for several centuries. This time was described as a Golden age in Aztec chronicles. By the year 1300, however, the
Tepanec from Azcapotzalco were beginning to dominate the area.
689:, a drain was built to control the level of the lake, but in 1629 another flood kept most of the city covered for five years. At that time, it was debated whether to relocate the city, but the Spanish authorities decided to keep the existing location.
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System"), a network of several hundred kilometers of tunnels, was done, at a depth between 30 and 250 m (98 and 820 ft). The central tunnel has a diameter of 6.5 m (21.3 ft) and carries rain water out of the basin. The
481:. Lake Texcoco formerly extended over a large portion of the southern half of the basin, where it was the largest of an interconnected chain of five major and several smaller lakes (the other main lakes being Lakes Xaltocan,
692:
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The modern
Texcoco Lake has a high concentration of salts and its waters are evaporated for their processing. A Mexican company, "Sosa Texcoco S.A." has an 800-hectare (2,000-acre) solar evaporator known as
427:. Drainage of the lake has led to serious ecological and human consequences. The local climate and water availability have changed considerably, contributing to water scarcity in the area; subsequent
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attempted to build an aqueduct that would take fresh water from the mainland to the lakes surrounding the
Tenochtitlan city. The aqueduct failed, and the city suffered a major flood in 1502.
505:. Lake Texcoco was the lowest-lying of all the lakes, and occupied the minimum elevation in the valley so that water ultimately drained towards it. The Valley of Mexico is a closed or
1815:
Siebe, Claus; Peter Schaaf; Jaime
Urrutia-Fucugauchi (October 1999). "Mammoth bones embedded in a late Pleistocene lahar from Popocatépetl volcano, near Tocuila, central México".
832:
The planned area for the park is 14,000 ha (35,000 acres), of which 4,800 ha (12,000 acres) will be public spaces. The park was inaugurated by the president of Mexico
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The ecological consequences of the draining were enormous. Parts of the valleys were turned semi-arid, and even today Mexico City suffers from lack of water. Due to
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Mexico City suffered from periodic floods; in 1604 the lake flooded the city, with an even more severe flood following in 1607. Under the direction of
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10 meters (33 feet) in the last century. Furthermore, because soft lake sediments underlie most of Mexico City, the city has proven vulnerable to
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had eclipsed the
Tlatilco cultural centers and was the major power in the Valley of Mexico during the next 200 years when its famous conical
1204:
Matthew Vitz, "'The Land with which we struggle': Land
Reclamation, Revolution, and Development in Mexico's Lake Texcoco Basin, 1910-1950".
1120:
549:) were found, suggesting human presence. It is believed that the lake disappeared and re-formed at least 10 times in the last 30,000 years.
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1315:"Mexico City is proposing to build one of the world's largest urban parks. Will it serve as a climate adaptation example for other cities?"
647:. It also permitted them to control the level of the lake. The city also had an inner system of channels that helped to control the water.
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wandered in the deserts of modern Mexico for 100 years before they came to the thick forests of the place now called the Valley of Mexico.
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4 km (2.5 mi) east of Mexico City, which covers part of the ancient lake bed. Also there are small remnants of the lakes of
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La Terra degli
Elefanti: atti del 1 Congresso Internazionale = The World of Elephants: proceedings of the 1st International Congress
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Agriculture around the lake began about 7,000 years ago, with humans following the patterns of periodic inundations of the lake.
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Several villages appeared on the northeast side of the lake between 1700 and 1250 BC. By 1250 BC the identifying signs of the
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1655:. with the participation of the Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources,
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Berres, Thomas E. (January 2000). "Climatic change and lacustrine resources at the period of initial Aztec development".
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1659:, Academia Nacional de la InvestigaciĂłn CientĂfica A.C. and the Academia Nacional de IngenierĂa, A.C. Washington, DC:
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After the fall of
Teotihuacan, AD 600–800, several other city states appeared around the lake, including Xoloc,
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1991:
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446:, the government initiated a major restoration project of a significant part of the lake in the form of the
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was built. The Xitle volcano destroyed
Cuicuilco around AD 30, a destruction that may have given rise to
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2006:
993:"The water balance for the Basin of the Valley of Mexico and implications for future water consumption"
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Land reclamation of the lakebed was part of Mexico's attempts at development in the twentieth century.
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1339:"Will Mexico City's massive new park be a climate adaptation paragon for other cities? | Greenbiz"
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400:. Lake Texcoco is best known for an island situated on the western side of the lake where the
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Life and Labor in
Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain
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817:, officially called Parque EcolĂłgico Lago de Texcoco (PELT), is a national park in the
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1247:"Gobierno de AMLO presenta proyecto de Parque EcolĂłgico para rescatar Lago de Texcoco"
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712:, but even that could not stop floods, since by then most of the city was under the
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that is depleting the aquifer beneath the city, Mexico City is estimated to have
705:
661:'s siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521, the dams were destroyed, and never rebuilt, so
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Monuments of Progress: Modernization and Public Health in Mexico City, 1876–1910
709:
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under much of the city. Native species endemic to the lake region, such as the
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as well as mountains west of Mexico City. The disarticulated remains of seven
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1469:
1st International Congress "the World of Elephants", Rome, 16–20 October 2001
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Several species indigenous to the lake are now extinct or endangered (e.g.
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639:. To overcome the problems of drinking water, the Aztecs built a system of
620:
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409:
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1412:"El desagüe del Valle de México, siglos XVI–XXI: Una historia paradójica"
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on 30 August 2024. The park was designated after the cancelling of an
416:, efforts to control flooding led to most of the lake being drained.
19:
This article is about the lake. For the pre-Columbian city-state, see
2316:
1261:
651:
560:
463:
287:
1649:
Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability
751:
The term "Texcoco Lake" now refers only to a big area surrounded by
643:
to separate the salty waters of the lake from the rain water of the
35:
2946:
2428:
2026:
1371:. Latin American and Caribbean series, no. 4. Calgary and Boulder:
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748:
when hundreds of buildings collapsed and thousands of people died.
721:
644:
636:
579:
2260:
1668:
1646:
Joint Academies Committee on the Mexico City Water Supply (1995).
1459:
Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn; Elaine Johnston; Luis Morett A. (2001).
1157:
Moreno Murillo, Juan Manuel (1995). "The 1985 Mexico Earthquake".
582:, Coyohuacan, Culhuacán, Chimalpa, and Chimalhuacán – mainly from
1906:
1619:(trans.) (6th printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England:
771:
677:
627:
in the western part of the lake in the year 1325. Around it, the
564:
436:
1700:(1979-01-12). "Early Sedentary Economy in the Basin of Mexico".
1290:"AMLO y Sheinbaum inauguran el Parque EcolĂłgico Lago de Texcoco"
2291:
1557:"Paleolimnology of Lake Texcoco, Mexico. Evidence from Diatoms"
614:
583:
501:
and causeways in the Late Postclassic period (1200–1521 CE) of
471:
424:
401:
450:, 14,000 hectares of public space and ecological restoration.
1463:. In G. Cavarretta; P. Gioia; M. Mussi; M.R. Palombo (eds.).
662:
628:
624:
534:
1875:
1837:
10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1550:MBEIAL>2.3.CO;2
1461:"Mammoth bone technology at Tocuila in the Basin of Mexico"
419:
The entire lake basin is now almost completely occupied by
389:
842:
The park has been internationally praised as both a major
1805:
1605:
1499:
1449:
1409:
640:
146:
1696:
821:, and a federal government project. It is part of the
704:
Eventually the lake was drained by the channels and a
1762:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1269:"Asà será el Parque Ecológico del Lago de Texcoco"
1554:
1366:
545:dated between 10,220 ± 75 and 12,615 ± 95 years (
3148:
1092:
823:larger metropolitan area in the Valley of Mexico
238:
1868:Agua y SubordinaciĂłn en la Cuenca del RĂo Lerma
1099:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 304–.
788:
1530:Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection
1410:Aréchiga Córdoba, Ernesto (July–August 2004).
1156:
408:, which would later become the capital of the
2276:
1891:
1768:"Las cuencas lacustres del Altiplano Central"
1161:(3). Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 5–19.
140:
1065:
513:is estimated to be 72–79% of precipitation.
23:. For the modern municipality and city, see
2813:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
423:, the capital of the present-day nation of
2283:
2269:
1898:
1884:
1182:"The animal that's everywhere and nowhere"
1121:"Moctezuma: The leader who lost an empire"
1072:. Water Resources Publication. p. 6.
1059:
925:"The animal that's everywhere and nowhere"
681:Monument to Enrico Martinez in Mexico City
635:using a system similar to the creation of
1580:
1086:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
846:project, and having great potential for
691:
676:
604:
3149:
1817:Geological Society of America Bulletin
990:
947:
672:
613:According to a traditional story, the
533:, with a great amount of pleistocenic
2264:
1879:
1217:
1179:
922:
609:Tenochitlan and Lake Texcoco in 1519.
470:located in the southern highlands of
207:
177:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2290:
1220:"Proyecto ecolĂłgico Lago de Texoco"
1206:Hispanic American Historical Review
13:
1473:Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
1133:
799:
302:2,100 square miles (5,400 km)
14:
3218:
2434:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1861:
1069:Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs
871:Paleontological Museum in Tocuila
744:during earthquakes, most notably
665:became a big problem for the new
3182:Landforms of the State of Mexico
2244:
2243:
1555:Bradbury, John P. (March 1971).
866:Index of Mexico-related articles
805:This section is an excerpt from
466:of 2,236 m (7,336 ft)
206:
199:
176:
169:
155:
34:
2142:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
1331:
1307:
1282:
1211:
1198:
1173:
1150:
1127:
991:Birkle, Peter (December 1998).
594:
509:. Because there is no outflow,
45:needs additional citations for
16:Former lake in Valley of Mexico
3202:Important Bird Areas of Mexico
1113:
1050:
1037:
984:
941:
916:
888:
442:After the cancellation of the
1:
3162:Former lakes of North America
2354:Centralist Republic of Mexico
2205:Aquifers in the United States
1359:
1136:"Why is Mexico City sinking?"
698:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
2783:Institutional stock exchange
2419:Second American intervention
2210:Aquifer storage and recovery
1957:Buried Valley Aquifer System
1905:
1724:10.1126/science.203.4376.131
1377:University Press of Colorado
838:airport in the same location
815:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
807:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
795:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
789:Restoration and conservation
453:
448:Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
7:
2984:Water supply and sanitation
2349:Spanish reconquest attempts
1373:University of Calgary Press
1180:Jones, Benji (2022-01-25).
923:Jones, Benji (2022-01-25).
854:
834:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
462:is a basin with an average
444:Mexico City Texcoco Airport
10:
3223:
2384:Second French intervention
2332:Control of Central America
2007:Santa Clara valley aquifer
1561:Limnology and Oceanography
1524:; Umberger, Emily (1996).
1367:Agostini, Claudia (2003).
804:
792:
598:
516:
310:over 500 feet (150 m)
18:
3108:
2997:
2892:
2883:
2741:
2732:
2619:
2610:
2583:Tropical cyclone rainfall
2481:
2472:
2302:
2238:
2192:
2166:
2150:
2124:
2108:
2072:
2051:
2035:
1977:Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer
1939:
1913:
1657:National Research Council
1612:The Conquest of New Spain
1607:DĂaz del Castillo, Bernal
1582:10.4319/lo.1971.16.2.0180
1526:Aztec Imperial Strategies
1093:Alonso de Zurita (1994).
962:10.1017/S0956536100111101
903:Sites Information Service
876:List of prehistoric lakes
729:was inaugurated in 2019.
669:built over Tenochtitlan.
363:
359:
351:
343:
335:
326:
322:
318:7,349 feet (2,240 m)
314:
306:
298:
294:
276:
237:
229:
220:Show map of North America
163:
154:
139:
134:
3177:Landforms of Mexico City
3172:Geography of Mesoamerica
2624:Administrative divisions
1692:(in English and Spanish)
1661:National Academies Press
1296:(in Spanish). 2024-08-30
1208:92, no. 1 (2012): 41-71.
881:
727:eastern discharge tunnel
25:Texcoco, State of Mexico
3039:Handcrafts and folk art
2808:National stock exchange
2546:Protected natural areas
2374:Second Mexican Republic
2339:Supreme Executive Power
1926:Laurentian River System
1698:Niederberger, Christine
503:Mesoamerican chronology
385:
147:
3207:Ramsar sites in Mexico
2851:States by unemployment
2841:Science and technology
2344:First Mexican Republic
2158:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer
2137:Lotikipi Basin Aquifer
2017:Southern Hills Aquifer
861:History of Mexico City
844:ecological restoration
746:in the 1985 earthquake
701:
696:Lake Texcoco map from
682:
610:
429:groundwater extraction
377:
141:
3079:Our Lady of Guadalupe
2573:Territorial evolution
2389:Second Mexican Empire
1921:Arkell Spring Grounds
1764:Rojas Rabiela, Teresa
1518:Boone, Elizabeth Hill
1294:polĂtica.expansion.mx
1066:Fuat ĹžentĂĽrk (1994).
1017:10.1007/s100400050171
695:
680:
608:
531:paleontological field
261:19.41944°N 99.13333°W
3096:World Heritage Sites
2511:Environmental issues
2369:Mexican–American War
2327:First Mexican Empire
2090:Great Artesian Basin
2080:Botany Sands Aquifer
1808:online reproduction)
1776:ArqueologĂa Mexicana
1766:(July–August 2004).
1615:. Penguin Classics.
1502:online reproduction)
1475:. pp. 419–423.
1452:online reproduction)
1420:ArqueologĂa Mexicana
1159:Geofisica Colombiana
997:Hydrogeology Journal
468:above mean sea level
406:MÄ“xihco TenĹŤchtitlan
54:improve this article
2751:Automotive industry
2639:Chamber of Deputies
2322:War of Independence
2225:Sole Source Aquifer
2012:Snake River Aquifer
1997:San Diego Formation
1972:Fox Hills Formation
1829:1999GSAB..111.1550S
1716:1979Sci...203..131N
1573:1971LimOc..16..180B
1514:Blanton, Richard E.
1056:Niederberger (1979)
1009:1998HydJ....6..500B
950:Ancient Mesoamerica
673:Artificial drainage
527:last glacial period
266:19.41944; -99.13333
257: /
2952:Indigenous peoples
2856:Telecommunications
2715:State legislatures
2656:Federal government
2536:Metropolitan areas
2414:Mexican Revolution
2100:Yarragadee Aquifer
1931:Oak Ridges Moraine
1653:(published online)
1528:. Washington, DC:
1520:; Hodge, Mary G.;
1510:Berdan, Frances F.
848:climate adaptation
702:
683:
623:was founded on an
611:
543:Columbian mammoths
511:evapotranspiration
404:built the city of
352:Reference no.
190:Show map of Mexico
21:Texcoco (altepetl)
3144:
3143:
3104:
3103:
2879:
2878:
2728:
2727:
2698:Political parties
2661:Foreign relations
2606:
2605:
2394:Restored Republic
2312:Pre-Columbian era
2258:
2257:
2230:Surficial aquifer
2184:Upper Rhine Plain
2132:Bas Saharan Basin
1823:(10): 1550–1562.
1710:(4376): 131–142.
1678:978-0-585-03773-8
1630:978-0-14-044123-9
1539:978-0-88402-211-4
1522:Smith, Michael E.
1386:978-1-55238-094-9
1106:978-0-8061-2679-1
1079:978-0-918334-80-0
896:"Lago de Texcoco"
742:soil liquefaction
633:artificial island
382:Nahuatl languages
367:
366:
315:Surface elevation
130:
129:
122:
104:
3214:
3197:Tlatilco culture
3167:Valley of Mexico
3124:
3117:
3064:National symbols
2890:
2889:
2831:
2776:Renewable energy
2766:Economic history
2739:
2738:
2617:
2616:
2479:
2478:
2459:Chiapas conflict
2359:Texas Revolution
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2247:
2246:
2220:Artesian aquifer
2200:List of aquifers
2193:Related articles
2116:Waiwhetu Aquifer
1987:Ogallala Aquifer
1967:Floridan aquifer
1947:Biscayne Aquifer
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1856:
1811:
1809:
1799:. Archived from
1772:
1759:
1693:
1690:
1654:
1642:
1602:
1584:
1551:
1505:
1503:
1493:. Archived from
1455:
1453:
1443:. Archived from
1416:
1406:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1343:www.greenbiz.com
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
988:
982:
981:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
892:
850:for Mexico City.
718:Drenaje Profundo
700:, December 1855
650:The Aztec ruler
631:created a large
557:Tlatilco culture
460:Valley of Mexico
414:Spanish conquest
398:Valley of Mexico
388:) was a natural
272:
271:
269:
268:
267:
262:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
240:
221:
210:
209:
203:
191:
180:
179:
173:
159:
150:
144:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3157:Lakes of Mexico
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3100:
2993:
2969:Public holidays
2942:Nationality law
2937:Life expectancy
2875:
2829:
2724:
2688:Law enforcement
2602:
2593:Water resources
2468:
2444:Mexican miracle
2298:
2289:
2259:
2254:
2234:
2188:
2179:Schwyll Aquifer
2174:Alnarpsströmmen
2162:
2146:
2120:
2104:
2068:
2059:Guarani Aquifer
2047:
2031:
2002:Sankoty Aquifer
1982:Mahomet Aquifer
1962:Edwards Aquifer
1952:Bishop Subbasin
1935:
1909:
1904:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1803:
1770:
1691:
1679:
1652:
1631:
1540:
1504:on 6 June 2008.
1497:
1483:
1447:
1414:
1387:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1174:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
989:
985:
946:
942:
933:
931:
921:
917:
907:
905:
894:
893:
889:
884:
857:
852:
851:
819:State of Mexico
810:
802:
800:Ecological park
797:
791:
687:Enrico MartĂnez
675:
603:
597:
519:
507:endorheic basin
456:
433:land subsidence
378:Lago de Texcoco
339:Lago de Texcoco
331:
265:
263:
259:
256:
251:
248:
246:
244:
243:
225:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
211:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
181:
145:
142:Lago de Texcoco
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2871:Water scarcity
2868:
2866:Transportation
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2823:Pension system
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2561:Municipalities
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Extreme points
2513:
2508:
2503:
2500:Climate change
2493:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:Jandakot Mound
2092:
2087:
2085:Gnangara Mound
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1862:External links
1860:
1858:
1857:
1812:
1810:on 2008-05-11.
1779:(in Spanish).
1760:
1694:
1677:
1643:
1629:
1603:
1567:(2): 180–200.
1552:
1538:
1506:
1481:
1456:
1454:on 2008-05-15.
1423:(in Spanish).
1407:
1385:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1330:
1306:
1281:
1260:
1235:
1210:
1197:
1172:
1149:
1138:. The Guardian
1126:
1112:
1105:
1085:
1078:
1058:
1049:
1036:
1003:(4): 500–517.
983:
940:
915:
886:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
856:
853:
811:
803:
801:
798:
793:Main article:
790:
787:
674:
671:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
525:epoch and the
518:
515:
455:
452:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:Ramsar Wetland
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
280:
274:
273:
241:
235:
234:
233:Central Mexico
231:
227:
226:
213:
212:
205:
204:
198:
197:
196:
195:
183:
182:
175:
174:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
152:
151:
137:
136:
128:
127:
69:"Lake Texcoco"
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:States by HDI
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:States by GDP
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Manufacturing
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2720:Supreme Court
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:South America
2050:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Turlock Basin
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Permian Basin
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:United States
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:(68): 20–27.
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:10.17226/4937
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1621:Penguin Books
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:88-8080-025-6
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:(68): 60–65.
1426:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1134:Sample, Ian.
1130:
1123:. 2009-09-21.
1122:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:(11): 27–38.
955:
951:
944:
930:
926:
919:
904:
902:
897:
891:
887:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
849:
845:
841:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
796:
786:
783:
781:
775:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
694:
690:
688:
679:
670:
668:
664:
660:
659:Hernán Cortés
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
607:
602:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:rainy seasons
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
473:
469:
465:
461:
451:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
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43:This article
41:
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31:
26:
22:
3192:Tenochtitlan
3187:Pánuco River
3007:Architecture
2912:Demographics
2756:Central bank
2666:Human rights
2646:Constitution
2464:War on drugs
2439:World War II
2424:Cristero War
2317:Colonial era
2242:
2215:Aquifer test
2043:Lake Texcoco
2042:
1871:(in Spanish)
1820:
1816:
1801:the original
1780:
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899:
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753:salt marshes
750:
734:overdrafting
731:
717:
710:Pánuco River
703:
684:
656:
649:
621:Tenochtitlan
619:
612:
601:Tenochtitlan
595:Tenochtitlan
576:Azcapotzalco
573:
554:
551:
539:Mount Tlaloc
521:Between the
520:
477:
457:
441:
418:
412:. After the
410:Aztec Empire
393:
370:Lake Texcoco
369:
368:
299:Surface area
214:Lake Texcoco
184:Lake Texcoco
135:Lake Texcoco
116:
110:January 2008
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2932:Immigration
2798:Land reform
2746:Agriculture
2568:Territories
2506:Earthquakes
2454:Peso crisis
2449:Lost Decade
2151:Middle-East
2109:New Zealand
2064:Hamza River
1617:J. M. Cohen
1218:SEMARNART.
827:Mexico City
714:water table
667:Mexico City
569:Teotihuacan
523:Pleistocene
421:Mexico City
392:within the
386:Tetzco(h)co
347:5 June 2022
264: /
239:Coordinates
148:Tetzco(h)co
3151:Categories
3091:Television
3049:Literature
2927:Healthcare
2902:Censorship
2897:Corruption
2830:(currency)
2788:Irrigation
2409:Porfiriato
2404:Yaqui Wars
2379:La Reforma
2364:Pastry War
1360:References
1348:2021-10-03
1324:2021-10-03
1300:2024-08-31
1191:2023-12-12
1030:2016-10-03
934:2023-12-12
908:5 November
780:El Caracol
757:Xochimilco
588:Chichimeca
491:Xochimilco
344:Designated
307:Max. depth
252:99°08′00″W
249:19°25′10″N
80:newspapers
3054:Monuments
3044:Languages
2917:Education
2836:Petroleum
2793:Labor law
2761:Companies
2703:President
2651:Elections
2541:Mountains
2474:Geography
2399:Caste War
2073:Australia
1845:0016-7606
1789:0188-8218
1732:0036-8075
1639:162351797
1609:(1963) .
1591:0024-3590
1433:0188-8218
1395:1498-2366
1167:0121-2974
1142:3 October
1025:140202319
978:162952844
825:, around
652:Ahuitzotl
645:effluents
637:chinampas
561:Cuicuilco
478:altiplano
464:elevation
454:Geography
431:leads to
3131:Category
3074:Religion
3034:Folklore
2693:Military
2671:Intersex
2629:Congress
2612:Politics
2598:Wildlife
2588:Volcanos
2429:Maximato
2296:articles
2249:Category
2027:Wekepeke
1907:Aquifers
1853:94209925
1797:29789840
1756:29625197
1748:17834702
1687:42330470
1548:27035231
1491:50419738
1471:. Rome:
1441:29789840
1403:51495264
1249:. Forbes
970:26308028
855:See also
772:axolotls
765:Zumpango
722:Drainage
663:flooding
580:Tlacopan
483:Zumpango
476:central
230:Location
3115:Outline
3022:Cuisine
2999:Culture
2989:Welfare
2979:Smoking
2964:Poverty
2885:Society
2861:Tourism
2734:Economy
2708:Cabinet
2526:Islands
2521:Forests
2496:Climate
2486:Borders
2304:History
1825:Bibcode
1740:1644869
1712:Bibcode
1703:Science
1599:1715910
1569:Bibcode
1274:15 June
1253:25 June
1228:26 June
1005:Bibcode
720:("Deep
708:to the
657:During
565:pyramid
517:History
437:axolotl
394:Anahuac
374:Spanish
284:pluvial
282:Former
94:scholar
3136:Portal
3086:Sports
3017:Cinema
2947:People
2771:Energy
2634:Senate
2556:States
2551:Rivers
2491:Cities
2294:
2292:Mexico
2167:Europe
2125:Africa
2036:Mexico
1914:Canada
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1045:et al.
1043:Siebe
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901:Ramsar
763:, and
761:Chalco
706:tunnel
629:Aztecs
615:Mexica
584:Toltec
489:, and
487:Chalco
472:Mexico
425:Mexico
402:Mexica
96:
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67:
3122:Index
3069:Radio
3059:Music
2957:Women
2922:Flags
2907:Crime
2828:Peso
2531:Lakes
1771:(PDF)
1752:S2CID
1415:(PDF)
1319:Ensia
1223:(PDF)
1021:S2CID
974:S2CID
966:JSTOR
882:Notes
625:islet
535:fauna
499:dikes
288:paleo
101:JSTOR
87:books
3027:Wine
2676:LGBT
2578:Time
1849:OCLC
1841:ISSN
1793:OCLC
1785:ISSN
1744:PMID
1736:OCLC
1728:ISSN
1683:OCLC
1673:ISBN
1635:OCLC
1625:ISBN
1595:OCLC
1587:ISSN
1544:OCLC
1534:ISBN
1487:OCLC
1477:ISBN
1437:OCLC
1429:ISSN
1399:OCLC
1391:ISSN
1381:ISBN
1375:and
1276:2022
1255:2021
1230:2021
1163:ISSN
1144:2016
1101:ISBN
1074:ISBN
910:2022
813:The
738:sunk
641:dams
586:and
458:The
390:lake
355:2469
290:lake
286:and
278:Type
73:news
3012:Art
2818:Oil
2683:Law
1833:doi
1821:111
1806:PDF
1720:doi
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1665:doi
1577:doi
1500:PDF
1450:PDF
1186:Vox
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958:doi
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396:or
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