Medicine - Knowledge

4017: 3061: 1179: 3762: 2409: 1020: 3012: 889: 1389: 446: 403: 353: 1405: 3649: 944: 3393: 1709: 7457: 7487: 7497: 3496: 1798: 3111: 3231: 7477: 85: 7467: 4144: 2367:): concerned with the perioperative management of the surgical patient. The anesthesiologist's role during surgery is to prevent derangement in the vital organs' (i.e. brain, heart, kidneys) functions and postoperative pain. Outside of the operating room, the anesthesiology physician also serves the same function in the labor and delivery ward, and some are specialized in critical medicine. 3597:, namely "On Surgery" and "A General Book on Therapy", became part of the medical curriculum in European universities. Additionally, he has been described as a doctor's doctor, the father of pediatrics, and a pioneer of ophthalmology. For example, he was the first to recognize the reaction of the eye's pupil to light. The Persian 5217: 461: 931:

system or compulsory private or cooperative health insurance. This is intended to ensure that the entire population has access to medical care on the basis of need rather than ability to pay. Delivery may be via private medical practices, state-owned hospitals and clinics, or charities, most commonly

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Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. As a scholarly discipline, medical ethics encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology, and sociology. Six of the values that

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The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. A patient admitted to the hospital is usually under the care of a specific team based on their main presenting problem, e.g., the cardiology team, who then may interact with other specialties, e.g., surgical, radiology, to

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Transparency of information is another factor defining a delivery system. Access to information on conditions, treatments, quality, and pricing greatly affects the choice of patients/consumers and, therefore, the incentives of medical professionals. While the US healthcare system has come under fire

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or crisis. Sometimes, no good solution to a dilemma in medical ethics exists, and occasionally, the values of the medical community (i.e., the hospital and its staff) conflict with the values of the individual patient, family, or larger non-medical community. Conflicts can also arise between health

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or a PET scanner. Each radiopharmaceutical consists of two parts: a tracer that is specific for the function under study (e.g., neurotransmitter pathway, metabolic pathway, blood flow, or other), and a radionuclide (usually either a gamma-emitter or a positron emitter). There is a degree of overlap

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In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are many different specialties. In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which has its own entrance examination. These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term "Royal". The development of a

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societies provide no guarantee of healthcare for the population as a whole. In such societies, healthcare is available to those who can afford to pay for it, have self-insured it (either directly or as part of an employment contract), or may be covered by care financed directly by the government or

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Michael Dols has shown that the Black Death was much more commonly believed by European authorities than by Middle Eastern authorities to be contagious; as a result, flight was more commonly counseled, and in urban Italy quarantines were organized on a much wider level than in urban Egypt or Syria

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Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery". "Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most of its subspecialties require preliminary training in Internal Medicine. In the UK, this was traditionally evidenced by

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methods help to rule out conditions based on the information provided. During the encounter, properly informing the patient of all relevant facts is an important part of the relationship and the development of trust. The medical encounter is then documented in the medical record, which is a legal

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in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the "traditional authority" approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly

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during the Middle Ages to an early version of a welfare state: "It conducted hospitals for the old and orphanages for the young; hospices for the sick of all ages; places for the lepers; and hostels or inns where pilgrims could buy a cheap bed and meal". It supplied food to the population during

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In the European Union, the profession of doctor of medicine is regulated. A profession is said to be regulated when access and exercise is subject to the possession of a specific professional qualification. The regulated professions database contains a list of regulated professions for doctor of

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for more details. In North America, it requires at least three years of residency training after medical school, which can then be followed by a one- to three-year fellowship in the subspecialties listed above. In general, resident work hours in medicine are less than those in surgery, averaging

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Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees

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The physical examination is the examination of the patient for medical signs of disease that are objective and observable, in contrast to symptoms that are volunteered by the patient and are not necessarily objectively observable. The healthcare provider uses sight, hearing, touch, and sometimes

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In most countries, it is a legal requirement for a medical doctor to be licensed or registered. In general, this entails a medical degree from a university and accreditation by a medical board or an equivalent national organization, which may ask the applicant to pass exams. This restricts the

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would see any complex nonsurgical problem; this style of practice has become much less common. In modern urban practice, most internists are subspecialists: that is, they generally limit their medical practice to problems of one organ system or to one particular area of medical knowledge. For

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The medical decision-making (MDM) process includes the analysis and synthesis of all the above data to come up with a list of possible diagnoses (the differential diagnoses), along with an idea of what needs to be done to obtain a definitive diagnosis that would explain the patient's problem.

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is concerned with testing the physiology or function of the central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. These kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of: (1) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or (2) stimulus evoked responses. Subspecialties include

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devastated both the Middle East and Europe, and it has even been argued that Western Europe was generally more effective in recovering from the pandemic than the Middle East. In the early modern period, important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including

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Surgical subspecialties include those a physician may specialize in after undergoing general surgery residency training as well as several surgical fields with separate residency training. Surgical subspecialties that one may pursue following general surgery residency training:

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In low-income countries, modern healthcare is often too expensive for the average person. International healthcare policy researchers have advocated that "user fees" be removed in these areas to ensure access, although even after removal, significant costs and barriers remain.

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in their offices or clinics or at local community hospitals for a patient referred by a primary care provider who first diagnosed or treated the patient. Referrals are made for those patients who required the expertise or procedures performed by specialists. These include both

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speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (such as emergency departments); the new specialty leads to the formation of a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.

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for its lack of openness, new legislation may encourage greater openness. There is a perceived tension between the need for transparency on the one hand and such issues as patient confidentiality and the possible exploitation of information for commercial gain on the other.

3031:. This can be followed by postgraduate vocational training. A variety of teaching methods have been employed in medical education, still itself a focus of active research. In Canada and the United States of America, a Doctor of Medicine degree, often abbreviated M.D., or a 2403:

is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients with non-emergency medical problems. Family physicians often provide services across a broad range of settings including office based practices, emergency department coverage, inpatient care, and nursing home

5178: 1775:(MRCS). At present, some specialties of medicine do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia. Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above; for example anaesthesia developed first as a 2973:

focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside of the hospital emergency department for injuries and illnesses that are not severe enough to require care in an emergency department. In some jurisdictions this function is combined with the emergency

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dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. According to some sources, an emphasis on internal structures is implied. In North America, specialists in internal medicine are commonly called "internists". Elsewhere, especially in

912:, and financing frameworks are established by individual governments, augmented on occasion by international organizations, such as churches. The characteristics of any given health care system have a significant impact on the way medical care is provided. 5058: 2320:

is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in

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document in many jurisdictions. Follow-ups may be shorter but follow the same general procedure, and specialists follow a similar process. The diagnosis and treatment may take only a few minutes or a few weeks, depending on the complexity of the issue.

4761: 3733:, but this discovery did not reach the public because it was written down for the first time in the "Manuscript of Paris" in 1546, and later published in the theological work for which he paid with his life in 1553. Later this was described by 1771:(MRCP) or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland. "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery, which in the UK leads to membership of the 4099:

leads this movement. A 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews revealed that, according to two readers, 21.3% of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence, 20% concluded evidence of no effect, and 22.5% concluded positive effect.

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Physicians have many specializations and subspecializations into certain branches of medicine, which are listed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialties certain subspecialties are in.

5170: 3656:, one of Europe's oldest hospitals. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church established universities to revive the study of sciences, drawing on the learning of Greek and Arab physicians in the study of medicine. 2482:(BE) is devoted to the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. 2201:

are the clinical diagnostic services that apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. In the United States, these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these

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devote two additional years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very difficult and time-consuming.

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is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to

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Values such as these do not give answers as to how to handle a particular situation, but provide a useful framework for understanding conflicts. When moral values are in conflict, the result may be an ethical

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deals with the prevention and treatment of tropical diseases. It is studied separately in temperate climates where those diseases are quite unfamiliar to medical practitioners and their local clinical needs.

1608:(practical focus) is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for 4753: 4120:

are a priority in modern medical systems. These topics generate significant political and public policy attention, particularly in the United States where healthcare is regarded as excessively costly but

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is the medical scientific discipline concerned with the discovery, development, evaluation, registration, monitoring and medical aspects of marketing of medicines for the benefit of patients and public

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context, such as determination of the time and cause of death, type of weapon used to inflict trauma, reconstruction of the facial features using remains of deceased (skull) thus aiding identification.

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The concept of hospital as institution to offer medical care and possibility of a cure for the patients due to the ideals of Christian charity, rather than just merely a place to die, appeared in the

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is not universally used in clinical practice; for example, a 2007 survey of literature reviews found that about 49% of the interventions lacked sufficient evidence to support either benefit or harm.

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considerable legal authority of the medical profession to physicians that are trained and qualified by national standards. It is also intended as an assurance to patients and as a safeguard against

5238: 5477: 4132:. As of 2015, most wealthy developed countries provide health care to all citizens, with a few exceptions such as the United States where lack of health insurance coverage may limit access. 1061:, schools, home visits, and other places close to patients. About 90% of medical visits can be treated by the primary care provider. These include treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, 619:(HPI): the chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom. Distinguishable from history of previous illness, often called past medical history (PMH). 2005:(in the narrow sense, common outside North America), generally exclude practitioners of gynecology and obstetrics, pathology, psychiatry, and especially surgery and its subspecialities. 2008:

Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Formerly, many internists were not subspecialized; such

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is part of the division of surgery (for historical and logistical reasons), although it is not a surgical discipline. Other medical specialties may employ surgical procedures, such as

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medical services are provided by specialist hospitals or regional centers equipped with diagnostic and treatment facilities not generally available at local hospitals. These include

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order was noted for setting up hospitals and infirmaries in their monasteries, growing medical herbs and becoming the chief medical care givers of their districts, as at the great

3046:, seminars, conferences, and online programs. A database of objectives covering medical knowledge, as suggested by national societies across the United States, can be searched at 4095:, which allows as much of the available evidence as possible to be collected and analyzed according to standard protocols that are then disseminated to healthcare providers. The 4655: 4016: 1170:. In the Western world there are centuries of tradition for separating pharmacists from physicians. In Asian countries, it is traditional for physicians to also provide drugs. 5960:

Abdel-Halim RE (November 2006). "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology. A study and translations from his book Al-Mukhtar".

3947:. Throughout history and in Europe right until the late 18th century, not only plant products were used as medicine, but also animal (including human) body parts and fluids. 3536:

that they realized the potential in uroscopy to determine disease in a time when no microscope or stethoscope existed. That practice eventually spread to the rest of Europe.

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is concerned with studying human organ systems by administering radiolabelled substances (radiopharmaceuticals) to the body, which can then be imaged outside the body by a

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famine and distributed food to the poor. This welfare system the church funded through collecting taxes on a large scale and possessing large farmlands and estates. The

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On subsequent visits, the process may be repeated in an abbreviated manner to obtain any new history, symptoms, physical findings, lab or imaging results, or specialist

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about 60 hours per week in the US. This difference does not apply in the UK where all doctors are now required by law to work less than 48 hours per week on average.

2036:(or internists) who have subspecialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Elsewhere, especially in North America, general pediatrics is often a form of 2863:

is the provision of health advice to organizations and individuals to ensure that the highest standards of health and safety at work can be achieved and maintained.

5452: 4998: 6064: 468: 5770: 3791:) began to replace early Western traditions based on herbalism, the Greek "four humours" and other such pre-modern notions. The modern era really began with 3448:

was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. After the fall of the

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that practice inadequate medicine for personal gain. While the laws generally require medical doctors to be trained in "evidence based", Western, or

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is the field, more commonly referenced in earlier periods of history, of the various remedies that can be used to treat disease and promote health.

6080: 5527: 2271:. Sometimes these tests are performed by techs without a medical degree, but the interpretation of these tests is done by a medical professional. 6534:

Ezzo J, Bausell B, Moerman DE, Berman B, Hadhazy V (2001). "Reviewing the reviews. How strong is the evidence? How clear are the conclusions?".

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Grammaticos PC, Diamantis A (2008). "Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus".

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van Der Heijden R, Jacobs DI, Snoeijer W, Hallard D, Verpoorte R (March 2004). "The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology".

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Modern medical care also depends on information – still delivered in many health care settings on paper records, but increasingly nowadays by

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allows drugs targeted towards specific physiological processes to be developed, sometimes designed for compatibility with the body to reduce

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today remains the largest non-government provider of medical services in the world. Advanced industrial countries (with the exception of the

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care providers, or among family members. For example, some argue that the principles of autonomy and beneficence clash when patients refuse

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was known to Galen, he did not see the importance of using it to localize the disease. It was under the Byzantines with physicians such of

1053:, or other health professionals who have first contact with a patient seeking medical treatment or care. These occur in physician offices, 3745:

is sometimes referred to as a "father of physiology" due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook 'Institutiones medicae' (1708).

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improved upon or disproved some of the theories from the past. The main tomes used both by medicine students and expert physicians were

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and membership of the college is attained by sitting for the examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists (FRCA).

6986: 6340: 5576: 4675: 4188: 1178: 3479:, which contain various health related laws and rituals. The Hebrew contribution to the development of modern medicine started in the 1823:). Surgeons must also manage pre-operative, post-operative, and potential surgical candidates on the hospital wards. In some centers, 1112:

centers, etc. Some primary care providers may also take care of hospitalized patients and deliver babies in a secondary care setting.

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From ancient times, Christian emphasis on practical charity gave rise to the development of systematic nursing and hospitals, and the

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examines the ways in which culture and society are organized around or impacted by issues of health, health care and related issues.

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studies the relationship between human and non-human animal health, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine,

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degree, often abbreviated as D.O. and unique to the United States, must be completed in and delivered from a recognized university.

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is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components.

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in 1908 after he observed that bacteria took up toxic dyes that human cells did not. The first major class of antibiotics was the

3374:, the progenitor of Chinese medicine, is a medical text written beginning in the 2nd century BCE and compiled in the 3rd century. 2741:

is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Physicians whose primary professional focus is hospital medicine are called

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is a relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with

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founded the world's first veterinary school in Lyon, France. Before this, medical doctors treated both humans and other animals.

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is the study of, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, lower limb, hip and lower back.

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is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a

6407: 6322: 6216: 6169: 5809: 5570: 5510: 5446: 5407: 5269: 5211: 5028: 4962: 4630: 4393: 4306: 727:(listen), generally in that order, although auscultation occurs prior to percussion and palpation for abdominal assessments. 4876: 3157:– concerns the distribution of scarce health resources, and the decision of who gets what treatment (fairness and equality). 3038:

Since knowledge, techniques, and medical technology continue to evolve at a rapid rate, many regulatory authorities require

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Training in internal medicine (as opposed to surgical training), varies considerably across the world: see the articles on

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It is to likely focus on areas of interest highlighted in the medical history and may not include everything listed above.

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General appearance of the patient and specific indicators of disease (nutritional status, presence of jaundice, pallor or

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studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease.

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Veterinary medicine was, for the first time, truly separated from human medicine in 1761, when the French veterinarian

3416:, the "father of modern medicine", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine. Hippocrates introduced the 5867: 4583:

El Dib RP, Atallah AN, Andriolo RB (August 2007). "Mapping the Cochrane evidence for decision making in health care".

2749:. The term Most Responsible Physician (MRP) or attending physician is also used interchangeably to describe this role. 3513:. The text says: "Golden dissertation in medicine which is sent by Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha, peace be upon him, to 2342: 2312:

between nuclear medicine and radiology, as evidenced by the emergence of combined devices such as the PET/CT scanner.

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https://www.asor.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Five_Articles_about_Drugs_Medicine__Alcohol_From_ANEToday_E-book.pdf

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Medical education and training varies around the world. It typically involves entry level education at a university

2299:. Interventional radiologists can access areas in the body under imaging for an intervention or diagnostic sampling. 5762: 3761: 3050: 2316: 1438:

is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics.

671:, change in sleep quality, fevers, lumps and bumps? etc.), followed by questions on the body's main organ systems ( 652:

Past medical history (PMH/PMHx): concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations and operations, injuries, past

17: 3456:, the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the 3254:), animal parts, and minerals. In many cases these materials were used ritually as magical substances by priests, 2901:

is the study of, diagnosis, and medical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, lower limb, hip and lower back.

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The following are some major medical specialties that do not directly fit into any of the above-mentioned groups:

6233: 4829: 4178: 3847: 3653: 3617: 3586: 2721: 2462:(British English)) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. 2206:

departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical degrees, but who usually hold an undergraduate

893: 5293: 7480: 7352: 6786: 2988: 1943: 1780: 42: 6100:(2007). "On the dominance of the Greek humoral theory, which was the basis for the practice of bloodletting". 2408: 1274: 301:. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with ethical, safety and efficacy concerns are termed 6485:

Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. (December 2015).

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is concerned with diseases of the nervous system. In the UK, neurology is a subspecialty of general medicine.

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Social history (SH): birthplace, residences, marital history, social and economic status, habits (including

667:: a set of additional questions to ask, which may be missed on HPI: a general enquiry (have you noticed any 7332: 6634: 5323: 4508: 3342: 3318: 3209:, considering them life-saving; and truth-telling was not emphasized to a large extent before the HIV era. 3192: 3039: 1203: 6188:

Micheau F (1996). "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East". In Rashed R, Morelon R (eds.).

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By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.

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entails the practice of medicine in the wild, where conventional medical facilities may not be available.

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deals with health problems of international travelers or travelers across highly different environments.

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is the science/subject of measuring and modelling the process of care in health and social care systems.

591:. They are in the patient's own words and are recorded along with the duration of each one. Also called 6956: 4450: 3709: 3533: 3420:

for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as

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Martín-Araguz A, Bustamante-Martínez C, Fernández-Armayor Ajo V, Moreno-Martínez JM (1 May 2002). "".

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is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on

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of the Royal College of Surgeons (for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required) before becoming the

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besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Examples include:

1019: 7177: 7099: 7094: 7014: 6774: 4264: 3555:, who, along with Imhotep and Hippocrates, has also been called the "father of medicine". He wrote 3547:

engaged in some significant medical research. Notable Islamic medical pioneers include the Persian

3326: 2246: 1819:, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, 1776: 1555: 1145: 928: 806: 200: 5903: 7157: 7131: 5131:"Impact of separating drug prescribing and dispensing on provider behaviour: Taiwan's experience" 4117: 3882: 3807:'s discoveries around 1880 of the transmission of disease by bacteria, and then the discovery of 3718: 3566: 3501: 3337: 3092:

Doctors who are negligent or intentionally harmful in their care of patients can face charges of

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is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life-threatening conditions, including

2322: 1990: 1093: 503: 5082:"Removal of user fees no guarantee of universal health coverage: observations from Burkina Faso" 3909: 3539:

After 750 CE, the Muslim world had the works of Hippocrates, Galen and Sushruta translated into

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is the study of disease – the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof.

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Medical availability and clinical practice vary across the world due to regional differences in

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deals with the treatment and prevention and rehabilitation of sports/exercise injuries such as

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Basic sciences of medicine; this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in

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Provision of medical care is classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary care categories.

574: 5801: 5641: 5201: 4899: 3173:– the patient (and the person treating the patient) have the right to be treated with dignity. 7400: 7286: 7259: 7232: 7184: 7138: 6833: 6487:"Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review" 5502: 5347:"A searchable database of medical education objectives – creating a comparable gold standard" 4856:. Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science. 14 January 2004. Archived from 3983: 3889: 3730: 3612:

decreed that a hospital should be attached to each cathedral and monastery and the historian

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medicine in the EU member states, EEA countries and Switzerland. This list is covered by the

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is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.

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is the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of

986:, professional education, and bodies. The medical profession has been conceptualized from a 7420: 7380: 7247: 7061: 7056: 7036: 6971: 6823: 4275: 4219: 4172: 4165: 3855: 3457: 3449: 3314: 3279: 3247: 3144: 3086: 3028: 2334: 2219: 1479: 1231: 1159: 1089: 630: 534: 514: 492: 298: 290: 211: 204: 152: 5649:

Harvard School of Public Health & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies

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Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures

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deals with medical aspects of emergency preparedness, disaster mitigation and management.

2580: 2519: 2504: 2285: 2239: 2196: 1961:– do not undergo medical school training, but rather separate training in podiatry school 1953: 1924:

Other surgical specialties within medicine with their own individual residency training:

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Addison K, Braden JH, Cupp JE, Emmert D, Hall LA, Hall T, et al. (September 2005).

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is concerned with diagnosing, assessing and treating all disorders related to sexuality.

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help diagnose or treat the main problem or any subsequent complications/developments.

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with limited evidence and efficacy and no required formal training for practitioners.

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The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the

3630: 3565:, considered one of the most famous books in the history of medicine. Others include 3468: 3453: 3368:, based on seeds for herbalism and tools presumed to have been used for surgery. The 3293:

and date back to 2500 BCE. Other early records on medicine have been discovered from

3188: 3160: 3002: 2961: 2836: 2737: 2689: 2657: 2610: 2538: 2181: 2044: 1985: 1976: 1902: 1888: 1865: 1849: 1698: 1598: 1546: 1467: 1195: 1183: 1167: 1135: 854: 836: 776: 518: 499: 192: 6563: 5946: 5260:

A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Wordsworth Collection) (Wordsworth Collection)

4942: 4534: 4493: 4375: 2218:, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. Subspecialties include 7470: 7162: 7147: 7024: 6899: 6855: 6598: 6590: 6543: 6506: 6498: 6459: 6370: 6022: 5934: 5704:

The father of modern medicine: the first research of the physical factor of tetanus

5368: 5358: 5258: 5142: 5101: 5093: 4950: 4800: 4726: 4592: 4565: 4519: 4353: 4335: 4079:

Evidence-based medicine is a contemporary movement to establish the most effective

4061: 3929: 3905: 3831: 3796: 3777: 3742: 3738: 3726: 3704: 3613: 3544: 3522: 3417: 3389:

where evidence of dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found.

3184: 3154: 3119: 3115: 2885: 2816: 2726: 2527: 2428: 2395: 2303: 2260: 2256: 2091: 2014: 1917: 1219: 1131: 1097: 1066: 1032: 1028: 975: 858: 691: 546: 369: 363: 322: 168: 140: 108: 93: 5020: 4389: 1727: 1404: 7490: 7435: 7296: 7281: 7264: 7204: 7199: 7143: 7121: 6818: 6764: 6744: 6344: 6105: 6084: 5710: 5625:

Aluvihare A (November 1993). "Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo".

5481: 4656:"Update: guidelines for defining the legal health record for-disclosure purposes" 4541: 4500: 4207: 4149: 4053: 3897: 3874: 3746: 3602: 3464: 3421: 3382: 3370: 3336:(3rd millennium BCE) is the first physician in history known by name. The oldest 3054: 3043: 3006: 2949: 2913: 2905: 2867: 2757:

involves the use of lasers in the diagnostics or treatment of various conditions.

2665: 2650: 2552: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2289: 2268: 2169: 1893: 1870: 1854: 1551: 1510: 1398: 1283:, where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions. 1243: 1081: 1062: 916: 850: 782: 695: 680: 620: 526: 453: 316: 297:, remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine and are thus called 275: 263: 128: 5562:

Huang Di Nei Jing: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text

4943:"Eliot Freidson: Sociological Narratives of Professionalism and Modern Medicine" 3648: 7322: 7276: 7089: 7019: 6838: 4512: 4477: 4234: 4049: 3972: 3951:

developed in part from herbalism and some drugs are still derived from plants (

3937: 3917: 3901: 3839: 3823: 3694: 3670: 3626: 3134: 3105: 3024: 3020: 2808: 2771: 2761: 2753: 2359: 2326: 1912: 1857:– may also be pursued through a separate cardiovascular surgery residency track 1824: 1802: 1617: 1571: 1381: 1239: 1227: 1072: 828: 792: 743: 684: 538: 530: 196: 180: 6547: 5363: 3681:(which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general – see 1494:, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example. 585:

Chief complaint (CC): the reason for the current medical visit. These are the

445: 7517: 7405: 7194: 7189: 7051: 6991: 6894: 6463: 6243: 6026: 5747: 4954: 4839: 4640: 4349: 4109: 4088: 4037: 3991: 3933: 3893: 3878: 3851: 3792: 3714: 3698: 3484: 3480: 3441: 3365: 3354: 3081:

Medicine, they are not intended to discourage different paradigms of health.

2981: 2873: 2730: 2713:

is a relatively recent field that deal with the application of computers and

2576: 2533: 2084: 1938: 1828: 1731: 1523: 1491: 1426: 1393: 1363: 1158:

is a practice in medicine and pharmacy in which the physician who provides a

1123: 1119: 1115: 923:) and many developing countries provide medical services through a system of 920: 758: 484: 267: 188: 6283: 6109: 5147: 5130: 5080:

Laokri S, Weil O, Drabo KM, Dembelé SM, Kafando B, Dujardin B (April 2013).

4715:"Assessing patients effectively: Here's how to do the basic four techniques" 3130: 7410: 7395: 7221: 6946: 6796: 6781: 6727: 6612: 6555: 6520: 6471: 6384: 6375: 6358: 6268: 6034: 5973: 5871: 5728: 5690: 5611: 5382: 5156: 5115: 4915: 4814: 4671: 4604: 4367: 4255: – Application of psychological principles to the practice of medicine 4113: 4056:

is having increasingly significant influence on medicine, as the causative

4002: 3998: 3948: 3867: 3788: 3722: 3574: 3514: 3506: 3392: 3361:

In China, archaeological evidence of medicine in Chinese dates back to the

3259: 3042:. Medical practitioners upgrade their knowledge in various ways, including 2941: 2934: 2926: 2918: 2843: 2812: 2634: 2420: 2412: 2338: 2308: 2211: 2162: 1933: 1875: 1812: 1668: 1648: 1640: 1621: 1587: 1570:

includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the

1566: 1518: 1434: 1376: 1369: 1335: 1327: 1186:(1918) of a visiting nurse in St. Louis, Missouri, with medicine and babies 1109: 1058: 1038: 979: 862: 788: 751: 724: 558: 550: 247: 227: 75:"Medical" redirects here. "Medical" is also the common informal term for a 5853: 5097: 4787:, Novak LC, Roussel AE, Martin DP, Patrick DL, et al. (August 2000). 3495: 857:, or watchful observation. A follow-up may be advised. Depending upon the 525:

typically begins with an interaction with an examination of the patient's

7269: 7214: 7111: 6966: 6941: 6759: 6627:"WHO | Tracking universal health coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report" 6484: 4784: 4198: 4041: 3925: 3804: 3800: 3677: 3661: 3622: 3609: 3413: 3401: 3397: 3147:– a practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient. (Latin: 3078: 2969: 2925:, injuries to ligaments (ligament tears or ruptures) and their repair in 2922: 2832: 2742: 2622: 2416: 2154: 1928: 1920:– may also be pursued through a separate vascular surgery residency track 1832: 1579: 1430:

is the study of hormones and their effect throughout the body of animals.

1409: 1211: 1127: 999: 812: 672: 668: 657: 638: 609: 542: 491:

such as parts of Africa or Asia, the population may rely more heavily on

239: 144: 4873:"The Case For Single Payer, Universal Health Care for the United States" 3381:

described numerous surgical operations, including the earliest forms of

3285:

The earliest known medical texts in the world were found in the ancient

3047: 2984:

apply similar techniques as physicians to the care of non-human animals.

1896:– may also be pursued through a separate plastic surgery residency track 218:(an area of creativity and skill), frequently having connections to the 7357: 7242: 7209: 6981: 6931: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6889: 6879: 4569: 4340: 4080: 4021: 3944: 3943:

As science and technology developed, medicine became more reliant upon

3921: 3835: 3808: 3717:. Bacteria and microorganisms were first observed with a microscope by 3598: 3562: 3362: 3275: 2828: 2820: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2783:

principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine.

2572: 2564: 2547: 2474: 2448: 2444: 2432:

is concerned with the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders.

2296: 2231: 2147: 2126: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2070: 2063: 2029: 2025: 2018: 1680: 1660: 1591: 1486: 1471: 1454: 1418: 1347: 1207: 1163: 1101: 963: 909: 822: 816: 802: 676: 626: 608:(FH): listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient. A 562: 510: 480: 223: 65: 4947:

The Palgrave Handbook of Social Theory in Health, Illness and Medicine

4900:"Transparency called key to uniting cost control, quality improvement" 4782: 602:

Current activity: occupation, hobbies, what the patient actually does.

460: 7430: 7172: 7167: 7031: 7009: 6884: 6848: 6347:

Website with a graphical study on the Manuscript of Paris by Servetus

5750:: MD Publications, Inc. p. 90. Library of Congress ID: 61-11617. 5129:

Chou YJ, Yip WC, Lee CH, Huang N, Sun YP, Chang HJ (September 2003).

4069: 3956: 3815: 3750: 3645:

physicians, grew to be the finest medical school in Medieval Europe.

3405: 3386: 3271: 3251: 3074: 2824: 2765: 2682: 2568: 2560: 2503:) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or 2436: 2276: 2133: 2055: 1994: 1625: 1604: 1583: 1531: 1462: 1340: 1235: 1105: 1085: 1042: 716: 642: 415: 411: 278:

is an art learned through practice, knowledge of what happens at the

243: 116: 112: 6449: 5286:"The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians?" 2024:

In the Commonwealth of Nations and some other countries, specialist

521:, prognose, treat, and prevent disease using clinical judgment. The 6936: 6205:

Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding

5713:, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 4269: 4073: 4045: 3960: 3952: 3690: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3552: 3548: 3529: 3437: 3378: 3346:

from around 2000 BCE, which describes gynaecological diseases. The

3302: 2897: 2851: 2556: 2140: 1958: 1797: 1609: 1527: 1514:

is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine.

1442: 1304: 1247: 1215: 1138: 1007: 943: 554: 302: 279: 251: 219: 64:

This article is about the science of healing. For medicaments, see

5021:"Types of health care providers: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 4789:"Measuring the "managedness" and covered benefits of health plans" 4076:

are influencing medical technology, practice and decision-making.

3133:– the patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment. ( 3110: 258:, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both 7415: 6875: 6843: 6736: 5598:

Rana RE, Arora BS (2002). "History of plastic surgery in India".

4029: 4025: 4010: 3987: 3968: 3964: 3819: 3818:

period brought more groundbreaking researchers from Europe. From

3769: 3686: 3510: 3433: 3333: 3263: 3255: 3235: 3230: 3201: 3180: 2930: 1964: 1792: 1575: 1352: 1299: 1011: 971: 948: 734: 646: 616: 587: 476: 467:, the first female physician in the United States graduated from 427: 419: 184: 156: 136: 124: 104: 3385:.Earliest records of dedicated hospitals come from Mihintale in 2021:

specialize respectively in diseases of the gut and the kidneys.

764:

Genitalia (and pregnancy if the patient is or could be pregnant)

6356: 4064:

have now been identified, and the development of techniques in

3638: 3561:

which became a standard medical text at many medieval European

3540: 3352:

dating back to 1600 BCE is an early work on surgery, while the

3187:

has increased in importance since the historical events of the

2804: 2746: 2454: 1816: 1685: 1535: 1054: 1024: 1003: 738: 704: 566: 235: 148: 132: 6579:"Waste in the U.S. Health care system: a conceptual framework" 5760: 4324:"The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science" 4237: – System of moral principles of the practice of medicine 3096:

and be subject to civil, criminal, or professional sanctions.

2881:) is the medical discipline concerned with the relief of pain. 84: 6536:

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care

4623:

The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice

4272: – Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices 3859: 3476: 3472: 3445: 3286: 3176: 2780: 2776: 2694: 2673:) is the prevention and treatment of diving-related problems. 2523:

is the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease.

2281: 2215: 1539: 1199: 936: 832: 747: 431: 231: 6104:. Washington DC: Georgetown University. pp. 10, 43–45. 4297:

Firth J (2020). "Science in medicine: when, how, and what".

4210: – Part of the US health system's reimbursement process 4128:

Globally, many developing countries lack access to care and

2592:

Some interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine include:

2379:, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies. 286:

level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

6682: 6577:

Bentley TG, Effros RM, Palar K, Keeler EB (December 2008).

4854:"Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations" 4057: 4036:

Pharmacology has become increasingly sophisticated; modern

3979: 3642: 3358:

dating back to 1500 BCE is akin to a textbook on medicine.

3290: 1108:

units, diagnostic laboratory and medical imaging services,

581:

The components of the medical interview and encounter are:

378: 331: 179:, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through 6357:

Lynch CD, O'Sullivan VR, McGillycuddy CT (December 2006).

3799:

at the end of the 18th century (inspired by the method of

1835:, but are not considered surgical sub-specialties per se. 1550:

is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of

5206:. Chelthenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 335. 4991:"Primary, Secondary and Tertiary HealthCare – Arthapedia" 1351:

is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of

772: 768: 390: 384: 340: 215: 6576: 6533: 3270:(an appeal to gods or communion with ancestor spirits); 827:

Vital signs including height, weight, body temperature,

483:. Modern scientific medicine is highly developed in the 4653: 4230:

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4203:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3274:(the vesting of an individual with mystic powers); and 2855:

is the classification of diseases for various purposes.

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Contemporary medicine is, in general, conducted within

711:). Four actions are the basis of physical examination: 5925:

Ahmad Z (2007). "Al-Zahrawi – The Father of Surgery".

5079: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4083:

of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of

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is a perspective on medicine derived through applying

2043:

There are many subspecialities (or subdisciplines) of

6164:(1st ed.). London: Cambridge. pp. 202–203. 6162:

A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate

5827:

A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine

4582: 4556:"Traditional medicine: growing needs and potential". 3589:

was one of the first to question the Greek theory of

2470:

are generally practiced by gynecological specialists.

393: 387: 343: 337: 5761:

Vaisrub S, A Denman M, Naparstek Y, Gilon D (2008).

5676: 5642:"Resource mobilization in Sri Lanka's health sector" 4139: 3432:

and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation,

809:, mood, evidence of abnormal perception or thought). 381: 334: 6359:"Pierre Fauchard: the 'father of modern dentistry'" 6095: 4949:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 287–305. 4739: 1422:

is the study of the early development of organisms.

845:The treatment plan may include ordering additional 375: 372: 328: 325: 6139: 5793: 5639: 5494: 5257: 4507:"to heal", etym. "know the best course for", from 4103: 3266:(the notion of inanimate objects having spirits), 3238:, the first physician from antiquity known by name 3126:commonly apply to medical ethics discussions are: 2609:deals with medical problems related to flying and 1767:passing the examination for the Membership of the 723:(tap to determine resonance characteristics), and 5203:The Dictionary of Health Economics, Third Edition 3633:and universities where medicine was studied. The 3068:, which regulates the medical profession in Spain 3023:, followed by a period of supervised practice or 7515: 5344: 4616: 4614: 3618:activities of the Catholic Church in health care 730:The clinical examination involves the study of: 6312: 6046: 6044: 5128: 4091:. The movement is facilitated by modern global 2996: 2280:is concerned with imaging of the body, e.g. by 1684:is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and 962:who provide care in medicine comprise multiple 59:Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness 6155: 6153: 5565:. University of California Press. p. ix. 4870: 4228: – Device to be used for medical purposes 3660:However, the fourteenth and fifteenth century 3278:(magically obtaining the truth). The field of 2345:(FISH) fall within the territory of pathology. 1970: 1718:deal primarily with UK and do not represent a 927:that aims to guarantee care for all through a 289:Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as 274:). For example, while stitching technique for 96:, a common symbol for medicine and health care 6698: 6190:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 5640:Rannan-Eliya RP, De Mel N (9 February 1997). 4620: 4611: 4009:, derived by German chemists originally from 2551:is the branch of medicine concerned with the 1716:The examples and perspective in this section 1506:, and how to prevent, treat and reverse them. 629:(Rx): what drugs the patient takes including 6041: 5894:""The Canon of Medicine" (work by Avicenna)" 5741: 5395: 4216: – Use of schemes of standardized codes 1582:. Some related clinical specialties include 6284:"Page through a virtual copy of Vesalius's 6150: 6142:Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology 6127:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 155–156. 5959: 5492: 5438:Brief History of Vision and Ocular Medicine 4422:. Oxford University Press. September 2014. 3689:'s theories on astronomy). Physicians like 3629:. The Church also established a network of 3225:Timeline of medicine and medical technology 2621:is a field dealing with the application of 2587: 1993:nations, such specialists are often called 1458:is the study of female reproductive system. 187:, but also through therapies as diverse as 23: 6987:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6705: 6691: 5824: 5434: 4585:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 4189:List of important publications in medicine 2349: 1734:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1397:, as portrayed in his laboratory, 1885 by 1323:are concerned with microscopic structures. 1303:is the study of the physical structure of 791:(consciousness, awareness, brain, vision, 549:) are typically used. After examining for 147:practices evolved to maintain and restore 24: 7328:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6602: 6510: 6374: 5624: 5597: 5372: 5362: 5345:Brooks S, Biala N, Arbor S (March 2018). 5146: 5105: 5086:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4804: 4730: 4688: 4357: 4339: 4243: – Scientific literature of medicine 4222: – Written compendium about diseases 3888:Others that did significant work include 3721:in 1676, initiating the scientific field 2559:, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of 2189: 1750:Learn how and when to remove this message 1672:is the study of the interactions between 1652:is the study of the interactions between 1446:is the study of genes, and their role in 853:studies, starting therapy, referral to a 226:beliefs of local culture. For example, a 6657:"Coverage for health care | READ online" 6397: 6209:Continuum International Publishing Group 6122: 5791: 5722: 5558: 5399:The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture 5396:Radner K, Robson E (22 September 2011). 5290:Royal Australasian College of Physicians 4875:. Cthealth.server101.com. Archived from 4321: 4015: 3760: 3647: 3494: 3391: 3234:Statuette of ancient Egyptian physician 3229: 3109: 3059: 3015:Medical students learning about stitches 3010: 2407: 1796: 1644:is the study of drugs and their actions. 1403: 1387: 1177: 1156:Separation of prescribing and dispensing 1018: 982:. These professions will have their own 942: 887: 533:, followed by a medical interview and a 459: 444: 83: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6231: 6202: 6187: 6050: 5800:. University of Chicago Press. p. 5264:. NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company. 4897: 4827: 4108:Evidence-based medicine, prevention of 3637:in Salerno, looking to the learning of 3412:In Greece, the ancient Greek physician 3262:. Well-known spiritual systems include 1380:is the microscopic study of individual 14: 7516: 6422: 6159: 6137: 5255: 5199: 4940: 4175: – Form of non-scientific healing 4024:at the Star pharmaceutical factory in 3749:has been called "the father of modern 3066:Organización Médica Colegial de España 2601:deals with the treatment of addiction. 2325:. Many modern molecular tests such as 2157:/Pneumology/Respirology/chest medicine 1578:and physiology of the human brain and 1574:. A main focus of neuroscience is the 430:. The word "medicine" is derived from 214:, and for most of this time it was an 6686: 5924: 5839: 5455:from the original on 27 February 2024 5416:from the original on 27 February 2024 4922:from the original on 17 February 2004 4871:Battista JR, McCabe J (4 June 1999). 4296: 3990:were discovered by Edward Jenner and 3048:http://data.medobjectives.marian.edu/ 1786: 410:) is the science and practice of the 111:of caring for patients, managing the 7466: 7227:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 6425:"Medicinal properties of body parts" 6313:Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2006). 6294:from the original on 11 October 2014 6263:. Princeton. pp. 119, 285–290. 6258: 6238:. Penguin Viking. pp. 214–215. 6053:"Arab(?) Roots of European Medicine" 5731:: W.B. Saunders Company. p. 97. 5679:Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine 5658:from the original on 29 October 2001 5525: 5181:from the original on 22 January 2021 5171:"What are the surgical specialties?" 5061:from the original on 17 January 2021 5031:from the original on 23 January 2021 5001:from the original on 28 January 2021 4764:from the original on 4 February 2021 4691:"What Are Symptoms? What Are Signs?" 4558:WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines 3873:From New Zealand and Australia came 2496:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 1880:Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery 1773:Royal College of Surgeons of England 1702: 440: 143:. Medicine encompasses a variety of 7476: 6402:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 5220:from the original on 18 August 2021 4511:base *med- "to measure, limit. Cf. 4458:from the original on 18 August 2021 4426:from the original on 18 August 2021 4301:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3866:is considered the father of modern 3838:made notable contributions. In the 3725:. Independently from Ibn al-Nafis, 3601:hospitals were an early example of 1269:The main branches of medicine are: 835:, respiration rate, and hemoglobin 56: 7363:Medical Scientist Training Program 6261:The Black Death in the Middle East 5939:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x 5579:from the original on 18 April 2016 4971:from the original on 14 March 2022 4941:Calnan M (2015). Collyer F (ed.). 2575:disorders. Related fields include 2341:, gene rearrangements studies and 1466:is the study of the structures of 210:Medicine has been practiced since 57: 7535: 6667:from the original on 8 March 2021 5998:(2): 74–85 . 2004. Archived from 5796:The Beginnings of Western Science 4396:from the original on 4 March 2016 3463:Most of our knowledge of ancient 3099: 2633:is concerned with how systems of 2343:fluorescent in situ hybridization 2210:degree, who actually perform the 1292: 1075:medical services are provided by 1041:medical services are provided by 785:(including spine and extremities) 254:. In recent centuries, since the 7495: 7485: 7475: 7465: 7456: 7455: 6595:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2008.00537.x 6503:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001 6317:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall. 5773:from the original on 18 May 2015 5600:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 4732:10.1097/00152193-200611002-00005 4597:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00886.x 4278: – Formalized folk medicine 4142: 3787:(where results are testable and 3654:Santa Maria della Scala Hospital 3458:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 3242: 2693:deals with medical questions in 2317:Pathology as a medical specialty 1707: 368: 321: 159:. Contemporary medicine applies 7496: 6649: 6619: 6570: 6527: 6478: 6443: 6435:(7330): 900–902. Archived from 6416: 6391: 6350: 6331: 6315:Brock Biology of Microorganisms 6306: 6276: 6250: 6235:A Short History of Christianity 6225: 6196: 6181: 6131: 6116: 6089: 6067:from the original on 3 May 2004 6006: 5980: 5953: 5918: 5886: 5860: 5833: 5818: 5785: 5754: 5735: 5716: 5697: 5670: 5633: 5618: 5591: 5552: 5519: 5486: 5467: 5428: 5389: 5338: 5308: 5278: 5249: 5232: 5193: 5163: 5122: 5073: 5043: 5013: 4983: 4934: 4891: 4864: 4846: 4831:A Short History of Christianity 4821: 4776: 4707: 4682: 4647: 4179:List of causes of death by rate 4104:Quality, efficiency, and access 3408:in the middle (2nd–3rd century) 3223:For a chronological guide, see 2722:Hospice and Palliative Medicine 2625:principles to medical practice. 883: 7353:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6787:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 6192:. Routledge. pp. 991–992. 6123:Iskandar A (2006). "Al-Rāzī". 5829:. Horatius Press. p. 146. 5528:"History of Medicine in China" 5320:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 4689:Nordqvist C (26 August 2009). 4621:Coulehan JL, Block MR (2005). 4576: 4549: 4528: 4470: 4438: 4408: 4382: 4315: 4290: 3803:originated in ancient China), 3768:injecting a plague vaccine in 3490: 3475:, i.e. the Five Books of 3163:– "first, do no harm" (Latin: 3033:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 1944:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 1781:Royal College of Anaesthetists 1692: 517:personally assess patients to 13: 1: 5870:. Hcs.osu.edu. Archived from 4625:(5th ed.). F. A. Davis. 4283: 4249: – Legal cause of action 4125:metrics lag similar nations. 1815:condition such as disease or 1204:emergency medical technicians 1069:for all ages and both sexes. 660:, history of known allergies. 641:, as well as alternative and 509:In modern clinical practice, 250:according to the theories of 193:external splints and traction 7333:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 7100:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 6712: 5840:Becka J (January 1980). "". 5744:A Prelude to Medical History 5244:Dorland's Medical Dictionary 5175:American College of Surgeons 3343:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus 3319:traditional Chinese medicine 3317:) predecessor to the modern 3193:Tuskegee syphilis experiment 3139:Voluntas aegroti suprema lex 3040:continuing medical education 2997:Education and legal controls 1372:and evidence-based medicine. 1359:to study biological systems. 1126:treatment centers, advanced 932:a combination of all three. 643:herbal medicines or remedies 308: 7: 6452:Current Medicinal Chemistry 6286:De Humanis Corporis Fabrica 5497:A Short History of Medicine 5055:International Medical Corps 4545:Online Etymology Dictionary 4454:. Oxford University Press. 4299:Oxford textbook of medicine 4261: – Branch of sociology 4135: 3469:1st millennium BC 3396:Mosaic on the floor of the 2835:) and their application to 1971:Internal medicine specialty 1769:Royal College of Physicians 1730:, discuss the issue on the 1173: 993: 703:smell (e.g., in infection, 663:Review of systems (ROS) or 523:doctor-patient relationship 238:for healing, or an ancient 10: 7540: 6429:The Pharmaceutical Journal 5627:Vidhusara Science Magazine 5535:McGill Journal of Medicine 5435:Vogel WH, Berke A (2009). 5200:Culyer AJ (31 July 2014). 5135:Health Policy and Planning 4898:Sipkoff M (January 2004). 4451:Oxford Dictionaries Online 4155: 4001:(Salvarsan) discovered by 3858:are considered important. 3710:De humani corporis fabrica 3534:Theophilus Protospatharius 3311:classical Chinese medicine 3222: 3216: 3212: 3103: 3000: 2294:nuclear magnetic resonance 1974: 1884:Minimally invasive surgery 1790: 1696: 997: 865:system, various forms of " 74: 63: 7451: 7373: 7311: 7072: 7000: 6955: 6864: 6735: 6720: 6548:10.1017/S0266462301107014 6338:Michael Servetus Research 6102:Medieval Islamic medicine 5541:(1): 7984. Archived from 5364:10.1186/s12909-018-1136-z 5316:"therapeutics (medicine)" 4562:World Health Organization 4201: – Type of insurance 3997:The first antibiotic was 3756: 3635:Schola Medica Salernitana 3295:ancient Egyptian medicine 3191:of the Nuremberg trials, 3149:Salus aegroti suprema lex 2807:, history and religion), 2745:in the United States and 2331:polymerase chain reaction 1210:, laboratory scientists, 437:, meaning "a physician". 90:World Health Organization 70:Medicine (disambiguation) 7287:Transplantation medicine 7178:Clinical neurophysiology 7095:Obstetric anesthesiology 7015:Interventional radiology 6775:Digestive system surgery 6464:10.2174/0929867043455846 6343:13 November 2012 at the 6083:30 November 2004 at the 6027:10.33588/rn.3409.2001382 5709:18 November 2011 at the 4955:10.1057/9781137355621_19 4793:Health Services Research 4488:"the medical art", from 4322:Saunders J (June 2000). 4265:Philosophy of healthcare 3528:Although the concept of 2588:Interdisciplinary fields 2247:Clinical neurophysiology 1602:(theoretical focus) and 1562:of the genetic material. 1281:Interdisciplinary fields 1162:is independent from the 988:sociological perspective 929:single-payer health care 256:advent of modern science 39:latest accepted revision 7158:Intensive care medicine 7132:Mass gathering medicine 6977:Maternal–fetal medicine 6290:. Archive.nlm.nih.gov. 5899:Encyclopædia Britannica 5742:Martí-Ibáñez F (1961). 5480:20 January 2024 at the 5441:. Kugler Publications. 5051:"Secondary Health Care" 4540:11 October 2007 at the 4499:11 October 2007 at the 4118:unnecessary health care 3883:Frank Macfarlane Burnet 3719:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3713:, an important book on 3502:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah 3444:". The Greek physician 2891:individualized medicine 2637:interact with patients. 2487:Pharmaceutical medicine 2350:Other major specialties 2323:evidence-based medicine 1614:cardiovascular diseases 1232:occupational therapists 1190:Working together as an 1134:, high-risk pregnancy, 1094:intensive care medicine 894:Santa Maria della Scala 557:, the doctor may order 504:evidence-based medicine 6750:Cardiothoracic surgery 6491:Biotechnology Advances 6376:10.1038/sj.bdj.4814350 6363:British Dental Journal 6146:. New York: Rosen Pub. 5927:ANZ Journal of Surgery 5902:. 2008. Archived from 5842:Casopis Lekaru Ceskych 5493:Ackerknecht E (1982). 4754:"Clinical examination" 4481: 4390:"Dictionary, medicine" 4214:Medical classification 4097:Cochrane Collaboration 4033: 3864:Santiago Ramón y Cajal 3828:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 3814:The post-18th century 3773: 3657: 3518: 3436:, resolution, crisis, 3409: 3377:In India, the surgeon 3323:ancient Greek medicine 3239: 3164: 3148: 3138: 3122: 3069: 3053:4 October 2018 at the 3016: 2715:information technology 2647:environmental medicine 2618:Biomedical Engineering 2458:(American English) or 2452:(often abbreviated as 2423: 2265:nerve conduction study 2253:electroencephalography 2190:Diagnostic specialties 2078:Critical care medicine 2032:are also described as 1899:Surgical critical care 1855:Cardiovascular surgery 1805: 1654:non-ionizing radiation 1633:Pathology as a science 1448:biological inheritance 1413: 1401: 1224:respiratory therapists 1194:, many highly trained 1192:interdisciplinary team 1187: 1035: 951: 901: 623:comprises HPI and PMH. 575:Differential diagnosis 472: 457: 141:promoting their health 97: 68:. For other uses, see 7401:Personalized medicine 7260:Reproductive medicine 7185:Occupational medicine 7139:Evolutionary medicine 6583:The Milbank Quarterly 6015:Revista de Neurología 5962:Saudi Medical Journal 5825:Prioreschi P (2004). 5767:Encyclopaedia Judaica 5501:. JHU Press. p. 5351:BMC Medical Education 5148:10.1093/heapol/czg038 5098:10.2471/BLT.12.110015 4156:Further information: 4116:"), and avoidance of 4019: 3890:William Williams Keen 3822:and Austria, doctors 3764: 3731:pulmonary circulation 3651: 3558:The Canon of Medicine 3509:, the eighth Imam of 3498: 3483:, with the physician 3452:and the onset of the 3395: 3338:Egyptian medical text 3250:incorporated plants ( 3233: 3113: 3063: 3014: 2860:Occupational medicine 2831:, theater, film, and 2729:including cancer and 2702:Gender-based medicine 2678:Evolutionary medicine 2642:Conservation medicine 2630:Clinical pharmacology 2464:Reproductive medicine 2411: 2236:clinical microbiology 2034:specialist physicians 1821:a perforated ear drum 1800: 1676:and living organisms. 1656:and living organisms. 1407: 1391: 1256:surgical technologist 1181: 1090:emergency departments 1022: 946: 925:universal health care 891: 709:diabetic ketoacidosis 553:and interviewing for 463: 448: 87: 7421:Traditional medicine 7381:Alternative medicine 7248:Addiction psychiatry 7062:Transfusion medicine 7057:Medical microbiology 6972:Gynecologic oncology 6824:Reproductive surgery 5723:Garrison FH (1966). 4276:Traditional medicine 4220:Medical encyclopedia 4173:Alternative medicine 4166:Glossary of medicine 3910:Kitasato Shibasaburō 3856:Florence Nightingale 3795:'s discovery of the 3450:Western Roman Empire 3315:Alternative medicine 3280:medical anthropology 3248:Prehistoric medicine 3087:Directive 2005/36/EC 3064:Headquarters of the 2505:congenital disorders 2415:Michel Akotionga of 2335:immunohistochemistry 2220:transfusion medicine 1728:improve this section 1616:, weight and eating 1502:is the study of the 1490:is the study of the 1480:immunohistochemistry 1196:health professionals 1160:medical prescription 1096:, surgery services, 1047:physician assistants 960:health professionals 775:, nose, and throat ( 597:presenting complaint 573:or other therapies. 571:pharmaceutical drugs 535:physical examination 515:physician assistants 493:traditional medicine 489:developing countries 299:alternative medicine 291:traditional medicine 7443:History of medicine 7426:Veterinary medicine 7233:Preventive medicine 7085:Adolescent medicine 6927:Infectious diseases 6439:on 3 December 2008. 6398:Williams G (2010). 6051:Tschanz DW (2003). 5868:"Avicenna 980–1037" 5792:Lindberg D (1992). 5725:History of Medicine 5559:Unschuld P (2003). 5548:on 1 December 2013. 5326:on 18 December 2007 5239:"internal medicine" 4860:on 19 October 2009. 4758:The Free Dictionary 4247:Medical malpractice 4158:Outline of medicine 4130:access to medicines 4093:information science 3914:Jean-Martin Charcot 3785:biomedical research 3349:Edwin Smith Papyrus 3307:Indian subcontinent 3299:Babylonian Medicine 3219:History of medicine 3171:respect for persons 3094:medical malpractice 2989:Wilderness medicine 2978:Veterinary medicine 2671:hyperbaric medicine 2581:clinical psychology 2520:Preventive medicine 2286:computed tomography 2240:clinical immunology 2197:Clinical laboratory 2015:gastroenterologists 1954:Otorhinolaryngology 1476:electron microscopy 1287:Medical specialties 1275:biomedical research 1252:surgeon's assistant 1077:medical specialists 1051:nurse practitioners 906:health care systems 898:Domenico di Bartolo 815:(large airways and 654:infectious diseases 615:History of present 537:. Basic diagnostic 465:Elizabeth Blackwell 165:biomedical research 161:biomedical sciences 77:medical examination 29:Page version status 7391:Molecular oncology 7348:Doctor of Medicine 7338:Master of Medicine 7255:Radiation oncology 7127:Emergency medicine 7080:Addiction medicine 7047:Clinical chemistry 7042:Clinical pathology 6834:Transplant surgery 6792:Orthopedic surgery 6770:Colorectal surgery 6232:Blainey G (2011). 6203:Barrett P (2004). 5769:. The Gale Group. 5256:Fowler HW (1994). 4834:. Penguin Viking. 4828:Blainey G (2011). 4696:Medical News Today 4341:10.1136/mh.26.1.18 4253:Medical psychology 4241:Medical literature 4085:systematic reviews 4060:of most monogenic 4034: 3783:Modern scientific 3774: 3707:was the author of 3667:Gabriele Falloppio 3658: 3545:Islamic physicians 3519: 3410: 3400:of Kos, depicting 3240: 3207:blood transfusions 3123: 3118:manuscript of the 3070: 3017: 2898:Podiatric medicine 2788:Medical humanities 2727:terminal illnesses 2710:Health informatics 2606:Aerospace medicine 2598:Addiction medicine 2512:Podiatric medicine 2468:fertility medicine 2424: 2372:Emergency medicine 2228:clinical chemistry 2224:cellular pathology 2208:medical technology 2204:medical laboratory 2120:Infectious disease 2058:/Vascular Medicine 2010:general physicians 1949:Orthopedic surgery 1908:Transplant surgery 1861:Colorectal surgery 1806: 1787:Surgical specialty 1674:ionizing radiation 1504:chronic conditions 1499:Lifestyle medicine 1468:biological tissues 1414: 1402: 1357:physical chemistry 1244:medical physicists 1188: 1102:labor and delivery 1036: 952: 902: 867:utilization review 847:medical laboratory 795:, spinal cord and 649:are also recorded. 612:is sometimes used. 473: 458: 207:, amongst others. 205:ionizing radiation 173:medical technology 98: 35: 7509: 7508: 7343:Master of Surgery 7307: 7306: 7292:Tropical medicine 7238:Prison healthcare 7153:Hospital medicine 7117:Disaster medicine 7107:Aviation medicine 6922:Hospital medicine 6829:Surgical oncology 6814:Pediatric surgery 6808: 6755:Endocrine surgery 6637:on 8 October 2020 6423:Cooper P (2004). 6409:978-0-230-27471-6 6324:978-0-13-144329-7 6218:978-0-567-08969-4 6171:978-1-108-01588-2 6160:Elgood C (2010). 6138:Ganchy S (2008). 5968:(11): 1631–1641. 5933:(Suppl. 1): A83. 5874:on 7 October 2008 5811:978-0-226-48231-6 5572:978-0-520-92849-7 5512:978-0-8018-2726-6 5448:978-90-6299-220-1 5409:978-0-19-955730-1 5271:978-1-85326-318-7 5213:978-1-78100-199-8 4995:www.arthapedia.in 4964:978-1-349-47022-8 4632:978-0-8036-1246-4 4518:"counsel, plan", 4308:978-0-19-874669-0 4259:Medical sociology 4226:Medical equipment 4194:Lists of diseases 4184:List of disorders 4162:Outline of health 4123:population health 4066:molecular biology 4062:genetic disorders 4048:and knowledge of 3940:(United States). 3934:Sir William Osler 3900:(United States); 3844:Alexander Fleming 3766:Paul-Louis Simond 3735:Renaldus Columbus 3729:rediscovered the 3631:cathedral schools 3454:Early Middle Ages 3305:medicine (in the 3183:– the concept of 3165:primum non-nocere 3003:Medical education 2962:Tropical medicine 2837:medical education 2827:), and the arts ( 2738:Hospital medicine 2690:Forensic medicine 2658:Disaster medicine 2553:bio-psycho-social 2539:population health 2182:medical education 2045:internal medicine 1986:medical specialty 1982:Internal medicine 1977:Internal medicine 1959:Podiatric surgery 1903:Surgical oncology 1889:Pediatric surgery 1866:Endocrine surgery 1850:Bariatric surgery 1760: 1759: 1752: 1699:Medical specialty 1599:Nutrition science 1547:Molecular biology 1307:. 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Watson 3875:Maurice Wilkins 3759: 3747:Pierre Fauchard 3493: 3471:comes from the 3465:Hebrew medicine 3383:plastic surgery 3371:Huangdi Neijing 3245: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3161:non-maleficence 3114:A 12th-century 3108: 3102: 3055:Wayback Machine 3009: 3007:Medical license 3001:Main articles: 2999: 2950:Travel medicine 2914:Sports medicine 2906:Sexual medicine 2868:Pain management 2666:Diving medicine 2651:medical geology 2590: 2460:Obs & Gynae 2390:family practice 2384:Family medicine 2363:(also known as 2352: 2290:ultrasonography 2269:polysomnography 2192: 2177: 2170:Sports Medicine 1997:. These terms, 1979: 1973: 1894:Plastic surgery 1871:General surgery 1801:Surgeons in an 1795: 1789: 1756: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1725: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1511:Medical physics 1399:Albert Edelfelt 1295: 1176: 1130:unit services, 1082:ambulatory care 1063:preventive care 1014: 996: 917:Catholic Church 886: 851:medical imaging 783:Musculoskeletal 694:, medications, 681:digestive tract 665:systems inquiry 621:Medical history 569:, or prescribe 539:medical devices 527:medical history 500:developed world 454:Sir Luke Fildes 443: 402: 401: 371: 362: 361: 352: 351: 324: 315: 314: 311: 272:medical science 197:medical devices 181:pharmaceuticals 80: 73: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7537: 7527: 7526: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7493: 7483: 7473: 7463: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7374:Related topics 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7323:Medical school 7319: 7317: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7277:Sleep medicine 7274: 7273: 7272: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7090:Anesthesiology 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7020:Neuroradiology 7017: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6957:Obstetrics and 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6841: 6839:Trauma surgery 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6802:Otolaryngology 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6741: 6739: 6730: 6728:subspecialties 6718: 6717: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6648: 6618: 6589:(4): 629–659. 6569: 6542:(4): 457–466. 6526: 6477: 6458:(5): 607–628. 6442: 6415: 6408: 6400:Angel of Death 6390: 6349: 6330: 6323: 6305: 6275: 6249: 6224: 6217: 6211:. p. 18. 6195: 6180: 6170: 6149: 6130: 6115: 6098:Savage-Smith E 6088: 6040: 6021:(9): 877–892. 6017:(in Spanish). 6005: 5979: 5952: 5917: 5906:on 28 May 2008 5885: 5859: 5832: 5817: 5810: 5784: 5753: 5734: 5715: 5696: 5669: 5651:. p. 19. 5632: 5617: 5590: 5571: 5551: 5518: 5511: 5485: 5466: 5447: 5427: 5408: 5402:. OUP Oxford. 5388: 5337: 5307: 5277: 5270: 5248: 5231: 5212: 5192: 5162: 5141:(3): 316–329. 5121: 5092:(4): 277–282. 5072: 5042: 5012: 4982: 4963: 4933: 4890: 4863: 4845: 4820: 4799:(3): 707–734. 4775: 4738: 4725:(2): 6. 2006. 4706: 4681: 4666:(8): 64A–64G. 4646: 4631: 4610: 4591:(4): 689–692. 4575: 4560:. No. 2. 4548: 4527: 4492:"physician". ( 4469: 4437: 4407: 4381: 4314: 4307: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4235:Medical ethics 4232: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4154: 4153: 4137: 4134: 4105: 4102: 4050:human genetics 3938:Harvey Cushing 3936:(Canada); and 3918:Claude Bernard 3902:Salvador Luria 3840:United Kingdom 3824:Rudolf Virchow 3758: 3755: 3695:Materia Medica 3671:William Harvey 3627:Abbey of Cluny 3492: 3489: 3327:Roman medicine 3244: 3241: 3217:Main article: 3214: 3211: 3197: 3196: 3189:Doctors' Trial 3174: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3142: 3106:Medical ethics 3104:Main article: 3101: 3100:Medical ethics 3098: 3021:medical school 2998: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2975: 2966: 2958: 2946: 2938: 2910: 2902: 2894: 2882: 2864: 2856: 2848: 2840: 2809:social science 2784: 2772:Medical ethics 2768: 2762:health science 2758: 2754:Laser medicine 2750: 2734: 2718: 2706: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2654: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2516: 2508: 2492: 2483: 2471: 2441: 2433: 2406: 2405: 2380: 2368: 2360:Anesthesiology 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2327:flow cytometry 2313: 2300: 2272: 2243: 2191: 2188: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2049: 1975:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1913:Trauma surgery 1910: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1825:anesthesiology 1803:operating room 1791:Main article: 1788: 1785: 1758: 1757: 1722:of the subject 1720:worldwide view 1715: 1713: 1706: 1697:Main article: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1677: 1665: 1657: 1645: 1637: 1629: 1595: 1572:nervous system 1563: 1543: 1524:microorganisms 1515: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1459: 1451: 1439: 1431: 1423: 1386: 1385: 1373: 1360: 1344: 1332: 1324: 1294: 1293:Basic sciences 1291: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1175: 1172: 1120:trauma centers 1073:Secondary care 995: 992: 885: 882: 840: 839: 829:blood pressure 825: 820: 810: 805:(orientation, 800: 793:cranial nerves 786: 780: 765: 762: 755: 744:Cardiovascular 741: 700: 699: 688: 661: 650: 624: 613: 606:Family history 603: 600: 531:medical record 442: 439: 310: 307: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7536: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7512: 7502: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7474: 7472: 7464: 7462: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7406:Public health 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7386:Allied health 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7310: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7195:Oral medicine 7193: 7191: 7190:Ophthalmology 7188: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Cytopathology 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6992:Urogynecology 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6895:Endocrinology 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6666: 6662: 6661:OECD iLibrary 6658: 6652: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6334: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6279: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6154: 6144: 6143: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5788: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5555: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5498: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4140: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110:medical error 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4089:meta-analysis 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038:biotechnology 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020:Packaging of 4018: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3992:Louis Pasteur 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:William Coley 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879:Howard Florey 3876: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852:Francis Crick 3849: 3848:Joseph Lister 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3811:around 1900. 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793:Edward Jenner 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715:human anatomy 3712: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3699:Pharmacopoeia 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3485:Asaph the Jew 3482: 3481:Byzantine Era 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442:convalescence 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3366:Shang dynasty 3364: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3355:Ebers Papyrus 3351: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243:Ancient world 3237: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3195:, and others. 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2982:veterinarians 2979: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919:muscle spasms 2916: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889:is a form of 2888: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2874:pain medicine 2871:(also called 2870: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2839:and practice. 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791:includes the 2790: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2764:fields, e.g. 2763: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2731:heart failure 2728: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2582: 2578: 2577:psychotherapy 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555:study of the 2554: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2534:public health 2530: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2085:Endocrinology 2082: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:geriatricians 2027: 2026:pediatricians 2022: 2020: 2019:nephrologists 2016: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1939:Ophthalmology 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1829:ophthalmology 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1754: 1751: 1743: 1740:February 2023 1733: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620:, allergies, 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556:transcription 1553: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1492:immune system 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427:Endocrinology 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1394:Louis Pasteur 1390: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1364:Biostatistics 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:gross anatomy 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:Tertiary care 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:nursing homes 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 991: 989: 985: 981: 980:psychologists 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 950: 945: 941: 938: 933: 930: 926: 922: 921:United States 918: 913: 911: 910:credentialing 907: 899: 895: 890: 881: 879: 878:consultations 874: 870: 868: 864: 861:plan and the 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 824: 821: 818: 814: 811: 808: 804: 801: 798: 794: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 763: 760: 756: 753: 752:blood vessels 749: 745: 742: 740: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 697: 693: 689: 686: 685:urinary tract 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 659: 655: 651: 648: 644: 640: 639:home remedies 636: 632: 628: 625: 622: 618: 614: 611: 607: 604: 601: 598: 594: 593:chief concern 590: 589: 584: 583: 582: 579: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:medical tests 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 485:Western world 482: 478: 470: 466: 462: 455: 451: 447: 438: 436: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 405: 398: 365: 355: 348: 318: 306: 304: 300: 296: 295:folk medicine 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 224:philosophical 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189:psychotherapy 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 95: 91: 86: 82: 78: 71: 67: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 7511: 7411:Rural health 7396:Nanomedicine 6947:Rheumatology 6878: / 6797:Hand surgery 6782:Neurosurgery 6713: 6669:. 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