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influence of the approach has spread globally since then. It is inspired primarily by a range of feminist perspectives (including socialist and radical) and places emphasis on the need for research and practice to explicitly challenge men's and boys' sexism. Although it explores a very broad range of men's practices, it tends to focus especially on issues related to sexuality and/or men's violences. Although originally largely rooted in sociology, it has since engaged with a broad range of other disciplines including social policy, social work, cultural studies, gender studies, education and law. In more recent years, Critical
Studies on Men research has made particular use of comparative and/or transnational perspectives. Like Men's Studies and Masculinity Studies more generally, Critical Studies on Men has been critiqued for its failure to adequately focus on the issue of men's relations with children as a key site for the development of men's oppressive masculinity formations - men's relations with women and men's relations with other men being the two sites which are heavily researched by comparison.
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that many gender and race studies were created to discuss the oppression that these race/genders experience. Since men are the primary oppressor of these, men's studies shouldn't be included within "oppression" studies because it "risks leveling structure of power by granting men's studies an equal and complementary place to women's studies". In 1989 Joyce E. Canaan and
Christine Griffin described their suspicions of The New Men's Studies (TNMS), saying "Is it a coincidence that TNMS is being constructed in the present context as a source of potential research, publishing deals, and (even more) jobs for the already-well-paid boys holding prestigious positions?" Researchers in
266:, an American sociologist and feminist specializing in gender studies, has written about manhood in America. According to Kimmel, masculinity began to be defined and reaffirmed around 19th century America. It involved proving one's masculine worth as well as providing for one's family, and thereby also affected the political arena, workplace, family, and society at large. Kimmel posits that the imbibing of masculinity happens to young boys at home, at school and when watching adults interact. Kimmel described the term '
260:), which led to Connell (and James Messerschmitt) reformulating areas of hegemonic masculinity. This newer version looks at the power and social dynamics found in the gender hierarchy, the geography of masculinity at local, regional, and global levels, social embodiment, and the dynamics of masculinity, including the complex interlayering of multiple masculinities. Connell emphasizes that masculinity is constantly evolving, meaning the curriculum and research of this field will always change.
114:
276:, an American sociologist and sexologist specializing in adolescent men's gender and sexualities, has researched and written about the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and homophobia. According to Anderson's empirical research, he found that decreasing homophobia can lead to more inclusive masculinity because hegemonic masculinity has limited men's behavior in fear of being perceived as gay. Kimmel describes this theory as "
471:, an American sociologist, explains that the importance of men's studies is that prior to the emergence of the discipline, feminists had been looking at the generalization of men, whereas this discipline focuses on the "study of masculinities and male experiences as specific and varying social-historical-cultural formations." Connell adds that by having a field for masculinity studies it may help "identify men's interest in change".
252:, describing it as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man. Being pervasive across societies, it results in multiple masculinities, specifically a hierarchy of masculinities, in which some men do not experience the same privilege other men do, because of their other
25:
388:(NOMAS), the MSTG became the Men's Studies Association (MSA). The MSA was an explicitly pro-feminist group, and those who felt this was too constraining split away several years later to form the American Men's Studies Association (AMSA), although the NOMAS would not let AMSA become its own self-governing entity, which led to clashes in ideologies between the two groups.
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insist that " atomisation of masculinity studies as distinct from gender studies, feminist inquiry or queer studies must be understood as provisional and hazardous rather than as the result of absolute differences in the phenomena being investigated or expertise required". Some feminists also argue
223:
It is important to distinguish the specific approach often defined as
Critical Studies on Men. This approach was largely developed in the anglophone countries from the early 1980s - especially in the United Kingdom - centred then around the work of Jeff Hearn, David Morgan and colleagues. The
369:. However, men's studies classes also pre-date NOCM, and a small number were taught in various colleges across the United States throughout the 1970s. Conferences such as the Men and Masculinity conferences sparked the creation of newsletters and journals, such as the
377:), pertaining to the growing field of men's studies. These became prime resources for those interested in the field, providing news, bibliographies, and firsthand experiences. Following the newsletters and journals came the
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Men's studies is notably concerned with challenging gendered arrangements of work and care, and the male breadwinner role, and policies are increasingly targeting men as fathers, as a tool of changing gender relations.
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It has been argued that the cultural expectations of boys and men to be tough, stoic, aggressive and unemotional are harmful to men's development because they reduce the range of human
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Studying the relation between masculinity and male sexual shame revealed that greater endorsement of traditionally masculine values was associated with increased sexual
270:' as the male-enacted cultural norms that are harmful to men and society, because they encourage negative behaviors related to dominance, aggression and sexuality.
46:
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organization called the Men's
Studies Task Group (MSTG) of the National Organization for Changing Men (NOCM) which included Martin Acker, Shepherd Bliss,
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Doyle, James. A; Femiano, Sam (January 2013). "A history of the Men's
Studies Press and its Association with the American Men's Studies Association".
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In contrast to the discipline of masculine psychology, men's studies programs and courses often include contemporary discussions of men's rights,
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33:
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Hickey-Moody, Anna; Laurie, Timothy (2 January 2015). "Geophilosophies of masculinity: Remapping gender, aesthetics and knowledge".
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Gottzén, Lucas; Bjørnholt, Margunn; Boonzaier, Floretta (2020). "What has masculinity to do with intimate partner violence?".
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Men's studies scholars have studied aspects of men's health and illness such as premature death and coronary heart disease.
357:(AMSA) traces the roots of an organized field of men's studies to the early 1980s and the work of scholars involved in an
212:, and more generally, what proponents describe as the social, historical, and cultural influences on the constructions of
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The
Politics of Manhood: profeminist men respond to the mythopoetic men's movement (and the mythopoetic leaders answer)
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Connell, Robert W. (2001). "Understanding Men: Gender
Sociology and the New International Research on Masculinities".
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Sabo, Donald; Gordon, David
Frederick (1995). "Rethinking Men's Health and Illness: The Relevance of Gender Studies".
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464:, have also questioned the relationship between male biology and gender identity within masculinity studies.
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1467:(May 2014). "Changing Men, Changing Times – Fathers and Sons from an Experimental Gender Equality Study".
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Connell, R. W.; Messerschmidt, James W. (December 2005). "Hegemonic
Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept".
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Connell, R. W.; Messerschmidt, James W. (December 2005). "Hegemonic
Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept".
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Stillion, Judith M. (1995). "Premature Death among Males: Extending the Bottom Line of Men's Health".
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Kupers, Terry A. (June 2005). "Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison".
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Wootton, Nancy A. (Winter 1993). "The men's movement and men's studies: a study of the literature".
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220:, seen as evolving into more subtle and covert forms rather than disappearing in the modern era.
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were early pioneers of men's studies as a research field; Grønseth and Tiller's classic study of
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762:"The early history of the American Men's Studies Association and the evolution of men's studies"
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The field of men's studies has received criticism due to its separative nature from the rest of
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in the 1950s is often regarded as the starting point of men's studies in the Nordic countries.
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Some feminists view men's studies only as taking away potential limited funding dedicated for
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Men's studies scholars have responded to this by explaining the importance of men's studies.
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The Violences of Men: How Men Talk About and How Agencies Respond to Men's Violence to Women
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has been a major focus of men's studies. Research focuses on men as both perpetrators and
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Pringle, Keith (2016). "Doing (Oppressive) Gender Via Men's Relations with Children".
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In Anglophone countries, men's studies was formed, largely in response to an emerging
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Helgeson, Vicki S. (1995). "Masculinity, Men's Roles, and Coronary Heart Disease".
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movement, and as such, has been taught in academic settings only since the 1970s.
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of violence, as well as on how to involve men and boys in anti-violence work.
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Ruspini, Elisabetta; Hearn, Jeff; Pease, Bob; Pringle, Keith, eds. (2011).
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The men and masculinities field includes at least eight focused journals:
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138: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1665:"The new men's studies: part of the problem or part of the solution"
1630:"The new men's studies: part of the problem or part of the solution"
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1506:. Harriman, Tennessee: American Men's Studies Association (AMSA).
381:, thus moving the academic field of masculinity studies to books.
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Men of the World: Genders, Globalizations, Transnational Times
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identities. The concept has attracted several criticisms (see
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551:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
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768:. American Men's Studies Association (AMSA). Archived from
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Critical Perspectives on Masculinities and Relationalities
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The making of masculinities : the new men's studies
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Men's Health and Illness: Gender, Power, and the Body
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Men's Health and Illness: Gender, Power, and the Body
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Men's Health and Illness: Gender, Power, and the Body
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NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies
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and can even result in a shortened life expectancy.
1344:"Male sexual shame, masculinity, and mental health"
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International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities
534:
The Making of Masculinities: the new men's studies.
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608:Politics of masculinities : men in movements
328:, and which in turn is predictive of depression.
241:of masculinity, which the Australian sociologist
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1303:Men, Masculinities and Intimate Partner Violence
1118:Connell, R. W.; Messerschmidt, James W. (2005).
410:Masculinities: A Journal of Identity and Culture
182:in sailor families and its impact on children's
1120:"Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept"
595:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1995.
913:European Perspectives on Men and Masculinities
1663:Canaan, Joyce E.; Griffin, Christine (1985).
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1628:Canaan, Joyce E.; Griffin, Christine (1990).
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1542:National Organization for Men Against Sexism
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812:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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610:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
386:National Organization for Men Against Sexism
216:. They often discuss the issues surrounding
1644:. London Boston: Unwin Hyman. p. 208.
982:. Crossroads of Knowledge. pp. 23–34.
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154:Learn how and when to remove this message
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
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258:Hegemonic masculinity § Criticisms
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1642:Men, masculinities & social theory
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1178:Manhood in America: A Cultural History
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947:Men and Masculinities Around the World
800:Men, masculinities & social theory
798:Hearn, Jeff and Morgan, David (1990).
760:Doyle, James. A; Femiano, Sam (1999).
292:being experienced, increase levels of
166:Sociologists and psychologists in the
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
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638:"A master's degree in...masculinity?"
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1180:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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910:Hearn, Jeff; Pringle, Keith (2006).
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536:Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin, Inc.
136:adding citations to reliable sources
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636:Bennett, Jessica (August 8, 2015).
430:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
398:Culture, Society, and Masculinities
365:, Sam Femiano, Martin Fiebert, and
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1502:"Men's Studies Review (journal)".
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1097:. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
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406:Masculinities and Social Change
123:needs additional citations for
37:may be too short to adequately
1342:Gordon, Aqualus (2019-07-01).
1268:Journal of Clinical Psychology
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47:provide an accessible overview
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1692:Social Thought & Research
1607:. Columbia University Press.
1569:10.1080/0969725X.2015.1017359
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606:Messner, Michael A. (1997).
76:devoted to topics concerning
723:The Journal of Men's Studies
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278:Inclusive Masculinity Theory
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988:10.1007/978-3-319-29012-6_3
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1018:. Allen & Unwin, Inc.
532:Brod, Harry (ed.) (1987).
521:Discrimination against men
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591:Kimmel, Michael. (1995).
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1441:10.4135/9781452243757.n4
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1176:Kimmel, Michael (2006).
1136:10.1177/0891243205278639
1066:10.1177/0891243205278639
577:10.1177/0891243205278639
402:Journal of Men's Studies
371:Men's Studies Newsletter
1659:Originally published as
1481:10.1111/1467-954X.12156
1469:The Sociological Review
1311:10.4324/9780429280054-1
1233:Anderson, Eric (2010).
1207:Temple University Press
1201:The politics of manhood
184:personality development
802:. London: Unwin Hyman.
547:Connell, R.W. (2005).
1243:10.4324/9780203871485
1235:Inclusive Masculinity
955:10.1057/9780230338005
922:10.1057/9780230626447
862:10.4324/9780203413067
663:Store norske leksikon
451:. Timothy Laurie and
415:Men and Masculinities
284:Cultural expectations
250:hegemonic masculinity
1670:Network (newsletter)
1504:Men's Studies Review
1054:Gender & Society
1014:Brod, Harry (1987).
885:Hearn, Jeff (2015).
827:Hearn, Jeff (1998).
565:Gender & Society
375:Men's Studies Review
373:(and its successor,
132:improve this article
1435:. pp. 68–104.
735:10.3149/jms.2101.24
458:transgender studies
379:Men's Studies Press
245:is best known for.
239:social construction
170:such as Norwegians
1465:Bjørnholt, Margunn
1402:. pp. 46–67.
1280:10.1002/jclp.20105
1124:Gender and Society
772:on 10 October 2017
516:Black male studies
436:Feminist criticism
1651:978-0-04-445658-2
1614:978-0-231-50491-1
1450:978-0-8039-5275-1
1417:978-0-8039-5275-1
1384:978-0-8039-5275-1
1369:. pp. 2–21.
1320:978-0-429-28005-4
1305:. pp. 1–15.
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1216:978-1-56639-365-2
1104:978-0-7456-1469-4
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997:978-3-319-29011-9
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931:978-0-230-59447-0
896:978-1-4739-2677-6
871:978-1-134-31707-3
838:978-0-8039-7940-6
557:978-0-74-563426-5
453:Anna Hickey-Moody
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233:Masculinity
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469:Harry Brod
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298:depression
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