1226:
63:
1282:, only as far north as central Pennsylvania. Early attempts used hand reared birds, a practice that failed miserably as the birds were unable to survive in the wild at all and many had imprinted far too much on humans to effectively survive. Game officials later made efforts to protect and encourage the breeding of the surviving wild population. They would wait for numbers to grow, catch the surplus birds with a device that would have a projectile net that would ensnare the creature, move it to another unoccupied territory, and repeat the cycle. Over time this included some in the western states where it was not native. There is evidence that the bird does well when near farmland, which provides grain and also berry-bearing shrubs at its edges. As wild turkey numbers rebounded, hunting became legal in 49 U.S. states (excluding
1205:
1286:). In 1973, the total U.S. population was estimated to be 1.3 million, and current estimates place the entire wild turkey population at 7 million individuals. Since the 1980s, "trap and transfer" projects have reintroduced wild turkeys to several provinces of Canada as well, sometimes from across the border in the United States. They appear to be very successful as of 2018 as wild turkeys have multiplied rapidly and flourished in places where they were not expected to survive by Canadian scientists, often quite far north of their original expected range.
844:
402:
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1622:. Gould's wild turkeys are heavily protected and regulated. The subspecies was first described in 1856. They exist in small numbers in the U.S. but are abundant in northwestern portions of Mexico. A small population has been established in southern Arizona. Gould's are the largest of the six subspecies. They have longer legs, larger feet, and longer tail feathers. The main colors of the body feathers are copper and greenish-gold. This subspecies is heavily protected owing to its skittish nature and threatened status.
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the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the Labour of the
Fishing Hawk ; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a Fish, and is bearing it to his Nest for the Support of his Mate and young Ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him. With all this Injustice, he is never in good Case but like those among Men who live by Sharping & Robbing he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank Coward: The little
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ecology itself as a science would come too late β not even in its infancy until the end of the 19th century β whereas heavy hunting began in the 17th century. Deforestation destroyed trees turkeys need to roost in. Destruction of subtypes of environment like prairie grassland in the
Midwest, canebrakes in the Southeast, and pine in the desert highlands made them easy prey for predators as there was nowhere to hide or lay eggs.
1703:
251:
49:
394:). Males typically have at least one "beard", a tuft of coarse hair-like filaments (mesofiloplumes), growing from the center of the breast. Beards grow continuously during the turkey's lifespan and a one-year-old male has a beard up to 5 in (13 cm) long. Approximately 10% of females have a beard, usually shorter and thinner than that of the male.
1197:) is a predator to all turkeys of all ages in the Southeast and will eat them if they get too close to water. Humans are now the leading predator of adult turkeys. When approached by potential predators, turkeys and their poults usually run rather than fly away, though they may also fly short distances if pressed. Another alternative behaviour, common in
1416:. They number from 5.1 to 5.3 million birds. They were first named 'forest turkey' in 1817, and can grow up to 4 ft (1.2 m) tall. The upper tail coverts are tipped with chestnut brown. Males can reach 30 lb (14 kg) in weight. The eastern wild turkey is heavily hunted in the Eastern USA and is the most hunted wild turkey subspecies.
1217:
amount of space and keeping outdoor spaces clean and undisturbed. Also, turkeys that are habituated to seeing people, at places like parks or campgrounds, can be tame and will even feed from the hands of people. Male toms occasionally will attack parked cars and reflective surfaces, thinking they see another turkey and must defend their territory.
1689:). The Spaniards brought this tamed subspecies back to Europe with them in the mid-16th century; from Spain it spread to France and later Britain as a farmyard animal, usually becoming the centerpiece of a feast for the well-to-do. By 1620 it was common enough so that Pilgrim settlers of Massachusetts could bring turkeys with them from
1270:
At the beginning of the 20th century the range and numbers of wild turkeys had plummeted due to hunting and loss of habitat. When
Europeans arrived in the New World, they were found from Canada to Mexico in the millions. Europeans and their successors knew nothing about the life cycle of the bird and
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Males may be seen courting in groups, often with the dominant male gobbling, spreading his tail feathers (strutting), drumming/booming, and spitting. In a study, the average dominant male that courted as part of a pair of males fathered six more eggs than males that courted alone. Genetic analysis of
883:
for females by puffing out their feathers, spreading out their tails, and dragging their wings. This behavior is most commonly referred to as strutting. Their heads and necks are colored with red, white, and blue. The color can change with the turkey's mood, with a solid white head and neck being the
489:. They seemingly can adapt to virtually any dense native plant community as long as coverage and openings are widely available. Open, mature forest with a variety of interspersion of tree species appear to be preferred. In the Northeast of North America, turkeys are most profuse in hardwood timber of
325:
An adult male (tom or gobbler) normally weighs from 5 to 11 kg (11 to 24 lb) and measures 100β125 cm (39β49 in) in length. The adult female (hen) is typically much smaller at 2.5β5.4 kg (5.5β11.9 lb) and is 76 to 95 cm (30 to 37 in) long. Per two large studies,
1786:
all over North
America. It is a favorite meal in eastern tribes. Eastern Native American tribes consumed both the eggs and meat, sometimes turning the latter into a type of jerky to preserve it and make it last through cold weather. They provided habitat by burning down portions of forests to create
1216:
Wild turkeys are not usually aggressive towards humans, but can be frightened or provoked to behave with aggression. They are most likely to attack if startled, cornered, harassed, or if approached too closely. Attacks and potential injuries can usually be avoided by giving wild turkeys a respectful
1757:
I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For in Truth the Turkey is in
Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America ... He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage,
714:
Wild turkeys have very good eyesight, but their vision is very poor at night. They will generally not see a predator until it is too late. At twilight most turkeys will head for the trees and roost well off the ground: it is safer to sleep there in numbers than to risk being victim to predators who
1748:
Others object to the Bald Eagle, as looking too much like a Dindon, or Turkey. For my own part I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen the
Representative of our Country. He is a Bird of bad moral Character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead Tree near
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in the late 1950s. Population estimates for this subspecies are around 1,000,000. This subspecies, native to the central plain states, was first described in 1879, and has relatively long legs, better adapted to a prairie habitat. Its body feathers often have a green-coppery sheen. The tips of the
397:
Females have feathers that are duller overall, in shades of brown and gray. Parasites can dull the coloration of both sexes; in males, vivid coloration may serve as a signal of health. The primary wing feathers have white bars. Turkeys have approximately 5,000 to 6,000 feathers. Juvenile males are
1571:. The initial releases of Merriam's turkeys in 1961 resulted in establishing a remnant population of Merriam's turkeys along the east-slope of Mt. Hood and natural immigration of turkeys from Idaho has established Merriam's flocks along the eastern border of Oregon. Merriam's wild turkeys live in
1212:
Occasionally, if cornered, adult turkeys may try to fight off predators and large male toms can be especially aggressive in self-defense. When fighting off predators, turkeys may kick with their legs, using the spurs on their back of the legs as a weapon, bite with their beak, and ram with their
723:
Wild turkeys have many calls: assembly call, gobble, plain yelp, purr, cluck and purr, cluck, cutt, excited yelp, fly-down cackle, tree call, kee kee run, and putt. In early spring, males older than a year old and, occasionally to a lesser extent, males younger than a year old gobble to announce
715:
hunt by night. Because wild turkeys do not migrate, in snowier parts of the species's habitat like the
Northeast, Rockies, much of Canada, and the Midwest, it is very important for this bird to learn to select large conifer trees where they can fly onto the branches and shelter from blizzards.
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pairs of males courting together shows that they are close relatives, with half of their genetic material being identical. The theory behind team-courtship is that the less-dominant male has a greater chance of passing along shared genetic material than if he were courting alone.
916:, and may even play with them. By foraging together, each can help the other watch for predators with their different senses: the deer with their improved olfactory sense, the turkey with its superior sight, and squirrels providing an additional set of eyes from the air.
1263:. It became extinct about 10,000 years ago. The present Californian wild turkey population derives from wild birds re-introduced during the 1960s and 1970s from other areas by game officials. They proliferated after 2000 to become an everyday sight in the East
1201:, is that when surprised with no time to flee, the poulets hide under the wings and body of the hen while she sits tight and still. Presumably, the hen has vocal and behavioural signals that trigger the poults to instinctively run to the hen for cover.
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1824:
and relate the bird to the corn and seeds which The Turkey in Navajo folklore brought from the Third Navajo World. It is one of the
Navajos' sacred birds, with the Navajo people using the feathers and parts in multiple traditional ceremonies.
884:
most excited. They use gobbling, drumming/booming, and spitting as signs of social dominance, and to attract females. Courtship begins during the months of March and April, which is when turkeys are still flocked together in winter areas.
891:
When mating is finished, females search for nest sites. Nests are shallow dirt depressions engulfed with woody vegetation. Hens lay a clutch of 10β14 eggs, usually one per day. The eggs are incubated for at least 28 days. The poults are
656:, turkeys tend to be found farther from the coast, usually a minimum of 30β50 miles inland, at reasonably higher elevation; there is a healthy turkey population inhabiting the montane conifer woods and open oak forest habitats of the
1439:, and was first described in 1890. It is smaller and darker than the eastern wild turkey. The wing feathers are very dark with smaller amounts of the white barring seen on other subspecies. Their overall body feathers are an
356:
The body feathers are generally blackish and dark, sometimes gray-brown, overall, with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in older males. Mature males have a large, featherless, reddish head and red throat, with red
1079:) (both likely of very small poults). Mortality of poults is greatest in the first 14 days of life, especially of those roosting on the ground, decreasing most notably after half a year, when they attain near adult sizes.
900:, leaving the nest in about 12β24 hours. Turkeys are a ground nesting bird, and because of this they are heavily predated on; reproductively-active wild turkeys have a lower annual survival rate due to predation of nests.
1443:
green-purple color. They are often found in scrub patches of palmetto and occasionally near swamps, where amphibian prey is abundant. Osceola turkeys are the smallest subspecies weighing 16 to 18 pounds (7 to 8 kg).
352:
Fully-grown wild turkeys have long, reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. Each foot has three front toes, with a shorter, rear-facing toe; males have a spur behind each of their lower legs, used to spar with other males.
2645:
Holdstock, D. P.; Wallace, M. C.; Ballard, W. B.; Brunjes, J. H.; Phillips, R. S.; Spears, B. L.; Gipson, P. S. (2006). "Male Rio Grande turkey survival and movements in the Texas
Panhandle and southwestern Kansas".
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not bigger than a
Sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the District. He is therefore by no means a proper Emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our
369:) expands, and this, the wattles and the bare skin of the head and neck all become red with enhanced flow of blood to the head. Tail feathers are of the same length in adults but of different lengths in juveniles.
1213:
relatively large bodies and may be able to deter predators up to the size of mid-sized mammals. Hens have been observed chasing off at least two species of hawks in flight when their poults are threatened.
1787:
meadows which would attract mating birds, and thus give a clear shot to hunters. The feathers of turkeys also often made their way into the rituals and headgear of many tribes. Many leaders, such as
1728:
preferred the turkey as the national bird of the United States comes from a letter he wrote to his daughter Sarah Bache on 26 January 1784. The main subject of the letter is a criticism of the
1649:
BC. It is unclear whether these early specimens represent wild or domestic individuals, but domestic turkeys were likely established in central Mexico by the first half of the Classic Period (c. AD
724:
their presence to females and competing males. The gobble of a wild turkey can be heard up to a mile away. Males also emit a low-pitched "drumming" sound, produced by the movement of air in the
707:, are agile, fast fliers. In ideal habitat of open woodland or wooded grasslands, they may fly beneath the canopy top and find perches. They usually fly close to the ground for no more than 400
398:
called jakes; the difference between jakes and toms is that jakes have very short "beards" and tail fans with longer feathers in the middle. The tom's tail fan feathers are uniform in length.
349:
of the wild turkey is quite long and sturdy, measuring from 9.7 to 19.1 cm (3.8 to 7.5 in). The tail is also relatively long, ranging from 24.5 to 50.5 cm (9.6 to 19.9 in).
326:
the average weight of adult males is 7.6 kg (17 lb) and the average weight of adult females is 4.26 kg (9.4 lb). The record-sized adult male wild turkey, according to the
1693:, unaware that it had a larger close relative already occupying the forests of Massachusetts. It is one of the smallest subspecies and is best known in Spanish from its Aztec-derived name,
851:
Turkey populations can reach large numbers in small areas because of their ability to forage for different types of food. Early morning and late afternoon are the desired times for eating.
2776:
Dreibelbis, J. Z.; Melton, K. B.; Aguirre, R.; Collier, B. A.; Hardin, J.; Silvy, N. J.; Peterson, M. J. (2008). "Predation of Rio Grande wild turkey nests on the Edwards Plateau, Texas".
3012:
Reed, J. E.; Ballard, W. B.; Gipson, P. S.; Kelly, B. T.; Krausman, P. R.; Wallace, M. C.; Wester, D. B. (2006). "Diets of free-ranging Mexican gray wolves in Arizona and New Mexico".
1309:. They were hunted with dogs and then shot out of trees where they took refuge. Several other populations, introduced or escaped, have survived for periods elsewhere in Britain and
1274:
Game managers estimate that the entire population of wild turkeys in the United States was as low as 30,000 by the late 1930s. By the 1940s, it was almost totally extirpated from
1661:
100) turkey remains identified at the archaeological site of El Mirador (PetΓ©n, Guatemala) represent the earliest evidence of the export of the south Mexican wild turkey (
1313:, but seem to have died out, perhaps from a combination of lack of winter feed and poaching. Small populations, probably descended from farm as well as wild stock, in the
333:
The wings are relatively small, as is typical of the galliform order, and the wingspan ranges from 1.25 to 1.44 m (4 ft 1 in to 4 ft 9 in). The
3145:
3309:
2547:
Byrne, Michael E.; Chamberlain, Michael J. (2018). "Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Adult Female Eastern Wild Turkeys in a Bottomland Hardwood Forest".
1225:
628:), drawing turkeys to areas of open oak forest and oak savanna across the central areas of the state. They frequent the lower-elevation oak woodlands of the
1951:
836:, sometimes visit backyard bird feeders, and favor croplands after harvest to scavenge seeds on the ground. Turkeys are also known to eat a wide variety of
62:
2262:
Hill, Geoffrey E.; Doucet, StΓ©phanie M.; Buchholz, Richard (2005). "The effect of coccidial infection on iridescent plumage coloration in wild turkeys".
3483:"Earliest Mexican Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in the Maya Region: Implications for Pre-Hispanic Animal Trade and the Timing of Turkey Domestication"
4638:
1762:
Franklin never publicly voiced opposition to the bald eagle as a national symbol, nor did he ever publicly suggest the turkey as a national symbol.
409:
Despite usually being rather lighter than waterfowl, the turkey has the second-highest maximum average weight of any North American bird, after the
2112:
564:, birds occupy mixed forest of oaks and pines on southern and western slopes, also hickory with diverse understories. Bald cypress and sweet gum (
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3550:
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388:) is also larger in males compared to females. In contrast to the majority of other birds, they are colonized by bacteria of unknown function (
3438:
2089:
Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse: A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World
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There are subtle differences in the coloration, habitat, and behavior of the different subspecies of wild turkeys. The six subspecies are:
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In addition to poults, hens and adult-sized fledglings (but not, as far as is known, adult male toms) are vulnerable to predation by
2208:
17:
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330:, weighed 16.85 kg (37.1 lb), with records of tom turkeys weighing over 13.8 kg (30 lb) uncommon but not rare.
3184:
2900:
Schemnitz, S.D.; Goerndt, D.L.; Jones, H. (1985). "Habitat needs and management of Merriam's turkeys in southcentral New Mexico".
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sections have an interspersion of clearings, farms, and plantations with preferred habitat along principal rivers and in cypress (
4522:
1758:
and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on.
1580:
3721:
2919:
Golet, G.H.; Golet, H.T.; Colton, A. (2003). "Immature Northern Goshawk Captures, Kills, and Feeds on Adult-Sized Wild Turkey".
380:. The male is substantially larger than the female, and his feathers have areas of red, purple, green, copper, bronze, and gold
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and generally receives very minimal annual precipitation. Turkeys in these areas can be found in dense thickets of manzanita (
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365:, which may be used to identify certain birds from one another. When toms are excited, a fleshy flap on the bill (called a
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tail and lower back feathers are a buff-to-very light tan color. Its habitats are brush areas next to streams, rivers or
2719:
Reagan, J. M.; Morgan, K.D. (1980). "Reproductive potential of Rio Grande turkey hens in the Edwards Plateau of Texas".
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area of south Florida has up to 51% cypress, 12% hardwood hammocks, 17% glades of short grasses with isolated live oak (
4483:
4398:
4677:
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Peoples, J. C.; Sisson, D. C.; Speake, D. W. (1995). "Mortality of wild turkey poults in coastal plain pine forests".
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Pharris, L. D.; Goetz, R. C. (1980). "An evaluation of artificial wild turkey nests monitored by automatic cameras".
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2009:
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Thornton, Erin Kennedy; Emery, Kitty F.; Steadman, David W.; Speller, Camilla; Matheny, Ray; Yang, Dongya (2012).
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Most common in the Florida peninsula, they number from 80,000 to 100,000 birds. This bird is named for the famous
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1376:. Its range is one of the largest of all subspecies, covering the entire eastern half of the United States from
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growing in the understory. They can also be found in the conifer foothills and fern-heavy forested areas of the
3690:
3025:
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Glidden, J. W.; Austin, D. E. (1975). "Natality and mortality of wild turkey poults in southwestern New York".
1984:
417:). By average mass, however, several other American birds surpass the mean weight of the turkey, including the
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Maehr, D. S.; Belden, R. C.; Land, E. D.; Wilkins, L. (1990). "Food habits of panthers in southwest Florida".
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732:. In addition they produce a sound known as the "spit", which is a sharp expulsion of air from this air sac.
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31:
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Baker, B. W. (1978). "Ecological factors affecting wild turkey nest predation on south Texas rangelands".
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and had become localized in pockets in the United States, in the north-east effectively restricted to the
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The field book; or, Sports and pastimes of the British islands, by the author of 'Wild sports of the West
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Williams, L. E.; Austin, D. H.; Eichholz, N. F. (1976). "The breeding potential of the wild turkey hen".
1409:
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1641:, and the only one that is not found in the United States or Canada. In central Mexico, archaeological
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670:), often growing on arid hillsides, for shelter and nesting sites, as well as rocky and boulder-strewn
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984:. Predators of poults in addition to nestlings and eggs also include several species of snake, namely
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Goldyn, B.; Hromada, M.; Surmacki, A.; Tryjanowski, P. (2003). "Habitat use and diet of the red fox
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National Wild Turkey Federation β Map of the locations of the five sub-species of wild turkey
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Haucke, H.H. (1971). "Predation by a White-Tailed Hawk and a Harris Hawk on a Wild Turkey Poult".
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Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
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Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
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have been more successful, and there are wild populations of some size following introductions in
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Males have a long, dark, fan-shaped tail and glossy, bronze wings. As with many other species of
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Beasom, S. L.; Moore, R. A. (1977). "Bobcat food habit response to a change in prey abundance".
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832:. Poults have been observed eating insects, berries, and seeds. Wild turkeys often feed in cow
418:
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Smith, Andrew F. (2006). "The Fall and Rise of the Edible Turkey". In Hosking, Richard (ed.).
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Stratman, M. R.; Pelton, M. R. (1999). "Feeding ecology of black bears in northwest Florida".
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McEwan, L. C.; Hirth, D. H. (1980). "Food habits of the bald eagle in north-central Florida".
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1567:, with number from 334,460 to 344,460 birds. The subspecies has also been introduced into
8:
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3685:(A National Wild Turkey Federation and USDA Forest Service book), 1992, Stackpole Books,
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3462:"Oregon State Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Wild Turkey Management Plan"
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MacCracken, J. G.; Uresh, D. W. (1984). "Coyote foods in the Black Hills, South Dakota".
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The wild turkey, throughout its range, plays a significant role in the cultures of many
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752:, foraging on the ground or climbing shrubs and small trees to feed. They prefer eating
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is also relatively small, as adults measure 2 to 3.2 cm (0.79 to 1.26 in) in
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1583:. The tail and lower back feathers have white tips and purple and bronze reflections.
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Krakauer, Alan H. (2005). "Kin selection and cooperative courtship in wild turkeys".
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2005:
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Beasom, S.L.; Pattee, O.H. (1975). "An Encounter between a Turkey and a Bullsnake".
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593:); nesting in neighboring prairies. Original habitat here was mainly longleaf pine (
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3578:. American Heraldry Society. Americanheraldry.org. 2007-05-18. MMM. Archived from
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1699:. This wild turkey subspecies is thought to be critically endangered, as of 2010.
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This was the turkey subspecies Europeans first encountered in the wild: by the
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3866:
3851:
3836:
3182:
Wild Turkey Predators, Wild Turkey Predation: National Wild Turkey Federation
1873:
1815:
1564:
1298:
1290:
1248:
949:
941:
761:
649:
629:
624:
534:
511:
342:
286:
282:
222:
183:
96:
91:
2604:
1455:
1082:
695:
4403:
4236:
4191:
4166:
4151:
4100:
3931:
3911:
3526:
2525:
2188:
1839:
1811:
1740:. In one section of the letter, Franklin remarked on the appearance of the
1548:
1495:, as well as parts of a few northeastern states. It was also introduced to
1279:
1208:
A hen caught in the open hides her young poults beneath her wings and body.
1174:
1012:
740:
4625:
4548:
4496:
4245:
4171:
2560:
1678:
1440:
1326:
1252:
1198:
1163:
777:
757:
426:
373:
290:
173:
163:
2517:
1515:
1340:
4685:
4465:
4059:
4054:
3994:
3956:
3916:
3334:
Wild Food: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2004
3247:
3152:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu (2006-03-12). Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
3083:
2998:
2955:
2867:
2832:
2151:
Braun, M.S.; Zimmermann, S.; Danner, M.; Rashid, H.; Wink, M. (2016). "
1741:
1619:
1594:
1552:
1509:
1492:
1476:
1306:
1260:
1024:
1016:
897:
817:
805:
615:
381:
302:
1770:
1575:
and mountainous regions. The subspecies was named in 1900 in honor of
1447:
1305:
to destroy, and the fights with poachers became too dangerous for the
457:
317:
4385:
4044:
4039:
3989:
3961:
2789:
1586:
1413:
1381:
1139:
1001:
973:
893:
813:
793:
671:
576:
123:
4207:
3238:
3221:
3075:
2990:
2859:
2824:
1602:
4501:
4390:
4364:
4230:
4105:
4004:
3876:
1750:
1737:
1501:
1480:
1468:
1432:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1302:
1256:
965:
913:
859:
769:
749:
466:
361:
on the throat and neck. The head has fleshy, unique growths called
143:
3385:. They did not come from Turkey or India, as was widely believed.
1802:, wore turkey feather cloaks. The turkey clan is one of the three
847:
Wild turkeys foraging in the Appalachian Foothills of Pennsylvania
4698:
4377:
4297:
4186:
4181:
4130:
4125:
3936:
3921:
3748:
3576:"The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey"
1690:
1615:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1436:
1397:
1373:
1365:
1318:
1310:
1123:
957:
925:
903:
833:
821:
789:
773:
725:
640:, which is primarily open conifer forest with various species of
571:
499:
494:
482:
474:
470:
2937:
1702:
4120:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4049:
4009:
3378:
2365:(3rd ed.). Enfield, Middlesex, UK: Guinness Superlatives.
1803:
1720:
Benjamin Franklin and the myth of U.S. national bird suggestion
1666:
1611:
1568:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1401:
1322:
1283:
1275:
1155:
1147:
1131:
985:
981:
825:
809:
801:
133:
3803:
3701:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
3607:. Benjamin Franklin frequently asked questions. 28 June 2017.
3601:"Did Benjamin Franklin want the national bird to be a turkey?"
2775:
2644:
1736:, which contradicted the ideals of the newly founded American
1380:
in the north to northern Florida and extending as far west as
611:) "flatwoods", now mainly replaced by slash pine plantations.
250:
4359:
4064:
4019:
1818:
of Northeastern Arizona, New Mexico and Utah call the turkey
1807:
1610:
Native from the central valleys to the northern mountains of
1377:
837:
829:
785:
765:
753:
641:
619:
505:
486:
48:
3480:
2702:
Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies
4029:
2150:
1856:
1560:
1505:
1488:
909:
781:
338:
153:
3210:. Waterandwoods.net (2008-09-20). Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
3026:
10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1127:dofmgw]2.0.co;2
879:, mating with as many hens as they can. Male wild turkeys
4014:
2660:
10.2193/0022-541x(2006)70[904:mrgtsa]2.0.co;2
1115:
1107:
797:
490:
1293:
as a game bird in the 18th century were not successful.
301:), which was originally derived from a southern Mexican
1791:
chiefs, traditionally wore turkey feather headdresses.
1189:), which also will eat the eggs if they find them. The
3432:"NWTF Wildlife Bulletin No. 3: Rio Grande Wild Turkey"
3302:"Like It or Not, Wild Turkeys Proliferate in East Bay"
3097:
Lehman, C. P.; Thompson, D. J. (2004). "Golden Eagle (
3061:
3011:
2699:
2461:
2459:
1862:
2899:
2091:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1645:
bones have been identified at sites dating to 800β100
337:
is only 20 to 21.4 cm (7.9 to 8.4 in). The
3541:"Benjamin Franklin to Sarah Bache, January 26, 1784"
2155:
sp. nov., isolated from the preen gland of Turkeys (
1937:
1230:
A Bird of the Deciduous Forest, Wild Turkey, Georgia
2737:
2456:
1765:
1467:The Rio Grande wild turkey ranges through Texas to
3337:. Totnes, Devon, UK: Prospect Books. p. 298.
2261:
1888:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679525A132051953.en
473:-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as
2683:Proceedings of the National Wild Turkey Symposium
2304:. National Wild Turkey Federation. Archived from
2032:. National Wild Turkey Federation. Archived from
1794:Significant peoples of several tribes, including
1392:. In Canada, its range extends into Southeastern
1297:is said to have had a flock of a few thousand in
703:Despite their weight, wild turkeys, unlike their
56:Male (tom/gobbler) eastern wild turkey strutting
4718:
2918:
2546:
2465:
2004:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
1637:The south Mexican wild turkey is considered the
1508:and scrub oak forests. The Rio Grande turkey is
2976:
1451:Rio Grande wild turkey has relatively long legs
1130:). Predators of both adults and poults include
622:are a favorite food, in addition to wild oats (
3123:
3105:) in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota".
3096:
1806:clans. Movements of wild turkeys inspired the
1551:, as well as much of the high mesa country of
1372:, the Dutch who lived in New York, and by the
1301:near London, but they were too easy for local
904:Positive relationships with other wild species
854:
3789:
2880:
1694:
1677:either in Mexico or by Preclassic peoples in
1531:The Merriam's wild turkey ranges through the
3404:Dickson, p. 363; Maxwell, William Hamilton,
3387:"Talking Turkey", World Wide Words. On line.
2756:
2718:
2680:
2209:"Julie Craves explains Wild Turkey 'beards'"
2086:
1950:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
1819:
1491:, and was introduced to central and western
1420:Osceola wild turkey or Florida wild turkey (
618:, turkeys live in a wide range of habitats;
580:(a heath) and oak in north-central Florida.
3570:
3568:
3270:. Dnr.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
3261:Living with wildlife: Turkey: Minnesota DNR
3101:) predation attempts on Merriam's turkeys (
3046:
2810:
2362:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
3804:Game animals and shooting in North America
3796:
3782:
1970:
1968:
728:in the chest, similar to the booming of a
249:
85:
61:
47:
3516:
3506:
3237:
2942:in an agricultural landscape in Poland".
2202:
2200:
2198:
1886:
1289:Attempts to introduce the wild turkey to
27:Species of turkey native to North America
3565:
3279:California Department of Fish and Game.
2495:
2231:
2229:
1769:
1701:
1601:
1446:
1339:
1224:
1203:
1081:
924:Predators of eggs and nestlings include
866:
858:
842:
739:
694:
686:
456:
400:
316:
3703:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
3683:The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management
3219:
1999:
1993:
1974:
1965:
1938:Kirschbaum, K.; McCullough, J. (2001).
1665:) to the ancient Maya world. The south
1220:
652:in the northern areas of the state. In
14:
4719:
2845:
2583:"Turkeys Play with Deer and Squirrels"
2390:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
2206:
2195:
908:Turkeys will occasionally forage with
636:, and the central coast north through
4212:
4211:
3777:
3611:from the original on 6 September 2019
3330:
3299:
3143:ADW: Meleagris gallopavo: INFORMATION
2625:
2466:Kirschbaum, Kari; McCullough, Jason.
2235:
2226:
2144:
863:Nest found in Nelson County, Virginia
289:and the heaviest member of the order
4704:E30D14F6-16F2-494E-BEED-785D2EC138D1
4613:253539c5-56a6-493b-bbc4-aec9fbece609
4443:b5f1acbd-6b42-4167-87da-74d663f9a445
3429:
3312:from the original on 8 December 2015
3222:"Aerial Pursuit of Hawks by Turkeys"
3191:. Nwtf.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
2358:
2352:
2327:"What Does a Wild Turkey Look Like?"
1706:Female wild turkey with young, from
812:. Turkeys also occasionally consume
4727:IUCN Red List least concern species
3293:
2468:"Meleagris gallopavo (wild turkey)"
2161:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
1874:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
3885:
3553:from the original on April 4, 2017
3064:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2979:The Journal of Wildlife Management
1979:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
1916:. 11 November 2010. Archived from
1011:Avian predators of poults include
533:). Best ranges for turkeys in the
25:
4788:
3715:
3300:Rubio, Tena (November 27, 2015).
2778:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
2063:Florida Museum of Natural History
2002:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1977:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
2944:Zeitschrift fΓΌr Jagdwissenschaft
2388:Wild turkey: Meleagris gallopavo
1766:Significance to Native Americans
718:
305:of wild turkey (not the related
110:
4489:wild-turkey-meleagris-gallopavo
3650:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3593:
3533:
3474:
3455:
3444:from the original on 2013-04-18
3423:
3414:
3398:
3377:These birds were imported from
3371:
3362:
3351:from the original on 2016-05-09
3324:
3273:
3254:
3213:
3194:
3175:
3155:
3136:
3117:
3090:
3055:
3040:
3005:
2970:
2931:
2912:
2893:
2874:
2839:
2804:
2769:
2750:
2731:
2712:
2693:
2674:
2638:
2619:
2597:
2575:
2540:
2489:
2478:from the original on 2020-11-24
2442:National Wild Turkey Federation
2438:"The Sounds of the Wild Turkey"
2430:
2419:from the original on 2018-11-13
2401:
2379:
2335:National Wild Turkey Federation
2319:
2290:
2255:
2113:"Welcome to the Turkey Habitat"
2087:Madge, S.; McGowan, P. (2002).
1954:from the original on 2023-04-01
1863:BirdLife International (2018).
1653:200β1000). Late Preclassic (300
328:National Wild Turkey Federation
285:, one of two extant species of
241:
3172:. NWTF Wildlife Bulletin NO.16
2648:Journal of Wildlife Management
2585:. BBC Earth. 15 September 2018
2236:McKee, J. (18 November 2022).
2105:
2080:
2055:"Birds Master Database Search"
2047:
2018:
1931:
1902:
1614:and the southernmost parts of
1351:Meleagris gallopavo silvestris
431:Cygnus columbianus columbianus
312:
13:
1:
3675:
2276:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.03.013
1663:Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo
1332:
4757:Hunting in the United States
3770:at VIREO (Drexel University)
3722:Turkey as U.S. national bird
3508:10.1371/journal.pone.0042630
3103:Meleagris gallopavo merriami
2902:Proc. Natl. Wild Turkey Symp
2883:Proc. Natl. Wild Turkey Symp
2721:Proc. Natl. Wild Turkey Symp
2207:Craves, J. (30 April 2021).
919:
764:of various trees, including
660:, a region which borders on
293:. It is the ancestor to the
32:Wild Turkey (disambiguation)
7:
4772:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3049:The Southwestern Naturalist
2181:10.1016/j.syapm.2015.12.001
2000:Dunning, J.B., ed. (2008).
1975:Dunning, J.B., ed. (1993).
1828:
1626:South Mexican wild turkey (
1410:Western Quebec Seismic Zone
1247:) is an extinct species of
855:Social structure and mating
735:
691:Wild turkey agile in flight
677:
10:
4793:
4762:Birds of the United States
3163:Predators and Wild Turkeys
3107:Journal of Raptor Research
2921:Journal of Raptor Research
2385:Hogan, C. Michael (2008).
2238:"Let's Talk Turkey Beards"
2153:Corynebacterium uropygiale
2026:"NWTF Wild Turkey Records"
1408:and the lower half of the
1195:Alligator mississippiensis
509:) and forests of red oak (
452:
405:Closeup of wild turkey tom
391:Corynebacterium uropygiale
29:
18:Merriam's wild turkey
4220:
4144:
4073:
3970:
3897:
3883:
3809:
3768:Wild turkey photo gallery
3014:Wildlife Society Bulletin
1881:: e.T22679525A132051953.
1730:Society of the Cincinnati
1579:, the first chief of the
970:Urocyon citnereoargenteus
705:domesticated counterparts
682:
658:Cleveland National Forest
423:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
376:, turkeys exhibit strong
321:Close-up of head features
257:
248:
238:
233:
212:
205:
107:Scientific classification
105:
83:
74:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
3760:Internet Bird Collection
3408:, p. 540, London, 1833,
3126:Florida Field Naturalist
2124:Florida State University
1850:
1744:on the Society's crest:
1732:, which he likened to a
1456:Rio Grande wild turkey (
1053:Geranoaetus albicaudatus
1021:Haliaeetus leucocephalus
4752:Native American cuisine
4737:Birds described in 1758
3669:(retrieved 28 Dec 2010)
3543:. Manuscript Division.
2607:. BBC Nature. 2011β2012
2549:Southeastern Naturalist
1516:Merriam's wild turkey (
1234:Milwaukee Public Museum
699:Wild turkey, fast flier
567:Liquidambar styraciflua
439:Gymnogyps californianus
4010:Cougar (mountain lion)
3891:
3281:Wild Turkey Guide 2005
3220:Johnson, R.R. (1961).
3161:Kennamer, James Earl.
2409:"Wild Turkey Behavior"
1820:
1784:Native American tribes
1779:
1760:
1716:
1695:
1607:
1581:U.S. Biological Survey
1452:
1345:
1236:
1209:
1104:Accipiter atricapillus
1087:
872:
864:
848:
745:
700:
692:
462:
419:American white pelican
406:
322:
4660:Paleobiology Database
3889:
3667:Texas Beyond History.
3657:"Caddo Nation Today."
3201:Wild Turkey Predators
2605:"My Life as a Turkey"
1774:Eastern wild turkey (
1773:
1746:
1705:
1681:, giving rise to the
1605:
1587:Gould's wild turkey (
1450:
1349:Eastern wild turkey (
1343:
1245:Meleagris californica
1228:
1207:
1085:
870:
862:
846:
743:
698:
690:
460:
404:
320:
4438:Fauna Europaea (new)
3862:Snipe (common snipe)
3842:Ring-necked pheasant
3727:Turkeys from England
3420:Dickson, pp. 363-368
3368:Dickson, pp. 368-379
2561:10.1656/058.017.0216
2472:Animal Diversity Web
1948:Animal Diversity Web
1577:Clinton Hart Merriam
1535:and the neighboring
1221:Range and population
1183:American black bears
1061:Parabuteo unicinctus
938:Didelphis virginiana
711:m (a quarter mile).
465:Wild turkeys prefer
30:For other uses, see
4691:Meleagris-gallopavo
4290:Meleagris_gallopavo
4277:Meleagris_gallopavo
4252:Meleagris gallopavo
4222:Meleagris gallopavo
3857:Sharp-tailed grouse
3827:Hungarian partridge
3755:"Wild turkey media"
3699:Pritzker, Barry M.
3681:Dickson, James G.,
3546:Library of Congress
3499:2012PLoSO...742630T
3383:Spanish West Indies
2518:10.1038/nature03325
2510:2005Natur.434...69K
2359:Wood, G.L. (1982).
2298:"Wild Turkey Facts"
2173:2016SyApM..39...88B
2157:Meleagris gallopavo
1942:Meleagris gallopavo
1914:National Geographic
1867:Meleagris gallopavo
1639:nominate subspecies
1606:Gould's wild turkey
1344:Eastern wild turkey
998:Pituophis catenifer
780:as well as various
599:) with turkey oak (
574:; also hardwood of
562:Cumberland plateaus
384:. The preen gland (
274:Meleagris gallopavo
216:Meleagris gallopavo
77:Conservation status
4777:Symbols of Alabama
4081:American alligator
3892:
3737:2006-04-15 at the
3662:2010-11-13 at the
3605:Franklin Institute
3467:2011-06-20 at the
3430:Kennamer, Mary C.
3392:2006-12-07 at the
3381:, then called the
3286:2008-10-27 at the
3266:2012-10-28 at the
3206:2012-06-26 at the
3187:2012-11-10 at the
3168:2008-08-07 at the
3148:2011-06-11 at the
2956:10.1007/BF02189737
2395:2017-07-25 at the
1780:
1717:
1714:John James Audubon
1608:
1453:
1414:Maritime Provinces
1368:, the founders of
1346:
1251:indigenous to the
1241:Californian turkey
1237:
1210:
1191:American alligator
1088:
1086:Hen with juveniles
1069:Accipiter cooperii
873:
865:
849:
746:
701:
693:
605:) and slash pine (
590:Quercus virginiana
570:) swamps of south
544:Taxodium distichum
530:Fraxinus americana
463:
461:Eastern subspecies
433:), the endangered
407:
323:
4714:
4713:
4647:Open Tree of Life
4214:Taxon identifiers
4205:
4204:
4177:Waterfowl hunting
4025:White-tailed deer
3890:Waterfowl hunters
3709:978-0-19-513877-1
3693:, 9780811718592,
3638:Pritzker 381, 474
3099:Aquila chrysaetos
2444:. August 10, 2021
1726:Benjamin Franklin
1669:wild subspecies,
1633:
1598:
1527:
1463:
1427:
1360:
1179:Aquila chrysaetos
1092:great horned owls
1077:Buteo platypterus
1073:broad-winged hawk
1045:Buteo jamaicensis
946:Mephitis mephitis
934:Virginia opossums
760:, and other hard
748:Wild turkeys are
646:Klamath Mountains
527:) and white ash (
518:Fagus grandifolia
435:California condor
415:Cygnus buccinator
378:sexual dimorphism
265:
264:
198:M. gallopavo
100:
16:(Redirected from
4784:
4707:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4681:
4680:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4616:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4570:
4569:
4567:NHMSYS0000533443
4557:
4556:
4544:
4543:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4517:
4505:
4504:
4492:
4491:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4456:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4433:
4432:
4420:
4419:
4407:
4406:
4394:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4305:
4303:9C5ED06A51A9FFEE
4293:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4209:
4208:
4157:Big-game hunting
3942:Northern pintail
3798:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3670:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3478:
3472:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3410:Internet Archive
3402:
3396:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3297:
3291:
3277:
3271:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3217:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3179:
3173:
3159:
3153:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2790:10.1676/07-183.1
2773:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2405:
2399:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2337:. Archived from
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2264:Animal Behaviour
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2126:. Archived from
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2065:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1860:
1823:
1776:M. g. silvestris
1754:Country ...
1709:Birds of America
1698:
1687:M. g. domesticus
1632:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1631:
1592:
1521:
1461:
1458:M. g. intermedia
1425:
1354:
1187:Ursus americanus
1181:), and possibly
1112:Canis familiaris
1100:American goshawk
1096:Bubo virginianus
654:San Diego County
638:Mendocino County
585:Fisheating Creek
307:ocellated turkey
299:M. g. domesticus
279:upland game bird
258:Distribution of
253:
218:
115:
114:
94:
89:
88:
65:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4767:Birds of Mexico
4742:Birds of Canada
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4702:
4697:
4689:
4684:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4658:
4650:
4645:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4621:Observation.org
4619:
4611:
4609:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4586:
4578:
4573:
4565:
4560:
4552:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4428:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4402:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4376:
4371:
4363:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4140:
4069:
4000:Bison (buffalo)
3966:
3893:
3881:
3832:Prairie chicken
3805:
3802:
3753:
3739:Wayback Machine
3718:
3678:
3673:
3664:Wayback Machine
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3585:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3479:
3475:
3469:Wayback Machine
3460:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3394:Wayback Machine
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3298:
3294:
3288:Wayback Machine
3278:
3274:
3268:Wayback Machine
3259:
3255:
3239:10.2307/4082208
3218:
3214:
3208:Wayback Machine
3199:
3195:
3189:Wayback Machine
3180:
3176:
3170:Wayback Machine
3160:
3156:
3150:Wayback Machine
3141:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3095:
3091:
3076:10.2307/3809651
3060:
3056:
3045:
3041:
3010:
3006:
2991:10.2307/3801809
2975:
2971:
2936:
2932:
2917:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2879:
2875:
2860:10.2307/1366672
2844:
2840:
2825:10.2307/1367485
2809:
2805:
2774:
2770:
2759:Wilson Bulletin
2755:
2751:
2736:
2732:
2717:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2679:
2675:
2643:
2639:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2545:
2541:
2504:(7029): 69β72.
2494:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2397:Wayback Machine
2384:
2380:
2373:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2196:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2120:Habitat Tracker
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:Turkeypox virus
1835:Heritage turkey
1831:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1734:chivalric order
1722:
1683:domestic turkey
1671:M. g. gallopavo
1635:
1628:M. g. gallopavo
1600:
1533:Rocky Mountains
1529:
1465:
1462:(Sennett, 1879)
1429:
1406:Pontiac, Quebec
1400:, Southwestern
1362:
1335:
1232:diorama at the
1223:
1168:Lynx canadensis
980:), among other
922:
906:
871:Nest in Ontario
857:
744:Hen with poults
738:
730:prairie chicken
721:
685:
680:
596:Pinus palustris
550:Nyssa sylvatica
524:Prunus serotina
455:
386:uropygial gland
315:
295:domestic turkey
229:
220:
214:
201:
109:
101:
90:
86:
79:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4695:
4682:
4669:
4656:
4643:
4630:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4584:
4571:
4558:
4545:
4532:
4519:
4506:
4493:
4480:
4470:
4457:
4447:
4434:
4425:Fauna Europaea
4421:
4408:
4395:
4382:
4369:
4356:
4343:
4333:
4320:
4307:
4294:
4281:
4268:
4257:
4242:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4197:Upland hunting
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Bobwhite quail
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3751:
3741:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3716:External links
3714:
3713:
3712:
3697:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3592:
3564:
3532:
3473:
3454:
3422:
3413:
3397:
3370:
3361:
3343:
3323:
3292:
3272:
3253:
3212:
3193:
3174:
3154:
3135:
3116:
3089:
3054:
3039:
3020:(4): 1127β33.
3004:
2969:
2950:(3): 191β200.
2930:
2911:
2892:
2873:
2838:
2803:
2768:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2692:
2673:
2637:
2618:
2596:
2574:
2539:
2488:
2455:
2429:
2400:
2378:
2371:
2351:
2318:
2289:
2254:
2225:
2194:
2143:
2104:
2097:
2079:
2046:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1964:
1930:
1901:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1796:Muscogee Creek
1767:
1764:
1724:The idea that
1721:
1718:
1634:
1624:
1599:
1589:M. g. mexicana
1585:
1573:ponderosa pine
1528:
1518:M. g. merriami
1514:
1464:
1454:
1428:
1418:
1361:
1347:
1334:
1331:
1315:Czech Republic
1222:
1219:
1037:Buteo lineatus
1033:red-shouldered
950:spotted skunks
942:striped skunks
921:
918:
905:
902:
856:
853:
737:
734:
720:
717:
684:
681:
679:
676:
667:Arctostaphylos
632:foothills and
608:Pinus elliotti
602:Quercus laevis
547:) and tupelo (
454:
451:
447:Grus americana
443:whooping crane
411:trumpeter swan
314:
311:
263:
262:
255:
254:
246:
245:
236:
235:
231:
230:
221:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
103:
102:
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4789:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Bison hunting
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4136:Snowshoe hare
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Gray squirrel
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Mountain goat
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Bighorn sheep
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Greater scaup
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Spruce grouse
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Ruffed grouse
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Mourning dove
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:turkey genome
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3582:on 2014-04-27
3581:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:(8): e42630.
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3350:
3346:
3344:9781903018439
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:(4): 1420β3.
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:Vulpes vulpes
2934:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:(2): 229β31.
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:(4): 906β10.
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:(4): 904β13.
2653:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2606:
2600:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:(2): 345β56.
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2372:9780851122359
2368:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2341:on 2012-11-08
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2308:on 2009-11-13
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:(2): 387β94.
2269:
2265:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2133:on 2014-02-02
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2098:9780691089089
2094:
2090:
2083:
2069:on 2016-09-25
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:flmnh.ufl.edu
2056:
2050:
2036:on 2012-08-31
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2011:9781420064445
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1920:on 2011-11-24
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:"Wild Turkey"
1905:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1816:Navajo people
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Navajo Nation
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:(Scott, 1890)
1423:
1422:M. g. osceola
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Richmond Park
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:golden eagles
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Puma concolor
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Canis latrans
1133:
1129:
1128:Vulpes vulpes
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:domestic cats
1113:
1109:
1108:domestic dogs
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Cooper's hawk
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:gopher snakes
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:Marmota monax
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:Vulpes vulpes
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:Procyon lotor
927:
917:
915:
911:
901:
899:
895:
889:
885:
882:
878:
869:
861:
852:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:, roots, and
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
742:
733:
731:
727:
719:Vocalizations
716:
712:
710:
706:
697:
689:
675:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:Cascade Range
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Sierra Nevada
627:
626:
625:Avena barbata
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:
604:
603:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
554:
552:
551:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:Coastal Plain
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
514:
513:
512:Quercus rubra
508:
507:
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
485:and seasonal
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
399:
395:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
319:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:North America
280:
276:
275:
270:
261:
256:
252:
247:
244:
243:
237:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
98:
93:
92:Least Concern
82:
78:
73:
70:Female (hen)
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4221:
4192:Wolf hunting
4167:Deer hunting
4152:Bear hunting
4101:Fox squirrel
4074:Other quarry
3952:Ross's goose
3932:Lesser scaup
3912:Canada goose
3871:
3758:
3700:
3695:google books
3682:
3666:
3652:
3647:Pritzker 423
3643:
3634:
3629:Pritzker 367
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3604:
3595:
3584:. Retrieved
3580:the original
3555:. Retrieved
3544:
3535:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3457:
3446:. Retrieved
3425:
3416:
3405:
3400:
3373:
3364:
3353:. Retrieved
3333:
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3305:
3295:
3275:
3256:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3196:
3177:
3157:
3138:
3132:(3): 95β102.
3129:
3125:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3070:(3): 420β3.
3067:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2927:(4): 337β40.
2924:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2577:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
2446:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2413:www.nwtf.org
2412:
2403:
2387:
2381:
2361:
2354:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:the original
2330:
2321:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2301:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2216:. Retrieved
2213:BirdWatching
2212:
2167:(2): 88β92.
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2135:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2119:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2058:
2049:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2029:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1976:
1956:. Retrieved
1947:
1944:wild turkey"
1941:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1878:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1840:Turkey calls
1812:turkey dance
1793:
1781:
1775:
1761:
1747:
1723:
1707:
1686:
1675:domesticated
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:M. gallopavo
1642:
1636:
1627:
1609:
1588:
1549:South Dakota
1530:
1517:
1466:
1457:
1430:
1421:
1363:
1350:
1336:
1288:
1280:Appalachians
1273:
1269:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1215:
1211:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1049:white-tailed
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1010:
1005:
997:
989:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
923:
907:
890:
886:
874:
850:
747:
722:
713:
708:
702:
665:
634:Coast Ranges
623:
613:
606:
600:
594:
588:
575:
565:
555:
548:
542:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
464:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
408:
396:
389:
371:
355:
351:
345:length. The
332:
324:
298:
273:
272:
268:
266:
260:M. gallopavo
259:
239:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
42:Wild turkey
36:
4639:wild-turkey
4603:wild-turkey
4588:Neotropical
4549:NatureServe
4497:iNaturalist
4476:wild-turkey
4246:Wikispecies
4172:Fox hunting
3615:20 November
3557:January 28,
3316:27 November
2765:(2): 281β2.
2611:20 November
2589:20 November
2247:20 November
2218:20 November
1894:19 November
1679:Mesoamerica
1559:, southern
1412:), and the
1404:(including
1388:, and into
1327:New Zealand
1307:gamekeepers
1253:Pleistocene
1199:Galliformes
1164:Canada lynx
1144:Canis lupus
1140:gray wolves
1120:Felis catus
1029:Strix varia
1017:bald eagles
818:salamanders
806:fern fronds
778:pinyon pine
674:foothills.
662:high desert
558:Appalachian
521:), cherry (
427:tundra swan
382:iridescence
374:Galliformes
313:Description
291:Galliformes
269:wild turkey
234:Subspecies
174:Phasianidae
164:Galliformes
4747:Game birds
4721:Categories
4686:Xeno-canto
4060:Polar bear
4055:Dall sheep
3995:Brown bear
3985:Black bear
3957:Snow goose
3917:Canvasback
3907:Black duck
3810:Game birds
3691:081171859X
3676:References
3586:2012-05-30
3448:2013-05-25
3355:2017-11-22
3232:(4): 646.
2908:: 199β232.
2854:(4): 475.
2482:2020-11-18
2448:August 21,
2423:2018-11-12
2345:2023-04-01
2312:2023-04-01
2137:2013-03-12
2073:2023-04-05
2040:2023-04-05
1986:0849342589
1958:2023-04-01
1924:2023-04-01
1742:bald eagle
1620:New Mexico
1553:New Mexico
1510:gregarious
1493:California
1477:New Mexico
1441:iridescent
1333:Subspecies
1261:California
1255:and early
1152:Lynx rufus
1041:red-tailed
1025:barred owl
1002:pinesnakes
986:rat snakes
974:groundhogs
966:gray foxes
898:nidifugous
877:polygamous
875:Males are
828:and small
820:and small
814:amphibians
750:omnivorous
616:California
553:) swamps.
515:), beech (
469:and mixed
335:wing chord
303:subspecies
281:native to
4732:Meleagris
4045:Pronghorn
4040:Mule deer
3990:Razorback
3962:Wood duck
3899:Waterfowl
3847:Ptarmigan
3743:View the
3113:(2): 192.
2746:: 448β53.
2727:: 136β44.
2689:: 108β16.
2634:: 126β36.
1800:Wampanoag
1751:King Bird
1696:guajolote
1382:Minnesota
1370:Jamestown
1295:George II
1267:by 2015.
1124:red foxes
1006:Pituophis
958:red foxes
954:Spilogale
920:Predators
914:squirrels
894:precocial
794:bearberry
672:chaparral
577:Cliftonia
363:caruncles
192:Species:
185:Meleagris
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
4554:2.104229
4541:22679525
4515:10192856
4378:45510619
4316:22679525
4311:BirdLife
4231:Wikidata
4145:See also
4106:Gray fox
3972:Big game
3877:Woodcock
3735:Archived
3660:Archived
3609:Archived
3551:Archived
3527:22905156
3487:PLOS ONE
3465:Archived
3439:Archived
3437:. NWTF.
3390:Archived
3349:Archived
3310:Archived
3306:kqed.org
3284:Archived
3264:Archived
3204:Archived
3185:Archived
3166:Archived
3146:Archived
3051:: 451β7.
3034:55402865
2964:43335225
2889:: 48β54.
2798:53310713
2708:: 371β6.
2668:86170120
2569:90478338
2526:15744300
2476:Archived
2417:Archived
2393:Archived
2331:nwtf.org
2302:nwtf.org
2284:39103898
2189:26776107
2030:nwtf.org
1952:Archived
1829:See also
1810:tribe's
1738:republic
1563:and the
1537:prairies
1502:mesquite
1481:Colorado
1469:Oklahoma
1433:Seminole
1394:Manitoba
1390:Missouri
1386:Illinois
1374:Acadians
1366:Puritans
1357:Vieillot
1303:poachers
1265:Bay Area
1257:Holocene
1057:Harris's
1015:such as
926:raccoons
834:pastures
824:such as
822:reptiles
816:such as
788:such as
770:chestnut
736:Foraging
678:Behavior
539:Piedmont
483:orchards
475:pastures
467:hardwood
277:) is an
223:Linnaeus
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
4699:ZooBank
4466:9606290
4298:Avibase
4187:Fishing
4182:Whaling
4131:Red fox
4126:Raccoon
4116:Opossum
4005:Caribou
3947:Redhead
3937:Mallard
3922:Gadwall
3749:Ensembl
3518:3414452
3495:Bibcode
3248:4082208
3226:The Auk
3084:3809651
2999:3801809
2868:1366672
2833:1367485
2534:1457512
2506:Bibcode
2242:Audubon
2169:Bibcode
1789:Catawba
1691:England
1667:Mexican
1616:Arizona
1597:, 1856)
1557:Arizona
1545:Montana
1541:Wyoming
1526:, 1900)
1497:HawaiΚ»i
1437:Osceola
1435:leader
1398:Ontario
1359:, 1817)
1319:Germany
1311:Ireland
1291:Britain
1156:cougars
1148:bobcats
1132:coyotes
1122:), and
1071:), and
1059:hawks (
1013:raptors
1008:ssp.).
1000:), and
992:ssp.),
982:rodents
956:ssp.),
881:display
838:grasses
826:lizards
810:insects
790:juniper
786:berries
774:hickory
726:air sac
572:Florida
500:Quercus
495:hickory
487:marshes
471:conifer
453:Habitat
441:), and
425:), the
359:wattles
240:6, see
180:Genus:
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
4665:110952
4652:446482
4610:NZOR:
4600:NZBO:
4593:wiltur
4528:176136
4473:GNAB:
4450:FEIS:
4430:402033
4412:EURING
4391:MLEAGA
4365:wiltur
4339:wiltur
4265:wiltur
4237:Q26844
4121:Rabbit
4096:Coyote
4091:Bobcat
4086:Badger
4065:Whales
4050:Muskox
3872:Turkey
3822:Chukar
3707:
3689:
3525:
3515:
3379:Mexico
3341:
3246:
3082:
3032:
2997:
2962:
2866:
2848:Condor
2831:
2813:Condor
2796:
2666:
2567:
2532:
2524:
2498:Nature
2369:
2282:
2187:
2095:
2008:
1983:
1821:TΔ
zhii
1814:. The
1804:Lenape
1778:) hens
1673:, was
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1612:Mexico
1569:Oregon
1524:Nelson
1485:Oregon
1473:Kansas
1402:Quebec
1323:Hawaii
1284:Alaska
1276:Canada
1249:turkey
990:Elaphe
830:snakes
802:leaves
776:, and
754:acorns
709:
683:Flight
620:acorns
479:fields
347:tarsus
343:culmen
287:turkey
4678:10282
4626:18927
4510:IRMNG
4399:EUNIS
4360:eBird
4352:3ZDJV
4336:BOW:
4329:10416
4020:Moose
3442:(PDF)
3435:(PDF)
3244:JSTOR
3080:JSTOR
3030:S2CID
2995:JSTOR
2960:S2CID
2864:JSTOR
2829:JSTOR
2794:S2CID
2664:S2CID
2565:S2CID
2530:S2CID
2280:S2CID
2131:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
1851:Notes
1808:Caddo
1657:BCβAD
1595:Gould
1378:Maine
782:seeds
766:hazel
642:ferns
582:Lykes
506:Carya
367:snood
4634:ODNR
4580:9103
4575:NCBI
4536:IUCN
4523:ITIS
4461:GBIF
4453:mega
4417:3990
4404:1137
4386:EPPO
4324:BOLD
4030:Wolf
3705:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3617:2019
3559:2018
3523:PMID
3339:ISBN
3318:2015
2613:2022
2591:2022
2522:PMID
2450:2023
2367:ISBN
2249:2022
2220:2022
2185:PMID
2159:)".
2093:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1896:2021
1879:2018
1798:and
1618:and
1561:Utah
1547:and
1506:pine
1489:Utah
1325:and
1317:and
1239:The
912:and
910:deer
896:and
798:buds
792:and
762:mast
758:nuts
648:and
560:and
537:and
339:bill
267:The
242:text
227:1758
154:Aves
4673:TSA
4562:NBN
4502:906
4484:IBC
4373:EoL
4347:CoL
4285:AFD
4272:ADW
4261:ABA
4015:Elk
3747:in
3513:PMC
3503:doi
3234:doi
3072:doi
3022:doi
2987:doi
2952:doi
2856:doi
2821:doi
2786:doi
2782:120
2656:doi
2557:doi
2514:doi
2502:434
2272:doi
2177:doi
1883:doi
1712:by
1539:of
1259:of
1162:),
1154:),
1146:),
1138:),
1114:),
1106:),
1098:),
1063:),
1055:),
1047:),
1039:),
1031:),
1023:),
972:),
964:),
948:),
940:),
932:),
614:In
556:In
491:oak
449:).
309:).
4723::
4701::
4688::
4675::
4662::
4649::
4636::
4623::
4590::
4577::
4564::
4551::
4538::
4525::
4512::
4499::
4486::
4463::
4440::
4427::
4414::
4401::
4388::
4375::
4362::
4349::
4326::
4313::
4300::
4287::
4274::
4263::
4248::
4233::
3757:.
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