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relatively small compared with complete pyramids, the building site required a full ramp system and had to be volume-saving and cost-effective (otherwise E2 would not have been repeated in E3) which applies for tangential ramps of 10 cubits or 5m width . Another observation are the "ramp prints", recesses in the wall at the eastern wall of the exposed third and fourth step of E2, showing a possible joint to a ramp of almost 5 m width with steep side slopes. The recesses were described by
Borchardt and are still visible, best in morning light. Borchardt´s interpretation as a trace of a straight long ramp is widely rejected and contradicted by the fact the recess at the third step is narrower than that of the fourth. More realistic would be a joint to tangential ramps integrated to the E2 steps.
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usual burials have been found. Finally, the first examinations of the Meidum
Pyramid found everything below the surface of the rubble mound fully intact. Stones from the outer cover were stolen only after they were exposed by the excavations. This makes a catastrophic collapse more probable than a gradual one. The collapse of this pyramid during the reign of Sneferu is the likely reason for the change from 54 to 43 degrees of his second pyramid at
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inner step pyramids had been designed as the final stage. Thus, the outer surface was polished and the platforms of the steps were not horizontal, but fell off to the outside. This severely compromised the stability and is likely to have caused the collapse of the Meidum
Pyramid in a downpour while the building was still under construction.
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In its ruined state, the structure is 213 feet (65 meters) high, and its entrance is aligned north-south, with the entrance in the north, 66 feet (20 meters) above present ground level. The steep descending passage 57 feet (17 meters) long leads to a horizontal passage, just below the original ground
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described it as looking like a five-stepped mountain, but
Mendelssohn claimed this might be the result of a loose translation and al-Makrizi's words would more accurately translate into "five-storied mountain", a description which could even match the present state of the pyramid with four bands of
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of 0.523 m around by 175 cubits high, thus showing the same proportions as the Great
Pyramid at Giza, and therefore the same circular symbolism. Petrie wrote in the 1892 excavation report that "We see then that there is an exactly analogous theory for the dimensions of Medum to that of the
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inside, usually bearing the names of the pharaoh, are missing inscriptions. The burial chamber inside the pyramid itself is uncompleted, with raw walls and wooden supports still in place which are usually removed after construction. Affiliated mastabas were never used or completed and none of the
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design into a true pyramid by filling in the steps with limestone encasing. While this approach is consistent with the design of the other true pyramids, Meidum was affected by construction errors. Firstly, the outer layer was founded on sand and not on rock, like the inner layers. Secondly, the
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The particular nature of the Meidum
Pyramid building phases allows conclusions on the building process and the used ramp system. The pyramid extensions E2 and E3 both were ring-shaped extensions only 5 m wide around the previous building core in full building height. Even the mass volume was
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Great
Pyramid; in each the approximate ratio of 7:44 is adopted, as referred to the radius and circle ..." These proportions equated to the four outer faces sloping in by precisely 51.842° or 51°50'35", which would have been understood and expressed by the Ancient Egyptians as a
257:
The pyramid was erected in three phases, numbered E1, E2 and E3 by the archaeologist
Borchardt. E1 was a step pyramid similar to the Djoser Pyramid. E2 was an extension around the previous building of roughly 5 m width or 10 cubits, raising the number of steps from 5 to 7.
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Piece of waste limestone. Accounts, in black ink, by workmen of the number of stone blocks delivered for the Meidum
Pyramid. 4th Dynasty. From Pyramid waste, mastaba 17 at Meidum, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology,
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289:, all pyramids had a valley temple, which is missing at Meidum. The mortuary temple, which was found under the rubble at the base of the pyramid, apparently never was finished. Walls were only partly polished. Two
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Fragment of a limestone stela. Inscribed for the accountant of cattle Pahemy and his wife
Iniuset. 18th Dynasty. From tomb 34 at Meidum, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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in 1799, the Meidum Pyramid had its present three steps. It is commonly assumed the pyramid still had five steps in the fifteenth century and was gradually falling further into ruin, because
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level, that then leads to a vertical shaft 10 feet (3.0 meters) high that leads to the corbelled burial chamber itself. The chamber is unlikely to have been used for any burial.
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Comparison of approximate profiles of the Meidum with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available. In
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206:. The pyramid was Egypt's first straight-sided one, but it partially collapsed in ancient times. The area is located around 72 kilometres (45 mi) south of modern
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Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egypt. Meidum. Old Kingdom. Step Pyramid of Meidum, 4th Dyn., n.d. Brooklyn Museum Archives
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Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egyptian – Old Kingdom. Step Pyramid of Meidum, 4th Dyn., n.d. Brooklyn Museum Archives
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Borchardt, Ludwig: Die Entstehung der Pyramide an der Geschichte der Pyramide bei Meidum nachgewiesen, Berlin 1928
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to establish the facts of its original design dimensions and proportions. In its final form it was 1100
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later in the nineteenth century, who located the mortuary temple, facing to the east. In 1920
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Meidum: Site of the Broken Pyramid & Remnants of the First True Pyramid- Virtual-Egypt
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Egyptian Tomb Architecture: The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism
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65 metres (213 ft) (ruined); would have been 91.65 metres (301 ft) or 175
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Die Entstehung der Pyramide an der Geschichte der Pyramide bei Meidum nachgewiesen
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Leiermann, Tom. "The Building of the Pyramids: Reconstruction of the Ramps".
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John Legon article on the Architectural Proportions of the Pyramid of Meidum
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The pyramid at Meidum is thought to be just the second pyramid built after
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Franck Monnier and others believe the pyramid did not collapse until the
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Link to Internet Archive copy of Mendelssohn's Riddle of the Pyramids
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Verner. The Pyramids. Their Archaeology and History. 2003 pp. 462
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Pyramid: Beyond Imagination. Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza
705:. British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852.
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242:. Because of its unusual appearance, the pyramid is called
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510:"Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten"
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Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC
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Map of ancient Lower Egypt showing the location of Meidum
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View of the Meidum Pyramid from the Mastaba of Nefermaat
314:different masonry at the base and a step on top.
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1144:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
607:Global Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology
595:; (Éditions de Boccard, Paris 2017) pp. 73–74
553:(Smithsonian Books/HarperCollins, 2006), p. 64
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392:in 1928 and then Ali el-Kholi in the 1970s.
261:The second extension E3 turned the original
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749:The Pyramids. Their Archaeology and History
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646:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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16:Village in Beni Suef Governorate, Egypt
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102:144 metres (472 ft) or 275 cubits
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372:The Meidum Pyramid was excavated by
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810:Jackson, K. & Stamp, J. (2002).
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800:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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1877:Former world's tallest buildings
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191:) is an archaeological site in
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483:List of ancient Egyptian sites
399:Flinders Petrie was the first
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1887:Archaeological sites in Egypt
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581:, London: Thames & Hudson
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760:. Sphere Books Ltd: London.
485:, including sites of temples
222:The structure of the pyramid
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701:Lightbody, David I (2008).
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758:The Riddle of the Pyramids
756:Mendelssohn, Kurt (1976).
632:Borchardt; Ludwig (1928).
579:The Riddle of the Pyramids
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35:View of the Meidum Pyramid
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814:. London: BBC Worldwide.
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489:List of Egyptian pyramids
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729:Edwards, I.E.S. (1979).
1836:Construction techniques
796:Arnold, Dieter (1991).
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1751:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
1597:Southern South Saqqara
742:. Éditions de Boccard.
551:Math and the Mona Lisa
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275:its SVG file
223:
195:. It contains a large
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1375:1 Intermediate Period
839:at Wikimedia Commons
731:The Pyramids of Egypt
724:. David Nutt: London.
636:. Berlin. p. 20.
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307:Napoleon's Expedition
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135:Location within Egypt
62:29.38806°N 31.15694°E
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380:in 1843 and then by
1718:Second Intermediate
1166:Mastabet el-Fara'un
244:el-heram el-kaddaab
238:, and continued by
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820:978-0-563-48803-3
806:978-0-19-506350-9
751:. Atlantic Books.
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1509:Senusret II
1492:Amenemhat I
1270:Neferirkare
1256: [
1160:Khentkaus I
1051:Elephantine
994:Old Kingdom
360:Excavations
283:New Kingdom
193:Lower Egypt
189:Μοι(ε)θυμις
65: /
41:Coordinates
1871:Categories
1851:Pyramidion
1533:Neferuptah
1497:Senusret I
1286:Unfinished
1058:Edfu South
733:. Penguin.
613:(4): 008.
536:2019-05-29
495:References
412:slope of 5
311:al-Maqrizi
170:Mr(y)-Jtmw
53:31°09′25″E
50:29°23′17″N
1361:Sesheshet
1280:Neferefre
1229:Lepsius L
1037:Lepsius I
870:– 2600 BC
642:cite book
619:2575-8608
390:Alan Rowe
376:in 1837,
246:– (
110:51°50'35"
1591:Khendjer
1437:Merikare
1312:Headless
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1155:Menkaure
1138:Djedefre
1044:Athribis
976:Pyramids
845:Records
477:See also
204:mastabas
201:mudbrick
1897:Sneferu
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1604:SAK S 3
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1346:Pepi I
1305:Double
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959:Period
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405:cubits
298:, the
291:stelas
228:Djoser
158:Arabic
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150:Maydum
146:Meidum
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88:Height
1846:Texts
1841:Seked
1803:XVIII
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1194:G1-d
1187:G1-c
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1120:Bent
816:ISBN
802:ISBN
762:ISBN
707:ISBN
648:link
615:ISSN
232:Huni
181:Atum
175:lit.
99:Base
78:Type
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1484:XII
1414:Ibi
1404:Ity
1127:Red
1009:III
152:or
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