1264:, the medium of instruction is mostly Romanian, but the state undertakes to provide education in minority languages up to the following levels. In Russian, it is a substantial part of preschool education, at least to those pupils whose families request it in sufficient numbers. In Bulgarian and Czech, it is a substantial part of primary education. In Croatian, it is a substantial part of secondary education. In Serbian, Turkish, Ukrainian and Slovak, it is secondary education. In German and Hungarian, it is higher education. There are also international schools where the medium of instruction is English.
1194:, politician and former chair of PACE sub-commission on minorities, notes that all minority schools (except the Russian and Polish ones) offer education in either Latvian or Russian, with corresponding minority language and culture taught as subjects. The network of Russian-language schools is being reduced. Some Polish-language schools were created after restoration of independence. Education in public minority high schools is conducted mostly in Latvian since 2004 despite wide protests by the
1282:, education in minority languages must be provided in municipalities if Slovak citizens speaking respective language are more than 20% of population: higher, technical and vocational education in Hungarian, a substantial part of technical and vocational education in Ruthenian and Ukrainian, a substantial part of preschool education for those pupils whose families request it in sufficient numbers in Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, German, Polish and Roma.
283:
25:
958:
is the medium of instruction in most schools. However, there are also
Chinese and Indian schools serving the respective communities, which are allowed to use Mandarin and Tamil respectively as a medium of instruction, but Malay is still required to be taught as a subject. English-medium schools were
615:
and the respective states' official languages. Private schools usually prefer
English, and government (primary/secondary education) schools tend to go with one of the last two. However, the medium of instruction in colleges and universities is always either English, Hindi or a regional language. The
347:
as the medium of instruction, but no law prohibits the use of other languages in private schools. Many schools use other
European languages (mainly because of the country's European heritage) such as English, German, Italian or French. Public schools also have mandatory English and Spanish but only
483:
focuses on language immersion programs for children from birth to fifth grade, developing cultural resources for the general public and community language programs to foster the
Cherokee language among adults. There is also a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates
1329:
Prior to the 2017 law "On
Education" the mediums of instruction in pre-school education were Ukrainian, Russian, Hungarian, Romanian, Moldovan, Crimean Tatar, English, Polish and German; in general education, Ukrainian, Russian, Hungarian, Romanian, Moldovan, Crimean Tatar, Polish, Bulgarian and
877:, English is the primary medium of instruction from preschool to university, except in the Philippine history and Filipino language subjects, in which Filipino is used. Recently, regional languages have been introduced as the medium of instruction in public schools for grades K–3 as part of the
588:
adopt
English as the medium of instruction for almost all classes. Chinese-Medium-of-Instruction (CMI) schools generally adopt Cantonese as the medium of instruction, but a significant number of CMI schools use English for high school courses. English is used almost exclusively at the tertiary
888:, in pre-schools children learn in two languages: English and a mother tongue: Chinese, Malay or Tamil. The medium of instruction is English in all schools following the national curriculum except in "mother-tongue" subjects. International and private schools may use other languages. See also
229:
is used. The national curriculum requires that all students study at least two official languages as separate subjects, one of which must be studied at home language level and the other at least at first additional language level. The most common home language among the school population is
1055:, besides Croatian-language education, education of the representatives of national minorities is carried out in 24 elementary schools, and the program is conducted in the language and writing of a relevant national minority, 61 elementary schools having classes with such programs.
478:
has invested $ 3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. Formed in 2006, the
Kituwah Preservation & Education Program (KPEP) on the
473:
from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80% or more of the
Cherokee people will be fluent in the language. The
959:
present during the colonial period but were slowly phased out after independence. Today, all the former
English-medium schools have since been converted to Malay-medium schools. Nevertheless, English continues to be a compulsory subject in all Malaysian schools.
1289:, the general medium of instruction is Slovene. In areas with the Hungarian ethnic minority, bilingual instruction in Slovene and Hungarian is compulsory. In the Italian ethnic community area, basic education can be provided in Slovene or Italian.
1257:. However, in areas where national or ethnic minorities reside, there are also public schools using a minority language of instruction (such as German, Ukrainian, Belarusian, or Kashubian), or schools which offers classes of the minority language.
1066:-medium schools, 62 Russian-medium schools and 36 mixed medium schools, 25% of vocational education being in Russian while the remainder Estonian. In higher education, 90.2% is in Estonian, 7.8% in Russian and 1.85% in English.
225:, students are taught primarily in their home language from Grade Zero (Reception Year) up to Grade 3. From Grade 4 onwards, English is the default language of learning and teaching, except for a minority of schools in which
263:, and other Ethiopian languages serve as the medium of instruction in primary education, while English is used in secondary schools and universities (French had been the medium of instruction in public schools pre-1936).
1323:
is language of instruction in
Ukrainian schools is the state language, which is Ukrainian (national minorities are guaranteed the right to study in public educational facilities including their language alongside
1621:
2067:
2203:
387:. The official language not used as the primary medium of instruction is taught as a mandatory subject in primary school and becomes optional for most secondary school students. Many
2225:
1894:
1432:
1549:
846:
Government of the Punjab Notification No. PS/SSE/Misc/2009/176 dated 18-09-2009 required for the subjects of science and mathematics to be taught in English in each school.
1811:
1940:
1629:
369:
2239:
2016:
1773:
2181:
1734:
Alternative report on the implementation by Georgia of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in the region of Kvemo Kartli — p. 59
1271:, Russian is dominating in education. Approximately 6% of students learn at school in minority languages. Besides, some tertiary education establishments use
1920:
2150:
2195:
2075:
1797:
1452:
Results of the 7th consultation of member states on the implementation of the Convention and Recommendation against discrimination in education. Para. 41
1427:
1143:
also required later. Some universities teach in part in English in topics popular with foreigners (and "Icelandic for foreign students" is also offered).
1195:
1588:
1246:. The state undertakes to provide a substantial part of preschool education in Sami, at least pupils whose families request it in sufficient numbers.
1947:
542:
is used as the medium of instruction in most schools. In elementary and secondary schools for ethnic minorities, the minority languages, such as
1190:, education is available in eight national minority languages: Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Hebrew and Romani.
165:
settings, content may often be taught in a language that is not spoken in the students' homes. This is referred to as content based learning or
1085:. The right to education in Swedish is based in the constitution. There are also a few schools in which education is given, to some extent, in
1139:
is used at all levels of education. English is the first secondary language to be taught (even starting a bit as early as kindergarten), with
2240:"Third report submitted by Ukraine pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 2 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities"
989:
settlers), there are a number of schools that teach in Greek and Italian. A few schools also teach in French, Chinese, Arabic and Japanese.
2217:
1037:
schools are 53%, they are located mostly in rural areas, and the share of students who receive instruction in Belarusian is as low as 18%.
1903:
1574:
89:
166:
1859:
1553:
61:
604:
is the medium in elementary and secondary schools for the Arab minority. Hebrew is used almost exclusively at the tertiary level.
2111:
1748:
304:
145:
of students is different from the official language, it may be used as the medium of instruction for part or all of schooling.
42:
1924:
1187:
878:
379:, almost all public schools use either English or French as the medium of instruction; French is standard in the province of
68:
1504:
843:, but private schools have English as medium of instruction. English was made medium of instruction in 18 colleges in 2008.
218:
and Ndebele is established in education until the fourth grade; from the fourth grade, English is the medium of instruction.
2306:
516:
is the language of instruction in secondary schools in the Georgian-populated northern regions. Education was conducted in
1205:, as at 2004/2005, 91.3% of pupils studied in Lithuanian, 5.3% in Russian and 3.6% in Polish in general education schools.
1877:
1532:
1366:
2246:
456:
75:
2023:
2173:
1718:
531:, Bengali and English are used as mediums of instruction. In universities, the medium of education is mainly English.
330:
108:
1937:
1330:
Slovak; in vocational training, Ukrainian and Russian; in higher education, Ukrainian, Russian, Hungarian, Romanian.
312:
2128:
828:
is used in Portugal-backed schools. English, which is not an official language of the region, is also used in many
475:
2266:
2112:Об исполнении Российской Федерацией Рамочной конвенции о защите национальных меньшинств. Альтернативный доклад НПО
241:, the medium of instruction at all levels of education (primary, secondary, universities and colleges) is English.
57:
2158:
365:
1745:
Senior Secondary English Curriculum Guide for Schools Using English as the Primary Language of Instruction (EMI)
173:
when it is not the students' first language, the phenomenon is referred to as English-medium instruction (EMI).
2291:
2040:
1320:
308:
46:
408:
535:
1596:
1232:
1760:
1695:
1407:
1733:
2296:
1744:
852:
521:
416:
2301:
1355:
1125:
1412:
293:
82:
889:
469:
instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the
297:
35:
2022:. Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania. pp. 42–43. Archived from
1650:
Kituwah Preservation & Education Program Powerpoint, by Renissa Walker (2012)'. 2012. Print.
1381:
150:
2090:
1686:
1231:
to provide university level education in languages spoken by at least 20% of the population (
400:
2272:
512:
at both secondary and postsecondary level is also offered in some educational institutions.
1451:
570:
501:
344:
8:
1463:
Macaro, Ernesto; Curle, Samantha; Pun, Jack; An, Jiangshan; Dearden, Julie (2017-12-12).
1104:
1081:, also an official national language, is used in a number of schools along the coast and
1034:
922:
900:
825:
361:
357:
146:
1167:, Italian is the official language throughout the country, with French also official in
1847:
1690:
1340:
1243:
1136:
763:
543:
424:
226:
2091:"Wybrane Aspekty Edukacji Mniejszości Narodowych i Etnicznych we Współczesnej Polsce"
2071:
1791:
1714:
1568:
1486:
1217:
1213:
1092:
1063:
978:
860:
795:
684:
624:
566:
562:
517:
513:
470:
448:
428:
420:
162:
138:
1661:
1005:
1994:
1966:
1476:
1422:
1392:
1309:
1305:
1191:
1183:
1168:
1119:
1078:
1074:
1030:
974:
856:
782:
767:
752:
737:
718:
703:
699:
688:
673:
669:
658:
654:
643:
639:
628:
551:
539:
509:
505:
440:
396:
200:
192:
170:
1989:
1961:
383:(a few cities also offering English-language schools) and, along with English, in
1944:
1881:
1710:
Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1948
1708:
1536:
1508:
1417:
1301:
1297:
1254:
1228:
1224:
1140:
1111:
810:
733:
714:
555:
547:
480:
466:
245:
169:(CLIL). In situations where the medium of instruction of academic disciplines is
616:
medium of education is also dependent upon the state and its official language.
1812:"DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3"
1370:
1336:
1272:
1157:
1108:
1045:
955:
911:
748:
710:
392:
260:
215:
196:
142:
2196:"Debate on language provisions of Ukraine's education law not over – minister"
1874:
1529:
1481:
1464:
2285:
1836:
1490:
1351:
1086:
933:
778:
384:
158:
1103:, legislation restricts languages other than French in state schools. Other
944:
388:
222:
1347:
1293:
1172:
1082:
1001:
997:
993:
874:
829:
806:
802:
695:
635:
585:
412:
2136:
2048:
2174:"Beyond the scandal: what is Ukraine's new education law really about?"
1465:"A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education"
1395:
is used to some extent in some schools that otherwise teach in English.
1115:
744:
528:
497:
204:
2041:"Macedonia - Framework Agreement - 6. Education and Use of Languages"
1202:
1152:
970:
896:
885:
821:
729:
650:
581:
577:
444:
244:
In the francophone states of Africa, education has typically been in
282:
24:
1687:
Education in Transition: English based learning in Bangladesh today
1388:
1362:
1286:
1279:
986:
951:
929:
907:
836:
722:
252:
211:
188:
134:
584:
is the medium in most schools at the primary and secondary level.
1316:
1261:
1209:
1147:
1132:
1070:
1059:
1052:
1041:
1026:
1012:
918:
680:
431:) are as also common across Canada in public and private schools.
404:
256:
238:
231:
1938:
Comments by Mr Boriss Cilevics, Member of the Latvian Delegation
1896:
National system overview on education systems in Europe, Estonia
859:
is used as the medium of instruction in most schools, with more
2275:
2245:. Council of Europe. 7 May 2009. pp. 42–43. Archived from
1268:
1250:
1239:
1179:
1100:
982:
774:
759:
601:
597:
593:
452:
380:
376:
161:
is indeed a critical issue". In post-secondary, university and
154:
1433:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
1048:
and French (German in some parts of Eastern Belgium) are used.
813:
is used in most schools (including universities and colleges).
798:
is used in most schools (including universities and colleges).
153:
may involve the use of more than one language of instruction.
1377:
1164:
817:
791:
620:
612:
608:
1150:, English is used in most schools with a growing number of
1107:
are the medium of instruction in non-state schools such as
940:
840:
2218:"Ukraine agrees to concessions to Hungary in language row"
2068:"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148"
1706:
1380:, most schools teach in English, but an increasing number
1033:
is the main language of instruction. While schools using
1015:, English and French are the main languages of education.
665:
580:
which was a British colony until 1997, either English or
1539:// Zimbabwe. International Database of Cultural Policies
370:
Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
947:
is the medium in most schools, including universities.
936:
is the medium in most schools, including universities.
925:
is the medium in most schools, including universities.
914:
is the medium in most schools, including universities.
903:
is the medium in most schools, including universities.
824:
is used as the medium of instruction in many schools.
1365:, English is the primary language of instruction but
996:, English is used in many schools, but more and more
176:
504:
is the main language of instruction. Instruction in
1428:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2267:The place of the mother tongue in school education
1662:"Immersion students win trophies at language fair"
1220:) is used, but Russian is slowly being introduced.
1196:Headquarters for the Protection of Russian Schools
611:, the medium of instruction varies among English,
443:is used, but in some schools, Spanish, French (in
157:considers that "providing education in a child's
2283:
2017:"Education in Lithuania. Facts and Figures 2006"
1796:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1462:
1369:is also available. There is little or no use of
1354:is being revived with one Manx-medium school at
199:and adult education, whereas English is used in
1948:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
1275:as a language of instruction alongside Russian.
1253:, the medium of instruction in most schools is
1860:Почему белорусcких школ становится всё меньше?
1616:
1614:
484:students from pre-school through eighth grade.
1779:. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012
459:/American Indian languages are used as well.
2273:The use of Vernacular Languages in Education
1774:"Department of Education Order No. 74, 2009"
1659:
395:systems in English jurisdictions also offer
2155:Ministry of Education and Sport of Slovenia
2126:
1962:"Protesters rally against education reform"
1921:"Minority education: statistics and trends"
1611:
1593:We Shall Remain - American Experience - PBS
830:English-Medium-of-Instruction (EMI) schools
586:English-Medium-of-Instruction (EMI) schools
311:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
137:used in teaching. It may or may not be the
2129:"Языковая ситуация в Республике Татарстан"
2062:
2060:
2058:
1186:is used in most schools. According to the
1077:is the language used in most schools, but
1480:
1004:(primary and secondary school) are using
419:, are also used in local school systems.
331:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2269:— recommendation Nr. 1740 (2006) by PACE
2151:"Compulsory basic education in Slovenia"
2088:
1990:"School reform amendment sparks outrage"
963:
881:'s mother tongue-based education policy.
167:content and language integrated learning
2055:
1987:
1959:
2284:
1749:Education and Youth Development Bureau
1589:"Native Now : Language: Cherokee"
1573:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2171:
1925:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia
1761:18 colleges declared 'English medium'
267:
2172:Tulup, Marharyta (8 December 2017).
1960:Eglitis, Aaron (11 September 2003).
863:presence in schools in recent years.
565:, most schools conduct education in
520:in some secondary schools until the
309:adding citations to reliable sources
276:
141:of the country or territory. If the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1707:Minglang Zhou, Hongkai Sun (2004).
1644:
600:is the medium in most schools, and
13:
2228:from the original on Feb 15, 2018.
2206:from the original on Jan 12, 2018.
2184:from the original on Feb 15, 2018.
1988:Eglitis, Aaron (29 January 2004).
1622:"Cherokee Language Revitalization"
867:
177:In different countries and regions
14:
2318:
2260:
2047:. August 13, 2001. Archived from
399:. In parts of Canada such as the
2045:U.S. English Foundation Research
1902:. EURYDICE. 2011. Archived from
1884:Ministry of Education of Croatia
1626:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
476:Cherokee Preservation Foundation
435:
281:
23:
2232:
2210:
2188:
2165:
2143:
2120:
2105:
2082:
2033:
2009:
1981:
1953:
1931:
1913:
1887:
1868:
1853:
1841:
1830:
1804:
1765:
1754:
1738:
1727:
1700:
1679:
1242:, the medium of instruction is
721:is used. Some schools also use
366:Official bilingualism in Canada
34:needs additional citations for
1713:. Springer. pp. 119–120.
1660:Chavez, Will (April 5, 2012).
1653:
1581:
1542:
1523:
1497:
1456:
1445:
1227:, the state is obliged by the
1:
2180:. Translated by Barnes, Liz.
2074:Treaty Office. Archived from
1438:
1062:, as of 2011, there were 463
2135:(in Russian). Archived from
7:
2307:Concepts in language policy
1408:Native-language instruction
1401:
1188:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
10:
2323:
2089:Koziński, Bartosz (2013).
1343:, English is mostly used.
839:, most public schools use
536:People's Republic of China
522:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
508:and to a lesser extent in
355:
1862:Белорусский Партизан 2010
1520:Tanzania National Website
1482:10.1017/s0261444817000350
1373:as a medium of education.
1312:are used in most schools.
1126:Language policy in France
1019:
573:schools is being reduced.
351:
343:Every public school uses
272:
181:
16:Language used in teaching
1413:English medium education
1114:-medium schools and the
2127:Сулейманова, Д (2009).
2095:Forum Pedagogiczne UKSW
1848:Constitution of Vanuatu
1367:Gaelic medium education
1350:, English is used, but
1321:2017 law "On Education"
890:Special Assistance Plan
879:Department of Education
490:
58:"Medium of instruction"
1628:. 2014. Archived from
1595:. 2008. Archived from
1118:in the south that use
348:once or twice a week.
214:, the use of English,
151:multilingual education
131:mediums of instruction
2292:Medium of instruction
2114:Москва, 2006 — § 331
964:Australia and Oceania
401:Northwest Territories
356:Further information:
123:medium of instruction
2224:. 14 February 2018.
1875:Elementary Education
1837:Pre-school Education
981:(known for its many
409:aboriginal languages
345:Brazilian Portuguese
305:improve this section
127:media of instruction
43:improve this article
2202:. 12 January 2018.
1771:Enclosure No. 1 to
1666:Cherokeephoenix.org
1530:5.1.9 Language laws
1105:languages of France
1000:(kindergarten) and
973:, most schools use
362:Education in Canada
358:Languages of Canada
147:Bilingual education
1943:2009-11-30 at the
1880:2012-05-11 at the
1535:2014-07-14 at the
1341:Crown dependencies
977:. However, in the
429:diaspora languages
421:Heritage languages
268:Western Hemisphere
2297:Linguistic rights
2072:Council of Europe
1511:on April 17, 2001
1469:Language Teaching
1093:Mandatory Swedish
979:State of Victoria
861:Taiwanese Hokkien
471:Cherokee language
341:
340:
333:
201:secondary schools
163:special education
139:official language
119:
118:
111:
93:
2314:
2302:Education policy
2254:
2253:
2252:on Apr 10, 2016.
2251:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2157:. Archived from
2147:
2141:
2140:
2139:on Nov 25, 2010.
2124:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1995:The Baltic Times
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1967:The Baltic Times
1957:
1951:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1704:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1632:on April 7, 2014
1618:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1599:on April 7, 2014
1585:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1552:. Archived from
1546:
1540:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1507:. Archived from
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1423:Language revival
1192:Boris Tsilevitch
1171:, and German in
857:Standard Chinese
569:. The number of
558:, are also used.
540:Standard Chinese
397:French immersion
336:
329:
325:
322:
316:
285:
277:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2170:
2166:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2125:
2121:
2115:
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1783:2012-06-16
1560:2014-12-18
1515:2001-04-17
1439:References
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1491:0261-4448
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1091:See also
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1280:Slovakia
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