2520:. Kalviņš criticized the ban, saying that WADA had not presented scientific proof that the drug can be used for doping. According to him, meldonium does not enhance athletic performance in any way, and was rather used by athletes to prevent damage to the heart and muscles caused by lack of oxygen during high-intensity exercise. He contended that not allowing athletes to take care of their health was a violation of their human rights, and that the decision aimed to remove Eastern European athletes from competitions and his drug from the pharmaceutical market. Liene Kozlovska, the former head of the anti-doping department of the Latvian sports medicine center, rejected claims that the ban is in violation of athletes' rights, saying that meldonium is dangerous in high doses, and should only be used under medical supervision to treat genuine health conditions. She also speculated that Russian athletes may not have received adequate warnings that the drug was banned – due to the suspension of the
774:
1015:. Metabolic modulators are classified as S4 substances according to the WADA banned substances list. These substances have the ability to modify how some hormones accelerate or slow down different enzymatic reactions in the body. In this way, these modulators can block the body's conversion of testosterone into oestrogen, which is necessary for females. On 13 April 2016 it was reported that WADA had issued updated guidelines allowing less than 1 microgram per milliliter of meldonium for tests done before 1 March 2016. The agency cited that "preliminary tests showed that it could take weeks or months for the drug to leave the body".
965:
1008:. 13 medallists or competition winners were taking meldonium at the time of the Baku Games. Meldonium use was detected in athletes competing in 15 of the 21 sports during the Games. Most of the athletes taking meldonium withheld the information of their use from anti-doping authorities by not declaring it on their doping control forms as they should have. Only 23 of the 662 (3.5%) athletes tested declared the personal use of meldonium. However, 66 of the total 762 (8.7%) of athlete urine samples analysed during the Games and during pre-competition tested positive for meldonium.
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2501:, said in a statement that it did not believe meldonium's use should be banned for athletes. It said the drug worked mainly by reducing damage to cells that can be caused by certain byproducts of carnitine. Meldonium "is used to prevent death of ischemic cells and not to increase performance of normal cells", the statement said. "Meldonium cannot improve athletic performance, but it can stop tissue damage in the case of
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2544:, who studies how humans respond to physical and mental stress during exercise and other activities, told them that "Evidence is lacking for many compounds believed to enhance athletic performance. Its use has a sort of urban legend element and there is not much out there that it is clearly that effective. I would be shocked if this stuff had an effect greater than
1004:(WADA) list of banned substances effective 1 January 2016 because of evidence of its use by athletes with the intention of enhancing performance. It was on the 2015 WADA's list of drugs to be monitored. A high prevalence of meldonium use by athletes in sport was demonstrated by the laboratory findings at the
1101:
More than 170 failed tests by athletes were identified in a relatively brief period after the ban on meldonium was imposed on 1 January 2016, almost all of which were from
Eastern European countries. Many of the early cases were dropped when athletes claimed that they had ceased use in 2015. Notable
2493:
argued that meldonium "demonstrates an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activation of central nervous system (CNS) functions". However the study itself presents no evidence for this claim, and focuses
1027:
announced that she had failed a drug test in
Australia due to the detection of meldonium. She said that she had been taking the drug for ten years for various health issues, and had not noticed that it had been banned. On 8 June 2016, she was suspended from playing tennis for two years by the
590:. Meldonium can be used as a metabolic modulator, changing how some hormones accelerate or slow down enzymatic reactions in the body. However, there are debates over its use as an athletic performance enhancer. Some athletes are known to have used meldonium before it was banned, most notably
929:. Normally, this enzyme's action on its substrates γ-butyrobetaine and 2-oxoglutarate gives, in the presence of the further substrate oxygen, the products L-carnitine, succinate, and carbon dioxide; in the presence of this alternate substrate, the reaction yields malonic acid semialdehyde,
941:, and (1-methylimidazolidin-4-yl)acetic acid, "an unexpected product with an additional carbon-carbon bond resulting from N-demethylation coupled to oxidative rearrangement, likely via an unusual radical mechanism." The unusual mechanism is thought likely to involve a
2552:(a natural substance that, when taken as a supplement, is thought to enhance muscle mass)." Ford Vox, a U.S.-based physician specializing in rehabilitation medicine and a journalist reported "there's not much scientific support for its use as an athletic enhancer".
829:
In fatty acid metabolism, long chain fatty acids in the cytosol cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane because they are negatively charged. The process in which they move into the mitochondria is called the carnitine shuttle. Long chain FA are first activated via
765:
in ischemic tissues to produce energy is prevented, therefore blocking this oxygen-consuming process. Treatment with meldonium may shift the myocardial energy metabolism from fatty acid oxidation to the more favorable oxidation of glucose, or
3258:
Simkhovich BZ, Shutenko ZV, Meirena DV, Khagi KB, Mezapuķe RJ, Molodchina TN, et al. (January 1988). "3-(2,2,2-Trimethylhydrazinium)propionate (THP)--a novel gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase inhibitor with cardioprotective properties".
1044:. Bobrova said she was shocked about the test result, because she had been made aware of meldonium's addition to the banned list, and had been careful to avoid products containing banned substances. In May 2016, Russian professional boxer
2634:, a Latvian pharmaceutical company, with offices in thirteen Eastern European countries as a treatment for heart conditions. The company identifies it as one of their main products. It had sales of 65 million euros in 2013.
2558:, a long-time anti-doping expert and the scientific director of the Banned Substances Control Group (BSCG) said "There's really no evidence that there's any performance enhancement from meldonium – Zero percent".
3566:
3505:
2785:
Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Vilskersts R, Makarova E, Kuka J, Liepinsh E (November 2016). "Pharmacological effects of meldonium: Biochemical mechanisms and biomarkers of cardiometabolic activity".
3642:
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4769:
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4724:
4540:"Mildronate (Meldonium) in professional sports – monitoring doping control urine samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography – high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry"
873:). The final effect is a decreased risk of mitochondrial injury from fatty acid oxidation and a reduction of the production of acylcarnitines, which has been implicated in the development of
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4129:Украинская легкоатлетка Анастасия Мохнюк попалась на допинге – Новости спорта – Семиборка принимала препарат милдронат по назначению врача и считает себя невиновной | СЕГОДНЯ
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In addition it was reported that five
Georgian wrestlers and a German wrestler had tested positive for the drug although no further names were released. On 25 March 2016 the
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5026:
956:) value of 62 micromolar, which other study authors have described as "potent." Meldonium is an example of an inhibitor that acts as a non-peptidyl substrate mimic.
5021:
4250:
3712:
4037:"Гимнаст, сменивший Украину на Россию, попался на употреблении мельдония – Новости спорта – Николай Куксенков был лидером сборной России по спортивной гимнастике"
5325:
3509:
2967:
Galland S, Le Borgne F, Guyonnet D, Clouet P, Demarquoy J (January 1998). "Purification and characterization of the rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
746:. Four enzymes are involved in the conversion of trimethyllysine and its intermediate forms into the final product of carnitine. The last of these 4 enzymes is
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973:
150:
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Tars K, Rumnieks J, Zeltins A, Kazaks A, Kotelovica S, Leonciks A, et al. (August 2010). "Crystal structure of human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
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846:) to produce a fatty acid-carnitine complex. This complex is then transported through the inner mitochondrial membrane via a transporter protein called
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Other athletes who are provisionally banned for using meldonium include UFC flyweight Liliya
Shakirova, Ethiopian-Swedish middle-distance runner
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confirmed that four wrestlers under their governance (two from Russia and two from other countries) had recorded positive tests for the drug.
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4062:Призер ЧМ румынская бегунья Лаврик сдала положительный допинг-тест на мельдоний | Легкая атлетика | Р-Спорт. Все главные новости спорта
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869:. This results in reduced transportation and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria (this burden is shifted more to
2372:
1052:(WBA) Heavyweight Champion—tested positive for meldonium. This was discovered just a week prior to his mandatory title match against
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biochemical studies suggest that meldonium binds to the substrate pocket of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase and acts as an alternative
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and non-hydroxylatable analogue of gamma-butyrobetaine; further studies have identified that meldonium is a substrate for
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complex which can then cross the external mitochondrial border. The co-A is then exchanged with carnitine (via the enzyme
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4192:"Three Olympic licenses were taken away from Ukraine – Olympic Games Rio 2016 – Our wrestlers were caught using doping"
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4194:[У Украины отобрали три олимпийские лицензии – ОИ Рио 2016 – Наши борцы попались на употреблении допинга].
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The main cardioprotective effects of meldonium are mediated by the inhibition of GBB. By subsequently inhibiting
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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
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4641:"Ivars Kalvins: A broad range of medicines based on natural compounds, spearheading a new generation of drugs"
972:
The chemical name of meldonium is 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydraziniumyl) propionate. It is a structural analogue of
3524:
738:). Carnitine is mainly absorbed from the diet, but can be formed through biosynthesis. To produce carnitine,
4840:"Banned Drug Sharapova Took Is Widely Used, Study Shows, Despite Little Evidence That It Boosts Performance"
4770:"Banned drug Sharapova took is widely used, study shows, despite little evidence that it boosts performance"
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3341:"Carnitine biosynthesis in hepatic peroxisomes. Demonstration of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity"
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594:. Nevertheless, many athletes have been suspended or disqualified officially in relation to this drug.
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and several generic manufacturers. It is primarily distributed in
Eastern European countries as an anti-
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2652:"Grindeks: We Believe that Meldonium Should not be Included in the List of Banned Substances in Sport"
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4287:"Canadian Wrestler Gets 4-Year Ban after Testing Positive for Popular Drug Used by Russian Athletes"
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In the mitochondria themselves, meldonium also competitively inhibits the carnitine shuttle protein
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4251:"EHF process against Russian Handball Federation due positive doping test of three junior players"
1060:. As a result, the match—scheduled to take place in Russia—was postponed indefinitely by the WBC.
567:
Latvia
Institute of Organic Synthesis, and now manufactured by the Latvian pharmaceutical company
5335:
4725:"Mildronāta radītājs Ivars Kalviņš: meldonija pielīdzināšana dopingam ir cilvēktiesību pārkāpums"
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of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential for fatty acid oxidation (known as
622:
132:
3117:
Leung IK, Krojer TJ, Kochan GT, Henry L, von Delft F, Claridge TD, et al. (December 2010).
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Meldonium and its various forms of packaging showing 250 mg capsules and the injection 10% 5 ml
758:
357:
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761:, fatty acid transport is reduced and the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of
3987:[Pavel Kulikov is the 30th positive to meldonium from the case of Maria Sharapova].
3932:
TASS: Sport – RUSADA decides against disqualification of seven athletes for taking meldonium
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Spaniol M, Brooks H, Auer L, Zimmermann A, Solioz M, Stieger B, Krähenbühl S (March 2001).
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Meldonium is a white crystalline powder, with a melting point of 87 °C (189 °F).
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4309:"UFC's Daniel Omielanczuk tests positive for meldonium, won't be provisionally suspended"
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3035:(August 2012). "γ-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyses a Stevens type rearrangement".
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of γ-butyrobetaine. γ-Butyrobetaine is a precursor in the biosynthesis of carnitine.
3910:"Yuliya Efimova Tells Russia "I'm Innocent" Despite Two Meldonium Positives in 2016"
2996:
5210:
4976:
4559:
4551:
4039:[The gymnast who replaced Ukraine with Russia was caught using meldonium].
3713:"Ethiopian Tokyo Marathon winner Negesse reportedly fails drugs test for Meldonium"
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instead on describing two approaches for the reliable identification of meldonium.
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No fault – but her results between 10 January 2016 and 3 February 2016 were voided
5142:
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4518:"Two Russian Sambo wrestlers test positive for banned meldonium drug – executive"
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3607:"Press release: Tennis Anti-Doping Programme statement regarding Maria Sharapova"
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To ensure a continuous guarantee of energy supply, the cell's energy-producing
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3732:"Second positive test in 12 months could see Katusha sidelined up to 45 days"
3075:"Development and characterization of an animal model of carnitine deficiency"
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3985:"Pavel Kulikov è la 30° positività al meldonium dal caso di Maria Sharapova"
3958:
3774:"Tyshchenko named as second Ukrainian biathlete to fail doping test in 2016"
3629:"Maria Sharapova banned for two years for failed drugs test but will appeal"
3628:
3606:
3592:
3393:"2016 Prohibited List, Summary of Major Modifications and Explanatory Notes"
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Doping suspensions of 14 athletes lifted as meldonium concerns grow | Sport
3546:"Maria Sharapova admits to failing drug test, will be provisionally banned"
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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
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European
Inventor Awards. Candidates in the Lifetime Achievement category
2537:
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559:, among others) is a limited-market pharmaceutical, developed in 1970 by
24:
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Banned for 2 years, backdated to 26 January 2016. Reduced to 15 months.
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
457:
280:
31:
4907:"The Original Users of Sharapova's Banned Drug? Soviet Super Soldiers"
4013:[Belarusian weightlifter Andrei Rybakov caught on meldonium].
3014:
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1997:
1968:
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20:
4818:"Experts say there's little evidence meldonium enhances performance"
4747:"Antidopinga eksperte: Mildronāts iekļauts aizliegto vielu sarakstā"
3197:(August 2011). "Inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases".
1098:
after players on the original roster tested positive for meldonium.
4945:
4335:"Carlow footballer first case of meldonium detected in Irish sport"
3119:"Structural and mechanistic studies on γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase"
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2549:
2545:
2502:
2498:
2459:
1546:
1358:
839:
572:
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337:
4700:[Meldonium inventor named two reasons for WADA decision].
4538:
Görgens C, Guddat S, Dib J, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M (2015).
3525:"WADA Opens a Door for Athletes Who Tested Positive for Meldonium"
1036:
after appeal. Earlier the same year (March 7), Russian ice dancer
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announced that she had also tested positive for meldonium at the
1012:
866:
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587:
4796:"Sharapova suspension: doping agency's unfair game of 'gotcha'?"
4174:
LFF nenustatė žaidėjų kaltės dėl antidopingo taisyklių pažeidimo
1011:
WADA classes the drug as a metabolic modulator, just as it does
862:
are produced as intermediate products of the carnitine shuttle.
4081:. ICI.Radio-Canada.ca (4 April 2016). Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
3844:"Why was Maria Sharapova taking meldonium? Her lawyer responds"
2738:"Mildronate: an antiischemic drug for neurological indications"
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854:) and transported back outside so the process can occur again.
850:. Once inside, carnitine is liberated (catalysed by the enzyme
739:
4131:. Sport.segodnya.ua (14 April 2016). Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
4093:. World Boxing News (11 April 2016). Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
3816:"Q&A: Meldonium, the drug in Russia's Olympic doping case"
3792:"Russia replaces entire junior hockey team after drug scandal"
3257:
2966:
2822:"Acylcarnitines: reflecting or inflicting insulin resistance?"
948:
Meldonium's inhibition of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase gives a
4091:
Euro champ Igor
Mikhalkin admits taking banned drug Meldonium
4011:"Белорусский тяжелоатлет Андрей Рыбаков попался на мельдонии"
3892:
2820:
Schooneman MG, Vaz FM, Houten SM, Soeters MR (January 2013).
2427:
471:
348:
373:
110:
4356:"Ray Walker doping case raises more questions than answers"
3643:"Top Russian ice dancer Bobrova fails doping test – report"
3459:"Meldonium use by athletes at the Baku 2015 European Games"
3072:
3030:
564:
328:
4884:"AS "Grindeks" ir vadošais zāļu ražotājs Baltijas valstīs"
4117:
Eva
Tofalvi des Dopings mit Meldonium überführt | Biathlon
2819:
4883:
4449:"CrossFit Athletes Serving Sanctions for Drug Violations"
3192:
3157:
2567:
4698:"Изобретатель мельдония назвал две причины решения WADA"
4176:. Futbolas.lt (19 April 2016). Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
2711:"All About Meldonium, the Banned Drug Used by Sharapova"
726:
oxidise considerable amounts of fat along with glucose.
533:
InChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c1-8(2,3)7-5-4-6(9)10/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3
4474:"Seis luchadores georgianos dan positivo por Meldonium"
4104:"Dopingtatte Ruth Kasirye dømt til to års utestengelse"
3753:"Ukrainian biathlete Abramova suspended in doping case"
2871:"Misuse of the metabolic modulator meldonium in sports"
2735:
1023:
On 7 March 2016, former world number one tennis player
3593:"Maria Sharapova failed drugs test at Australian Open"
3116:
4537:
4533:
4531:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3934:. Tass.ru (19 April 2016). Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
909:. Although initial reports suggested meldonium is a
893:
The mechanism of action of meldonium is to act as a
4396:"Айбол Абикен узнал срок дисквалификации за допинг"
4223:"Varvara Lepchenko Is Cleared in Meldonium Inquiry"
3959:"Хванаха с допинг най-добрата ни спортистка !"
3674:"Wilder-Povetkin called off after failed drug test"
3160:
3112:
3110:
1395:
Two out of competition tests – 15 & 24 February
4528:
4074:
4072:
4070:
3802:
2505:", the lack of blood flow to an area of the body.
218:2-(2-Carboxylato-ethyl)-1,1,1-trimethylhydrazinium
5267:
4496:"A German wrestler tests positive for meldonium"
3937:
3486:. World Anti-Doping Agency. January 2016. S4:5.3
3293:
3107:
1823:Out of contest routine testing – 25 January 2016
268:
4664:
4662:
4422:"Steeplechase medalist suspended for meldonium"
4067:
3609:. International Tennis Federation. 7 March 2016
3068:
3066:
3026:
3024:
2464:2023 NOBULL CrossFit Games, on August 3rd 2023
2310:4-year ban; Mixed Doubles bronze medal stripped
243:
235:
5326:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
4376:"Ukraine's Senkevych suspended for four years"
4322:Крушельницкий дисквалифицирован на четыре года
3893:FINA Communication Department (15 July 2016).
3398:. World Anti-Doping Agency. 16 September 2015.
3338:
2868:
2508:The drug was invented in the mid-1970s at the
1092:Russia men's national under-18 ice hockey team
632:Please review the contents of the section and
34:occasionally referred to as a "melodeum", see
4961:
4353:
2729:
1213:2016 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships
4904:
4659:
4169:
4167:
4152:
3945:"Два российских борца попались на мельдонии"
3729:
3710:
3339:Paul HS, Sekas G, Adibi SA (February 1992).
3294:Fraenkel G, Friedman S (1957). "Carnitine".
3193:Rose NR, McDonough MA, King ON, Kawamura A,
3186:
3063:
3037:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
3021:
770:, under conditions where oxygen is limited.
4245:
4243:
4079:Quatre judokas russes positifs au meldonium
3813:
3567:"Sharapova drug scandal: what is Meldonium"
3332:
1915:Provisional suspension lifted after 75 days
730:transports long-chain fatty acids from the
4968:
4954:
4589:"Meldonium Ban Hits Russian Athletes Hard"
4220:
4186:
4184:
4182:
3907:
2960:
2917:
2736:Sjakste N, Gutcaits A, Kalvinsh I (2004).
2675:
2673:
1246:2016 European Figure Skating Championships
1042:2016 European Figure Skating Championships
410:
387:
288:
118:
109:
5286:Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system
4563:
4476:(in Spanish). El Dia.es. 15 February 2015
4164:
4161:. The Guardian. Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
3356:
3134:
3090:
2943:
2894:
2845:
2761:
2373:2019 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
1032:(ITF), which was reduced to 15 months by
578:Since 1 January 2016, it has been on the
316:
308:
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
4934:. Grindeks. 9 March 2016. Archived from
4722:
4240:
3768:
3766:
3747:
3745:
3706:
3704:
3685:
3683:
3599:
3561:
3559:
3508:. Antidoping Switzerland. Archived from
3410:"WADA updates list of banned substances"
3003:
2654:. Grindeks. 9 March 2016. Archived from
2566:Meldonium, which is not approved by the
1102:athletes with positive samples include:
963:
884:
772:
713:
4586:
4273:"Max Holt Tests Positive For Meldonium"
4179:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3841:
3540:
3538:
3522:
3382:. ChemSpider. Retrieved on 28 May 2016.
2670:
2532:reported that anesthesiology professor
383:
5268:
4767:
4119:. Sport1.de. Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
4064:. Rsport.ru. Retrieved on 13 May 2016.
3671:
990:
401:
4949:
4858:"Branches and Representative Offices"
4608:
4402:(in Russian). Sports KZ. 22 June 2022
4332:
4096:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3763:
3742:
3723:
3701:
3680:
3556:
3506:"S4 Hormone and metabolic modulators"
3418:. Associated Press. 30 September 2015
2487:A December 2015 study in the journal
950:half maximal inhibitory concentration
801:: carnitine palmitoyltransferase II,
356:
189:
4975:
4793:
4253:. Handball-Planet. 13 September 2017
3920:
3535:
2918:Vaz FM, Wanders RJ (February 2002).
1674:2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships
1018:
797:: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I,
601:
497:>40 mg/mL mg/mL (20 °C)
162:
42:
3231:
2969:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
2920:"Carnitine biosynthesis in mammals"
2875:Journal of Sport and Health Science
2869:Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C (March 2017).
848:carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
336:
259:
13:
4668:
4221:Rothenberg B (20 September 2016).
4142:"UFC Statement on Islam Makhachev"
3895:"Statement on Yulia Efimova (RUS)"
3856:
3814:Ellingworth J (19 February 2018).
3691:"Preparatet som kan fälla Aregawi"
3358:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16589.x
2754:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00267.x
2687:. 14 November 2013. Archived from
2574:, is registered and prescribed in
2561:
2477:Fédération Internationale de Sambo
145:THP, MET-8 Mildronāts or Quaterine
14:
5347:
4749:(in Latvian). Diena. 8 March 2016
4671:"The Quirky History of Meldonium"
4275:. flovolleyball.tv. 14 July 2016.
1096:2016 IIHF World U18 Championships
1067:, Ethiopian long-distance runner
852:carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
3730:Rogers, Neal (6 February 2016).
3345:European Journal of Biochemistry
3092:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02065.x
3079:European Journal of Biochemistry
3031:Henry L, Leung IK, Claridge TD,
2717:. Associated Press. 8 March 2016
2447:
2420:
2390:
2355:
2323:
2288:
2258:
2228:
2199:
2170:
2141:
2110:
2079:
2049:
2019:
1990:
1961:
1928:
1897:
1868:
1839:
1808:
1777:
1748:
1719:
1690:
1658:
1629:
1600:
1570:
1539:
1506:
1477:
1444:
1411:
1380:
1351:
1322:
1293:
1263:
1230:
1197:
1167:
1134:
844:carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
821:: inner mitochondrial membrane,
813:: outer mitochondrial membrane,
698:
606:
441:
435:
47:
5245:List of stripped Olympic medals
4924:
4898:
4876:
4850:
4832:
4810:
4787:
4761:
4739:
4716:
4690:
4633:
4580:
4510:
4498:. nzherald.co.nz. 17 March 2016
4488:
4466:
4446:
4440:
4414:
4388:
4368:
4347:
4326:
4315:
4311:. mmafighting.com. 1 July 2016.
4301:
4279:
4265:
4214:
4134:
4122:
4110:
4084:
4055:
4029:
4003:
3977:
3951:
3901:
3886:
3835:
3784:
3697:(in Swedish). 29 February 2016.
3665:
3635:
3621:
3585:
3516:
3498:
3473:
3451:
3430:
3402:
3385:
3373:
3287:
3251:
3225:
3151:
2514:Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences
1088:Ice Hockey Federation of Russia
1030:International Tennis Federation
933:(akin to the action of histone
915:gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase
880:
777:The carnitine shuttle system. (
748:gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase
709:
538:Key:PVBQYTCFVWZSJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
5255:Doping at the Paralympic Games
4381:International Canoe Federation
3649:. 7 March 2016. Archived from
3438:"WADA 2015 Monitoring Program"
3136:10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.09.016
2911:
2862:
2813:
2778:
2703:
2644:
2510:Institute of Organic Synthesis
1912:Out of contest routine testing
1094:with an under-17 team for the
1034:Court of Arbitration for Sport
895:fatty acid oxidation inhibitor
634:add the appropriate references
447:
429:
1:
5311:Quaternary ammonium compounds
4905:Niiler, Eric (9 March 2016).
3711:Butler, Nick (2 March 2016).
3308:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60508-7
2637:
2630:Meldonium is manufactured by
1587:Suspension temporarily lifted
1557:Suspension temporarily lifted
1349:
917:. X-ray crystallographic and
64:secondary or tertiary sources
4198:(in Russian). Archived from
3908:Craig Lord (21 March 2016).
3273:10.1016/0006-2952(88)90717-4
2625:
1826:Suspended until 21 July 2018
1056:(WBC) Heavyweight Champion,
959:
7:
5250:Doping at the Olympic Games
4723:Kristīna H (8 March 2016).
3842:Cambers S (10 March 2016).
3523:Reevell P (13 April 2016).
1075:, and Ukrainian biathletes
1000:Meldonium was added to the
943:Steven's type rearrangement
907:γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase
742:residues are methylated to
619:reliable medical references
597:
10:
5354:
4860:. Grindeks. Archived from
4587:Reevell P (9 March 2016).
4354:O'Riordan I (1 May 2020).
4289:. vice.com. 30 August 2016
4017:(in Russian). 1 April 2016
3991:(in Italian). 1 April 2016
3172:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.121
3049:10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.024
2887:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.06.008
2799:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.019
2522:Russian Anti-Doping Agency
2482:
750:(GBB), which hydroxylates
582:(WADA) list of substances
419:Chemical and physical data
29:
18:
5291:Drugs in the Soviet Union
5224:
5163:
5094:
5063:
4983:
4544:Drug Testing and Analysis
4333:Barry S (30 April 2020).
2490:Drug Testing and Analysis
2136:Antonina Skorobogatchenko
1179:Short track speed skating
995:
763:fatty acid beta-oxidation
625:or relies too heavily on
521:
501:
491:
469:
456:
423:
418:
399:
367:
347:
327:
299:
279:
254:
226:
206:
201:
179:
174:
149:
141:
131:
126:
117:
108:
71:primary research articles
4647:. European Patent Office
3672:Rafael D (16 May 2016).
3261:Biochemical Pharmacology
3199:Chemical Society Reviews
2787:Pharmacological Research
2685:World Anti-Doping Agency
1050:World Boxing Association
1006:Baku 2015 European Games
1002:World Anti-Doping Agency
580:World Anti-Doping Agency
56:This scientific article
30:For the similarly named
19:Not to be confused with
5301:Ischemic heart diseases
3461:. bmj.com. 8 March 2016
3447:. WADA. 1 January 2016.
3296:Vitamins & Hormones
3123:Chemistry & Biology
2981:10.1023/A:1006849713407
2924:The Biochemical Journal
2283:Alexander Krushelnitsky
2096:Provisionally suspended
2066:Provisionally suspended
2036:Provisionally suspended
825:: mitochondrial matrix)
817:: Intermembrane space,
4886:(in Latvian). Grindeks
969:
968:Structure of meldonium
903:carnitine biosynthesis
890:
826:
805:: acyl-CoA sintetase,
759:carnitine biosynthesis
719:
137:Mildronate, Mildronāts
3512:on 25 September 2014.
3380:Meldonium | C6H14N2O2
1789:Boxing (professional)
967:
927:competitive inhibitor
888:
776:
717:
5046:2022 Winter Olympics
5034:2020 Summer Olympics
5022:2018 Winter Olympics
5008:2016 Summer Olympics
4996:2014 Winter Olympics
4991:2012 Summer Olympics
4704:(in Russian). Russia
4148:. 14 September 2018.
3821:The Associated Press
3595:. BBC. 8 March 2016.
2542:Rochester, Minnesota
2306:2018 Winter Olympics
1150:2016 Australian Open
1054:World Boxing Council
4727:(in Latvian). Delfi
4428:. 12 September 2022
4043:. Sport.segodnya.ua
3780:. 27 February 2016.
3759:. 10 February 2016.
3631:. BBC. 8 June 2016.
2350:Oleksandr Senkevych
2014:Andrii Kviatkovskyi
1956:Armantas Vitkauskas
1863:Anastasiya Mokhnyuk
1743:Natalia Kondratieva
1653:Elena Mirela Lavric
1641:Artistic gymnastics
1406:Nadezhda Kotlyarova
1048:—a former two-time
991:Society and culture
718:Carnitine synthesis
493:Solubility in water
105:
5306:Latvian inventions
5201:Grigory Rodchenkov
5076:WADA investigation
4984:Russia at Olympics
4616:"Scientific Board"
4594:The New York Times
4550:(11–12): 973–979.
4453:games.crossfit.com
4227:The New York Times
3529:The New York Times
3211:10.1039/c0cs00203h
2497:The manufacturer,
2443:Svetlana Veselova
2253:Daniel Omielańczuk
1501:Anastasia Chulkova
1071:, Russian cyclist
1046:Alexander Povetkin
980:replacing the C-4
970:
925:, and therefore a
899:inhibiting enzymes
891:
875:insulin resistance
860:palmitoylcarnitine
827:
720:
101:
5316:Soviet inventions
5263:
5262:
5155:Ministry of Sport
5086:Oswald Commission
4938:on 12 March 2016.
4196:Sport.segodnya.ua
3481:"Prohibited List"
3129:(12): 1316–1324.
3043:(15): 4975–4978.
2936:10.1042/bj3610417
2930:(Pt 3): 417–429.
2838:10.2337/db12-0466
2793:(Pt B): 771–780.
2681:"Prohibited List"
2473:
2472:
2104:Varvara Lepchenko
1923:Davit Chakvetadze
1624:Nikolai Kuksenkov
1225:Ekaterina Bobrova
1192:Pavel Kulizhnikov
1162:Semion Elistratov
1038:Ekaterina Bobrova
1019:Affected athletes
789:: acylcarnitine,
707:
706:
683:
546:
545:
482:Interactive image
369:CompTox Dashboard
194: Unscheduled
193:
99:
98:
91:
58:needs additional
16:Chemical compound
5343:
5331:Doping in Russia
5225:Related articles
5211:Yuliya Stepanova
4977:Doping in Russia
4970:
4963:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4864:on 10 March 2016
4854:
4848:
4847:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4556:10.1002/dta.1788
4535:
4526:
4525:
4524:. 25 March 2016.
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4384:. 8 August 2020.
4372:
4366:
4365:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4330:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4188:
4177:
4171:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3947:. 21 March 2016.
3941:
3935:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3865:
3854:
3853:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3798:. 13 April 2016.
3788:
3782:
3781:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3205:(8): 4364–4397.
3190:
3184:
3183:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3085:(6): 1876–1887.
3070:
3061:
3060:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2975:(1–2): 163–168.
2964:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2742:CNS Drug Reviews
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2658:on 12 March 2016
2648:
2467:4-year sanction
2453:
2451:
2450:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2415:Ahmed Abdelwahed
2396:
2394:
2393:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2223:Tamerlan Tagziev
2205:
2203:
2202:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2025:
2023:
2022:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1534:Gabriela Petrova
1512:
1510:
1509:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1346:Endeshaw Negesse
1328:
1326:
1325:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1288:Artem Tyshchenko
1269:
1267:
1266:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1105:
1104:
1081:Artem Tyshchenko
1069:Endeshaw Negesse
905:pathway such as
897:, presumably by
754:into carnitine.
702:
701:
693:
690:
684:
682:
641:
610:
609:
602:
484:
464:
449:
443:
437:
431:
414:
403:
392:
391:
377:
375:
360:
340:
320:
315:dihydrate:
312:
292:
272:
262:
261:
247:
242:dihydrate:
239:
191:
188:
166:
122:
113:
106:
104:
100:
94:
87:
83:
80:
74:
51:
50:
43:
36:Melodeon (organ)
5353:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5281:Doping in sport
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5220:
5181:Richard McLaren
5164:Involved people
5159:
5143:World Athletics
5090:
5059:
4979:
4974:
4944:
4943:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4667:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4585:
4581:
4536:
4529:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4447:LLC, CrossFit.
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4361:The Irish Times
4352:
4348:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4180:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4106:. 12 June 2017.
4102:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3965:. 27 March 2016
3957:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3930:
3921:
3906:
3902:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3869:"ISU Statement"
3867:
3866:
3857:
3849:theguardian.com
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3812:
3803:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3736:cyclingtips.com
3728:
3724:
3709:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3653:on 7 March 2016
3641:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3552:. 7 March 2016.
3544:
3543:
3536:
3521:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3337:
3333:
3318:
3292:
3288:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3230:
3226:
3191:
3187:
3156:
3152:
3115:
3108:
3071:
3064:
3029:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2965:
2961:
2916:
2912:
2867:
2863:
2818:
2814:
2783:
2779:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2691:on 12 July 2017
2679:
2678:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2628:
2564:
2562:Approval status
2485:
2448:
2446:
2421:
2419:
2391:
2389:
2356:
2354:
2336:Gaelic football
2324:
2322:
2289:
2287:
2259:
2257:
2229:
2227:
2200:
2198:
2171:
2169:
2142:
2140:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2078:
2050:
2048:
2020:
2018:
1991:
1989:
1985:Martynas Dapkus
1962:
1960:
1929:
1927:
1898:
1896:
1892:Islam Makhachev
1869:
1867:
1840:
1838:
1809:
1807:
1778:
1776:
1749:
1747:
1720:
1718:
1714:Mikhail Pulyaev
1691:
1689:
1659:
1657:
1630:
1628:
1601:
1599:
1571:
1569:
1554:6 February 2016
1540:
1538:
1507:
1505:
1478:
1476:
1445:
1443:
1412:
1410:
1381:
1379:
1375:Yuliya Yefimova
1352:
1350:
1323:
1321:
1294:
1292:
1264:
1262:
1231:
1229:
1198:
1196:
1168:
1166:
1135:
1133:
1129:Maria Sharapova
1073:Eduard Vorganov
1025:Maria Sharapova
1021:
998:
993:
974:γ-butyrobetaine
962:
955:
911:non-competitive
883:
809:: translocase,
744:trimethyllysine
712:
703:
699:
694:
688:
685:
642:
631:
627:primary sources
611:
607:
600:
592:Maria Sharapova
542:
539:
534:
529:
528:
517:
514:
513:C(C)(C)NCCC(=O)
509:
508:
487:
462:
452:
446:
440:
434:
395:
371:
363:
343:
323:
295:
275:
258:
250:
222:
219:
214:
213:
197:
170:
95:
84:
78:
75:
68:
52:
48:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5351:
5350:
5339:
5338:
5336:Drugs in sport
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5081:McLaren Report
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5064:Investigations
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4923:
4897:
4875:
4849:
4831:
4809:
4786:
4760:
4738:
4715:
4689:
4658:
4632:
4607:
4579:
4527:
4509:
4487:
4465:
4439:
4413:
4387:
4367:
4346:
4340:Irish Examiner
4325:
4314:
4300:
4278:
4264:
4239:
4213:
4202:on 13 May 2016
4178:
4163:
4151:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4095:
4083:
4066:
4054:
4028:
4002:
3976:
3950:
3936:
3919:
3900:
3885:
3855:
3834:
3801:
3783:
3778:insidethegames
3762:
3757:insidethegames
3741:
3722:
3717:insidethegames
3700:
3695:Dagens Nyheter
3679:
3664:
3634:
3620:
3598:
3584:
3573:. 7 March 2016
3555:
3534:
3515:
3497:
3472:
3450:
3429:
3401:
3384:
3372:
3351:(3): 599–605.
3331:
3316:
3286:
3267:(2): 195–202.
3250:
3224:
3185:
3166:(4): 634–639.
3150:
3106:
3062:
3020:
3002:
2959:
2910:
2861:
2812:
2777:
2748:(2): 151–168.
2728:
2715:New York Times
2702:
2669:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2627:
2624:
2563:
2560:
2534:Michael Joyner
2524:in late 2015.
2484:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1774:
1772:Igor Mikhalkin
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1597:
1595:Andrei Rybakou
1591:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1441:
1439:Sergei Semenov
1435:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1242:Figure skating
1240:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1058:Deontay Wilder
1020:
1017:
997:
994:
992:
989:
961:
958:
953:
882:
879:
856:Acylcarnitines
840:fatty acid-coA
832:esterification
793:: coenzyme A,
736:beta oxidation
711:
708:
705:
704:
697:
695:
614:
612:
605:
599:
596:
544:
543:
541:
540:
537:
535:
532:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
516:
515:
512:
504:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
486:
485:
477:
475:
467:
466:
460:
454:
453:
450:
444:
438:
432:
427:
421:
420:
416:
415:
405:
397:
396:
394:
393:
385:DTXSID10997497
380:
378:
365:
364:
362:
361:
353:
351:
345:
344:
342:
341:
333:
331:
325:
324:
322:
321:
313:
305:
303:
297:
296:
294:
293:
285:
283:
277:
276:
274:
273:
265:
263:
252:
251:
249:
248:
240:
232:
230:
224:
223:
221:
220:
217:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
196:
195:
185:
183:
177:
176:
172:
171:
169:
168:
155:
153:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
124:
123:
115:
114:
97:
96:
55:
53:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5349:
5348:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:Organisations
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Garcia Report
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4885:
4879:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4819:
4813:
4797:
4790:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4748:
4742:
4726:
4719:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4532:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4497:
4491:
4475:
4469:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4304:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4268:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4016:
4012:
4006:
3990:
3989:Neveitalia.it
3986:
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3946:
3940:
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3928:
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3924:
3915:
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3874:
3870:
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3851:
3850:
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3838:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3647:The Big Story
3644:
3638:
3630:
3624:
3608:
3602:
3594:
3588:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3482:
3476:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3317:9780127098159
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
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2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:United States
2569:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:Ivars Kalviņš
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
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2207:United States
2197:
2195:
2192:
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2179:
2168:
2166:
2165:Mariia Dudina
2163:
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2150:
2139:
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2118:United States
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2075:
2074:Oksana Herhel
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2044:Alen Zasyeyev
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
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1825:
1822:
1820:Weightlifting
1819:
1817:
1806:
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1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:12 March 2016
1791:
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1685:Denis Yartsev
1683:
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1616:
1614:
1612:Weightlifting
1611:
1609:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1566:
1565:Pavel Kulikov
1563:
1562:
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1556:
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1550:
1548:
1537:
1535:
1532:
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1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
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1488:
1486:
1475:
1473:
1472:Evgeny Saleev
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1442:
1440:
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1436:
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1340:
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1333:
1331:
1320:
1318:
1317:Abeba Aregawi
1315:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1258:Olga Abramova
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:Speed skating
1208:
1206:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1181:
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1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:replaced the
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:Olga Abramova
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Abeba Aregawi
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
988:
985:
983:
979:
975:
966:
957:
951:
946:
944:
940:
939:dimethylamine
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
887:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:to produce a
837:
833:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:: carnitine,
784:
780:
775:
771:
769:
764:
760:
755:
753:
752:butyrobetaine
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
716:
696:
692:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650: –
649:
645:
644:Find sources:
639:
635:
629:
628:
624:
620:
615:This section
613:
604:
603:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:Ivars Kalviņš
558:
555:; trade name
554:
550:
536:
531:
530:
527:
520:
511:
510:
507:
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461:
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455:
428:
426:
422:
417:
413:
409:
406:
404:
402:ECHA InfoCard
398:
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382:
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182:
178:
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165:
160:
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156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
127:Clinical data
125:
121:
116:
112:
107:
93:
90:
82:
72:
66:
65:
61:
54:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
5276:Antianginals
5237:
5231:
5216:James Walden
5206:Hajo Seppelt
5191:Denis Oswald
5186:Vitaly Mutko
5050:
5012:
4936:the original
4932:"Mildronate"
4926:
4914:. Retrieved
4910:
4900:
4888:. Retrieved
4878:
4866:. Retrieved
4862:the original
4852:
4843:
4834:
4822:. Retrieved
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4773:
4768:Rita Rubin.
4763:
4751:. Retrieved
4741:
4729:. Retrieved
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4674:
4649:. Retrieved
4644:
4635:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4592:
4582:
4547:
4543:
4521:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:
4442:
4432:13 September
4430:. Retrieved
4425:
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4399:
4390:
4379:
4370:
4359:
4349:
4338:
4328:
4317:
4303:
4291:. Retrieved
4281:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4230:. Retrieved
4226:
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4200:the original
4195:
4154:
4145:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4098:
4086:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4040:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4014:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3988:
3979:
3967:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3939:
3913:
3903:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3872:
3847:
3837:
3825:. Retrieved
3819:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3756:
3735:
3725:
3716:
3694:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:the original
3646:
3637:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3601:
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3570:
3549:
3528:
3518:
3510:the original
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3453:
3445:wada-ama.org
3444:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3387:
3375:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3237:
3234:"Mildronate"
3227:
3202:
3198:
3195:Schofield CJ
3188:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3126:
3122:
3082:
3078:
3040:
3036:
3033:Schofield CJ
3005:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2881:(1): 49–51.
2878:
2874:
2864:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2714:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:the original
2684:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:the original
2646:
2629:
2565:
2554:
2527:
2526:
2507:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2474:
2385:Aybol Abiken
2368:Canoe sprint
2194:Maxwell Holt
1803:Ruth Kasirye
1120:Consequences
1100:
1085:
1062:
1022:
1010:
999:
986:
971:
947:
935:demethylases
931:formaldehyde
918:
892:
881:Pharmacology
864:
828:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:: acyl-CoA,
778:
756:
724:mitochondria
721:
710:Biochemistry
686:
676:
669:
662:
655:
643:
623:verification
616:
586:from use by
577:
575:medication.
556:
548:
547:
358:CHEBI:131843
181:Legal status
175:Legal status
85:
76:
57:
40:
5321:Zwitterions
5240:(2017 film)
5176:Bryan Fogel
5171:Thomas Bach
5052:Paralympics
5039:Paralympics
5027:Paralympics
5014:Paralympics
5001:Paralympics
4820:. USA Today
4293:18 November
4257:18 November
3963:Topsport.bg
3827:19 February
3676:. ESPN.com.
2538:Mayo Clinic
1945:Cleared by
1834:Éva Tófalvi
1523:Cleared by
1461:Cleared by
1428:Cleared by
978:amino group
871:peroxisomes
689:August 2024
648:"Meldonium"
617:needs more
465: g·mol
408:100.110.108
202:Identifiers
142:Other names
133:Trade names
25:minodronate
5296:Hydrazines
5270:Categories
5196:Dick Pound
4794:Ford Vox.
4669:Niiler E.
4458:2 November
4400:sports.kz/
3914:SwimVortex
3302:: 73–118.
2832:(1): 1–8.
2638:References
2620:Kyrgyzstan
2604:Uzbekistan
2596:Azerbaijan
2592:Kazakhstan
2556:Don Catlin
2407:3-year ban
2398:Kazakhstan
2377:4-year ban
2342:4-year ban
2318:Ray Walker
2245:4-year ban
2211:Volleyball
1795:2-year ban
976:, with an
836:coenzyme A
768:glycolysis
659:newspapers
557:Mildronate
470:3D model (
458:Molar mass
318:22DC15W645
310:73H7UDN6EC
281:ChemSpider
245:86426-17-7
237:76144-81-5
228:CAS Number
211:IUPAC name
79:March 2020
32:reed organ
5232:Meldonium
3852:. London.
3693:. Sport.
3571:NewsComAu
3415:USA Today
3232:Pubchem.
2626:Economics
2612:Lithuania
2536:, at the
2432:Athletics
2240:Wrestling
2091:Wrestling
2061:Wrestling
2031:Wrestling
1998:Lithuania
1969:Lithuania
1940:Wrestling
1880:Athletics
1670:Athletics
1551:Athletics
1489:Wrestling
1456:Wrestling
1423:Athletics
1363:Athletics
1334:Athletics
982:methylene
960:Chemistry
923:substrate
787:Red+green
728:Carnitine
549:Meldonium
103:Meldonium
60:citations
21:medronate
4802:14 March
4753:10 March
4731:10 March
4702:vesti.ru
4574:25847280
4502:20 March
4480:20 March
4426:ESPN.com
4232:27 April
4015:Sport.ru
3878:2 August
3613:15 March
3490:11 March
3326:13530702
3219:21390379
3180:20599753
3145:21168767
3101:11248709
3057:22765904
2997:23339575
2954:11802770
2905:30356593
2856:23258903
2826:Diabetes
2807:26850121
2772:16007237
2632:Grindeks
2550:creatine
2546:caffeine
2503:ischemia
2499:Grindeks
2460:CrossFit
2402:Football
2275:No fault
2182:Handball
2153:Handball
2128:No fault
2002:Football
1973:Football
1851:Biathlon
1582:Skeleton
1547:Bulgaria
1398:No fault
1392:Swimming
1359:Ethiopia
1305:Biathlon
1275:Biathlon
1250:No fault
1217:No fault
1184:No fault
919:in vitro
598:Research
588:athletes
573:ischemia
569:Grindeks
151:ATC code
4916:9 March
4890:9 March
4868:9 March
4824:8 April
4779:9 March
4708:9 March
4682:9 March
4651:9 March
4625:9 March
4600:9 March
4565:5066279
4406:22 June
4146:UFC.com
4041:СЕГОДНЯ
3969:1 April
3657:7 March
3577:9 March
3465:8 March
3422:7 March
3367:1735445
3281:3342076
3243:9 March
3238:nih.gov
3018:
2989:9546596
2945:1222323
2896:6188923
2847:3526046
2763:6741751
2721:8 March
2695:9 March
2662:9 March
2616:Albania
2608:Moldova
2600:Belarus
2588:Georgia
2584:Ukraine
2570:in the
2512:of the
2483:Debates
2363:Ukraine
2331:Ireland
2301:Curling
2087:Ukraine
2057:Ukraine
2027:Ukraine
1876:Ukraine
1847:Romania
1666:Romania
1608:Belarus
1518:Cycling
1301:Ukraine
1271:Ukraine
1111:Country
1013:insulin
901:in the
867:SLC22A5
732:cytosol
673:scholar
638:removed
563:at the
463:146.190
425:Formula
256:PubChem
167:)
161: (
159:C01EB22
5238:Icarus
5126:RUSADA
4844:Forbes
4774:Forbes
4620:osi.lv
4572:
4562:
4206:13 May
4047:13 May
4021:13 May
3995:13 May
3796:Yahoo!
3365:
3324:
3314:
3279:
3217:
3178:
3143:
3099:
3055:
2995:
2987:
2952:
2942:
2903:
2893:
2854:
2844:
2805:
2770:
2760:
2618:, and
2580:Russia
2576:Latvia
2529:Forbes
2455:Russia
2452:
2425:
2395:
2360:
2328:
2296:Russia
2293:
2266:Poland
2263:
2236:Canada
2233:
2204:
2178:Russia
2175:
2149:Russia
2146:
2123:Tennis
2115:
2084:
2054:
2024:
1995:
1966:
1947:RUSADA
1936:Russia
1933:
1905:Russia
1902:
1873:
1844:
1816:Norway
1813:
1785:Russia
1782:
1756:Russia
1753:
1727:Russia
1724:
1698:Russia
1695:
1663:
1637:Russia
1634:
1605:
1578:Russia
1575:
1544:
1525:RUSADA
1514:Russia
1511:
1485:Russia
1482:
1463:RUSADA
1452:Russia
1449:
1430:RUSADA
1419:Russia
1416:
1388:Russia
1385:
1356:
1330:Sweden
1327:
1298:
1268:
1238:Russia
1235:
1205:Russia
1202:
1175:Russia
1172:
1146:Tennis
1142:Russia
1139:
996:Doping
740:lysine
675:
668:
661:
654:
646:
584:banned
506:SMILES
338:D10504
290:110405
270:123868
4911:Wired
4798:. CNN
4676:Wired
3484:(PDF)
3441:(PDF)
3396:(PDF)
2993:S2CID
2428:Italy
1123:Ref.
1117:Where
1114:Sport
858:like
834:with
799:CPTII
791:CoASH
783:Green
680:JSTOR
666:books
526:InChI
472:JSmol
349:ChEBI
5131:WADA
4918:2016
4892:2016
4870:2016
4826:2016
4804:2016
4781:2016
4755:2016
4733:2016
4710:2016
4684:2016
4653:2016
4627:2016
4602:2016
4570:PMID
4522:TASS
4504:2016
4482:2016
4460:2023
4434:2022
4408:2022
4295:2017
4259:2017
4234:2017
4208:2016
4049:2016
4023:2016
3997:2016
3971:2016
3880:2016
3829:2018
3659:2016
3615:2016
3579:2016
3492:2016
3467:2016
3424:2016
3363:PMID
3322:PMID
3312:ISBN
3277:PMID
3245:2016
3215:PMID
3176:PMID
3141:PMID
3097:PMID
3053:PMID
3015:3O2G
2985:PMID
2950:PMID
2901:PMID
2852:PMID
2803:PMID
2768:PMID
2723:2016
2697:2016
2664:2016
1760:Judo
1731:Judo
1702:Judo
1108:Name
1086:The
1079:and
795:CPTI
652:news
621:for
565:USSR
329:KEGG
301:UNII
5150:FSB
5138:RAF
5119:IPC
5114:RPC
5107:IOC
5102:ROC
4560:PMC
4552:doi
3873:ISU
3550:CNN
3353:doi
3349:203
3304:doi
3269:doi
3207:doi
3168:doi
3164:398
3131:doi
3087:doi
3083:268
3045:doi
3011:PDB
2977:doi
2973:178
2940:PMC
2932:doi
2928:361
2891:PMC
2883:doi
2842:PMC
2834:doi
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