38:
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treatment for melancholic depression is antidepressant medication, and psychotherapy is added later on as support if at all. The scientific support for medication as the best treatment is that patients with melancholic depression are less likely to improve with placebos, unlike other depression patients. This indicates the improvements observed after medication actually come from the biological basis of the condition and the treatment. There are several types of antidepressants that can be prescribed including
1203:(ECT) was previously believed to be an effective treatment for melancholic depression. ECT has been more commonly used for patients with melancholic depression due to the severity. In 2010, a study found that 60% of depression patients treated with ECT had melancholic symptoms. However, studies since the 2000s have failed to demonstrate positive treatment results from ECT, although studies also indicate a more positive response to ECT in melancholic patients than other depressed patients.
552:
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to modern biomedical explanations for mood disorders). In
Victorian Britain, the notion of melancholia as a disease evolved as it became increasingly classifiable and diagnosable with a set list of symptoms that contributed to a biomedical model for the understanding mental disease. However, in the 20th century, the focus again shifted, and the term became used essentially as a synonym for depression. Indeed, modern concepts of depression as a
488:
Philostratus, when
Apollonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, "That he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier than before, a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout." Ismenias the Theban, Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by music alone: as now they do those, saith Bodine, that are troubled with St. Vitus's Bedlam dance.
4324:
4318:
766:', which he thought could help explain the more frequent occurrence of depression among elderly people. He surmised that in the elderly "the processes of involution in the body are suited to engender mournful or anxious moodiness", though by 1913 he had returned to his earlier view (first expounded in 1899) that age-related depression could be understood in terms of
1157:
Melancholic depression is often considered to be a biologically based and particularly severe form of depression. Therefore, the treatments for this specifier of depression are more biomedical and less psychosocial (which would include talk therapy and social support). The general initial or "ideal"
487:
But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise of divine music, I will confine myself to my proper subject: besides that excellent power it hath to expel many other diseases, it is a sovereign remedy against despair and melancholy, and will drive away the devil himself. Canus, a
Rhodian fiddler, in
642:
In the visual arts, this fashionable intellectual melancholy occurs frequently in portraiture of the era, with sitters posed in the form of "the lover, with his crossed arms and floppy hat over his eyes, and the scholar, sitting with his head resting on his hand" – descriptions drawn
174:
was a common medical diagnosis. In this period, the focus was on the abnormal beliefs associated with the disorder, rather than depression and affective symptoms. In the 19th century, melancholia was considered to be rooted in subjective 'passions' that seemingly caused disordered mood (in contrast
390:
noted that "at the close of the Middle Ages, a sombre melancholy weighs on people's souls." In chronicles, poems, sermons, even in legal documents, an immense sadness, a note of despair and a fashionable sense of suffering and deliquescence at the approaching end of times, suffuses court poets and
3017:
McGrath, Patrick; Ashan Khan; Madhukar
Trivedi; Jonathan Stewart; David W Morris; Stephen Wisniewski; Sachiko Miyahara; Andrew Nierenberg; Maurizio Fava; John Rush (2008). "Response to a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (Citalopram) in Major Depressive Disorder with Melancholic Features: A
370:
illness caused by the impact of black bile on the brain. He described melancholia's initial clinical manifestations as "suffering from an unexplained fear, inability to answer questions or providing false answers, self-laughing and self-crying and speaking meaninglessly, yet with no fever."
374:
In Middle-Ages Europe, the humoral, somatic paradigm for understanding sustained sadness lost primacy in front of the prevailing religious perspective. Sadness came to be a vice (λύπη in the Greek vice list by
Evagrius Ponticus, tristitia vel acidia in the 7 vice list by
773:
In 1996, Gordon Parker and Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic described "melancholia" as a specific disorder of movement and mood. They attached the term to the concept of "endogenous depression" (claimed to be caused by internal forces rather than environmental influences).
343:, sleeplessness, irritability, agitation. The Hippocratic clinical description of melancholia shows significant overlaps with contemporary nosography of depressive syndromes (6 symptoms out of the 9 included in DSM diagnostic criteria for a Major Depressive).
593:
Ficino transformed what had hitherto been regarded as the most calamitous of all the humours into the mark of genius. Small wonder that eventually the attitudes of melancholy soon became an indispensable adjunct to all those with artistic or intellectual
1137:
Melancholic depression, due to some fundamental differences with standard clinical depression or other subtypes of depression, has specific types of treatments that work, and the success rates for different treatments can vary. Treatment can involve
414:
and other writers to be especially prone to melancholy by the nature of their work, sometimes with good effects for their art in increased sensitivity and use of fantasy. Among those of his contemporaries so characterised by Vasari were
444:. This engraving has been interpreted as portraying melancholia as the state of waiting for inspiration to strike, and not necessarily as a depressive affliction. Amongst other allegorical symbols, the picture includes a
125:. Until the 18th century, doctors and other scholars classified melancholic conditions as such by their perceived common cause – an excess of a notional fluid known as "black bile", which was commonly
282:: disease or ailment being caused by an imbalance in one or more of the four basic bodily liquids, or humours. Personality types were similarly determined by the dominant humor in a particular person. According to
968:
lack of emotional responsiveness (mood does not brighten, even briefly) to normally pleasurable stimuli (such as food or entertainment) or situations (such as warm, affectionate interactions with friends or
2827:
Spanemberg, Lucas; Caldieraro, Marco
Antonio; Vares, Edgar Arrua; Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, Bianca; Kauer-Sant'Anna, Márcia; Kawamoto, Sheila Yuri; Galvão, Emily; Parker, Gordon; Fleck, Marcelo P. (2014-08-19).
607:) by Burton, was first published in 1621 and remains a defining literary monument to the fashion. Another major English author who made extensive expression upon being of an melancholic disposition is Sir
647:, which shows just such by-then stock characters. These portraits were often set out of doors where Nature provides "the most suitable background for spiritual contemplation" or in a gloomy interior.
483:. His concept of melancholia includes all mental illness, which he divides into different types. Burton wrote in the 17th century that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness.
2566:
1671:
World Health
Organization, "6A80.3 Current depressive episode with melancholia", International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th rev. (September 2020).
2596:
1525:
Azzone P (2012) Sin of
Sadness: Acedia vel Tristitia Between Sociocultural Conditioning and Psychological Dynamics of Negative Emotions. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 31: 50–64.
777:
In 2006, Michael Alan Taylor and Max Fink also defined melancholia as a systemic disorder that could be identified by depressive mood rating scales, verified by the presence of abnormal
748:
Melancholia was a category that "the well-to-do, the sedentary, and the studious were even more liable to be placed in the eighteenth century than they had been in preceding centuries."
1914:
605:
The
Anatomy of Melancholy, What it is: With all the Kinds, Causes, Symptomes, Prognostickes, and Several Cures of it... Philosophically, Medicinally, Historically, Opened and Cut Up
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In the 20th century, "melancholia" lost its attachment to abnormal beliefs, and in common usage became entirely a synonym for depression. Sigmund Freud published a paper on
339:, characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of melancholia. Other symptoms mentioned by Hippocrates include: poor appetite,
1933:
781:
metabolism. They considered it to be characterized by depressed mood, abnormal motor functions, and abnormal vegetative signs, and they described several forms, including
167:'s transformation of melancholia from a sign of vice into a mark of genius. This fashionable melancholy became a prominent theme in literature, art, and music of the era.
1956:
1706:
2457:
133:
and other ancient physicians described melancholia as a distinct disease with mental and physical symptoms, including persistent fears and despondencies, poor appetite,
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179:
eventually arose from this historical context. Today, the term "melancholia" and "melancholic" are still used in medical diagnostic classification, such as in
3375:
2060:
Guillamont A., Guillamont C. (Eds.) (1971) Évagre le
Pontique. Traité pratique ou le moine, 2 VV.. Sources Chrétiennes 170–171, Les Éditions du Cerf, Paris
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It is important to note, however, that people who suffer from melancholic depression do not need to have melancholic features in every depressive episode.
1214:
The prevalence of having the melancholic depression specifier among patients diagnosed with clinical depression is estimated to be about 25% to 30%.
982:
A specifier essentially is a subcategory of a disease, explaining specific features or symptoms that are added to the main diagnosis. According to the
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During the later 16th and early 17th centuries, a curious cultural and literary cult of melancholia arose in England. In an influential 1964 essay in
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2542:
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Kendler KS, Engstrom EJ (2020). "Dreyfus and the shift of melancholia in Kraepelin's textbooks from an involutional to a manic-depressive illness".
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was published in nine parts (or "nights") between 1742 and 1745, and hugely popular in several languages. It had a considerable influence on early
745:
Until the 18th century, writings on melancholia were mainly concerned with beliefs that were considered abnormal, rather than affective symptoms.
2780:
2588:
1546:
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Radua, Joaquim; Pertusa, Alberto; Cardoner, Narcis (28 February 2010). "Climatic relationships with specific clinical subtypes of depression".
1976:
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition. APA, Washington DC., pp. 160–161.
1193:
treatments can be used such as talk therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), they have shown to be less effective than medication. In a
3102:
Gilfillan, David; Parker, Gordon; Sheppard, Elizabeth; Manicavasagar, Vijaya; Paterson, Amelia; Blanch, Bianca; McCraw, Stacey (2014-05-01).
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have indicated that melancholic depressed patients have issues with the connections between different regions of the brain, specifically the
6171:
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1645:
363:
1351:
1282:
1129:
The research regarding melancholic depression consistently finds that men are more likely to receive a melancholic depression diagnosis.
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Gregorius Magnus. Moralia in Iob. In J.-P. Migne (Ed.) Patrologiae Latinae cursus completus (Vol. 75, col. 509D – Vol. 76, col. 782AG)
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It has been observed in studies that patients with melancholic depression tend to recover less often than other types of depression.
17:
2255:
Aung, Steven K.H.; Lee, Mathew H.M. (2004). "Music, Sounds, Medicine, and Meditation: An Integrative Approach to the Healing Arts".
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are believed to be mostly biological factors that can be hereditary. Biological origins of the condition include problems with the
658:("Always Dowland, always mourning"). The melancholy man, known to contemporaries as a "malcontent", is epitomized by Shakespeare's
37:
5074:
1930:
2126:"Mio malinchonico, o vero... mio pazzo": Michelangelo, Vasari, and the Problem of Artists' Melancholy in Sixteenth-Century Italy
1953:
5400:
2313:
Goldring, Elizabeth (August 2005). "'So Lively a Portrait of His Miseries': Melancholy, Mourning, and the Elizabethan malady".
2207:
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1159:
407:, embodying for contemporaries "a tendency", observes Huizinga, "to identify all serious occupation of the mind with sadness".
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in the brain they target. SNRIs are generally more effective than SSRIs because they target more than one chemical messenger (
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Ruins, Nostalgia and Ugliness. Five Romantic Perceptions of Middle Ages and a Spoon of Game of Thrones and Avant-Garde Oddity
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and subsequent tradition, melancholia was caused by an excess of black bile, hence the name, which means "black bile", from
3226:"Alteration of immune markers in a group of melancholic depressed patients and their response to electroconvulsive therapy"
2433:
1197:, it was shown that CBT was less effective than medication in treating symptoms of melancholic depression after 12 weeks.
1090:. People with melancholic depression also tend to have more physically visible symptoms such as slower movement or speech.
245:
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added "fixed delusions" to the set of symptoms listed by Hippocrates. Galen also believed that melancholia caused cancer.
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During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a cultural and literary cult of melancholia emerged in England, linked to
95:
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Gili, Margalida; Roca, Miquel; Armengol, Silvia; Asensio, David; Garcia-Campayo, Javier; Parker, Gordon (2012-10-26).
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Lack of mood reactivity (i.e. mood does not improve in response to positive/desired events; failure to feel better)
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The incidence of melancholic depression has been found to increase when the temperature and/or sunlight are low.
5231:
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2886:"Clinical Patterns and Treatment Outcome in Patients with Melancholic, Atypical and Non-Melancholic Depressions"
91:
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347:
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2978:"Randomised controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression"
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508:: "grief, pains of the spirit, passions, as well as all the love and sexual appetites that go unsatisfied."
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Psychomotor agitation or retardation (i.e. increased or decreased movement, speech, and cognitive function)
673:
358:, in turn, believed that melancholia involved both a state of anguish, and a delusion. In the 10th century
31:
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1985:
Azzone P. (2013): Depression as a Psychoanalytic Problem. University Press of America, Lanham, Md., 2013
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379:). When a patient could not be cured of the disease it was thought that the melancholia was a result of
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3151:"Electroconvulsive Therapy and Melancholia: Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Further Study"
2830:"Biological differences between melancholic and nonmelancholic depression subtyped by the CORE measure"
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what humour-based physiology of the renaissance and baroque periods described as saturnine melancholia.
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1821:
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1732:
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Early morning awakening (i.e. waking up at least 2 hours before the normal wake up time of the patient)
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454:
149:, the understanding of melancholia shifted to a religious perspective, with sadness seen as a vice and
3103:
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disposition. In the complex elaboration of humorist theory, it was associated with the earth from the
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1607:"The Origin of Our Modern Concept of Depression-The History of Melancholia from 1780–1880: A Review"
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that is subjectively different from grief or loss (marked by despair, gloominess, and "empty-mood")
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severely depressed mood, wherein the person often feels despondent, forlorn, disconsolate, or empty
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with particular mental and physical symptoms in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Hippocrates, in his
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pervasive anhedonia – loss of interest or pleasure in most activities that are normally enjoyable
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Strong, Roy (1964). "The Elizabethan Malady: Melancholy in Elizabeth and Jacobean Portraiture".
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2228:"Humanities are the Hormones: A Tarantella Comes to Newfoundland. What should we do about it?"
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terminal insomnia – unwanted early morning awakening (two or more hours earlier than normal)
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Melancholia: A Disorder of Movement and Mood: A Phenomenological and Neurobiological Review
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differences between patients with melancholic depression and other subtypes of depression.
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302:), "bile"; a person whose constitution tended to have a preponderance of black bile had a
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Melancholic depression requires at least one of the following symptoms during the last
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Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art
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Melancholic features apply to an episode of depression that occurs as part of either
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Lincoln's Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness
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Rush, Gavin; O’Donovan, Aoife; Nagle, Laura; Conway, Catherine; McCrohan, AnnMaria;
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2106:"I, man of sadness, born in an eclipse of darkness, and thick fogs of lamentation".
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3282:"The Darkest Mood: Major Depression With Melancholic Features | Psychology Today"
3197:"The Darkest Mood: Major Depression With Melancholic Features | Psychology Today"
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3054:"The Darkest Mood: Major Depression With Melancholic Features | Psychology Today"
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2722:"The Darkest Mood: Major Depression With Melancholic Features | Psychology Today"
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1997:"Melancholia in Medieval Persian Literature: The View of Hidayat of Al-Akhawayni"
1960:
1937:
1918:
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Melancholia also translated as "lugubriousness," "moroseness," or "wistfulness".
1690:
1314:
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667:
665:
A similar phenomenon, though not under the same name, occurred during the German
589:(1433–1499), who replaced the medieval notion of melancholia with something new:
586:
164:
6016:
3562:
1462:"Melancholia Before the Twentieth Century: Fear and Sorrow or Partial Insanity?"
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traced the origins of this fashionable melancholy to the thought of the popular
493:
399:'s prologue to his Burgundian chronicle, and in the late 15th-century poetry of
209:
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2781:"Back to black: why melancholia must be understood as distinct from depression"
2623:
Melancholia: The Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Depressive Illness
2589:"Back to Black: Why Melancholia Must Be Understood as Distinct from Depression"
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The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project
2227:
986:, the "melancholic features" specifier may be applied to the following only:
938:, the terms "melancholia" and "melancholic" are still in use (for example, in
403:. Ideas of reflection and the workings of imagination are blended in the term
219:
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3368:"New BBC Radio Series: The Anatomy of Melancholy – Department of Psychiatry"
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199:
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3391:, looking at depression from the perspectives of Robert Burton's 1621 book
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From Melancholia to Depression: Disordered Mood in 19th Century Psychiatry
721:"; earlier artistic preoccupation with death has gone under the rubric of
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3078:"Melancholic Depression: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Coping Tips"
3031:
2746:"Melancholic Depression: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Coping Tips"
2013:
899:
734:
682:
632:
551:
504:, the causes of melancholia are stated to be similar to those that cause
283:
146:
130:
41:
2481:
Regimen sanitatis salernitanum. Code of health of the school of Salernum
2326:
2141:
1760:
Horizons in Hermeneutics: A Festschrift in Honor of Anthony C. Thiselton
102:
medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly
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3104:"Is cognitive behaviour therapy of benefit for melancholic depression?"
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Berrios G E (1988) Melancholia and Depression during the 19th Century.
831:
692:
575:
544:
187:, to specify certain features that may be present in major depression.
1174:; the antidepressants tend to vary on how they work and what specific
650:
In music, the post-Elizabethan cult of melancholia is associated with
539:
395:, "monotonous and gloomy variations of the same dismal theme", and in
6094:
6026:
5844:
5303:
5041:
4966:
4370:
4345:
4332:
4275:
4221:
4115:
4090:
4059:
3967:
3924:
3904:
3854:
3849:
3787:
3782:
3757:
3697:
3677:
3662:
3652:
2696:
2137:
1757:
1259:
1254:
1232:
1179:
1123:
1072:
1031:
869:
856:
710:
431:
315:
297:
291:
279:
278:
The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief of the four
3101:
5829:
5499:
5466:
5392:
4365:
4360:
4350:
4285:
4122:
4044:
4034:
3999:
3986:
3869:
3812:
3762:
3742:
891:
848:
778:
625:
The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality
583:
428:
416:
314:
as the originating organ and cold and dry as related qualities. In
161:
153:, rather than somatic causes, as a potential cause of the disease.
138:
111:
3590:
3567:, on the Berlin exhibition "Melancholy: Genius and Madness in Art"
3528:
Melancholy Experience in Literature of the Long Eighteenth Century
3444:
Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times
2402:
Fashion and Fiction: Dress in Art and Literature in Stuart England
2347:
Fashion and Fiction: Dress in Art and Literature in Stuart England
4795:
4375:
4323:
4317:
4243:
4203:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4085:
3945:
3844:
3807:
3777:
3772:
3737:
3717:
3707:
3692:
3634:
3621:
2254:
1265:
1227:
873:
844:
559:
2660:
1685:
547:, the very picture of fashionable melancholy in the Jacobean era
427:, who used it, perhaps not very seriously, of himself. A famous
5547:
5362:
4825:
4159:
4147:
4142:
4137:
3991:
3938:
3797:
3712:
3553:
and clinical depression, iconography and printmaking techniques
3399:
The Age of Melancholy: "Major Depression" and its Social Origin
2952:"What is melancholic depression? Symptoms, diagnosis, and more"
1695:. United States: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 185.
983:
939:
762:
influentially proposed the existence of a condition he called '
737:
were similar concepts, most likely to affect the intellectual.
726:
718:
659:
411:
391:
chroniclers alike: Huizinga quotes instances in the ballads of
340:
319:
311:
180:
134:
4806:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
1692:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®)
5984:
5325:
4307:
4233:
4127:
4100:
3979:
3914:
3909:
3879:
3817:
3687:
3682:
2332:
1460:
Telles-Correia, Diogo; Marques, JoĂŁo Gama (3 February 2015).
943:
505:
479:(1621) treats the subject from both a literary and a medical
351:
184:
142:
2404:. New Haven, CN; London: Yale University Press. p. 54.
1758:
Porter, Stanley C.; Malcolm, Matthew R., eds. (2013-04-25).
1086:. They are more likely to occur in patients who suffer from
5498:
4110:
4071:
4054:
3957:
3884:
3864:
3672:
2349:. New Haven CN; London: Yale University Press. p. 52.
137:, sleeplessness, irritability, and agitation. Later, fixed
1319:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
4039:
3727:
2193:, subsection 3, on and after line 3480, "Music a Remedy":
2091:
Huizinga, "Pessimism and the ideal of the sublime life",
3219:
1539:"18th-Century Theories of Melancholy & Hypochondria"
5771:
2976:
Luty, Suzanne; Carter, Janet; McKenzie, Janice (2007).
2883:
386:
In his study of French and Burgundian courtly culture,
2387:
The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture
643:
from the frontispiece to the 1638 edition of Burton's
469:
The most extended treatment of melancholia comes from
4916:
2664:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1878:
Voices from Exile: Essays in Memory of Hamish Ritchie
1459:
709:. In the 20th century, much of the counterculture of
145:
and other physicians to the list of symptoms. In the
3500:
The Tears of Things: Melancholy and Physical Objects
3486:
The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva
3304:
2667:(Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
2541:
Parker, Gordon; Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan, eds. (1996).
2540:
217:(from a blend of "wishful" and the obsolete English
1034:(the inability to find pleasure in positive things)
80:
4934:
3456:Klibansky, Raymond; Panofsky, Erwin; Saxl, Fritz:
3356:. University Press of America, Lanham, Md., 2013.
3224:; Lucey, James V.; Malone, Kevin M. (2016-11-15).
2975:
190:Related terms used in historical medicine include
6158:
5343:
4201:
639:was commissioned to illustrate a later edition.
2661:American Psychiatric Association (2013-05-22).
2497:
2493:
2491:
170:Between the late 18th and late 19th centuries,
6116:
4076:
3558:"DĂĽrer's Melancholia": sonnet by Edward Dowden
4902:
3606:
2803:
2615:
2613:
2281:
4380:
4219:
4210:
3977:
3010:
2488:
2132:, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Fall, 2003), pp. 653–675,
1875:
1410:
511:
4879:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
3943:
3581:"An Anatomy of Melancholy" on "In Our Time"
1753:
1751:
1749:
1598:
1283:Wit and Mirth, or Pills to Purge Melancholy
975:marked psychomotor retardation or agitation
44:of the melancholic temperament (drawing by
5806:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
5073:
4909:
4895:
3613:
3599:
2619:
2610:
2080:An essay on demoniacs of the New Testament
1073:persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
894:, environmental, and psychological factors
812:
452:. The image in turn inspired a passage in
3298:
3257:
3148:
2993:
2927:
2909:
2855:
2845:
2484:. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott & co.
2477:
2368:
2366:
2257:Alternative & Complementary Therapies
2241:, newsletter of the Faculty of Medicine,
2022:
2012:
1994:
1487:
1477:
1417:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1122:. Some studies have found that there are
796:
6069:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
5665:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
3571:Diderot's historic writing on Melancholy
2969:
2626:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2620:Taylor, Michael Alan; Fink, Max (2006).
2393:
2338:
2312:
2306:
1746:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1406:
1404:
550:
538:
515:
329:Melancholia was described as a distinct
261:
244:
36:
3502:. University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
2656:
2654:
2399:
2344:
1604:
1579:
1306:
717:and a sense of purposelessness called "
14:
6159:
3354:Depression as a Psychoanalytic Problem
2879:
2877:
2875:
2834:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
2778:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2586:
2547:. Sydney: Cambridge University Press.
2384:
2372:
2363:
2045:
1963:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1940:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1764:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1051:Severe weight loss or loss of appetite
1041:And at least three of the following:
978:marked loss of appetite or weight loss
740:
462:, and, a few years later, a sonnet by
117:Melancholy was regarded as one of the
6115:
5983:
5918:
5770:
5497:
5342:
5252:
5072:
4933:
4890:
3594:
3149:Rasmussen, Keith G. (December 2011).
2389:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2159:
1871:
1869:
1841:
1839:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1533:
1531:
1401:
1297:
1018:
27:Historical view of extreme depression
5253:
2651:
2449:
2039:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1394:
1392:
1378:
1376:
1312:
956:depression with melancholic features
213:: "self-will or fastidious habit"),
6172:Obsolete terms for mental disorders
5772:Physiological and physical behavior
3620:
3576:"The Four Humours" on "In Our Time"
3474:. Columbia University Press, 1992.
2872:
2804:Gordon Parker, M. D. (2017-01-20).
2779:Parker, Gordon (6 September 2015).
2763:
2587:Parker, Gordon (6 September 2015).
2243:Memorial University of Newfoundland
1988:
1442:
1063:Worse depressed mood in the morning
106:, bodily complaints, and sometimes
24:
5718:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
5112:Emotional and behavioral disorders
3345:
1866:
1836:
1662:
1584:. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
1528:
1411:Clarke, R. J.; Macrae, R. (1988).
1344:
1088:depression with psychotic features
423:, but he does not use the term of
25:
6198:
5898:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3549:Grunwald Center website: Durer's
3542:
3488:. Oxford University Press, 2002.
2982:The British Journal of Psychiatry
2294:from the original on 2 April 2015
1516:
1504:
1398:Epidemics, III, 16 cases, case II
1389:
1373:
821:Meditation by Domenico Fetti 1618
758:In 1907, the German psychiatrist
627:), a long poem in blank verse by
5198:X-linked intellectual disability
4322:
4316:
2673:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
2453:The Oxford Companion to the Body
1687:American Psychiatric Association
1626:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4709
1144:empirically supported treatments
635:in England, France and Germany.
240:
90:) is a concept found throughout
5027:Intermittent explosive disorder
4952:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
3446:. Yale University Press, 1986.
3378:from the original on 2022-05-11
3274:
3213:
3189:
3142:
3120:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.017
3095:
3070:
3046:
2944:
2820:
2797:
2738:
2714:
2689:
2640:from the original on 2022-05-03
2599:from the original on 2022-03-30
2580:
2569:from the original on 2022-01-20
2534:
2471:
2460:from the original on 2021-10-15
2443:
2418:
2275:
2248:
2221:
2210:from the original on 2020-08-09
2196:
2183:
2172:from the original on 2022-01-30
2153:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2085:
2072:
2063:
2054:
1979:
1970:
1947:
1924:
1901:
1809:
1783:
1720:
1709:from the original on 2021-07-10
1651:from the original on 2022-08-12
1573:
1560:
1549:from the original on 2021-01-25
1431:from the original on 2022-07-03
1362:from the original on 2022-07-07
1333:from the original on 2022-08-28
1316:Melancholia: The Western Malady
1011:, most recent episode depressed
1005:, most recent episode depressed
5670:Dissociative identity disorder
4935:Adult personality and behavior
3460:. McGill-Queen's Press, 1964
3387:, a twelve part series titled
3319:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.025
3230:Journal of Affective Disorders
3020:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2500:Journal of Affective Disorders
2048:Hedayat al-Motaallemin fi Tebb
564:Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione
322:, hence the related adjective
13:
1:
3389:The New Anatomy of Melancholy
2130:The Sixteenth Century Journal
2094:The Waning of the Middle Ages
1568:British Journal of Psychiatry
1352:"The Four Human Temperaments"
733:in English) and the Romantic
671:movement, with such works as
656:Semper Dowland, semper dolens
529:
49:
6074:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
5611:Generalized anxiety disorder
5344:Neurological and symptomatic
4989:Sexual relationship disorder
4831:Social emotional development
3530:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
3167:10.1097/YCT.0b013e31820a9482
2911:10.1371/journal.pone.0048200
2050:. University Press, Mashhad.
1967:, on Perseus Digital Library
1944:, on Perseus Digital Library
1921:, on Perseus Digital Library
1290:
1209:
1148:cognitive behavioral therapy
1132:
934:For the purposes of medical
725:. The medieval condition of
674:The Sorrows of Young Werther
410:Painters were considered by
310:, the season of autumn, the
298:
296:), "dark, black", and χολή (
292:
269:for the 1628 3rd edition of
32:Melancholia (disambiguation)
7:
5850:REM sleep behavior disorder
5319:Seasonal affective disorder
5117:Separation anxiety disorder
4077:
3413:A Field Guide to Melancholy
2456:. Oxford University Press.
2001:World Journal of Psychiatry
1817:"Definition of Wistfulness"
1220:
843:Low mood, low self-esteem,
366:described melancholia as a
318:it showed the influence of
223:, meaning "intently"), and
81:
10:
6203:
6117:Symptoms and uncategorized
5218:developmental disabilities
4984:Sexual maturation disorder
3586:At the Roots of Melancholy
3564:Melancholy and abstraction
2806:"An Update on Melancholia"
2233:February 15, 2015, at the
1995:Delfaridi, Behnam (2014).
1876:Wallace, Ian, ed. (2015).
1852:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1822:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1796:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1791:"Definition of Moroseness"
1733:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1728:"Definition of Lugubrious"
1605:Kendler KS (August 2020).
1513:Azzone P. (2013) pp. 23ff.
1356:www.thetransformedsoul.com
1098:The causes of melancholic
455:The City of Dreadful Night
29:
6122:
6111:
6087:
6079:Simple-type schizophrenia
6056:
6048:Schizophreniform disorder
6025:
6004:
6000:
5979:
5932:
5914:
5883:
5860:
5814:
5781:
5777:
5766:
5688:
5655:
5603:
5546:
5537:
5518:
5514:
5493:
5459:
5426:Mild cognitive impairment
5411:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
5391:
5353:
5349:
5338:
5309:Major depressive disorder
5262:
5248:
5214:Psychological development
5213:
5188:
5085:
5081:
5068:
4997:
4944:
4940:
4929:
4874:
4393:
4331:
4314:
3633:
3415:. Oldcastle Books, 2009.
3393:The Anatomy of Melancholy
3242:10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.035
2995:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024729
2512:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.094
2191:The Anatomy of Melancholy
1847:"Definition of Saturnine"
1438:– via Google Books.
1201:Electroconvulsive therapy
1195:randomized clinical trial
1168:tricyclic antidepressants
1093:
1069:major depressive disorder
936:diagnostic classification
927:electroconvulsive therapy
923:antidepressant medication
914:
898:
887:
879:
863:
859:, lack of mood reactivity
837:
825:
820:
811:
806:
713:was fueled by comparable
662:, the "Melancholy Dane".
600:The Anatomy of Melancholy
512:English cultural movement
476:The Anatomy of Melancholy
272:The Anatomy of Melancholy
76:
18:Melancholia (temperament)
6127:Impulse-control disorder
6043:Schizoaffective disorder
6038:Brief reactive psychosis
5735:Mass psychogenic illness
5698:Body dysmorphic disorder
5477:Post-concussion syndrome
5087:Emotional and behavioral
4764:in virtual communication
3108:Comprehensive Psychiatry
2956:www.medicalnewstoday.com
2553:10.1017/CBO9780511759024
2478:Ordronaux, John (1871).
2400:Ribeiro, Aileen (2005).
2345:Ribeiro, Aileen (2005).
1479:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00081
997:Major depressive episode
991:Major depressive episode
948:specify certain features
768:manic-depressive illness
764:involutional melancholia
753:Mourning and Melancholia
6064:Childhood schizophrenia
5416:Frontotemporal dementia
5373:High-functioning autism
5190:Intellectual disability
3516:. Mariner Books, 2006.
3427:The Future of Nostalgia
3286:www.psychologytoday.com
3201:www.psychologytoday.com
3058:www.psychologytoday.com
2726:www.psychologytoday.com
2335:(subscription required)
2269:10.1089/act.2004.10.266
1965:A Greek–English Lexicon
1942:A Greek-English Lexicon
1466:Frontiers in Psychology
1060:Guilt that is excessive
950:that may be present in
5581:Specific social phobia
5472:Organic brain syndrome
5314:Melancholic depression
5075:Childhood and learning
4381:
4220:
4211:
4202:
3978:
3944:
2440:. Berlin: Logos Verlag
2282:Denis Diderot (2015).
2046:Matini, Jalal (1965).
1910:De aere aquis et locis
1243:Melancholic depression
1120:fronto-parietal cortex
807:Melancholic depression
797:Melancholic depression
596:
567:
548:
536:
490:
356:Aretaeus of Cappadocia
275:
259:
61:
6137:Psychomotor agitation
5927:and substance-related
5870:Postpartum depression
5750:Somatization disorder
5636:Acute stress reaction
5401:AIDS dementia complex
3429:. Basic Books, 2002.
2237:by Dr. John Crellin,
2166:mathworld.wolfram.com
1580:Jansson, Asa (2021).
1303:Burton, Bk. I, p. 147
1152:interpersonal therapy
791:postpartum depression
591:
554:
542:
519:
485:
265:
248:
58:Essays on Physiognomy
54:Johann Kaspar Lavater
40:
6132:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
5962:Substance dependence
5875:Postpartum psychosis
5421:Huntington's disease
5203:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
5052:Personality disorder
4801:Group affective tone
3032:10.4088/jcp.v69n1201
2385:Strong, Roy (1969).
2014:10.5498/wjp.v4.i2.37
787:psychotic depression
460:James Thomson (B.V.)
364:Al-Akhawayni Bokhari
127:linked to the spleen
30:For other uses, see
6012:Delusional disorder
5957:Stimulant psychosis
5947:Physical dependence
5801:Rumination syndrome
5703:Conversion disorder
5680:Psychogenic amnesia
5530:with depressed mood
5528:Adjustment disorder
5431:Parkinson's disease
5406:Alzheimer's disease
5299:Atypical depression
5135:Social functioning
5010:Munchausen syndrome
5005:Factitious disorder
4854:constructed emotion
4524:functional accounts
3440:Jackson, Stanley W.
3401:. Routledge, 2005.
3307:Psychiatry Research
2902:2012PLoSO...748200G
2697:"What's the DSM-5?"
2315:British Art Journal
2160:Weisstein, Eric W.
1176:chemical messengers
1100:depressive disorder
1009:Bipolar II disorder
999:, recurrent episode
783:retarded depression
741:Modern connotations
699:with works such as
685:with works such as
397:Georges Chastellain
6031:schizophrenia-like
5675:Dissociative fugue
5124:Movement disorders
4754:in decision-making
3995:(sense of purpose)
3512:Shenk, Joshua W.:
3498:Schwenger, Peter:
3484:Radden, Jennifer:
3372:www.psych.ox.ac.uk
3222:O’Farrelly, Cliona
3155:The Journal of ECT
2847:10.2147/NDT.S66504
2436:2016-03-13 at the
2147:2020-11-14 at the
1959:2022-07-08 at the
1936:2011-06-05 at the
1917:2022-06-01 at the
1414:Coffee: Physiology
1025:depressive episode
1019:Signs and symptoms
1003:Bipolar I disorder
654:, whose motto was
568:
549:
537:
393:Eustache Deschamps
381:demonic possession
276:
260:
151:demonic possession
62:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
5975:
5974:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5651:
5650:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5446:Vascular dementia
5368:Asperger syndrome
5334:
5333:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5178:Tourette syndrome
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
4884:
4883:
4471:Appeal to emotion
4249:Social connection
3536:978-1-349-31949-7
3522:978-0-618-77344-2
3508:978-0-816-64631-9
3494:978-0-195-15165-7
3480:978-0-231-06707-2
3470:Kristeva, Julia:
3466:978-0-7735-5952-3
3452:978-0-300-03700-5
3435:978-0-465-00708-0
3421:978-1-842-43292-1
3407:978-0-415-95188-3
3362:978-0-761-86041-9
3026:(12): 1847–1855.
2810:Psychiatric Times
2682:978-0-89042-555-8
2633:978-0-521-84151-1
2562:978-0-521-47275-3
2411:978-0-300-10999-3
2356:978-0-300-10999-3
2115:Huizinga 1924:25.
1891:978-90-04-29639-8
1773:978-0-8028-6927-2
1702:978-0-89042-557-2
1591:978-3-030-54801-8
1543:loki.stockton.edu
1424:978-1-85166-186-2
1326:978-1-107-06996-1
1277:Vapours (disease)
1154:for depression.
1124:biological marker
954:, referred to as
932:
931:
801:Medical condition
688:Ode on Melancholy
119:four temperaments
16:(Redirected from
6194:
6113:
6112:
6002:
6001:
5981:
5980:
5916:
5915:
5791:Anorexia nervosa
5779:
5778:
5768:
5767:
5745:Psychogenic pain
5713:Globus pharyngis
5561:Childhood phobia
5544:
5543:
5516:
5515:
5495:
5494:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5250:
5249:
5149:Selective mutism
5100:Conduct disorder
5083:
5082:
5070:
5069:
5047:Trichotillomania
5022:Gender dysphoria
5017:Fear of intimacy
4974:Sexual anhedonia
4942:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4918:Mental disorders
4911:
4904:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4859:discrete emotion
4759:in the workplace
4655:Empathy quotient
4386:
4326:
4320:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4082:
3983:
3949:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3425:Boym, Svetlana:
3411:Bowring, Jacky:
3397:Blazer, Dan G.:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3339:
3338:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3018:STAR*D Report".
3014:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2913:
2881:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2785:The Conversation
2776:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2593:The Conversation
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2450:Wear, A (2001).
2447:
2441:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2252:
2246:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2157:
2151:
2138:10.2307/20061528
2124:Britton, Piers,
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1951:
1945:
1928:
1922:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1683:
1672:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1457:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1077:bipolar disorder
993:, single episode
952:major depression
816:
804:
803:
702:Isle of the Dead
574:, art historian
534:
531:
448:and a truncated
301:
295:
84:
78:
52:1789, made for
51:
21:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6146:
6118:
6099:
6083:
6052:
6030:
6021:
5996:
5971:
5928:
5925:substance abuse
5902:
5879:
5856:
5810:
5796:Bulimia nervosa
5773:
5754:
5730:Hypochondriasis
5725:False pregnancy
5708:Ganser syndrome
5690:Somatic symptom
5684:
5647:
5599:
5588:Specific phobia
5533:
5510:
5481:
5455:
5387:
5383:Savant syndrome
5355:Autism spectrum
5345:
5330:
5258:
5236:
5215:
5209:
5184:
5077:
5056:
5032:Dermatillomania
4993:
4979:Sexual anorexia
4936:
4925:
4915:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4811:Jealousy in art
4554:in conversation
4476:Amygdala hijack
4389:
4327:
4321:
4312:
4301:sense of wonder
3629:
3619:
3545:
3540:
3381:
3379:
3366:
3352:Azzone, Paolo:
3348:
3346:Further reading
3343:
3342:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3147:
3143:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3015:
3011:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2882:
2873:
2825:
2821:
2812:. Vol 34 No 1.
2802:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2539:
2535:
2496:
2489:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2448:
2444:
2438:Wayback Machine
2425:PerpinyĂ , NĂşria
2423:
2419:
2412:
2398:
2394:
2383:, reprinted in
2371:
2364:
2357:
2343:
2339:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2276:
2253:
2249:
2235:Wayback Machine
2226:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2204:"Gutenberg.org"
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2162:"DĂĽrer's Solid"
2158:
2154:
2149:Wayback Machine
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2044:
2040:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1961:Wayback Machine
1952:
1948:
1938:Wayback Machine
1929:
1925:
1919:Wayback Machine
1906:
1902:
1892:
1884:. p. 213.
1874:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1766:. p. 162.
1756:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1684:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1614:JAMA Psychiatry
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1313:Bell M (2014).
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1223:
1212:
1140:antidepressants
1135:
1108:sleep structure
1096:
1021:
883:Early adulthood
802:
799:
743:
668:Sturm und Drang
587:Marsilio Ficino
532:
514:
243:
203:: "to mourn"),
165:Marsilio Ficino
46:Thomas Holloway
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6200:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6182:Mood disorders
6179:
6174:
6169:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
5998:
5997:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5952:Rebound effect
5949:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5893:Hypersexuality
5889:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5626:Panic disorder
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5593:Claustrophobia
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5576:Anthropophobia
5568:
5566:Social anxiety
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5436:Pick's disease
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4922:Classification
4914:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:somatic marker
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4838:
4836:Stoic passions
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4784:social sharing
4781:
4776:
4774:self-conscious
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4717:thought method
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:lateralization
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4509:classification
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4229:Sentimentality
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4065:at first sight
4062:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Disappointment
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3544:
3543:External links
3541:
3539:
3538:
3524:
3510:
3496:
3482:
3468:
3454:
3437:
3423:
3409:
3395:
3364:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3313:(3): 217–220.
3297:
3273:
3212:
3188:
3161:(4): 315–322.
3141:
3114:(4): 856–860.
3094:
3069:
3045:
3009:
2988:(6): 496–502.
2968:
2943:
2896:(10): e48200.
2871:
2819:
2796:
2762:
2737:
2713:
2688:
2681:
2650:
2632:
2609:
2579:
2561:
2533:
2487:
2470:
2442:
2417:
2410:
2392:
2362:
2355:
2337:
2305:
2274:
2263:(5): 266–270.
2247:
2220:
2195:
2182:
2152:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2084:
2078:Farmer, Hugh.
2071:
2062:
2053:
2038:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1946:
1923:
1900:
1890:
1865:
1835:
1808:
1782:
1772:
1745:
1719:
1701:
1673:
1661:
1620:(8): 863–868.
1597:
1590:
1572:
1559:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1441:
1423:
1400:
1388:
1386:, Section 6.23
1372:
1343:
1325:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1184:norepinephrine
1134:
1131:
1095:
1092:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:Depressed mood
1039:
1038:
1035:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
966:
963:
930:
929:
916:
912:
911:
905:Family history
902:
896:
895:
889:
885:
884:
881:
877:
876:
867:
861:
860:
841:
835:
834:
829:
823:
822:
818:
817:
809:
808:
800:
798:
795:
760:Emil Kraepelin
742:
739:
707:Arnold Böcklin
620:Night-Thoughts
613:Religio Medici
513:
510:
436:Albrecht DĂĽrer
401:Jean Meschinot
388:Johan Huizinga
377:Pope Gregory I
256:Albrecht DĂĽrer
242:
239:
192:lugubriousness
141:were added by
108:hallucinations
104:depressed mood
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6199:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6114:
6110:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:Schizophrenia
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5986:Schizophrenia
5982:
5978:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Drug overdose
5935:
5934:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5885:Sexual desire
5882:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5765:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5571:Social phobia
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:-related and
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4878:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:dysregulation
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4566:interpersonal
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:in psychology
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:consciousness
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:Schadenfreude
4209:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:Mono no aware
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3931:Joie de vivre
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Gratification
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:Embarrassment
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Belongingness
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3083:
3082:Psych Central
3079:
3073:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2840:: 1523–1531.
2839:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2751:
2750:Psych Central
2747:
2741:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2702:
2701:Psych Central
2698:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:"Melancholia"
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1907:Hippocrates,
1904:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1382:Hippocrates,
1379:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1249:Mono no aware
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Got the morbs
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:psychotherapy
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:of patients.
1109:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
987:
985:
977:
974:
971:
967:
964:
961:
960:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
901:
897:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
866:
865:Complications
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
840:
836:
833:
830:
828:
824:
819:
815:
810:
805:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
749:
746:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
689:
684:
680:
676:
675:
670:
669:
663:
661:
660:Prince Hamlet
657:
653:
648:
646:
640:
638:
637:William Blake
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:
616:
614:
610:
609:Thomas Browne
606:
602:
601:
595:
590:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
561:
557:
553:
546:
541:
528:). Postcard,
527:
523:
518:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
489:
484:
482:
478:
477:
472:
471:Robert Burton
467:
465:
464:Edward Dowden
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
384:
382:
378:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:Four Elements
305:
300:
294:
289:
288:Ancient Greek
285:
281:
274:
273:
268:
264:
257:
253:
252:
247:
241:Early history
238:
236:
235:planet Saturn
232:
231:
226:
225:saturnineness
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
177:mood disorder
173:
168:
166:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:matching the
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
82:melaina chole
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6017:Folie Ă deux
5942:Intoxication
5923:substances,
5921:Psychoactive
5840:Night terror
5657:Dissociative
5621:Panic attack
5173:Tic disorder
4876:
4816:Meta-emotion
4729:Emotionality
4702:responsivity
4650:and bullying
4645:intelligence
4455:Affectivity
4439:neuroscience
4409:in education
4194:
3992:
3953:Homesickness
3929:
3855:Enthrallment
3840:Emotion work
3703:Anticipation
3563:
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3084:. 2022-11-03
3081:
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3061:. Retrieved
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2958:. 2022-05-30
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2784:
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2752:. 2022-11-03
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2703:. 2017-05-17
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900:Risk factors
776:
772:
757:
750:
747:
744:
730:
723:memento mori
700:
686:
672:
666:
664:
655:
652:John Dowland
649:
644:
641:
629:Edward Young
624:
618:
617:
604:
598:
597:
594:pretentions.
592:
580:Neoplatonist
569:
555:
525:
521:
520:Ch. Boirau,
494:Encyclopédie
491:
486:
474:
468:
453:
450:rhombohedron
446:magic square
441:Melencolia I
439:
438:is entitled
425:Michelangelo
421:Parmigianino
409:
404:
385:
373:
348:ancient Rome
345:
334:
328:
323:
303:
277:
270:
267:Frontispiece
251:Melencolia I
249:
228:
227:(from Latin
224:
218:
214:
208:
207:(from Latin
204:
198:
191:
189:
171:
169:
158:Neoplatonist
155:
123:four humours
116:
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77:µÎλαινα χολή
68:
64:
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6167:Melancholia
5990:schizotypal
5825:Hypersomnia
5815:Nonorganic
5556:Agoraphobia
5287:Cyclothymia
5282:Bipolar NOS
5257:(affective)
5129:Stereotypic
5037:Kleptomania
4744:and culture
4549:recognition
4534:homeostatic
4434:forecasting
4383:Weltschmerz
4356:Misanthropy
4133:grandiosity
4015:Inspiration
4005:Infatuation
3973:Humiliation
3895:Frustration
3768:Contentment
1858:December 7,
1828:December 7,
1112:MRI studies
880:Usual onset
735:Weltschmerz
683:Romanticism
533: 1915
481:perspective
429:allegorical
304:melancholic
284:Hippocrates
215:wistfulness
172:melancholia
147:Middle Ages
131:Hippocrates
65:Melancholia
42:Physiognomy
6161:Categories
6142:Stereotypy
6005:Delusional
5994:delusional
5967:Withdrawal
5835:Parasomnia
5740:Nosophobia
5520:Adjustment
5508:somatoform
5441:Sundowning
5294:Depression
5277:Bipolar II
5166:Stuttering
5161:Cluttering
4957:Paraphilia
4821:Pathognomy
4722:well-being
4638:and gender
4633:expression
4628:exhaustion
4613:detachment
4598:competence
4579:Emotional
4561:regulation
4544:perception
4539:in animals
4489:and memory
4425:Affective
4333:Worldviews
4195:melancholy
4180:Resentment
4050:Loneliness
4025:Irritation
4010:Insecurity
4000:Indulgence
3875:Excitement
3860:Enthusiasm
3793:Depression
3753:Confidence
3748:Compassion
3723:Attraction
3648:Admiration
3643:Acceptance
3551:Melencolia
3382:2022-08-28
3291:2023-03-28
3206:2023-03-28
3088:2023-03-28
3063:2023-03-28
2962:2023-03-28
2790:2023-03-28
2756:2023-03-28
2731:2023-03-28
2707:2023-03-28
2644:2022-08-28
2603:2022-08-28
2573:2022-08-28
2464:2022-08-28
2214:2022-08-28
2176:2022-08-28
1802:2022-12-07
1739:2022-12-07
1713:2022-08-28
1655:2022-08-28
1553:2022-08-28
1435:2022-08-28
1366:2022-08-28
1337:2022-08-28
919:Counseling
832:Psychiatry
715:alienation
693:John Keats
576:Roy Strong
556:Melancholy
545:John Donne
543:The young
526:Melancholy
522:The Spleen
502:d'Alembert
405:merencolie
362:physician
233:: "of the
230:Saturninus
205:moroseness
88:black bile
86:, meaning
69:melancholy
6095:Catatonia
6027:Psychosis
5862:Postnatal
5845:Nightmare
5451:Wandering
5304:Dysthymia
5272:Bipolar I
5227:Pervasive
5042:Pyromania
4967:Voyeurism
4962:Fetishism
4849:appraisal
4789:sociology
4740:Emotions
4712:symbiosis
4697:reasoning
4667:isolation
4608:contagion
4593:blackmail
4519:expressed
4514:evolution
4504:and sleep
4494:and music
4429:computing
4376:Reclusion
4371:Pessimism
4346:Defeatism
4276:Suffering
4222:Sehnsucht
4165:Rejection
4116:self-pity
4091:Nostalgia
4060:limerence
4030:Isolation
3968:Hostility
3925:Happiness
3905:Gratitude
3850:Emptiness
3833:vicarious
3783:Curiosity
3758:Confusion
3698:Annoyance
3678:Amusement
3668:Agitation
3663:Affection
3658:Aesthetic
3653:Adoration
3526:Various:
3472:Black Sun
3250:0165-0327
3236:: 60–68.
3175:1095-0680
3128:0010-440X
2920:1932-6203
2528:215726731
2506:: 42–50.
2082:56 (1818)
1642:210949394
1384:Aphorisms
1291:Citations
1260:Pessimism
1255:Nostalgia
1233:Dysthymia
1210:Frequency
1189:Although
1180:serotonin
1133:Treatment
1032:Anhedonia
958:such as:
915:Treatment
870:Self harm
857:anhedonia
827:Specialty
755:in 1918.
711:modernism
697:Symbolism
633:Romantics
432:engraving
336:Aphorisms
324:saturnine
316:astrology
139:delusions
112:delusions
100:premodern
6187:Emotions
6177:Humorism
5830:Insomnia
5500:Neurotic
5467:Delirium
5393:Dementia
5232:Specific
4707:security
4687:literacy
4672:lability
4662:intimacy
4603:conflict
4583:aperture
4480:Emotion
4464:negative
4459:positive
4449:spectrum
4414:measures
4366:Optimism
4361:Nihilism
4351:Fatalism
4341:Cynicism
4286:Sympathy
4281:Surprise
4123:Pleasure
4045:Kindness
4035:Jealousy
4020:Interest
3987:Hysteria
3870:Euphoria
3813:Distrust
3763:Contempt
3743:Calmness
3635:Emotions
3622:Emotions
3376:Archived
3335:21764662
3327:20045197
3268:27414954
3183:21673591
3136:24461162
3040:19026268
3004:17541109
2938:23110213
2890:PLOS ONE
2866:25187716
2638:Archived
2597:Archived
2567:Archived
2520:32275219
2458:Archived
2434:Archived
2427:(2014).
2327:41614620
2292:Archived
2231:Archived
2208:Archived
2170:Archived
2145:Archived
2033:25019055
1957:Archived
1934:Archived
1915:Archived
1912:, 10.103
1707:Archived
1689:(2013).
1646:Archived
1634:31995137
1547:Archived
1498:25691879
1429:Archived
1360:Archived
1331:Archived
1221:See also
1146:such as
1104:HPA axis
853:anorexia
849:insomnia
839:Symptoms
779:cortisol
615:(1643).
584:humanist
473:, whose
417:Pontormo
162:humanist
96:medieval
5539:Anxiety
5378:PDD-NOS
5267:Bipolar
4920: (
4877:Italics
4840:Theory
4796:Feeling
4749:history
4734:bounded
4692:prosody
4499:and sex
4484:and art
4444:science
4400:Affect
4394:Related
4269:chronic
4244:Shyness
4204:Saudade
4190:Sadness
4185:Revenge
4175:Remorse
4106:Passion
4096:Outrage
4086:Neglect
3946:Hiraeth
3845:Empathy
3823:Ecstasy
3808:Disgust
3778:Cruelty
3773:Courage
3738:Boredom
3718:Arousal
3708:Anxiety
3693:Anguish
3259:5291160
2929:3482206
2898:Bibcode
2857:4149384
2298:1 April
2245:, 1996.
2024:4087154
1489:4314947
1266:Saudade
1228:Boredom
969:family)
892:Genetic
874:suicide
845:fatigue
645:Anatomy
611:in his
566:, 1640s
560:etching
498:Diderot
492:In the
368:chronic
360:Persian
331:disease
290:ÎĽÎλας (
280:humours
210:morosus
92:ancient
5783:Eating
5631:Stress
5548:Phobia
5504:stress
5363:Autism
5156:Speech
4945:Sexual
4844:affect
4826:Pathos
4779:social
4623:eating
4296:Wonder
4264:Stress
4254:Sorrow
4170:Relief
4160:Regret
4148:vanity
4143:insult
4138:hubris
3993:Ikigai
3963:Horror
3939:Hatred
3798:Desire
3788:Defeat
3713:Apathy
3534:
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1421:
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1272:Spleen
1170:, and
1116:insula
1094:Causes
984:DSM-IV
940:ICD-11
909:trauma
888:Causes
731:acedie
727:acedia
719:anomie
695:or in
681:or in
679:Goethe
572:Apollo
412:Vasari
341:abulia
320:Saturn
312:spleen
258:, 1514
220:wistly
200:lugere
194:(from
181:ICD-11
135:abulia
98:, and
71:(from
6088:Other
5817:sleep
5604:Other
5460:Other
5326:Mania
4998:Other
4769:moral
4677:labor
4529:group
4308:Worry
4291:Trust
4259:Spite
4239:Shock
4234:Shame
4128:Pride
4101:Panic
3980:Hygge
3920:Guilt
3915:Grief
3910:Greed
3880:Faith
3818:Doubt
3688:Angst
3683:Anger
3673:Agony
3331:S2CID
2524:S2CID
2379:LXXIX
2333:JSTOR
2323:JSTOR
2142:JSTOR
1931:ÎĽÎλας
1882:Brill
1649:(PDF)
1638:S2CID
1610:(PDF)
1172:MAOIs
1164:SNRIs
1160:SSRIs
1075:, or
946:) to
944:DSM-5
506:Mania
352:Galen
299:kholé
293:melas
196:Latin
185:DSM-5
143:Galen
73:Greek
5992:and
5641:PTSD
5255:Mood
5095:ADHD
4588:bias
4573:work
4155:Rage
4111:Pity
4072:Lust
4055:Love
3958:Hope
3890:Flow
3885:Fear
3865:Envy
3626:list
3532:ISBN
3518:ISBN
3504:ISBN
3490:ISBN
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3462:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3431:ISBN
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3403:ISBN
3358:ISBN
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3264:PMID
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3179:PMID
3171:ISSN
3132:PMID
3124:ISSN
3036:PMID
3000:PMID
2934:PMID
2916:ISSN
2862:PMID
2677:ISBN
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2406:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2300:2015
2189:Cf.
2029:PMID
1954:χολή
1886:ISBN
1860:2022
1830:2022
1768:ISBN
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1494:PMID
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5139:DAD
5105:ODD
4040:Joy
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3238:doi
3234:205
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