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but given the knowledge of ancient techniques and the comparison with completed pyramids, such a steep pyramid was probably not a realistic option and did not exceed only few stone layers. Due to the good overall degree of preservation of the pyramid, this phase can only be proven indirectly through offset points around 12.70 m from the entrance in the lower descending corridor and at around 11.60 m in the upper descending corridor. In the second phase, the builders reduced the angle of inclination to 54°. This increased the base length to 188 m. Here, too, inclined wall layers were used as in the step pyramids, because masons were not able to produce trapezoid stones at this phase. While step pyramids were built in ring-shaped shells of slant layers, the turn to undivided masonry made horizontal layers more practicable. If the inclination of 54° had been maintained, it would have reached a height of 129.4 m and a volume of around 1,524,000 cubic meters. The Bent
Pyramid would therefore be the third highest pyramid in the world. However, this inclination was not continued beyond a height of 49 m. The masonry of this phase is faced with fine Tura limestone. In the third construction phase, the angle was reduced to 43° and, like in the Red Pyramid and all successive pyramids, the masonry was laid in horizontal layers. The slope reduction created the unique kink that is not found in any other pyramid. Due to the lower inclination angle of the upper part, the total height was reduced to 105 m. The total volume was 1,440,808 cubic meters. The upper area also has a cladding of fine Tura limestone.
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that geometric aspects were the decisive factor in the gradient change. Following the assumption of tangential construction ramps inclined up to 10° as the simplest form of ramp, the fact edge lengths became smaller as the height increased made it increasingly difficult to keep the gradient low. This could be compensated for by reducing the ramp width to around 3 m, which was sufficient for pairs of train crews, but even for such narrow ramps the geometric volume could not provide enough space when the gradient was too steep. Models and abstract calculations were not possible in that time. It must therefore have become clear to the construction managers halfway up that ramp structures would not be feasible when maintaining this gradient. In fact, all completed pyramids (first the Red, then the Great
Pyramid) never exceeded the maximum gradient of 53°.
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the garden closure helped to create a satisfactory living environment in the desert. Other than that, the leveled plateau, the quarrying trenches on the western and southern sides of the pyramid, and the nearby smaller tombs cooperate together to emphasize the monumentality of the Bent
Pyramid, aiding by its long distance from the surrounding structures. These features represent the imprinting social hierarchy in the creation of this landscape, which furthermore represents the power of Egyptian King at that time. Alexanian and Arnold describes this construction in a concise phrase: an artificial mountain erected within an artificial landscape.
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677:. The burial chamber is accessible from a descending corridor with its entrance located 1.10 metres (3 ft 7 in) above the ground in the middle of the north face. The corridor, inclined at 34°, originally measured 11.60 metres (38.1 ft) in length. A short horizontal passage connects the corridor with an ascending corridor, inclined at 32° 30', leading up to the chamber.
588:. In July 2019, Egypt decided to open the Bent Pyramid for tourism for the first time since 1965. Tourists are able to reach two 4600-year-old chambers through a 79-metre (259 ft) narrow tunnel built from the northern entrance of the pyramid. The 18-metre-high (59 ft) "side pyramid", which is assumed to have been built for Sneferu's wife
673:, is located 55 metres (180 ft) south of the Bent Pyramid. The satellite pyramid originally measured 26 metres (85 ft) in height and 52.80 metres (173.2 ft) in length, with faces inclining 44°30'. The structure is made of limestone blocks, relatively thick, arranged in horizontal rows and covered with a layer of fine limestone from
618:; the northern entrance leads to a chamber that is below ground level, the western to a chamber built in the body of the pyramid itself. A hole in the roof of the northern chamber (accessed today by a high and rickety ladder 15 m (50 ft) long) leads via a rough connecting passage to the passage from the western entrance.
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On the east side of the pyramid there are the fragmentary remains of the pyramid temple. Like the pyramid temple of the Meidum pyramid, there are two stelae behind the temple, though of these only stumps remain. There is no trace of inscription to be seen. The temple remains are fragmentary but it is
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A particular feature in the chambers are a row of original cedar beams that were interpreted by many as a reaction on structural problems. In contradiction to that, Edwards argues the cedar beams rather had been part of the funerary support structure and, some of them bedded in mortar, could not have
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Recent conclusions rather speak against a connection between the change in slope and structural defects. It is rather doubtful that a reduction in weight was a relevant criterion for a structure of almost closed mass. The early decision against the 60° inclination initially envisaged rather suggests
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The
Pyramid underwent three construction phases. In the first construction phase, a steep pyramid with a base length of 157 m and an inclination angle of approximately 58° (possibly even 60°) was planned. If the pyramid had been completed in this form, it would have reached a height of around 125 m,
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The western entrance passage is blocked by two stone blocks which were not lowered vertically, as in other pyramids, but slid down 45° ramps to block the passage. One of these was lowered in antiquity and a hole has been cut through it, the other remains propped up by a piece of ancient cedar wood.
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The purpose of this man-made construction might hold mythical meaning and ritual function. Based on available evidence, garden enclosure and water basins both are the counterparts of funeral rites which indicates a regular practice of rituals at
Dahshur. However, there is also the implication that
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channel connecting the Bent
Pyramid to a harbor, which shows a distinct difference between the southern and northern side of the channel. It shows a substantial difference in level with regards to the finding. The slope of southern wadi channel seemed to have been rectified when the archaeologists
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As the first geometrically "true" pyramid in the world, the Bent
Pyramid is also connected to the surrounding landscape. Nicole Alexanian and Felix Arnold, two distinguished German archeologists, provided a new insight toward the meaning and function for the Bent Pyramid in their book named
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The reason why
Sneferu abandoned the Meidum Pyramid and its Step Pyramid may have been a change in ideology. The royal tomb was no longer considered as a staircase to the stars; instead, it was served as a symbol of the solar cult and of the primeval mound from which all life sprang.
549:, was constructed at an angle of 43 degrees from its base. This fact also contradicts the theory that at the initial angle the construction would take too long because Sneferu's death was nearing, so the builders changed the angle to complete the construction in time. In 1974,
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The Bent
Pyramid has two entrances, one fairly low down on the north side, to which a substantial wooden stairway has been built for the convenience of tourists. The second entrance is high on the west face of the pyramid. Each entrance leads to a chamber with a high,
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compared it to the natural and twisted northern side. Arne
Ramisch supported this idea by providing evidence that displays a low correlation of fraternal patterns of channel and natural topography in the environs, which is southern side of wadi, of the Bent Pyramid.
692:, where the Grand Gallery takes up the place of the ascending corridor. The corridor leads up to the burial chamber (called this despite that it most probably never contained any sarcophagus). The chamber, located in the center of the pyramid, has a
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W. Kalser, Diekleine Hebseddarstellung im Sonnenheiligtum des Niuserre, in: G. HAENY(Hg.), Aufsatze zum 70. Geburtstag von Herbert Ricke, Beitrage zur agyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde 12, Wiesbanden 1971, 87-105, pl.
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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outer casing remains largely intact. British structural engineer Peter James attributes this to larger clearances between the parts of the casing than used in later pyramids; these imperfections would work as
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The Bent Pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but the top section (above 47 metres ) is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid a visibly "bent" appearance.
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and had a low limestone wall on each side. In fact, there may have been a second causeway that lead down to a dock or landing stage, but there is no excavation that can prove this assumption yet.
1518:. 10. Ägyptologische Tempeltagung: Ägyptische Tempel zwischen Normierung und Individualität: 29-31 August 2014. Munich, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1–16. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
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Comparison of approximate profiles of the Bent Pyramid with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available. In
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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will also be accessible. It is the first time this adjacent pyramid has been opened to the public since its excavation in 1956.
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suggested the change of the angle to have been made as a stability precaution in reaction to a catastrophic collapse of the
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A causeway leads from the Bent Pyramids' northeast toward the pyramid with the valley temple. The causeway was paved with
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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and contains a four metres deep shaft, probably dug by treasure hunters, in the southeast part of the chamber.
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It is also unique among the approximately ninety pyramids to be found in Egypt, in that its original polished
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The edge of the pyramid plateau is well visible. It shows how it is isolated from the cultivated area.
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Like the main pyramid, the satellite had its own altar with two stelae located at the eastern side.
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A satellite pyramid, suggested by some Egyptologists to have been built to house the pharaoh's
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The connecting passage referenced above enters the passage between the two portcullises.
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Leiermann, Tom (2023). "The Building of the Pyramids: Reconstruction of the Ramps".
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Descending passageway of the Bent Pyramid after installation of wooden staircase.
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Sneferu's bent pyramid at Dahshur, an early experiment in true pyramid building
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Alexanian, Nicole; Bebermeier, Wiebke; Blaschta, Dirk; Ramisch, Arne (2012).
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The ancient formal name of the Bent Pyramid is generally translated as
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Edwards, LES, The Egyptian Pyramids, Harmondsworth 1947, page 93.
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Alexanian, Nicole; Arnold, Felix (2016). Martina Ullmann (ed.).
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Alexanian, Nicole; Arnold, Felix (2016). Martina Ullmann (ed.).
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The design of the corridors is similar to the one found in the
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Descending passageway of the Bent Pyramid's Satellite pyramid.
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and prevent the successive destruction of the outer casing by
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The Complex of the Bent Pyramid as a Landscape Design Project
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The Complex of the Bent Pyramid as a Landscape Design Project
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The complex of the Bent Pyramid as a landscape design project
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Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC
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Ancient Egypt - Part 3: Greatest Pharaohs 3150 to 1351 BC
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presumed to be similar to that of the Meidum temple.
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is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located at the royal
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1,237,040 cubic metres (43,685,655 cu ft)
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47.04 metres (154 ft; 90 cu) beneath bend
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1562:L'Architettura delle Piramidi Menfite, parte III
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1901:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
1322:Global Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology
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1027:The Pyramids - Their Archaeology and History
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684:The Bent pyramid with its satellite pyramid.
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1098:"New Theory on Egypt's Collapsing Pyramids"
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1358:"Dashur: Bent Pyramid of Sneferu"
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586:Sneferu-(is)-Shining-in-the-South
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1577:. New York: Grove Press.
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1076:The Ancient Egyptian Site
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912:List of Egyptian pyramids
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917:List of megalithic sites
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1600:Inside the Bent Pyramid
121:For more guidance, see
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1627:c. 2600 BCE – 2590 BCE
1532:Fakhry, Ahmed (1961).
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2132:1 Intermediate Period
1543:The Complete Pyramids
1541:Lehner, Mark (2008).
1265:The Complete Pyramids
1263:Lehner, Mark (1997).
762:The satellite pyramid
690:Great Pyramid of Giza
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184:29.79028°N 31.20917°E
123:Knowledge:Translation
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1362:Ancient Egypt Online
1295:. Mainz. p. 87.
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436:54°27′44″ below bend
2475:Second Intermediate
1923:Mastabet el-Fara'un
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2465:
2440:
2398:
2396:South Dahshur B
2384:
2382:South Dahshur A
2370:
2329:
2305:
2303:Central Dahshur
2292:
2235:
2231:Reherishefnakht
2212:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2180:
2154:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2084:
2012:
1991:
1848:
1755:
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1737:
1706:
1678:
1673:
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1628:
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1489:
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1486:on 13 July 2020
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1180:
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1175:
1166:
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1138:
1133:. 13 July 2019.
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2590:
2584:
2581:
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2553:
2550:(1570–1070 BC)
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
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2480:(1650–1570 BC)
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2434:
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2320:
2317:South Mazghuna
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2280:
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2256:
2251:
2245:
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2213:(2040–1650 BC)
2208:Middle Kingdom
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2166:Neferkare Neby
2163:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2137:(2181–2040 BC)
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2075:Djedkare-Isesi
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
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1933:
1926:
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1825:
1818:
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1797:
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1759:
1756:(2686–2181 BC)
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1151:. 2019-07-15.
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1031:
1015:
1013:, p. 462.
994:
977:
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2503:Sobekemsaf II
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1442:j.ctvc5pfjr.5
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1274:0-87604-071-7
1270:
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1192:on 2019-07-14
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992:, p. 17.
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76:main category
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67:
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56:
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53:
47:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
2613:Pyramidology
2588:Step pyramid
2572:
2532:
2498:Sobekemsaf I
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2394:
2380:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2282:
2275:
2271:Senusret III
2258:
2068:
2060:
2055:Lepsius XXIV
2053:
2041:
2032:Khentkaus II
2010:Neferhetepes
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
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1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1471:
1467:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1432:
1425:
1420:, p. 80
1413:
1368:25 September
1366:. Retrieved
1364:. Jenny Hill
1361:
1351:
1342:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1292:
1264:
1244:. Retrieved
1242:. 2019-07-14
1239:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1217:. 2019-07-13
1214:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1185:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1149:The Guardian
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1101:
1091:
1081:25 September
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1034:
1018:
1011:Verner 2001d
973:Verner 2001d
968:
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645:
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559:
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511:
479:Bent Pyramid
478:
476:
369:Bent pyramid
338:
200:Ancient name
139:Bent Pyramid
98:edit summary
89:
69:
43:
35:
2545:New Kingdom
2441: [
2399: [
2385: [
2371: [
2343:Ameny Qemau
2306: [
2293: [
2266:Senusret II
2249:Amenemhat I
2027:Neferirkare
2013: [
1917:Khentkaus I
1808:Elephantine
1751:Old Kingdom
1637:Red Pyramid
1490:19 November
1474:: 131-133.
1447:19 November
1407:Fakhry 1961
990:Lehner 2008
952:Red Pyramid
922:Red Pyramid
543:Red Pyramid
495:Old Kingdom
358:4th dynasty
350:Constructed
339:Kha Sneferu
187: /
163:Coordinates
45:(July 2020)
2628:Categories
2608:Pyramidion
2290:Neferuptah
2254:Senusret I
2043:Unfinished
1815:Edfu South
1525:References
1246:2019-07-15
1221:2019-07-15
1196:2019-07-15
1167:2023-03-06
590:Hetepheres
535:step-sided
483:necropolis
175:31°12′33″E
172:29°47′25″N
2118:Sesheshet
2037:Neferefre
1986:Lepsius L
1794:Lepsius I
1564:. Artale.
1480:2192-2608
1334:2575-8608
1301:cite book
1157:0261-3077
961:Footnotes
566:limestone
379:Limestone
356:2600 BC (
116:talk page
68:Consider
40:in German
2348:Khendjer
2194:Merikare
2069:Headless
2049:Nyuserre
1912:Menkaure
1895:Djedefre
1801:Athribis
1733:Pyramids
1608:Records
1240:ABC News
1161:Archived
1131:BBC News
906:See also
630:Causeway
539:pyramids
517:Overview
497:Pharaoh
375:Material
336:Ḫˁ Snfrw
92:provide
2654:Sneferu
2644:Dahshur
2368:SAK S 7
2361:SAK S 3
2113:Pepi II
2108:Merenre
2005:Userkaf
1822:el-Kula
1725:Dynasty
1702:Commons
1691:Lepsius
1689: (
1186:Reuters
725:Gallery
547:pharaoh
507:Sneferu
499:Sneferu
487:Dahshur
157:Sneferu
114:to the
96:in the
42:.
2568:Ahmose
2528:Kamose
2438:DAS 53
2431:DAS 51
2424:DAS 50
2417:DAS 49
2410:DAS 46
2284:Hawara
2103:Pepi I
2062:Double
2022:Sahure
1907:Khafre
1870:Meidum
1829:Naqada
1780:Buried
1774:Djoser
1716:Period
1616:Meidum
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422:Volume
385:Height
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2560:XVIII
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2277:Black
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1890:Khufu
1863:Seila
1843:Sinki
1787:Layer
1630:101 m
1438:JSTOR
1328:(4).
938:Notes
503:Egypt
491:Cairo
430:Slope
59:DeepL
2490:XVII
2456:S 10
2335:XIII
2176:Khui
2150:VIII
2098:Teti
2080:Unas
1979:G3-c
1972:G3-b
1965:G3-a
1958:G2-a
1951:G1-d
1944:G1-c
1937:G1-b
1930:G1-a
1877:Bent
1579:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1492:2020
1476:ISSN
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1370:2020
1330:ISSN
1307:link
1269:ISBN
1153:ISSN
1113:2013
1083:2020
714:wadi
675:Tura
477:The
405:Base
365:Type
90:must
88:You
2451:S 9
2241:XII
2171:Ibi
2161:Ity
1884:Red
1766:III
659:An
584:or
485:of
61:or
2630::
2443:de
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2387:de
2373:de
2308:de
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2223:XI
2090:VI
2015:de
1854:IV
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