141:
83:
129:
17:
1706:
181:
In 1280 about 25,000 sacks of wool were exported from
England; trade in raw wool peaked around 40,000β45,000 sacks per year, falling to 33,000 in 1355 and 9,706 in 1476 as exports changed to finished cloth. As exports of raw wool fell, exports of cloths rose, from 10,000 cloths per year in 1349β50 to
39:
John Munro notes that "o form of manufacturing had a greater impact upon the economy and society of medieval
Britain than did those industries producing cloths from various kinds of wool." The trade's liveliest period, 1250β1350, was 'an era when trade in wool had been the backbone and driving force
156:
English wools, particularly from the Welsh
Marches, the South West and Lincolnshire, were the most prized in medieval Europe. It was exported to the emergent urban centres of cloth production of the Low Countries, France, and Italy, where production was promoted by the adoption of the pedal-driven
188:
England's wool-trade was volatile, however, affected by diverse factors such as war, taxation policy, export/import duties or even bans, disease and famine, and the degree of competition among
European merchants for English wool. For example, since Continental industry relied on English wool, and
103:
and lichens for reds and purples. Some high-status woollen cloth is found, including gold brocade. New textile types appeared around the tenth century, prominently including diamond twills whose use continued into the thirteenth century. There is little evidence for long-distance trade, but there
152:
Subsistence-level production of wool continued, but was overshadowed by the rise of wool as a commodity, which in turn encouraged demand for other raw materials such as dyestuffs; the rise of manufacturing; the financial sector; urbanisation; and (since wool and related raw materials had a high
98:
is extensive. Tools and technologies of spinning and weaving were similar to those of the Roman period; it is likely that fine, white wool continued to be produced from sheep introduced from the
Mediterranean region alongside coarser local wools. Dyes included woad for blue and less frequently
172:
The
English imported more foreign cloth at the start of the 14th century than they exported wool cloth. In the 1330s, imports of foreign cloth collapsed and by the 1340s, imports of foreign cloth had almost disappeared. The onset of war led the English to protect their
177:
and impose hindrances on imports of foreign cloth. According to one 1950 study, "war-time needs, war-time diplomatic policy, and war-time fiscal policy, had together given an immense impetus to the development of
England's woollen industry" in the 14th century.
255:
By the sixteenth century, the quality of
English wools was in decline, perhaps partly due to a switch in focus to meat production for domestic urban markets, and European supremacy in the production of fine-wool passed to the Iberian peninsula and its
1954:
216:
negotiated an agreement with the domestic merchant community (and secured a permanent duty on wool), Italian merchants had begun to gain dominance in the trade. Extending their activities to finance, the
104:
seems to have been some, presumably of especially rare wools or cloths: the silence of the sources is punctuated by a famous mention of the slipping standards of
English cloaks exported to
182:
60,000 in 1446β47, and c. 140,000 in 1539β40. 'By the end of the thirteenth century, the heavily industrialised areas of Europe could not have existed without the export of
English wool.'
1491:
Munro, John H. (2003b). "Medieval Woollens: The Western European Woollen Industries and their Struggles for International Markets, c. 1000β1500". In Jenkins, David (ed.).
1602:
2031:
204:
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the English wool trade was primarily with Flanders (where wool was made into cloth, primarily for sale via the
233:(d. 1366) on the English. During the 14th and 15th century, English merchants brought woollen cloth and other goods to Iceland, trading it mainly for
225:
in Italy, became particularly prominent in English taxation and finance. Among the most famous merchants participating in the English wool trade were
230:
116:. By the eleventh century, however, sheep were numerous in England, and at least some export of their wool by low German merchants was taking place;
189:
export embargoes could 'bring whole areas to the brink of starvation and economic ruin', the wool trade was a powerful political tool. Likewise,
2049:
1595:
1478:
Munro, John H. (2003a). "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Textile Technology and Industrial Organisation, c. 800β1500". In Jenkins, David (ed.).
1611:
2133:
247:
organisations seem to have emerged in the textile industry in England in the 12th century. This was earlier than elsewhere in Europe.
2064:
1588:
145:
1805:
1537:
1468:
2128:
1648:
1362:
2148:
1738:
67:
94:
During the early Anglo-Saxon period (c. 450β650), archaeological evidence for subsistence-level wool production using
1826:
1821:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1300:
Emilia Jamroziak, 'Rievaulx Abbey as a Wool Producer in the Late Thirteenth Century: Cistercians, Sheep, and Debts',
140:
52:
1969:
1964:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1653:
1624:
1504:
Rogers, Penelope Walton (2003). "The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings in Britain, AD 450β1050". In Jenkins, David (ed.).
208:
into the Mediterranean basin), and was dominated by Flemish merchants. But in 1264, the strife in England of the
120:
argued that wool was already a major source of wealth and an important export commodity in England at this time.
56:
2138:
1763:
1640:
153:
value-to-weight ratio and were easily transported) regional, international, and even intercontinental trade.
70:; and the fact that since the fourteenth century, the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the
1560:(1926). "The English Wool Trade in the Reign of Edward IV". The Cambridge Historical Journal. 2 (1): 17β35.
218:
1743:
1733:
2076:
2054:
1685:
201:
with better resources than France. These instabilities led to a boom-bust cycle in prices and exports.
32:
2102:
1755:
1670:
1629:
185:
English wool production declined by a third from the early fourteenth to the mid-fifteenth century.
82:
2071:
1959:
1936:
1931:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1868:
1690:
1517:
226:
174:
117:
1529:
1363:"English and Hanseatic Trading and Fishing Sites in Medieval Iceland: Report on Initial Fieldwork"
1663:
1748:
2092:
2059:
1506:
1493:
1480:
209:
198:
23:, shown here in the 1240s or the 1250s, became increasingly important to English agriculture.
1505:
1492:
1479:
1168:, ed. by D. T. Jenkins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 179β80 (at 180).
8:
2143:
2107:
268:
The table charts English woolsack and broadcloth exports, in five-year means, 1281β1545.
213:
2097:
1800:
1343:
95:
1926:
1884:
1720:
1695:
1680:
1543:
1533:
1464:
1404:
1283:
1240:
1070:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1861:
1795:
1580:
1525:
1456:
1335:
1232:
1062:
133:
1725:
1326:
Quinn, David B. (1992). "Columbus and the North: England, Iceland, and Ireland".
205:
87:
1675:
158:
128:
113:
2122:
1547:
1460:
1408:
1287:
1244:
1074:
166:
1051:"The Fortunes of the English Textile Industry during the Thirteenth Century"
1563:
1557:
1705:
1029:
109:
63:
48:
36:
1271:
1790:
1392:
1347:
1220:
1050:
1024:
234:
44:
1568:
The Wool Trade in English Medieval History: Being the Ford Lectures
1339:
1272:"Wool and cloth production in late medieval and early Tudor England"
1236:
1221:"Trends in the Export of English Woollens in the Fourteenth Century"
1066:
194:
71:
16:
1251:
100:
1100:
1098:
1096:
190:
162:
105:
62:
Among the lasting monuments to the success of the trade are the
257:
238:
212:
brought Anglo-Flemish trade almost to a halt and by 1275, when
1093:
55:, which in turn had major social consequences, as part of the
1658:
1146:
244:
222:
20:
1499:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 228β324.
1486:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181β227.
1512:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124β32.
1451:
Bell, Adrian R.; Brooks, Chris; Dryburgh, Paul R. (2007).
1195:
1183:
1427:
1110:
1415:
1307:
1610:
1171:
1134:
1122:
1393:"The Early History of the English Woollen Industry"
1166:
The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, Volume 1
1450:
1257:
1104:
1397:Publications of the American Economic Association
2120:
1360:
1596:
1577:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977)
66:of East Anglia and the Cotswolds; the London
31:was one of the most important factors in the
1218:
197:'s wars and enabled England to conduct the
1603:
1589:
1575:The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages
1530:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253937.001.0001
1508:The Cambridge History of Western Textiles
1495:The Cambridge History of Western Textiles
1482:The Cambridge History of Western Textiles
1361:Gardiner, Mark; Mehler, Natascha (2007).
139:
127:
81:
15:
1269:
229:(d. 1286) on the Continental side, and
2121:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1433:
1421:
1390:
1313:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1087:
1048:
250:
146:Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
1584:
1325:
1214:
1212:
1210:
43:The wool trade was a major driver of
1649:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
1453:The English Wool Market, c.1230β1327
123:
77:
1570:(London: Oxford University Press, )
13:
1443:
1207:
1164:D. T. Jenkins, 'Introduction', in
68:Worshipful Company of Clothworkers
40:in the English medieval economy'.
14:
2160:
2134:History of agriculture in England
1522:The Wealth of Anglo-Saxon England
1304:, 40 (2003), 197β218 (pp. 200β1).
263:
1704:
1625:History of clothing and textiles
1258:Bell, Brooks & Dryburgh 2007
1105:Bell, Brooks & Dryburgh 2007
2032:impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
1384:
1354:
1319:
1294:
1263:
283:Total as equivalent broadcloth
57:British Agricultural Revolution
1455:. Cambridge University Press.
1328:The William and Mary Quarterly
1158:
1081:
1042:
277:Woolsack exports (5-yr means)
144:Sheep shearing as depicted in
1:
1035:
86:Shepherd blowing horn in the
74:, a chair stuffed with wool.
1219:Carus-Wilson, E. M. (1950).
7:
2129:Economy of medieval England
1948:1920sβ1950s Western fashion
1878:1830sβ1910s Western fashion
1815:1500sβ1820s Western fashion
1524:. Oxford University Press.
1276:The Economic History Review
1225:The Economic History Review
1055:The Economic History Review
1018:
193:on the wool trade financed
29:medieval English wool trade
10:
2165:
221:, a group of bankers from
2149:Medieval European costume
2085:
2042:
2009:
1978:
1947:
1877:
1814:
1713:
1702:
1639:
1630:History of fashion design
1619:
237:, but also for Icelandic
1955:Suffrage Movement period
1461:10.1017/CBO9780511496202
1155:, pp. 15β20, 104β5.
227:Jean Boinebroke of Douai
161:, along with mechanised
1614:of clothing and fashion
1049:Miller, Edward (1965).
1391:Ashley, W. J. (1887).
1270:Oldland, John (2014).
241:(coarse wool fabric).
149:
137:
91:
47:(the privatisation of
24:
2043:By country and region
143:
131:
85:
19:
2139:Medieval agriculture
2010:2000βpresent fashion
157:horizontal loom and
2050:Indian subcontinent
1979:1960s-1990s fashion
1204:, pp. 194β211.
280:Broadcloth exports
251:Early Modern period
214:Edward I of England
96:warp-weighted looms
53:English agriculture
1119:, pp. 124β27.
231:William de la Pole
210:Second Barons' War
199:Hundred Years' War
150:
138:
92:
25:
2116:
2115:
1539:978-0-19-925393-7
1470:978-0-521-85941-7
1192:, p. 186β89.
1016:
1015:
274:Years Michaelmas
124:Later Middle Ages
108:in a letter from
78:Early Middle Ages
2156:
1862:Directoire style
1708:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1551:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1498:
1487:
1485:
1474:
1437:
1436:, p. 304β5.
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1302:Northern History
1298:
1292:
1291:
1267:
1261:
1260:, pp. 3, 9.
1255:
1249:
1248:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1046:
271:
270:
134:Luttrell Psalter
33:medieval English
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2081:
2038:
2005:
1974:
1943:
1873:
1810:
1709:
1700:
1635:
1634:
1615:
1609:
1554:
1540:
1471:
1446:
1444:Further reading
1441:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1355:
1340:10.2307/2947273
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1237:10.2307/2590766
1217:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:, pp. 130.
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1067:10.2307/2591874
1047:
1043:
1038:
1021:
266:
253:
206:Champagne fairs
126:
88:Utrecht Psalter
80:
64:'wool churches'
12:
11:
5:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1538:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1469:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1424:, p. 189.
1414:
1383:
1353:
1318:
1316:, p. 219.
1306:
1293:
1262:
1250:
1231:(2): 162β179.
1206:
1194:
1182:
1180:, p. 181.
1170:
1157:
1145:
1143:, p. 228.
1133:
1121:
1109:
1092:
1090:, p. 181.
1080:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
958:
957:
954:
951:
948:
944:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
929:
926:
923:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
724:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
401:
398:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
318:
315:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
292:
289:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
265:
264:Key statistics
262:
252:
249:
159:spinning wheel
125:
122:
114:Offa of Mercia
79:
76:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2077:Western world
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1573:T. H. Lloyd,
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1518:Sawyer, Peter
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175:home industry
170:
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111:
107:
102:
97:
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54:
50:
46:
41:
38:
35:economy. The
34:
30:
22:
18:
1574:
1567:
1564:Eileen Power
1558:Eileen Power
1521:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1452:
1429:
1417:
1403:(4): 13β85.
1400:
1396:
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1370:
1366:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1282:(1): 25β47.
1279:
1275:
1265:
1253:
1228:
1224:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1107:, p. 1.
1083:
1061:(1): 64β82.
1058:
1054:
1044:
267:
254:
243:
203:
187:
184:
180:
171:
155:
151:
118:Peter Sawyer
93:
61:
42:
28:
26:
2086:By clothing
1749:Western Xia
1739:Jurchen Jin
1721:Anglo-Saxon
1714:Middle Ages
1659:Han Chinese
1434:Munro 2003b
1422:Munro 2003a
1314:Munro 2003a
1202:Munro 2003a
1190:Munro 2003a
1178:Munro 2003a
1153:Sawyer 2013
1141:Munro 2003b
1129:Rogers 2003
1117:Rogers 2003
1088:Munro 2003a
1030:Wool church
1012:137,884.92
998:126,400.72
984:107,109.32
970:114,485.18
956:104,505.72
942:125,607.84
928:117,303.18
914:116,549.44
900:111,100.24
886:101,311.24
676:102,003.75
606:111,963.31
592:119,751.60
578:109,295.27
550:102,346.73
536:124,305.11
522:129,151.58
508:142,276.97
494:150,615.29
480:135,172.83
466:120,349.12
426:145,797.49
413:108,322.85
400:109,699.98
387:113,033.18
374:153,090.48
361:169,070.07
348:140,157.23
322:120,983.11
309:112,843.38
296:116,554.44
132:Sheep pen (
110:Charlemagne
49:common land
37:medievalist
2144:Wool trade
2123:Categories
1806:Vietnamese
1764:400sβ1000s
1377:2023-01-11
1334:(2): 280.
1036:References
877:1496β1500
872:86,217.11
858:92,259.50
844:87,223.84
830:88,296.77
816:73,168.57
802:77,719.64
788:56,674.25
774:64,163.38
760:74,793.44
746:88,162.63
732:91,249.84
718:70,380.12
704:80,693.97
690:98,292.82
684:13,358.60
670:14,425.20
662:90,225.49
656:14,365.00
648:86,087.22
642:13,593.20
634:96,609.35
628:14,968.20
620:90,487.76
614:12,904.20
600:16,889.60
597:1396β1400
586:18,513.80
572:19,312.00
564:98,150.67
558:17,517.40
544:20,470.20
530:25,867.80
516:26,451.80
502:30,129.20
488:32,666.40
474:30,750.40
460:27,183.13
452:78,327.43
447:18.075.58
439:88,940.73
434:20,524.80
421:33,645.60
408:24,997.60
395:25,315.40
382:26,084.60
369:35,328.60
356:39,016.20
343:32,344.00
335:99,845.12
330:23,041.20
327:1296β1300
317:27,919.20
304:26,040.80
291:26,879.20
235:dried fish
1970:1945β1960
1965:1930β1945
1927:Edwardian
1885:Victorian
1857:1795β1820
1852:1775β1795
1847:1750β1775
1842:1700β1750
1837:1650β1700
1832:1600β1650
1827:1550β1600
1822:1500β1550
1801:Tocharian
1726:Byzantine
1548:847547281
1409:1049-7498
1288:0013-0117
1245:0013-0117
1075:0013-0117
1025:Wool town
1006:4,576.00
992:3,951.40
978:3,005.20
964:4,834.80
950:5,131.60
936:8,194.40
922:7,087.20
908:7,326.20
894:7,806.80
880:8,937.20
866:6,755.20
852:9,751.00
838:7,621.40
824:8,736.00
810:8,453.40
796:9,293.60
782:6,386.00
768:6,386.40
754:8,790.80
740:9,765.20
726:8,029.40
712:5,378.80
698:9,384.60
45:enclosure
2108:Swimwear
2072:Thailand
1730:Chinese
1696:Thracian
1681:Biblical
1671:Egyptian
1612:Timeline
1520:(2013).
1367:Germania
1019:See also
1009:118,056
1003:1541β45
995:109,278
989:1536β40
975:1531β35
961:1526β30
947:1521β25
933:1516β20
919:1511β15
905:1506β10
863:1491β95
849:1486β90
835:1481β85
821:1476β80
807:1471β75
793:1466β70
779:1461β65
765:1456β60
751:1451β55
737:1446β50
723:1441β45
709:1436β40
695:1431β35
681:1426β30
667:1421β25
653:1416β20
639:1411β15
625:1406β10
583:1391β95
569:1386β90
555:1381β85
541:1376β80
527:1371β75
513:1366β70
499:1361β65
485:1356β60
471:1351β55
457:1346β50
444:1341β45
431:1336β40
418:1331β35
405:1326β30
392:1321β25
379:1316β20
366:1311β15
353:1306β10
301:1286β90
219:Riccardi
195:Edward I
72:Woolsack
1796:Ottoman
1760:Europe
1756:English
1641:Ancient
1348:2947273
981:94,087
967:93,534
953:82,269
939:90,099
925:86,592
911:84,803
897:77,271
891:1501β5
883:62,853
869:56,945
855:50,005
841:54,198
827:50,441
813:36,537
799:37,447
785:29,002
771:36,489
757:36,700
743:45,847
729:56,456
715:47,072
701:40,027
687:40,406
673:40,275
659:27,977
645:27,183
631:31,746
617:34,570
611:1401β5
603:38,775
589:39,525
575:25,610
561:22,242
547:13,643
533:12,211
519:14,527
505:11,717
340:1301β5
314:1291β5
288:1281β5
260:sheep.
167:napping
163:fulling
106:Francia
2098:Corset
2093:Bikini
1791:Korean
1546:
1536:
1467:
1407:
1346:
1286:
1243:
1073:
491:9,061
477:1,921
463:2,556
258:merino
239:vaΓ°mΓ‘l
101:madder
2065:Meiji
2060:Japan
2055:Italy
2027:2020s
2022:2010s
2017:2000s
2001:1990s
1996:1980s
1991:1970s
1986:1960s
1960:1920s
1937:1910s
1932:1900s
1920:1890s
1915:1880s
1910:1870s
1905:1860s
1900:1850s
1895:1840s
1890:1830s
1869:1820s
1784:1400s
1779:1300s
1774:1200s
1769:1100s
1691:Roman
1686:Greek
1676:Inuit
1654:China
1373:: 401
1344:JSTOR
245:Guild
223:Lucca
191:taxes
51:) in
21:Sheep
2103:Hide
1744:Yuan
1734:Liao
1544:OCLC
1534:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1405:ISSN
1284:ISSN
1241:ISSN
1071:ISSN
165:and
27:The
1664:Shu
1526:doi
1457:doi
1336:doi
1233:doi
1063:doi
112:to
2125::
1566:,
1542:.
1532:.
1463:.
1399:.
1395:.
1371:85
1369:.
1365:.
1342:.
1332:49
1330:.
1280:67
1278:.
1274:.
1239:.
1227:.
1223:.
1209:^
1095:^
1069:.
1059:18
1057:.
1053:.
169:.
59:.
1604:e
1597:t
1590:v
1550:.
1528::
1473:.
1459::
1411:.
1401:2
1380:.
1350:.
1338::
1290:.
1247:.
1235::
1229:3
1077:.
1065::
148:.
136:)
90:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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