104:, where the vast majority of the remaining stained glass windows come from, stained glass windows were produced during a comparatively short time span of about a century and a half, from the second quarter of the 13th century to the end of the 14th century. This was a time of expansive church building and rebuilding on the island, which had grown rich from foreign trade. With the end of the 14th century, this period came to an end and church building, and with it the manufacturing of stained glass, ceased. Surviving stained glass windows from mainland Sweden date mainly from the 14th century and later, and there is no coherence in the body of surviving pieces comparable to that on Gotland. Furthermore, some of the medieval window panes today found on the mainland were originally from Gotland.
223:
windows in Sweden. Andersson acknowledges the notnames of
Roosval but uses them only sparingly. He also highlights the difficulties in determining the artistic influences different workshops may have had on each other and whether some works came from different workshops or from different artists within the same workshop. He also points out problems determining a chronology between these supposed workshops, and raises the question of how difficult it is to convincingly show that there were any independent glass workshops on Gotland at all, given the lack of written sources. In the standard multi-volume art history of Sweden
251:
85:
162:(at least one of them seems to originally have been German), but whether or not it can be assumed that it was part of their skill set to also produce decorated glass is a matter of differing opinions. Like in the rest of Catholic Europe, stained glass windows played a role in conveying Christian themes and stories to the congregation. Decorative glass windows are known almost exclusively from churches; there are in Sweden only a few known examples of profane stained glass painting from the time, of very simple,
22:
373:
1685:
1709:
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238:, Sweden has the largest amount of preserved medieval stained glass. Compared with a country like France or the United Kingdom, it is however a very small amount; the remaining medieval stained glass in Sweden would not suffice to decorate a middle-sized Gothic cathedral. A very small number of medieval stained glass has also found its way to Sweden in more recent times; e.g. the chapel at
178:, no new decorative glass windows were made, and often old windows were replaced with clear glass, as a more rationalistic view of Christianity was propagated. During the second half of the 19th century, the churches of Gotland furthermore suffered when individual window panes were removed and sold or given to private collectors, including public figures like King
396:. The windows in Alskog are lighter than the earlier windows in Dalhem, and the stylistic influences may according to Roosval have come via Norway from England, rather than as before from Germany. Aron Andersson is critical of this assumption but notes that the composition has elements which would develop in many
553:
A fragmentary amount of stained glass paintings from the 15th and 16th century survive on mainland Sweden. These are of a significantly different style than the earlier works; rather than using several pieces of coloured glass to build a kind of mosaic, the technique used during this time is to paint
258:
Although stemming from a relatively short period of time, and despite the fact that a reduced number of window panes remain, certain stylistic characteristics and trends can be identified among the stained glass from Sweden. Particular attention has been paid to the churches on
Gotland, since the by
516:
This period is called "counter-Gothic" in
Swedish literature, and indicates heavier lines and coarser figures. The colours are sharper and the depictions more clearly narrative than in earlier windows, with attempts at a more realistic depiction of subjects including attempts at rendering a correct
283:
on
Gotland. Five of the thirteen window panes in the eastern choir window are original; the rest date from a restoration done in a medieval revival style 1899–1914. Each window pane is approximately 50 centimetres (20 in) by 60 centimetres (24 in) large. These five windows probably date
107:
Judging from both written sources and archaeological discoveries, it was common to decorate churches lying within the current borders of Sweden with stained glass during the entire Middle Ages. In general, churches were equipped with stained glass windows when they were built. It is known from at
222:
to the assumed artists or workshops on stylistic grounds. All in all, Roosval claimed to have identified 19 workshops, schools or artists producing stained glass for the churches of
Gotland. In 1964, art historian Aron Andersson published a complete inventory of all known medieval stained glass
234:. Of the glass found on mainland Sweden, only a few are in their original location and none in their original framing. The total area of medieval stained glass amounts to about 60 square metres (650 sq ft), most of it from the time period between 1225 and 1350. Among the
112:, but contemporary written evidence of window production or acquisition is generally scarce. In cases where no actual windows remain, knowledge about their existence has been deduced from other sources. Some are known through earlier depictions, like the drawings made by
186:. Only at the end of the 19th century did stained glass windows in some cases again come to be installed. The first recorded conscious effort to conserve and preserve medieval stained glass windows in situ dates from the middle of the 19th century, when the British
319:
in Dalhem, thus probably arrived with craftsmen from western
Germany, who are also known to have been active as tradesmen on the island at this time. A clearly Western element in the aforementioned representation of Christ is thus e.g. the
204:
Attempts at a more systematic study of medieval stained glass in Sweden began in the 19th century. A comprehensive study of the collected preserved medieval stained glass on
Gotland was carried out during the 1940s. While
173:
Only a fragment of these windows have survived. The exposed position and brittle material of the glass windows meant that the majority were lost to storms, fires and violence during the subsequent centuries. Following the
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in 1939 ordered all medieval stained glass windows on
Gotland to be removed and brought to the mainland for safekeeping as a precautionary measure in case of war. A research team under the leadership of art historian
422:
A stylistic change too place in the first half of the 14th century. Many windows from this period survive on
Gotland. Among the few well-preserved medieval stained glass windows on mainland Sweden, one from
230:
In total, 165 medieval stained glass panes with figurative depictions and a few purely ornamental panes survive in Sweden, coming from in total 37 churches in the country. Of these, 31 are from
100:
had been known since before the Middle Ages, the practice of decorating churches with stained glass windows became widespread in the territory of what is today Sweden first from the 1230s. On
480:) contemporary art. The Gothic character is expressed through elongated, ethereal figures, an airy composition, a delicate ornamentation, and a cooler scale of colours. In some panes the
45:
surviving in 37 churches, constituting a total area of about 60 square metres (650 sq ft), a fragment of the original amount but still the largest amount found in any of the
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from c. 1230–1250; a somewhat later window in one of the northern choir walls (c. 1250–1280) show similar stylistic traits. These early works are characterised by an influence from
476:; it is the most well-preserved set of medieval stained glass in the Nordic countries. The style of these windows may have been influenced by English or northern German (possibly
533:. The latter is also the last of the medieval church windows found on Gotland; no later examples are known. They date from the late 14th century. Other examples are known from
64:, probably conveyed via Germany, while the most recent date from the 15th and 16th centuries and are found in mainland Sweden. As elsewhere in Catholic Europe throughout the
324:
that Christ holds. Roosval also notes that a particular way of depicting the hair of Christ can be seen in the window in Dalhem, in
Marburg and in the Byzantine mosaics in
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took this opportunity to make a close study of all of the window panes, and published the results in a book in 1950. Roosval grouped the windows together and assigned
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far largest amount of medieval stained glass comes from there. It has been assumed that the windows in these countryside churches were made by workshops operating in
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by Gustava Meukow. Knowledge about medieval stained glass in Sweden is partially derived from depictions like these of windows that have been lost.
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scene), even though the representation of subject matter on Gotland remained conservative. Other churches with high Gothic windows on Gotland are
56:. These stained glass windows can be roughly divided into groups on stylistic grounds. The oldest surviving stained glass windows can be found in
1376:
968:. Sveriges kyrkor, konsthistoriskt inventarium (in Swedish). Vol. 66. Stockholm: Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalt. p. 184.
1569:
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was used to convey Christian themes through images to the churchgoers. A serious study of the medieval stained glass of Sweden by
132:, but not necessarily other stained glass windows. Later, during the 19th century and the early 20th century, cultural historian
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Dalhem Church: one of the oldest stained glass windows in Sweden, showing Byzantine influences mixed with Western attributes
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763:. Sveriges kyrkor, konsthistoriskt inventarium (in Swedish). Vol. 215. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. p. 60.
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began in the 19th century. In 1964, a complete catalogue of all preserved medieval stained glass in Sweden was published.
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on Sicily; his conclusion is that the stylistic influence from Sicily may have reached Germany perhaps via the court of
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The majority of the surviving glass paintings date from between approximately 1225 and 1350 and can be found mainly on
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332:, and from Germany to Gotland. Apart from Dalhem, window panes of broadly the same style and age are also known from
192:, a certain Mr. Gordon, allocated money for the protection of the windows in Lye and Endre churches on Gotland with
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1445:
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1193:. Sveriges kyrkor, konsthistoriskt inventarium (in Swedish). Vol. 105. Stockholm: Esselte. pp. 51–55.
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of the figures in the Crucifixion scene in Klinte. The windows in Alskog furthermore contain depictions of
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von Bonsdorff, Jan (1996). "Hantverkare i senmedeltidens Stockholm". In Augustsson, Jan-Erik (ed.).
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on Gotland contain the largest set of intact medieval stained glass windows in the Nordic countries.
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In other cases fragments of coloured glass have been found in or near the church windows (e.g. at
723:(in Swedish). Svenska byggnadsvårdsföreningen (The Swedish Association for Building Preservation)
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on clear glass, creating a very different impression. An example is the glass pane depicting the
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made more comprehensive copies of the church windows, some since lost and dispersed, on Gotland.
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Die Glasmalereien des Mittelalters in Skandinavien (Corpus vitrearum Medii Aevi Skandinavien)
472:, Germany. The most well-preserved set of medieval stained glass windows however, is that of
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Glasmåleri. Kulturhistorisk inventering av kyrkligt glasmåleri i Växjö stift, Jönköpings län
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During the period c. 1270–1310 stained glass windows were made for i.a. the churches of
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is relatively small, compared to some other European countries. There are in total 165
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from 1996, Mereth Lindgren mentions only three of the notnames invented by Roosval.
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49:. Archaeological evidence and old drawings indicate that many more once existed.
1255:(in German). Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets-, historie- och antikvitetsakademien (
128:, which is why they occasionally made drawings of stained glass windows showing
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801:. Byggnadsvårdsrapport 2005:6 (in Swedish). Jönköpings läns museum. p. 7.
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is also decidedly Gothic (e.g. in the depiction of one of the figures in the
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least one occasion that a stained glass window was donated to a church by a
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Lindgren, Mereth (1996). "GlasmĂĄlningarna". In Augustsson, Jan-Erik (ed.).
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also date from this period. The only preserved medieval stained glass from
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The oldest stained glass windows preserved in situ in Sweden are found in
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1312:. Signums svenska konsthistoria (in Swedish). Signum. pp. 413–419.
1268:. Signums svenska konsthistoria (in Swedish). Signum. pp. 442–450.
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Lye kyrka (in: Kyrkor på Gotland : Garde ting : södra delen)
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contains a few panes of Swiss origin, bought by Charles XV of Sweden.
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Sweden remained neutral during World War II and avoided direct warfare
120:. He and other 17th-century antiquarians were primarily interested in
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1331:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Generalstabens litografiska anstalts förlag.
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154:). It may also be noted that between 1440 and 1540, at least eleven
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Watercolour of one of the stained glass windows formerly in
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all the medieval churches of Visby are today in ruins
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of the figures in a window formerly in Klinte Church
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296:. Comparisons have also been made with windows in
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16:Overview of medieval stained glass in Sweden
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1564:List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe
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158:are known to have been active in
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35:medieval stained glass in Sweden
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294:St. Elizabeth's Church, Marburg
211:Swedish National Heritage Board
1560:Gothic cathedrals and churches
1503:List of Brick Gothic buildings
1289:Teknisk Tidskrift. Arkitektur.
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1746:Gothic architecture in Sweden
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408:Gothic architectural elements
225:Signmus svenska konstistoria
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1634:Building a Gothic cathedral
1601:Gothic Revival architecture
60:, and show influences from
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1283:Lindblom, Andreas (1914).
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1509:Early Gothic architecture
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1187:Lagerlöf, Erland (1965).
1327:Roosval, Johnny (1950).
1251:Andersson, Aron (1964).
962:Roosval, Johnny (1952).
556:Coronation of the Virgin
33:The surviving amount of
136:and artist and teacher
1649:Medieval stained glass
757:Bergman, Mats (1993).
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39:medieval stained glass
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1618:High Victorian Gothic
719:Nisbeth, Ă…ke (1993).
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246:Style and development
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43:figurative depictions
25:The choir windows of
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1644:International Gothic
1351:at Wikimedia Commons
1329:Gotländsk vitriarius
792:Haas, Jonas (2005).
398:International Gothic
330:Emperor Frederick II
313:Neukloster monastery
180:Charles XV of Sweden
1386:Gothic architecture
1310:Den gotiska konsten
1291:(in Swedish) (44):
1266:Den gotiska konsten
549:Later stained glass
275:Early stained glass
232:churches on Gotland
200:Study and inventory
1756:Churches in Sweden
1067:, p. 415–417.
937:, p. 415–419.
862:, p. 415–418.
826:, p. 154–214.
692:, p. 443–447.
690:von Bonsdorff 1996
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317:Christ Pantocrator
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114:Johan Peringskiöld
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1596:Dissenting Gothic
1591:Collegiate Gothic
1347:Media related to
913:, p. 46–111.
814:, p. vii–ix.
440:Sköllersta Church
292:, and notably in
189:chargé d'affaires
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1741:History of glass
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848:Andersson 1964
840:
836:Andersson 1964
828:
816:
804:
784:
769:
749:
745:Andersson 1964
734:
706:
704:, p. 413.
694:
682:
678:Andersson 1964
670:
666:Andersson 1964
655:
643:
631:
627:Andersson 1964
614:
610:Andersson 1964
602:
600:, p. 414.
576:
574:
571:
560:TorsĂĄng Church
558:originally in
550:
547:
523:nativity scene
513:
510:
419:
416:
369:
366:
298:BarfĂĽĂźerkirche
276:
273:
247:
244:
216:Johnny Roosval
201:
198:
138:Gustava Meukow
81:
78:
74:art historians
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1773:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Stained glass
1734:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
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1632:
1631:
1629:
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1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
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1599:
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1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:Romano-Gothic
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Low Countries
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
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1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
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1387:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1232:
1226:, p. 98.
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1174:, p. 46.
1173:
1168:
1161:
1160:Lindgren 1996
1156:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1121:Lindgren 1996
1117:
1115:
1113:
1106:, p. 43.
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 85.
1093:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1065:Lindgren 1996
1061:
1054:
1049:
1043:, p. 47.
1042:
1037:
1031:, p. 46.
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1007:, p. 72.
1006:
1005:Lindblom 1914
1001:
999:
991:
990:Lindgren 1996
986:
984:
975:
971:
967:
966:
958:
951:
946:
944:
936:
935:Lindgren 1996
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
889:, p. 11.
888:
883:
881:
873:
868:
861:
860:Lindgren 1996
856:
850:, p. 57.
849:
844:
838:, p. 45.
837:
832:
825:
820:
813:
808:
797:
796:
788:
780:
776:
772:
770:9789171928665
766:
762:
761:
753:
747:, p. 41.
746:
741:
739:
722:
715:
713:
711:
703:
702:Lindgren 1996
698:
691:
686:
680:, p. 14.
679:
674:
668:, p. 13.
667:
662:
660:
652:
647:
640:
639:Lindblom 1914
635:
629:, p. 12.
628:
623:
621:
619:
611:
606:
599:
598:Lindgren 1996
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
577:
570:
566:
561:
557:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:Hörsne Church
524:
520:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
460:
456:
452:
446:
441:
437:
431:
426:
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
374:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
310:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Byzantine art
282:
281:Dalhem Church
272:
270:
266:
262:
252:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
221:
217:
212:
208:
197:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Jumkil Church
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
130:coats of arms
127:
123:
119:
118:Gamla Uppsala
115:
111:
105:
103:
99:
98:stained glass
91:
86:
77:
75:
71:
70:stained glass
67:
63:
62:Byzantine art
59:
58:Dalhem Church
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
23:
19:
1761:Medieval art
1712:
1700:
1688:
1663:
1499:Brick Gothic
1328:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1288:
1265:
1252:
1245:Bibliography
1231:
1219:
1207:
1189:
1172:Roosval 1950
1167:
1140:
1128:
1104:Roosval 1950
1099:
1077:Roosval 1950
1072:
1060:
1053:Roosval 1950
1048:
1036:
1024:
1019:, p. 6.
1017:Roosval 1950
1012:
964:
957:
952:, p. 7.
950:Roosval 1950
930:
923:Roosval 1950
918:
906:
894:
867:
855:
843:
831:
824:Roosval 1950
819:
812:Roosval 1950
807:
794:
787:
759:
752:
725:. Retrieved
697:
685:
673:
653:, p. 3.
651:Roosval 1950
646:
634:
605:
552:
531:Hejde Church
525:formerly in
515:
436:Östergötland
421:
403:contrapposto
401:
383:
378:contrapposto
377:
368:Early Gothic
278:
257:
229:
224:
203:
194:chicken wire
187:
182:and painter
172:
168:Glimmingehus
149:
106:
95:
90:Endre Church
51:
34:
32:
18:
1751:Swedish art
1544:Sondergotik
1524:High Gothic
1299:27 February
760:Silte kyrka
727:15 February
563: [
519:perspective
482:iconography
462: [
443: [
428: [
418:High Gothic
414:in Alskog.
412:Last Supper
301: [
184:Anders Zorn
176:Reformation
141: [
66:Middle Ages
41:panes with
1730:Categories
1529:Isabelline
1519:Flamboyant
1393:By country
1319:9187896257
1275:9187896257
573:References
545:churches.
474:Lye Church
364:churches.
322:cross flag
290:Westphalia
164:monochrome
27:Lye Church
1539:Rayonnant
1534:Manueline
1471:Catalonia
1446:Lithuania
1395:or region
1199:0284-1894
974:0284-1894
779:0284-1894
539:Hablingbo
535:Barlingbo
338:Barlingbo
160:Stockholm
110:clergyman
1690:Category
1639:Gargoyle
1492:By style
1481:Valencia
1461:Portugal
1422:Southern
543:Mästerby
498:Eskelhem
455:Norrland
362:Väskinde
334:Atlingbo
220:notnames
156:glaziers
122:heraldic
1702:Commons
1671:Tracery
1664:Swedish
1654:English
1476:Levante
1412:England
1407:Czechia
1402:Belarus
502:Etelhem
358:Sjonhem
102:Gotland
80:History
54:Gotland
1714:Voyage
1659:French
1611:Poland
1606:Canada
1553:By use
1456:Poland
1439:Venice
1417:France
1316:
1272:
1197:
972:
777:
767:
478:LĂĽbeck
394:Klinte
386:Alskog
350:Lojsta
309:Erfurt
209:, the
1466:Spain
1434:Milan
1429:Italy
799:(PDF)
567:]
490:Bunge
466:]
451:Närke
447:]
432:]
390:Ardre
346:Endre
342:Eksta
305:]
261:Visby
145:]
1314:ISBN
1301:2020
1270:ISBN
1195:ISSN
970:ISSN
775:ISSN
765:ISBN
729:2020
541:and
506:Vall
504:and
494:Burs
392:and
360:and
354:Rone
311:and
1295:–78
449:in
434:in
307:in
170:).
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1293:71
1287:.
1259:).
1179:^
1152:^
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565:sv
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464:sv
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1322:.
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976:.
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