247:. Identification or errors may be a challenge in these studies, and mistakes may be more common than reported as these studies identify only mistakes that led to measurable adverse events occurring soon after the errors. Independent review of doctors' treatment plans suggests that decision-making could be improved in 14% of admissions; many of the benefits would have delayed manifestations. Even this number may be an underestimate. One study suggests that adults in the United States receive only 55% of recommended care. At the same time, a second study found that 30% of care in the United States may be unnecessary. For example, if a doctor fails to order a mammogram that is past due, this mistake will not show up in the first type of study. In addition, because no adverse event occurred during the short follow-up of the study, the mistake also would not show up in the second type of study because only the principal treatment plans were critiqued. However, the mistake would be recorded in the third type of study. If a doctor recommends an unnecessary treatment or test, it may not show in any of these types of studies.
968:, healthcare professional and patient training or supplementary educational programs, adding in an extra step for double checking prescriptions (both at the level of the healthcare professional and at the administrator level), using standardized protocols in the workplace that include a check-list, physical markings or writing on syringes to indicate correct doses, programmes that include the person being able to administer the medications themselves, ensuring that the workplace or environment is well-lit, monitoring and adjusting healthcare professional working hours, and the use of an interdisciplinary team. There is weak evidence indicating that a number of these suggested interventions may be helpful in reducing errors or improving patient safety, however, in general, evidence supporting the best or most effective intervention for reducing errors not strong. Evidence supporting improvements aimed at reducing medical errors in medications for pediatric hospitalized patients is also very weak.
662:. This is the concept that there are layers of protection for clinicians and patients to prevent mistakes from occurring. Therefore, even if a doctor or nurse makes a small error (e.g. incorrect dose of drug written on a drug chart by doctor), this is picked up before it actually affects patient care (e.g. pharmacist checks the drug chart and rectifies the error). Such mechanisms include: Practical alterations (e.g.-medications that cannot be given through IV, are fitted with tubing which means they cannot be linked to an IV even if a clinician makes a mistake and tries to), systematic safety processes (e.g. all patients must have a Waterlow score assessment and falls assessment completed on admission), and training programmes/continuing professional development courses are measures that may be put in place.
374:
310:
codes. Textbooks of medicine often describe the most typical presentations of a disease, but in many conditions patients may have variable presentations instead of the classical signs and symptoms. To add complexity, the signs and symptoms of a given condition change over time; in the early stages the signs and symptoms may be absent or minimal, and then these evolve as the condition progresses. Diagnosis is often challenging in infants and children who can't clearly communicate their symptoms, and in the elderly, where signs and symptoms may be muted or absent.
939:. In this model, there is an attempt to identify the underlying system defect that allowed the error to occur. As an example, in such a system the error of free flow IV administration of heparin is dealt with by not using IV heparin and substituting subcutaneous administration of heparin, obviating the entire problem. However, such an approach presupposes available research showing that subcutaneous heparin is as effective as IV. Thus, most systems use a combination of approaches to the problem.
466:
affected by medical errors. Medical errors can increase average hospital costs by as much as $ 4,769 per patient. One common type of medical error stems from x-rays and medical imaging: failing to see or notice signs of disease on an image. The retrospective "miss" rate among abnormal imaging studies is reported to be as high as 30% (the real-life error rate is much lower, around 4-5%, because not all images are abnormal), and up to 20% of missed findings result in long-term adverse effects.
38:
675:
way? Don't take it personally". Seder states " if I left medicine, I would mourn its loss as I've mourned the passage of my poetry. On a daily basis, it is both a privilege and a joy to have the trust of patients and their families and the camaraderie of peers. There is no challenge to make your blood race like that of a difficult case, no mind game as rigorous as the challenging differential diagnosis, and though the stakes are high, so are the rewards."
634:) or reported in the medical document. There were an estimated 66 million clinically significant medication errors in the British NHS in 2018. The resulting adverse drug reactions are estimated to cause around 700 deaths a year in England and to contribute to around 22,000 deaths a year. The British researchers did not find any evidence that error rates were lower in other countries, and the global cost was estimated at $ 42 billion per year.
982:
and clinical decision support directly to physicians to improve the safe and effective use of medications. Pharmacists are recognized experts in medication safety and have made many contributions that reduce error and improve patient care over the last 50 years. More recently, governments have attempted to address issues like patient-pharmacist communication and consumer knowledge through measures like the
215:
recipients in outpatient clinics. The report stated that these are likely to be conservative estimates. In 2000 alone, the extra medical costs incurred by preventable drug-related injuries approximated $ 887 million—and the study looked only at injuries sustained by
Medicare recipients, a subset of clinic visitors. None of these figures take into account lost wages and productivity or other costs.
915:
Health and Human
Services released January 6, 2012 found that most errors are not reported and even in the case of errors that are reported and investigated changes are seldom made which would prevent them in the future. The investigation revealed that there was often lack of knowledge regarding which events were reportable and recommended that lists of reportable events be developed.
402:, says these are "cognitive pitfalls", biases which cloud our logic. For example, a practitioner may overvalue the first data encountered, skewing their thinking. Another example may be where the practitioner recalls a recent or dramatic case that quickly comes to mind, coloring the practitioner's judgement. Another pitfall is where
715:
and to be treated with respect and empathy. Justice-seekers wanted an honest account of what happened, the circumstances leading up to it, and measures to ensure it does not happen again. Processes that, for example, involved people independent of the organisation responsible for harm gave investigations credibility.
197:
improve patient safety, to emphasize traceability and raise efficiency in their cancer treatment processes. Children are often more vulnerable to a negative outcome when a medication error occurs as they have age-related differences in how their bodies absorb, metabolize, and excrete pharmaceutical agents.
924:
error of free flow IV administration of heparin is approached by teaching staff how to use the IV systems and to use special care in setting the IV pump. While overall errors become less likely, the checks add to workload and may in themselves be a cause of additional errors. In some hospitals, a regular
755:"In addition, physicians should disclose to patients information about procedural or judgment errors made in the course of care if such information is material to the patient's well-being. Errors do not necessarily constitute improper, negligent, or unethical behavior, but failure to disclose them may."
697:
However, Wu et al. suggest "...those who coped by accepting responsibility were more likely to make constructive changes in practice, but to experience more emotional distress." It may be helpful to consider the much larger number of patients who are not exposed to mistakes and are helped by medical
637:
Medication errors in hospital include omissions, delayed dosing and incorrect medication administrations. Medication errors are not always readily identified, but can be reported using case note reviews or incident reporting systems. There are pharmacist-led interventions that can reduce the incident
477:
Misdiagnosis of lower extremity cellulitis is estimated to occur in 30% of patients, leading to unnecessary hospitalizations in 85% and unnecessary antibiotic use in 92%. Collectively, these errors lead to between 50,000 and 130,000 unnecessary hospitalizations and between $ 195 and $ 515 million in
309:
Complexity makes diagnosis especially challenging. There are less than 200 symptoms listed in
Knowledge, but there are probably more than 10,000 known diseases. The World Health Organization's system for the International Classification of Disease, 9th Edition from 1979 listed over 14,000 diagnosis
242:
medical centers estimated that for roughly every 10,000 patients admitted to the select hospitals, one patient died who would have lived for three months or more in good cognitive health had "optimal" care been provided. A 2001 study estimated that 1% of hospital admissions result in an adverse event
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report, about 7,000 people were estimated to die each year from medication errors – about 16 percent more deaths than the number attributable to work-related injuries (6,000 deaths). One in five
Americans (22%) report that they or a family member have experienced a medical error of some kind. A 2000
196:
injury. The World Health
Organization registered 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths in 2012. It estimated that the number of cases could increase by 70% through 2032. As the number of cancer patients receiving treatment increases, hospitals around the world are seeking ways to
170:
In its landmark report, Improving
Diagnosis in Health Care, The National Academy of Medicine proposed a new, hybrid definition that includes both label- and process-related aspects: "A diagnostic error is failure to establish an accurate and timely explanation of the patient's health problem(s) or to
674:
Essayists imply that the potential to make mistakes is part of what makes being a physician rewarding and without this potential the rewards of medical practice would be diminished. Laurence states that "Everybody dies, you and all of your patients. All relationships end. Would you want it any other
568:
are often misdiagnosed, mismanaged, or undiagnosed for many years; they may be confused with migraine, "cluster-like" headache (or mimics), CH subtypes, other TACs ( trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias), or other types of primary or secondary headache syndrome. Cluster-like head pain may be diagnosed
214:
A 2006 study found that medication errors are among the most common medical mistakes, harming at least 1.5 million people every year. According to the study, 400,000 preventable drug-related injuries occur each year in hospitals, 800,000 in long-term care settings, and roughly 530,000 among
Medicare
158:
There is no single definition of diagnostic error, reflecting in part the dual nature of the word diagnosis, which is both a noun (the name of the assigned disease; diagnosis is a label) and a verb (the act of arriving at a diagnosis; diagnosis is a process). At the present time, there are at least
778:
In a study of physicians who reported having made a mistake, it was offered that disclosing to non-physician sources of support may reduce stress more than disclosing to physician colleagues. This may be due to the finding that of the physicians in the same study, when presented with a hypothetical
714:
A review of studies examining patients' views on investigations of medical harm found commonalities in their expectations of the process. For example, many wanted reviews to be transparent, trustworthy, and person-centred to meet their needs. People wanted to be meaningfully involved in the process
706:
Gallagher et al. state that patients want "information about what happened, why the error happened, how the error's consequences will be mitigated, and how recurrences will be prevented." Interviews with patients and families reported in a 2003 book by
Rosemary Gibson and Janardan Prasad Singh, put
179:
A prescription or medication error, as defined by the
National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention, is an event that is preventable that leads to or has led to unsuitable use of medication or has led to harm to the person during the period of time that the medicine is
4838:
Lehnhardt, F.-G.; Gawronski, A.; Volpert, K.; Schilbach, L.; Tepest, R.; Vogeley, K. (November 15, 2011). "Das psychosoziale
Funktionsniveau spätdiagnostizierter Patienten mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen – eine retrospektive Untersuchung im Erwachsenenalter" [Psychosocial functioning of adults
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packaging and unit dose drug distribution systems to reduce the risk of wrong drug and wrong dose errors in hospitalized patients; centralized sterile admixture services were shown to decrease the risks of contaminated and infected intravenous medications; and pharmacists provided drug information
923:
Traditionally, errors are attributed to mistakes made by individuals, who then may be penalized. A common approach to respond to and prevent specific errors is requiring additional checks at particular points in the system, whose findings and detail of execution must be recorded. As an example, an
759:
However, "there appears to be a gap between physicians' attitudes and practices regarding error disclosure. Willingness to disclose errors was associated with higher training level and a variety of patient-centered attitudes, and it was not lessened by previous exposure to malpractice litigation".
465:
According to a 2016 study from Johns Hopkins Medicine, medical errors are the third-leading cause of death in the United States. The projected cost of these errors to the U.S. economy is approximately $ 20 billion, 87% of which are direct increases in medical costs of providing services to patient
272:
The research literature showed that medical errors are caused by errors of commission and errors of omission. Errors of omission are made when providers did not take action when they should have, while errors of commission occur when decisions and action are delayed. Commission and omission errors
959:
Reducing errors in prescribing, dispensing, compounding/formulating, labelling, and handling medications is a priority and has been the subject of systematic reviews and studies. Examples of areas to reduce medication errors and improve safety include: Training professionals or using databases to
333:
Other factors include the impression that action is being taken by other groups within the institution, reliance on automated systems to prevent error., and inadequate systems to share information about errors, which hampers analysis of contributory causes and improvement strategies. Cost-cutting
281:, another language), improper documentation, illegible handwriting, spelling errors, inadequate nurse-to-patient ratios, and similarly named medications are also known to contribute to the problem. Misdiagnosis may be associated with individual characteristics of the patient or due to the patient
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lawsuit. Many physicians would not explain that an error had taken place, causing a lack of trust toward the healthcare community. In 2007, 34 states passed legislation that precludes any information from a physician's apology for a medical error from being used in malpractice court (even a full
707:
forward that those who have been harmed by medical errors face a "wall of silence" and "want an acknowledgement" of the harm. With honesty, "healing can begin not just for the patients and their families but also the doctors, nurses and others involved." In a line of experimental investigations,
166:
There are two process-related definitions: Schiff et al. defined diagnostic error as any breakdown in the diagnostic process, including both errors of omission and errors of commission. Similarly, Singh et al. defined diagnostic error as a "missed opportunity" in the diagnostic process, based on
914:
In the United States, adverse medical event reporting systems were mandated in just over half (27) of the states as of 2014, a figure unchanged since 2007. In U.S. hospitals error reporting is a condition of payment by Medicare. An investigation by the Office of Inspector General, Department of
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that may have resulted from the physician's mistake or judgment. In these situations, the physician is ethically required to inform the patient of all facts necessary to ensure understanding of what has occurred. Concern regarding legal liability which might result following truthful disclosure
432:
A number of Information Technology (IT) systems have been developed to detect and prevent medication errors, the most common type of medical errors. These systems screen data such as ICD-9 codes, pharmacy and laboratory data. Rules are used to look for changes in medication orders, and abnormal
293:
Complicated technologies, powerful drugs, intensive care, rare and multiple diseases, and prolonged hospital stay can contribute to medical errors. In turn, medical errors from carelessness or improper use of medical devices often lead to severe injuries or death. Since 2015, 60 injuries and 23
329:
Poor communication and unclear lines of authority of physicians, nurses, and other care providers are also contributing factors. Disconnected reporting systems within a hospital can result in fragmented systems in which numerous hand-offs of patients results in lack of coordination and errors.
905:
given its association with patient safety outcomes. A meta-analysis involving 21517 participants found that physicians with depressive symptoms had a 95% higher risk of reporting medical errors and that the association between physician depressive symptoms and medical errors is bidirectional
162:
Graber et al. defined diagnostic error as a diagnosis that is wrong, egregiously delayed, or missed altogether. This is a "label" definition, and can only be applied in retrospect, using some gold standard (for example, autopsy findings or a definitive laboratory test) to confirm the correct
1314:
Schiff, Gordon D.; Hasan, Omar; Kim, Seijeoung; Abrams, Richard; Cosby, Karen; Lambert, Bruce L.; Elstein, Arthur S.; Hasler, Scott; Kabongo, Martin L.; Krosnjar, Nela; Odwazny, Richard; Wisniewski, Mary F.; McNutt, Robert A. (November 9, 2009). "Diagnostic error in medicine: analysis of 583
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Particularly to prevent the medication errors in the perspective of the intrathecal administration of local anaesthetics, there is a proposal to change the presentation and packaging of the appliances and agents used for this purpose. One spinal needle with a syringe prefilled with the local
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may prejudice thinking. Pat Croskerry describes clinical reasoning as an interplay between intuitive, subconscious thought (System 1) and deliberate, conscious rational consideration (System 2). In this framework, many cognitive errors reflect over-reliance on System 1 processing, although
469:
A large study reported several cases where patients were wrongly told that they were HIV-negative when the physicians erroneously ordered and interpreted HTLV (a closely related virus) testing rather than HIV testing. In the same study, >90% of HTLV tests were ordered erroneously. A 2008
424:
Practitioner risk factors include fatigue, depression, and burnout. Factors related to the clinical setting include diverse patients, unfamiliar settings, time pressures, and increased patient-to-nurse staffing ratio increases. Drug names that look alike or sound alike are also a problem.
976:
As far back as the 1930s, pharmacists worked with physicians to select, from many options, the safest and most effective drugs available for use in hospitals. The process is known as the Formulary System and the list of drugs is known as the Formulary. In the 1960s, hospitals implemented
1401:
Balogh, E. P.; Miller, B. T.; Ball, J. R.; Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health Care; Board on Health Care Services; Institute of Medicine; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (December 29, 2015). Balogh, Erin P.; Miller, Bryan T.; Ball, John R. (eds.).
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Utter, Garth H.; Atolagbe, Oluseun O.; Cooke, David T. (December 1, 2019). "The Use of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification and Procedure Classification System in Clinical and Health Services Research: The Devil Is in the Details".
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adverse events. (Although some mistakes, such as in surgery, are harder to conceal, errors occur in all levels of care. Even though complex procedures entail more risk, adverse outcomes are not usually due to error, but to the severity of the condition being treated.) However,
338:. In emergencies, patient care may be rendered in areas poorly suited for safe monitoring. The American Institute of Architects has identified concerns for the safe design and construction of health care facilities. Infrastructure failure is also a concern. According to the
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A template has been developed for the design (both structure and operation) of hospital medication safety programmes, particularly for acute tertiary settings, which emphasizes safety culture, infrastructure, data (error detection and analysis), communication and training.
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Sobecks, Nancy W.; Justice, AC; Hinze, S; Chirayath, HT; Lasek, RJ; Chren, MM; Aucott, J; Juknialis, B; Fortinsky, R; Youngner, S; Landefeld, CS (February 16, 1999). "When Doctors Marry Doctors: A Survey Exploring the Professional and Family Lives of Young Physicians".
5198:
Mill, Deanna; Bakker, Michael; Corre, Lauren; Page, Amy; Johnson, Jacinta (November 6, 2020). "A comparison between Parkinson's medication errors identified through retrospective case note review versus via an incident reporting system during hospital admission".
1024:
If a patient experiences an adverse event during the process of care, an error has occurred. (Most medical care entails some level of risk, and there can be complications or side effects, even unforeseen ones, from the underlying condition or from the treatment
313:
There are more than 7000 rare diseases alone, and in aggregate these are not uncommon: Roughly 1 in 17 patients will be diagnosed with a rare disease over their lifetime. Physicians may have only learned a handful of these during their education and training.
457:, failure to take the correct blood type into account, or incorrect record-keeping. A 10th type of error is ones which are not watched for by researchers, such as RNs failing to program an IV pump to give a full dose of IV antibiotics or other medication.
1492:
Ciapponi, Agustín; Fernandez Nievas, Simon E; Seijo, Mariana; Rodríguez, María Belén; Vietto, Valeria; García-Perdomo, Herney A; Virgilio, Sacha; Fajreldines, Ana V; Tost, Josep; Rose, Christopher J; Garcia-Elorrio, Ezequiel (November 25, 2021).
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Gandhi, Tejal K.; Kachalia, Allen; Thomas, Eric J.; Puopolo, Ann Louise; Yoon, Catherine; Brennan, Troyen A.; Studdert, David M. (October 3, 2006). "Missed and Delayed Diagnoses in the Ambulatory Setting: A Study of Closed Malpractice Claims".
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Patient disclosure is important in the medical error process. The current standard of practice at many hospitals is to disclose errors to patients when they occur. In the past, it was a common fear that disclosure to the patient would incite a
787:
Discussing mistakes with other physicians is beneficial. However, medical providers may be less forgiving of one another. The reason is not clear, but one essayist has admonished, "Don't Take Too Much Joy in the Mistakes of Other Doctors."
665:
There may be several breakdowns in processes to allow one adverse outcome. In addition, errors are more common when other demands compete for a physician's attention. However, placing too much blame on the system may not be constructive.
2542:
Lyundup, Alexey V.; Balyasin, Maxim V.; Maksimova, Nadezhda V.; Kovina, Marina V.; Krasheninnikov, Mikhail E.; Dyuzheva, Tatiana G.; Yakovenko, Sergey A.; Appolonova, Svetlana A.; Schiöth, Helgi B.; Klabukov, Ilya D. (October 29, 2021).
817:
In a survey of more than 10,000 physicians in the United States, when asked the question, "Are there times when it's acceptable to cover up or avoid revealing a mistake if that mistake would not cause harm to the patient?", 19% answered
621:
Prescription errors concern ambiguous abbreviations, the right spelling of the full name of drugs: improper use of the nomenclature, of decimal points, unit or rate expressions; legibility and proper instructions; miscalculations of the
1009:"Bad apples" or incompetent health care providers are a common cause. (Although human error is commonly an initiating event, the faulty care delivery process invariably permits or compounds the harm and so is the focus of improvement.)
579:
tend to get undiagnosed or delayed recognition and delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosed. Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families; for example, misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior.
3763:
Landrigan, Christopher P.; Rothschild, Jeffrey M.; Cronin, John W.; Kaushal, Rainu; Burdick, Elisabeth; Katz, Joel T.; Lilly, Craig M.; Stone, Peter H.; Lockley, Steven W.; Bates, David W.; Czeisler, Charles A. (October 28, 2004).
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as secondary headache rather than cluster headache. Under-recognition of CH by health care professionals is reflected in consistent findings in Europe and the United States that the average time to diagnosis is around seven years.
951:. Steps such as standardization of IV medications to 1 ml doses, national and international color-coding standards, and development of improved airway support devices has the field a model of systems improvement in care.
796:
Disclosure of errors, especially "near misses", may be able to reduce subsequent errors in institutions that are capable of reviewing near misses. However, doctors report that institutions may not be supportive of the doctor.
428:
Errors in interpreting medical images are often perceptual instead of "fact-based"; these errors are often caused by failures of attention or vision. For example, visual illusions can cause radiologists to misperceive images.
1610:
Maaskant, Jolanda M; Vermeulen, Hester; Apampa, Bugewa; Fernando, Bernard; Ghaleb, Maisoon A; Neubert, Antje; Thayyil, Sudhin; Soe, Aung (March 10, 2015). Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (ed.).
609:
While in 2000 the Committee on Quality of Health Care in America affirmed medical mistakes are an "unavoidable outcome of learning to practice medicine", at 2019 the commonly accepted link between prescribing skills and
342:, 50% of medical equipment in developing countries is only partly usable due to lack of skilled operators or parts. As a result, diagnostic procedures or treatments cannot be performed, leading to substandard treatment.
210:
in the report, and significant subjectivity in determining which deaths were "avoidable" or due to medical error, and an erroneous assumption that 100% of patients would have survived if optimal care had been provided.
5173:
964:", prescribing through an electronic medical record system and/or using decision support systems that has automatic checks in place, with computerized alerts or other novel technologies, the use of machine-readable
276:
Medical errors can be associated with inexperienced physicians and nurses, new procedures, extremes of age, and complex or urgent care. Poor communication (whether in one's own language or, as may be the case for
205:
In the UK, an estimated 850,000 medical errors occur each year, costing over £2 billion (estimated in the year 2000). The accuracy of this estimate is not clear. Criticism has included the statistical handling of
143:
A medical error occurs when a health-care provider chooses an inappropriate method of care or improperly executes an appropriate method of care. Medical errors are often described as human errors in healthcare.
686:, which is part of many cultural traditions, may be important in coping with medical mistakes. Among other healing processes, it can be accomplished through the use of communicative disclosure guidelines.
583:
The DSM-5 field trials included "test-retest reliability" which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient—a new approach to the study of diagnostic reliability.
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3483:
1665:
592:
658:
Some physicians recognize that adverse outcomes from errors usually do not happen because of an isolated error and actually reflect system problems. This concept is often referred to as the
421:
by 460%. Interns admitted falling asleep during lectures, during rounds, and even during surgeries. Night shifts are associated with worse surgeon performance during laparoscopic surgeries.
7022:
3908:
Fahrenkopf, Amy M; Sectish, Theodore C; Barger, Laura K; Sharek, Paul J; Lewin, Daniel; Chiang, Vincent W; Edwards, Sarah; Wiedermann, Bernhard L; Landrigan, Christopher P (March 1, 2008).
595:, "To Err is Human," found up to 98,000 hospital patients die from preventable medical errors in the U.S. each year, government and private sector efforts have focused on inpatient safety.
5459:
Waterman AD, Garbutt J, Hazel E, Dunagan WC, Levinson W, Fraser VJ, Gallagher TH (2007). "The Emotional Impact of Medical Errors on Practicing Physicians in the United States and Canada".
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to double or triple the number of preventable medical errors, including those that resulted in injury or death. The risk of car crash after these shifts increased by 168%, and the risk of
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has reported that medication errors during the course of a surgical procedure are three times more likely to cause harm to a patient than those occurring in other types of hospital care.
2461:
779:
scenario of a mistake made by another colleague, only 32% of them would have unconditionally offered support. It is possible that greater benefit occurs when spouses are physicians.
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showed surgeons discussing medical errors used the word "error" or "mistake" in only 57 percent of disclosure conversations and offered a verbal apology only 47 percent of the time.
4516:
Weng, Qing Yu; Raff, Adam B.; Cohen, Jeffrey M.; Gunasekera, Nicole; Okhovat, Jean-Phillip; Vedak, Priyanka; Joyce, Cara; Kroshinsky, Daniela; Mostaghimi, Arash (February 1, 2017).
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of over half the serious adverse events in accredited hospitals. Other leading causes included inadequate assessment of the patient's condition, and poor leadership or training.
878:; while many of the factors that lead to errors in both fields are similar, aviation's error management protocols are regarded as much more effective. Safety measures include
830:. On the question, "Are there times when it is acceptable to cover up or avoid revealing a mistake if that mistake would potentially or likely harm the patient?", 2% answered
349:'s Annual Report on Quality and Safety 2007 found that inadequate communication between healthcare providers, or between providers and the patient and family members, was the
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5166:
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Variations in healthcare provider training & experience and failure to acknowledge the prevalence and seriousness of medical errors also increase the risk. The so-called
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report estimated that medical errors result in between 44,000 and 98,000 preventable deaths and 1,000,000 excess injuries each year in U.S. hospitals. A 2001 study in the
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Leskovec, Thomas J.; Rowles, Brieana M.; Findling, Robert L. (March 2008). "Pharmacological Treatment Options for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents".
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5001:
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Coutsouvelis, John; Siderov, Jim; Tey, Amanda Y.; Bortz, Hadley D.; o'Connor, Shaun R.; Rowan, Gail D.; Vasileff, Hayley M.; Page, Amy T.; Percival, Mia A. (2020).
326:," which asserted that the problem in medical errors is not bad people in health care—it is that good people are working in bad systems that need to be made safer.
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3094:
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Khalil, Hanan; Bell, Brian; Chambers, Helen; Sheikh, Aziz; Avery, Anthony J (October 4, 2017). Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (ed.).
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Nocera, Antony; Khursandi, Diana Strange (June 1998). "Doctors' working hours: can the medical profession afford to let the courts decide what is reasonable?".
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Wadhwa, R. R.; Park, D. Y.; Natowicz, M. R. (2018). "The accuracy of computer-based diagnostic tools for the identification of concurrent genetic disorders".
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Barger, Laura K; Ayas, Najib T; Cade, Brian E; Cronin, John W; Rosner, Bernard; Speizer, Frank E; Czeisler, Charles A; Mignot, Emmanuel (December 12, 2006).
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Clement JP; Lindrooth RC; Chukmaitov AS; Chen HF (February 2007). "Does the patient's payer matter in hospital patient safety?: a study of urban hospitals".
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anaesthetic agents may be marketed in a single blister pack, which will be peeled open and presented before the anaesthesiologist conducting the procedure.
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4042:
Waite, Stephen; Grigorian, Arkadij; Alexander, Robert G.; Macknik, Stephen L.; Carrasco, Marisa; Heeger, David J.; Martinez-Conde, Susana (June 25, 2019).
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4440:
Siemieniuk, Reed; Fonseca, Kevin; Gill, M. John (November 2012). "Using Root Cause Analysis and Form Redesign to Reduce Incorrect Ordering of HIV Tests".
1657:
1209:
Hayward, Rodney A.; Hofer, Timothy P. (July 25, 2001). "Estimating Hospital Deaths Due to Medical Errors: Preventability Is in the Eye of the Reviewer".
6101:"Patient, carer and family experiences of seeking redress and reconciliation following a life-changing event: Systematic review of qualitative evidence"
5900:
West, Colin P.; Huschka, Mashele M.; Novotny, Paul J.; Sloan, Jeff A.; Kolars, Joseph C.; Habermann, Thomas M.; Shanafelt, Tait D. (September 6, 2006).
1800:
626:(quantity, route and frequency of administration, duration of the treatment, dosage form and dosage strength); lack of information about patients (e.g.
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Relihan, Eileen C; Silke, Bernard; Ryder, Sheila A (June 23, 2012). "Design template for a medication safety programme in an acute teaching hospital".
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McGurk, S; Brauer, K; Macfarlane, TV; Duncan, KA (2008). "The effect of voice recognition software on comparative error rates in radiology reports".
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2215:. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
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occurs when new residents arrive at teaching hospitals, causing an increase in medication errors according to a study of data from 1979 to 2006.
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521:. Its early diagnosis necessitates that clinicians pay attention to the features of the patient's depression and also look for present or prior
6446:
4093:
Alexander, Robert; Yazdanie, Fahd; Waite, Stephen Anthony; Chaudhry, Zeshan; Kolla, Srinivas; Macknik, Stephen; Martinez-Conde, Susana (2021).
2381:
2331:
2226:
562:
point out the dismally low rate of accurate diagnosis of the disorder, and have often asked for better physician education on sleep disorders.
48:
6099:
Shaw, Liz; Lawal, Hassanat M.; Briscoe, Simon; Garside, Ruth; Thompson Coon, Jo; Rogers, Morwenna; Melendez-Torres, G. J. (December 1, 2023).
4882:
Aggarwal, Shilpa; Angus, Beth (February 4, 2015). "Misdiagnosis versus missed diagnosis: diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in adolescents".
7722:
6964:
1057:
1002:
Medical error is the "third leading cause of death" in the United States. This canard stems from an erroneous 2016 study which, according to
2453:
171:
communicate that explanation to the patient." This is the only definition that specifically includes the patient in the definition wording.
3698:
239:
3235:
5677:
Lurie, Nicole; Rank, Brian; Parenti, Connie; Woolley, Tony; Snoke, William (June 22, 1989). "How Do House Officers Spend Their Nights?".
234:
3999:
1358:
Singh, Hardeep (2014). "Editorial: Helping health care organizations to define diagnostic errors as missed opportunities in diagnosis".
735:
admission of fault). This encourages physicians to acknowledge and explain mistakes to patients, keeping an open line of communication.
6255:
2520:
1079:
251:
224:
1167:
856:
Standards and regulations for medical malpractice vary by country and jurisdiction within countries. Medical professionals may obtain
5140:
4636:
Dagan Y, Ayalon L (2005). "Case study: psychiatric misdiagnosis of non-24-hours sleep–wake schedule disorder resolved by melatonin".
2971:"Can a decision support system accelerate rare disease diagnosis? Evaluating the potential impact of Ada DX in a retrospective study"
7831:
6939:
711:
et al. developed evidence-based disclosure guidelines under the scientific "Medical Error Disclosure Competence (MEDC)" framework.
615:
3399:
3158:
7775:
1585:
255:
7044:
4254:
7635:
2969:
Ronicke, Simon; Hirsch, Martin C.; Türk, Ewelina; Larionov, Katharina; Tientcheu, Daphne; Wagner, Annette D. (March 21, 2019).
2610:"Multimorbidity and patient-reported diagnostic errors in the primary care setting: multicentre cross-sectional study in Japan"
6203:
2841:
7559:
7503:
7482:
7461:
7440:
7417:
7313:
7288:
7263:
7236:
6637:
6559:
6034:
5756:
5050:
5008:
2375:
2325:
2220:
1844:
1739:
Hayward R, Hofer T (2001). "Estimating hospital deaths due to medical errors: preventability is in the eye of the reviewer".
1465:
1419:
1244:
Kopec, D.; Tamang, S.; Levy, K.; Eckhardt, R.; Shagas, G. (2006). "The state of the art in the reduction of medical errors".
591:
Misdiagnosis is the leading cause of medical error in outpatient facilities. Since the National Institute of Medicine's 1999
2309:
New Horizons in Patient Safety: Safe Communication: Evidence-based core Competencies with Case Studies from Nursing Practice
3509:
267:
6233:
4188:
413:
has also been cited as a contributing factor in medical errors. One study found that being awake for over 24 hours caused
6662:
4724:
4553:
3086:
5244:"The impact of pharmacist-led strategies implemented to reduce errors related to cancer therapies: A systematic review"
925:
7547:
1988:"Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I"
7136:
5367:
Christensen JF, Levinson W, Dunn PM (1992). "The heart of darkness: the impact of perceived mistakes on physicians".
82:
4095:"Visual Illusions in Radiology: untrue perceptions in medical images and their implications for diagnostic accuracy"
373:
6156:
3261:
857:
806:
471:
4791:"Factors Affecting Age at ASD Diagnosis in UK: No Evidence that Diagnosis Age has Decreased Between 2004 and 2014"
7513:
Alldred D.P.; Standage C.; Zermansky A.G.; Jesson B.; Savage I.; Franklin B.D.; Barber N.; Raynor D.K. (2008).
4614:
17:
5878:
7765:
3861:"Association Between Physician Depressive Symptoms and Medical Errors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2163:
Makary, Martin A; Daniel, Michael (May 3, 2016). "Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US".
1804:
1271:
Graber, Mark L.; Franklin, Nancy; Gordon, Ruthanna (July 11, 2005). "Diagnostic error in internal medicine".
536:
is also a common problem. There may be long delays of patients getting a correct diagnosis of this disorder.
454:
5172:. University of Sheffield. Policy Research Unit in Economic Evaluation of Health & Care Interventions.
539:
299:
107:"), whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient. This might include an inaccurate or incomplete
7159:"Professional, structural and organisational interventions in primary care for reducing medication errors"
4313:
Berlin, Leonard (2007). "Accuracy of Diagnostic Procedures: Has It Improved Over the Past Five Decades?".
1774:
7801:
7796:
1085:
1069:
928:
meeting is scheduled to discuss complications or deaths and learn from or improve the overall processes.
767:, many states have enacted laws excluding expressions of sympathy after accidents as proof of liability.
7515:"Development and validation of criteria to identify medication-monitoring errors in care home residents"
5712:
Lyle CB, Applegate WB, Citron DS, Williams OD (1976). "Practice habits in a group of eight internists".
4290:
Arlen, Jennifer (October 1, 2013). "Economic Analysis of Medical Malpractice Liability and Its Reform".
4146:
Information technology for detecting medication errors and adverse drug events. (Expert Opin Drug Saf 3)
3585:
Ker, Katharine; Edwards, Philip James; Felix, Lambert M; Blackhall, Karen; Roberts, Ian (May 12, 2010).
2038:
Lucas B, Evans A, Reilly B, Khodakov Y, Perumal K, Rohr L, Akamah J, Alausa T, Smith C, Smith J (2004).
694:
Inability to forgive oneself may create a cycle of distress and increased likelihood of a future error.
7858:
7628:
5552:
3159:"Physicians Want To Learn from Medical Mistakes but Say Current Error-reporting Systems Are Inadequate"
1018:
1687:
Hayward, Rodney A.; Heisler, Michele; Adams, John; Dudley, R. Adams; Hofer, Timothy P. (August 2007).
738:
The American Medical Association's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs states in its ethics code:
147:
There are many types of medical error, from minor to major, and causality is often poorly determined.
6050:
Wu, Albert W.; Cavanaugh, Thomas A.; McPhee, Stephen J.; Lo, Bernard; Micco, Guy P. (December 1997).
5820:"Subtracting insult from injury: addressing cultural expectations in the disclosure of medical error"
2207:
1658:"An organisation with a memory: Report of an expert group on learning from adverse events in the NHS"
961:
100:
7495:
Wall of Silence: The Untold Story of the Medical Mistakes That Kill and Injure Millions of Americans
4210:
Makary, Martin; Daniel, Michael (2016). "Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US".
2357:
2307:
1986:
Brennan T, Leape L, Laird N, Hebert L, Localio A, Lawthers A, Newhouse J, Weiler P, Hiatt H (1991).
7748:
4003:
3514:
1090:
987:
936:
323:
306:'s Cortrak system in 2022 due to its severity and the high toll associated with the medical error.
64:
6987:
7863:
7676:
7548:
Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors; Board on Health Care Services (2007).
6550:
Kill as few patients as possible: and fifty-six other essays on how to be the world's best doctor
5078:
1006:, "has taken on a life of its own" and fuelled "a myth promulgated by both quacks and academics".
6577:"Reporting and preventing medical mishaps: lessons from non-medical near miss reporting systems"
3807:"Impact of Extended-Duration Shifts on Medical Errors, Adverse Events, and Attentional Failures"
3688:
3636:"Impact of Extended-Duration Shifts on Medical Errors, Adverse Events, and Attentional Failures"
2403:
Harrison, Bernadette; Gibberd, Robert W.; Wilson, Ross McL; Weingart, N. Saul (March 18, 2000).
7853:
7743:
7127:, Advances in Patient Safety, Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US),
2934:
Emmett, K. R. (1998). "Nonspecific and atypical presentation of disease in the older patient".
887:
639:
486:
6735:"Reducing errors made by emergency physicians in interpreting radiographs: longitudinal study"
4671:
van Vliet, J A; Eekers, PJ; Haan, J; Ferrari, MD; Dutch RUSSH Study, Group. (August 1, 2003).
4575:
Bowden, Charles L. (January 2001). "Strategies to Reduce Misdiagnosis of Bipolar Depression".
4299:
3910:"Rates of medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents: prospective cohort study"
7791:
7759:
7621:
6415:
2871:
1146:
1041:
1036:
983:
723:
229:
7374:
7357:
7331:"Are medical errors really the third most common cause of death in the U.S.? (2019 edition)"
6520:
6282:
5788:
5606:
3134:
3117:
1400:
6314:"Disclosing Medical Errors to Patients: Attitudes and Practices of Physicians and Trainees"
2484:
1187:
743:
604:
433:
laboratory results that may be indicative of medication errors and/or adverse drug events.
7451:
5133:
3766:"Effect of Reducing Interns' Work Hours on Serious Medical Errors in Intensive Care Units"
3292:
Wu AW, Folkman S, McPhee SJ, Lo B (1991). "Do house officers learn from their mistakes?".
163:
diagnosis. Many diagnostic errors fit several of these criteria; the categories overlap.
8:
7661:
5412:"Medical error: the second victim : The doctor who makes the mistake needs help too"
4044:"Analysis of Perceptual Expertise in Radiology – Current Knowledge and a New Perspective"
1064:
902:
883:
851:
731:
611:
543:
350:
207:
181:
108:
6133:
6100:
5076:
4746:
Tfelt-Hansen, Peer C.; Jensen, Rigmor H. (July 2012). "Management of Cluster Headache".
3733:
3162:
2359:
New Horizons in Patient Safety: Understanding Communication: Case Studies for Physicians
2256:"Debunking the myth that the majority of medical errors are attributed to communication"
1633:
1612:
7717:
7597:
7570:
7536:
7429:
7183:
7158:
7096:
7071:
7017:
6904:
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6828:
6809:
6710:
6685:
6626:
6601:
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6427:
6338:
6313:
6294:
6172:
6076:
6051:
5959:
5942:
5844:
5819:
5800:
5618:
5523:
5498:
5436:
5411:
5392:
5309:
5284:
5265:
4983:
4907:
4864:
4815:
4790:
4771:
4697:
4672:
4649:
4545:
4417:
4400:
4376:
4349:
4235:
4121:
4094:
4070:
4043:
3959:"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction"
3934:
3909:
3885:
3876:
3860:
3833:
3806:
3745:
3662:
3635:
3611:
3586:
3505:
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3371:
3352:
3209:
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3059:
3034:
3005:
2970:
2818:
2793:
2774:
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2642:
2609:
2590:
2577:
2544:
2512:
2429:
2404:
2188:
2064:
2039:
2017:
1960:
1935:
1906:
1881:
1713:
1688:
1577:
1519:
1494:
1437:
659:
650:
Mistakes can have a strongly negative emotional impact on the doctors who commit them.
418:
377:
A plate written in a hospital, containing drugs that are similar in spelling or writing
60:
56:
7048:
5472:
4517:
4453:
3957:
Aiken, Linda H.; Clarke, SP; Sloane, DM; Sochalski, J; Silber, JH (October 23, 2002).
1371:
1137:
1112:
882:, the availability of a second practitioner's opinion, voluntary reporting of errors,
7806:
7753:
7602:
7555:
7499:
7493:
7478:
7472:
7457:
7436:
7431:
Internal Bleeding: The Truth Behind America's Terrifying Epidemic of Medical Mistakes
7413:
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6606:
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5964:
5923:
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5792:
5752:
5729:
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5659:
5610:
5528:
5476:
5441:
5384:
5349:
5314:
5300:
5269:
5224:
5216:
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5103:
5056:
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4975:
4899:
4856:
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4763:
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4653:
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4457:
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4330:
4295:
4239:
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4180:
4126:
4075:
4019:
3980:
3939:
3890:
3838:
3787:
3737:
3667:
3616:
3564:
3452:
3423:"A July Spike in Fatal Medication Errors: A Possible Effect of New Medical Residents"
3391:
3344:
3309:
3201:
3139:
3064:
3010:
2992:
2951:
2943:
2916:
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2823:
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2629:
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2516:
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2434:
2371:
2321:
2285:
2277:
2216:
2192:
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2145:
2110:
2069:
2055:
2009:
1965:
1911:
1850:
1840:
1756:
1718:
1704:
1689:"Overestimating Outcome Rates: Statistical Estimation When Reliability Is Suboptimal"
1638:
1559:
1524:
1425:
1415:
1383:
1375:
1340:
1332:
1296:
1288:
1253:
1226:
1179:
1074:
932:
572:
410:
398:
7540:
6813:
6454:
6431:
6298:
5622:
4987:
4911:
4868:
4775:
3749:
3356:
3213:
2778:
2545:"Misdiagnosis of diabetic foot ulcer in patients with undiagnosed skin malignancies"
2485:""SACCIA Safe Communication": Five core competencies for safe and high-quality care"
960:
compare new and previous prescribed medications to prevent mistakes, also known as "
285:. Patient actions or inactions may also contribute significantly to medical errors.
7592:
7582:
7526:
7369:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7091:
7083:
6899:
6891:
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6840:
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6411:
6374:
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6128:
6112:
6071:
6063:
5995:
5954:
5913:
5839:
5831:
5804:
5784:
5721:
5686:
5649:
5602:
5518:
5510:
5468:
5431:
5423:
5376:
5341:
5304:
5296:
5255:
5208:
5093:
5038:
4967:
4938:
4891:
4848:
4810:
4802:
4755:
4692:
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4645:
4584:
4533:
4529:
4488:
4449:
4412:
4371:
4361:
4322:
4219:
4172:
4116:
4106:
4065:
4055:
3970:
3929:
3921:
3880:
3872:
3828:
3818:
3777:
3729:
3657:
3647:
3606:
3598:
3554:
3442:
3434:
3383:
3336:
3301:
3193:
3129:
3054:
3046:
3000:
2982:
2900:
2813:
2805:
2758:
2723:
2686:
2678:
2637:
2621:
2572:
2556:
2496:
2424:
2416:
2363:
2313:
2267:
2172:
2137:
2100:
2059:
2051:
2021:
1999:
1955:
1947:
1901:
1893:
1830:
1775:"Medication Errors Injure 1.5 Million People and Cost Billions of Dollars Annually"
1748:
1708:
1700:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1551:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1407:
1367:
1328:
1324:
1280:
1218:
1132:
1124:
879:
708:
565:
518:
514:
504:
496:
446:
192:
One extrapolation suggests that 180,000 people die each year partly as a result of
5396:
1457:
441:
Errors can include misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis, administration of the wrong
250:
Cause of death on United States death certificates, statistically compiled by the
7712:
6795:
4493:
4476:
4176:
3859:
Pereira-Lima, K; Mata, DA; Loureiro, SR; Crippa, JA; Bolsoni, LM; Sen, S (2019).
3823:
3652:
3559:
3542:
2878:
2206:
Moriyama, IM; Loy, RM; Robb-Smith, AHT (2011). Rosenberg, HM; Hoyert, DL (eds.).
2087:
McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, Keesey J, Hicks J, DeCristofaro A, Kerr EA (2003).
1284:
948:
947:
The field of medicine that has taken the lead in systems approaches to safety is
490:
414:
393:
389:
278:
6229:
5984:"Patients' and physicians' attitudes regarding the disclosure of medical errors"
5690:
5654:
5638:"The Treatment of Unrelated Disorders in Patients with Chronic Medical Diseases"
5637:
5345:
5032:
4518:"Costs and Consequences Associated With Misdiagnosed Lower Extremity Cellulitis"
3925:
2625:
2004:
1987:
931:
A newer model for improvement in medical care takes its origin from the work of
7827:
7681:
7671:
6312:
Kaldjian LC, Jones EW, Wu BJ, Forman-Hoffman VL, Levi BH, Rosenthal GE (2007).
6168:
5725:
4160:
3372:"Unreported Errors in the Intensive Care Unit, A Case Study of the Way We Work"
3156:
3050:
2904:
1051:
869:
719:
631:
559:
555:
500:
335:
303:
282:
7512:
7355:
7045:"Summary Hospital Incident Reporting Systems Do Not Capture Most Patient Harm"
6895:
6829:"Spinal needle with prefilled syringe to prevent medication error: A proposal"
6654:
6329:
5115:
4971:
4806:
4366:
4111:
3602:
3438:
2987:
7847:
7686:
7587:
7120:
7087:
6845:
6750:
6701:
6592:
6379:
6362:
6124:
5427:
5220:
5107:
4895:
4060:
3975:
3958:
3340:
3305:
2996:
2947:
2912:
2633:
2568:
2508:
2500:
2420:
2281:
1951:
1897:
1555:
1379:
1336:
1292:
764:
547:
533:
7571:"VEINROM: A possible solution for erroneous intravenous drug administration"
6481:
6000:
5983:
5918:
5902:"Association of Perceived Medical Errors With Resident Distress and Empathy"
5901:
5835:
5749:
Extreme Clinic -- An Outpatient Doctor's Guide to the Perfect 7 Minute Visit
5098:
4789:
Brett, Denise; Warnell, Frances; McConachie, Helen; Parr, Jeremy R. (2016).
4588:
3387:
2872:
https://en.wikipedia.org/List_of_medical_symptoms#Medical_signs_and_symptoms
384:
commonly encountered in medicine were initially identified by psychologists
7811:
7738:
7707:
7656:
7606:
7531:
7514:
7401:
7383:
7192:
7132:
7105:
6983:
6913:
6864:
6768:
6719:
6610:
6528:
6468:
Newman MC (1996). "The emotional impact of mistakes on family physicians".
6423:
6402:
Wu AW (1999). "Handling hospital errors: is disclosure the best defense?".
6388:
6347:
6290:
6142:
6009:
5927:
5853:
5796:
5614:
5532:
5480:
5445:
5318:
5228:
5167:"PREVALENCE AND ECONOMIC BURDEN OF MEDICATION ERRORS IN THE NHS IN ENGLAND"
5060:
4979:
4903:
4860:
4852:
4839:
with late diagnosed autism spectrum disorders--a retrospective study].
4824:
4767:
4706:
4688:
4657:
4596:
4541:
4502:
4461:
4426:
4385:
4334:
4231:
4184:
4130:
4079:
3984:
3943:
3894:
3842:
3791:
3671:
3620:
3568:
3456:
3395:
3348:
3205:
3143:
3068:
3014:
2920:
2827:
2809:
2770:
2735:
2727:
2700:
2651:
2586:
2438:
2289:
2184:
2149:
2114:
2073:
1969:
1915:
1854:
1760:
1752:
1722:
1642:
1528:
1462:
National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention
1429:
1387:
1344:
1300:
1257:
1230:
1222:
1183:
1003:
890:, and systems to ensure review by experienced or specialist practitioners.
385:
334:
measures by hospitals in response to reimbursement cutbacks can compromise
295:
104:
6927:
Hanlon, Carrie; Sheedy, Kaitlin; Kniffin, Taylor; Rosenthal, Jill (2015).
6655:"'Some Worms Are Best Left in the Can' -- Should You Hide Medical Errors?"
6489:
6085:
5968:
5871:"Medical Error Disclosure Competence (MEDC) -- Prof. Dr. Annegret Hannawa"
5733:
5698:
5663:
5388:
5353:
5079:"Prescription Writing Errors in Clinical Clerkship among Medical Students"
3741:
3313:
3183:
2955:
2367:
2317:
2013:
1563:
1110:
7691:
3782:
3765:
2762:
2682:
2209:
History of the Statistical Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death
2105:
2088:
978:
683:
403:
381:
362:
5514:
4943:
4926:
4610:
4326:
3257:
2141:
1128:
809:
is very common among the medical profession to cover up medical errors.
474:
estimated that between 10 and 15% of physician diagnoses are erroneous.
5636:
Redelmeier, Donald A.; Tan, Siew H.; Booth, Gillian L. (May 21, 1998).
5380:
5212:
4401:"Discrepancy and Error in Radiology: Concepts, Causes and Consequences"
2748:
2272:
2255:
860:
to offset the risk and costs of lawsuits based on medical malpractice.
507:
442:
244:
193:
6804:
6116:
5260:
5243:
4223:
4037:
4035:
3854:
3852:
2560:
2176:
1613:"Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital"
1491:
742:"Situations occasionally occur in which a patient suffers significant
6363:"Error reporting and disclosure systems: views from hospital leaders"
5285:"The effects of electronic prescribing on the quality of prescribing"
5077:
Raden Anita Indriyanti; Fajar Awalia Yulianto; Yuke Andriane (2019).
4439:
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High-risk procedures or medical specialties are responsible for most
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800:
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Physician well-being has also been recommended as an indicator of
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Based on anecdotal and survey evidence, Banja states that
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There are many taxonomies for classifying medical errors.
7358:"Five System Barriers to Achieving Ultrasafe Health Care"
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Disclosure may actually reduce malpractice payments.
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7224:
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175:Definition of prescription error
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7701:Economic and financial concerns
5679:New England Journal of Medicine
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4951:
4918:
4875:
4831:
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4664:
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4509:
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4433:
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4341:
4306:
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4086:
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2405:"Epidemiology of medical error"
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7802:Hospital-acquired infection
7797:Hospital-acquired pneumonia
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7121:"Medication Reconciliation"
6509:Annals of Internal Medicine
6470:Archives of Family Medicine
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3689:"When Doctors Don't Sleep"
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7749:Compulsory sterilization
7588:10.4103/0970-9185.130055
7258:. Williams and Wilkins.
7231:. Williams and Wilkins.
7088:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.785
6846:10.4103/0019-5049.186014
6751:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.737
6702:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.781
6593:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.759
6380:10.1001/jama.293.11.1359
5428:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.726
4896:10.1177/1039856214568214
4611:"Schizophrenia Symptoms"
4061:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00213
3976:10.1001/jama.288.16.1987
3515:New York Review of Books
3341:10.1377/hlthaff.22.2.103
3306:10.1001/jama.265.16.2089
2501:10.1177/2516043518774445
2421:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.774
1952:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.774
1898:10.1136/bmj.320.7235.597
1693:Health Services Research
1556:10.1001/jama.272.23.1851
1091:Quality use of medicines
988:Quality Use of Medicines
937:Total Quality Management
587:Outpatient vs. inpatient
513:Studies have found that
254:(CDC), are coded in the
7677:Unnecessary health care
6624:Banja, John D. (2005).
6482:10.1001/archfami.5.2.71
6451:The Wall Street Journal
6001:10.1001/jama.289.8.1001
5919:10.1001/jama.296.9.1071
5836:10.1136/jme.2003.005538
5099:10.29313/gmhc.v7i1.4069
4884:Australasian Psychiatry
4589:10.1176/appi.ps.52.1.51
4144:Anderson, J.G. (2005).
3388:10.4037/ccn2007.27.5.27
2665:Maskell, Giles (2019).
7744:Sluggish schizophrenia
7532:10.1211/ijpp.16.5.0007
6878:West, Colin P (2016).
5875:prof. annegret hannawa
4853:10.1055/s-0031-1281642
4689:10.1136/jnnp.74.8.1123
3541:Croskerry, P. (2009).
2810:10.1136/ewjm.172.6.390
1753:10.1001/jama.286.4.415
1223:10.1001/jama.286.4.415
910:Reporting requirements
888:hospital accreditation
640:Electronic prescribing
638:of medication error.
497:Sensitivities to foods
378:
167:retrospective review.
7821:Records and histories
7792:Adverse drug reaction
7760:The Protest Psychosis
6827:Alam, Rabiul (2016).
6542:Oscar London (1987).
6202:Kelly, Karen (2005).
4613:. schizophrenia.com.
4354:Insights into Imaging
3476:American Medical News
2368:10.1515/9783110455014
2318:10.1515/9783110454857
1656:Donaldson, L (2000).
1190:on September 28, 2007
1042:Adverse drug reaction
1037:Serious adverse event
984:Australian Government
868:Further information:
763:Consequently, in the
744:medical complications
724:University of Toronto
599:Medical prescriptions
470:literature review in
376:
289:Healthcare complexity
230:Institute of Medicine
218:
200:
135:, or other ailments.
7450:Banja, John (2005).
6993:on December 18, 2015
6163:. January 10, 2024.
5503:Qual Saf Health Care
4577:Psychiatric Services
4262:Society of Actuaries
3783:10.1056/NEJMoa041406
3508:(November 5, 2009).
3165:on February 17, 2008
2763:10.1002/ajmg.a.40651
2728:10.1259/bjr/20698753
2683:10.1259/bjr.20180845
2106:10.1056/NEJMsa022615
1801:"2002 Annual Report"
605:Medical prescription
532:The misdiagnosis of
487:Female sexual desire
455:surgical instruments
392:in the early 1970s.
223:According to a 2002
65:create a new article
57:improve this article
7662:Medical malpractice
7051:on January 14, 2016
6978:(1): 201–86. 2009.
6945:on February 2, 2017
6515:(4_Part_1): 312–9.
6457:on August 23, 2007.
6105:Health Expectations
6052:"To tell the truth"
5515:10.1136/qhc.9.4.232
5014:on January 31, 2012
4944:10.1192/apt.7.4.310
4327:10.2214/AJR.06.1270
4148:. pp. 449–455.
4006:on February 8, 2008
3376:Critical Care Nurse
3091:The Washington Post
2942:(2): 50–52, 58–60.
2142:10.1056/NEJMe038149
1168:"What is an error?"
1129:10.1197/jamia.M1232
1065:Medical malpractice
884:root cause analysis
852:Medical malpractice
783:To other physicians
679:Disclosing mistakes
612:clinical clerkships
558:. Practitioners of
461:Errors in diagnosis
182:adverse drug events
7718:Financial toxicity
7018:The New York Times
5381:10.1007/bf02599161
5213:10.1111/ijpp.12668
4727:on 3 November 2013
3506:Jerome E. Groopman
3238:on October 7, 2006
2677:(1096): 20180845.
2458:The New York Times
2273:10.1111/medu.13821
1807:on April 16, 2018.
903:healthcare quality
660:Swiss Cheese Model
379:
208:measurement errors
7859:Medical diagnosis
7841:
7840:
7807:Iatrogenic anemia
7754:Physician gag law
7561:978-0-309-10147-9
7505:978-0-89526-112-0
7484:978-1-59139-778-6
7463:978-0-7637-8361-7
7442:978-1-59071-016-6
7419:978-0-8050-6319-6
7315:978-0-683-01090-9
7290:978-0-683-01090-9
7265:978-0-683-07884-8
7238:978-0-683-07884-8
7208:Bull Am Coll Surg
7082:(7237): 785–788.
6745:(7237): 737–740.
6696:(7237): 781–785.
6639:978-0-7637-8361-7
6587:(7237): 759–763.
6561:978-0-89815-197-8
6210:on March 22, 2006
6117:10.1111/hex.13820
6036:978-0-89526-112-0
5758:978-1-56053-603-1
5685:(25): 1673–1677.
5648:(21): 1516–1520.
5261:10.1002/jppr.1699
5052:978-0-309-26174-6
4644:(12): 1271–1275.
4224:10.1136/bmj.i2139
3920:(7642): 488–491.
3865:JAMA Network Open
3776:(18): 1838–1848.
2899:(12): 1089–1090.
2757:(12): 2704–2709.
2561:10.1111/iwj.13688
2415:(7237): 774–777.
2377:978-3-11-045501-4
2327:978-3-11-045485-7
2260:Medical Education
2222:978-0-8406-0644-0
2177:10.1136/bmj.i2139
2050:(5 Pt 1): 402–9.
1846:978-0-309-26174-6
1421:978-0-309-37769-0
1323:(20): 1881–1887.
1279:(13): 1493–1499.
1075:Sleep deprivation
933:W. Edwards Deming
826:and 21% answered
774:To non-physicians
573:Asperger syndrome
566:Cluster headaches
411:Sleep deprivation
399:How Doctors Think
99:is a preventable
93:
92:
85:
67:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
7871:
7785:Related concerns
7638:
7631:
7624:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7600:
7590:
7565:
7544:
7534:
7509:
7488:
7467:
7446:
7434:
7423:
7411:
7388:
7387:
7377:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7186:
7169:(10): CD003942.
7154:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7099:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7047:. Archived from
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7009:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6992:
6986:. Archived from
6969:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6944:
6933:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6848:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6807:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6762:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6713:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6631:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6604:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6553:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6503:
6494:
6493:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6404:Ann. Intern. Med
6399:
6393:
6392:
6382:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6341:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6253:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6136:
6111:(6): 2127–2150.
6096:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6003:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5962:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5777:Ann. Intern. Med
5772:
5763:
5762:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5714:Ann. Intern. Med
5709:
5703:
5702:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5557:
5548:
5537:
5536:
5526:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5439:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5263:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5171:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5101:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5064:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4801:(6): 1974–1984.
4786:
4780:
4779:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4683:(8): 1123–1125.
4668:
4662:
4661:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4522:JAMA Dermatology
4513:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4369:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4321:(5): 1173–1178.
4310:
4304:
4303:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4259:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4114:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4063:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3871:(11): e1916097.
3856:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3826:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3427:J Gen Intern Med
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3161:. Archived from
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3030:
3019:
3018:
3008:
2990:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2887:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2275:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2214:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2044:J Gen Intern Med
2035:
2026:
2025:
2007:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1931:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1838:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1803:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1699:(4): 1718–1738.
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1505:(11): CD009985.
1489:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:. Archived from
1163:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1123:(Supp1): 75–77.
1108:
880:informed consent
838:and 3% answered
718:A 2005 study by
709:Annegret Hannawa
529:symptomatology.
519:major depression
515:bipolar disorder
505:anxiety disorder
382:Cognitive errors
347:Joint Commission
279:medical tourists
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
40:
39:
32:
21:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7816:
7780:
7732:Political abuse
7727:
7713:Balance billing
7696:
7645:
7642:
7562:
7506:
7485:
7464:
7443:
7420:
7397:
7395:Further reading
7392:
7391:
7354:
7350:
7340:
7338:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7223:
7219:
7204:
7200:
7155:
7151:
7142:
7140:
7117:
7113:
7068:
7064:
7054:
7052:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7011:
7010:
7006:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6931:
6925:
6921:
6876:
6872:
6825:
6821:
6780:
6776:
6731:
6727:
6682:
6678:
6668:
6666:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6622:
6618:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6540:
6536:
6504:
6497:
6466:
6462:
6443:
6439:
6400:
6396:
6373:(11): 1359–66.
6359:
6355:
6310:
6306:
6267:
6263:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6237:
6230:"Archived copy"
6228:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6184:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6097:
6093:
6062:(12): 770–775.
6048:
6044:
6037:
6026:Wall of Silence
6021:
6017:
5980:
5976:
5939:
5935:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5816:
5812:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5745:
5741:
5710:
5706:
5675:
5671:
5634:
5630:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5555:
5549:
5540:
5495:
5488:
5457:
5453:
5422:(7237): 726–7.
5408:
5404:
5365:
5361:
5334:N. Engl. J. Med
5330:
5326:
5281:
5277:
5240:
5236:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5081:
5075:
5068:
5053:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4956:
4952:
4923:
4919:
4880:
4876:
4836:
4832:
4787:
4783:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4669:
4665:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4514:
4510:
4473:
4469:
4448:(11): 506–512.
4438:
4434:
4397:
4393:
4346:
4342:
4311:
4307:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4157:
4153:
4142:
4138:
4091:
4087:
4040:
4033:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4007:
4000:"Press Release"
3996:
3992:
3969:(16): 1987–93.
3955:
3951:
3906:
3902:
3857:
3850:
3803:
3799:
3761:
3757:
3728:(12): 616–618.
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3632:
3628:
3597:(5): CD008508.
3583:
3576:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3468:
3464:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3368:
3364:
3325:
3321:
3300:(16): 2089–94.
3290:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3155:
3151:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3076:
3031:
3022:
2967:
2963:
2932:
2928:
2888:
2884:
2879:Wayback Machine
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2790:
2786:
2747:
2743:
2722:(970): 767–70.
2712:
2708:
2663:
2659:
2606:
2602:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2378:
2354:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2304:
2297:
2252:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2161:
2157:
2126:
2122:
2099:(26): 2635–45.
2085:
2081:
2036:
2029:
1984:
1977:
1946:(7237): 774–7.
1932:
1923:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1821:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1737:
1730:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1650:
1619:(3): CD006208.
1608:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1540:
1536:
1490:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1399:
1395:
1356:
1352:
1312:
1308:
1269:
1265:
1242:
1238:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1164:
1160:
1144:
1143:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1032:
996:
974:
957:
949:anaesthesiology
945:
943:Anaesthesiology
921:
912:
872:
866:
854:
848:
846:Legal procedure
834:, 95% answered
822:, 60% answered
815:
803:
794:
785:
776:
704:
692:
681:
672:
656:
648:
607:
601:
589:
491:female hysteria
484:
463:
439:
415:medical interns
394:Jerome Groopman
390:Daniel Kahneman
371:
359:
324:To Err is Human
320:
291:
270:
264:
221:
203:
190:
177:
156:
141:
89:
78:
72:
69:
54:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7877:
7867:
7866:
7864:Patient safety
7861:
7856:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7828:Drug pollution
7824:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7682:Adverse effect
7679:
7674:
7672:Patient safety
7669:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7581:(2): 263–266.
7566:
7560:
7545:
7525:(5): 317–323.
7510:
7504:
7489:
7483:
7468:
7462:
7447:
7441:
7424:
7418:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7368:(9): 756–764.
7348:
7321:
7314:
7296:
7289:
7271:
7264:
7244:
7237:
7217:
7198:
7149:
7111:
7062:
7036:
7004:
6956:
6919:
6890:(5): 458–459.
6870:
6819:
6790:(3): 340–344.
6774:
6725:
6676:
6645:
6638:
6616:
6567:
6560:
6534:
6495:
6460:
6437:
6394:
6353:
6304:
6271:Ann Intern Med
6261:
6221:
6194:
6148:
6091:
6042:
6035:
6015:
5974:
5933:
5892:
5859:
5830:(2): 106–108.
5810:
5764:
5757:
5739:
5720:(5): 594–601.
5704:
5669:
5628:
5584:
5538:
5509:(4): 232–237.
5486:
5467:(2): 467–476.
5451:
5410:Wu AW (2000).
5402:
5359:
5324:
5275:
5254:(6): 466–480.
5234:
5207:(6): 663–666.
5190:
5157:
5125:
5066:
5051:
5025:
4993:
4950:
4937:(4): 310–318.
4917:
4890:(2): 120–123.
4874:
4830:
4781:
4754:(7): 571–580.
4738:
4712:
4663:
4628:
4602:
4567:
4528:(2): 141–146.
4508:
4467:
4432:
4391:
4360:(1): 171–182.
4340:
4305:
4282:
4245:
4202:
4151:
4136:
4085:
4031:
3990:
3949:
3900:
3848:
3797:
3755:
3712:
3677:
3626:
3574:
3533:
3497:
3462:
3433:(8): 774–779.
3413:
3362:
3335:(2): 103–112.
3329:Health Affairs
3319:
3275:
3249:
3219:
3176:
3149:
3128:(7): 510–516.
3108:
3074:
3020:
2961:
2926:
2882:
2863:
2846:schmidtlaw.com
2833:
2784:
2741:
2706:
2657:
2620:(8): e039040.
2600:
2555:(4): 871–887.
2534:
2475:
2444:
2395:
2376:
2362:. De Gruyter.
2345:
2326:
2312:. De Gruyter.
2295:
2243:
2221:
2198:
2155:
2136:(17): 1665–7.
2120:
2079:
2027:
1975:
1921:
1872:
1845:
1810:
1792:
1766:
1728:
1679:
1648:
1599:
1569:
1550:(23): 1851–7.
1534:
1479:
1449:
1420:
1412:10.17226/21794
1393:
1350:
1306:
1263:
1236:
1201:
1158:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1010:
1007:
995:
994:Misconceptions
992:
973:
970:
956:
953:
944:
941:
935:in a model of
920:
917:
911:
908:
870:Patient safety
865:
862:
850:Main article:
847:
844:
814:
811:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
757:
756:
749:
748:
720:Wendy Levinson
703:
700:
691:
688:
680:
677:
671:
668:
655:
652:
647:
644:
632:renal function
603:Main article:
600:
597:
588:
585:
560:sleep medicine
556:school refusal
501:food allergies
483:
480:
462:
459:
438:
435:
370:
367:
358:
355:
336:patient safety
319:
316:
304:Avanos Medical
290:
287:
283:multimorbidity
263:
260:
220:
217:
202:
199:
189:
186:
176:
173:
155:
152:
140:
137:
101:adverse effect
91:
90:
51:of the subject
49:worldwide view
44:
42:
35:
26:
18:Medical errors
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7876:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Medical error
7852:
7851:
7849:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7687:Patient abuse
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7667:Medical error
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7648:
7639:
7634:
7632:
7627:
7625:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7433:
7432:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7410:
7409:
7403:
7402:Gawande, Atul
7399:
7398:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7352:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7317:
7311:
7307:
7300:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7248:
7240:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7066:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7024:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7008:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6960:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6915:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6641:
6635:
6630:
6629:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6545:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6502:
6500:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6410:(12): 970–2.
6409:
6405:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6324:(7): 988–96.
6323:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6277:(7): 560–82.
6276:
6272:
6265:
6257:
6251:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6161:NIHR Evidence
6158:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5994:(8): 1001–7.
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5912:(9): 1071–8.
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5769:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5601:(7): 488–96.
5600:
5596:
5588:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5491:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5375:(4): 424–31.
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5340:(2): 118–22.
5339:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5071:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5043:10.17226/9728
5040:
5036:
5029:
5010:
5003:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4966:(2): 97–112.
4965:
4961:
4954:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:(in German).
4842:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4487:(5): S2–S23.
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:PLOS Medicine
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3553:(8): 1022–8.
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:(7): 322–30.
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
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2248:
2236:September 10,
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2071:
2066:
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2057:
2053:
2049:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
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1997:
1993:
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1982:
1980:
1971:
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1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
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1937:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:
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1892:(7235): 597.
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1887:
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1837:
1836:10.17226/9728
1832:
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1802:
1796:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1762:
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1747:(4): 415–20.
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
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1698:
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1683:
1667:
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1486:
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1417:
1413:
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1405:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
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1369:
1366:(3): 99–101.
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
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1322:
1318:
1310:
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999:
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570:
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548:schizophrenia
545:
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530:
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341:
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305:
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296:feeding tubes
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236:
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216:
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97:medical error
87:
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73:December 2010
66:
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7812:Hand washing
7758:
7739:Drapetomania
7708:Medical debt
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7657:Iatrogenesis
7644:Medical harm
7578:
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7550:
7522:
7518:
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7473:
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7430:
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7361:
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7324:
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7124:
7114:
7079:
7075:
7065:
7053:. Retrieved
7049:the original
7039:
7029:February 27,
7027:. Retrieved
7016:
7007:
6995:. Retrieved
6988:the original
6975:
6971:
6959:
6947:. Retrieved
6940:the original
6935:
6922:
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6883:
6873:
6839:(7): 525–7.
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6832:
6822:
6787:
6783:
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6669:September 8,
6667:. Retrieved
6658:
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6627:
6619:
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6580:
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6455:the original
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6370:
6366:
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6321:
6317:
6307:
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6264:
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6224:
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6208:the original
6197:
6185:. Retrieved
6160:
6151:
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6104:
6094:
6059:
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6045:
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5977:
5953:(5): 565–9.
5950:
5947:West. J. Med
5946:
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5883:. Retrieved
5874:
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5813:
5780:
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5717:
5713:
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5563:
5559:
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5200:
5193:
5181:. Retrieved
5160:
5148:. Retrieved
5128:
5089:
5085:
5034:
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
5009:the original
4996:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4847:(2): 88–97.
4844:
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4751:
4747:
4741:
4729:. Retrieved
4725:the original
4715:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4619:. Retrieved
4605:
4583:(1): 51–55.
4580:
4576:
4570:
4560:September 8,
4558:. Retrieved
4525:
4521:
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4470:
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4435:
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4405:Ulster Med J
4404:
4394:
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4318:
4314:
4308:
4291:
4285:
4275:November 11,
4273:. Retrieved
4261:
4248:
4215:
4211:
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4195:September 2,
4193:. Retrieved
4168:
4164:
4154:
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4102:
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4088:
4051:
4047:
4008:. Retrieved
4004:the original
3993:
3966:
3962:
3952:
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3913:
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3817:(12): e487.
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3703:. Retrieved
3692:
3646:(12): e487.
3643:
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3629:
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3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3513:
3500:
3490:September 8,
3488:. Retrieved
3479:
3475:
3465:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3382:(5): 27–34.
3379:
3375:
3365:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3297:
3293:
3266:. Retrieved
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:the original
3231:
3222:
3192:(2): 131–8.
3189:
3185:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:the original
3152:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3090:
3042:
3038:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2896:
2893:JAMA Surgery
2892:
2885:
2866:
2856:February 13,
2854:. Retrieved
2845:
2836:
2804:(6): 390–3.
2801:
2797:
2787:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2719:
2715:
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2670:
2660:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2552:
2548:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2492:
2488:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2358:
2336:. Retrieved
2308:
2266:(1): 74–81.
2263:
2259:
2234:. Retrieved
2208:
2201:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2096:
2093:N Engl J Med
2092:
2082:
2047:
2043:
1998:(6): 370–6.
1995:
1992:N Engl J Med
1991:
1943:
1939:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1825:
1805:the original
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1769:
1744:
1740:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1661:
1651:
1616:
1590:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1502:
1498:
1470:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1403:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1178:(6): 261–9.
1175:
1171:
1161:
1147:cite journal
1120:
1116:
1106:
1056:
1013:
1004:David Gorski
997:
975:
972:Historically
958:
946:
930:
922:
913:
900:
896:
892:
873:
855:
839:
835:
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630:, declining
620:
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512:
495:
485:
476:
468:
464:
449:negatively,
440:
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427:
423:
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397:
396:, author of
386:Amos Tversky
380:
360:
344:
332:
328:
321:
312:
308:
292:
275:
271:
249:
233:
222:
213:
204:
191:
178:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
146:
142:
105:iatrogenesis
96:
94:
79:
70:
46:
29:
7692:Never event
6476:(2): 71–5.
6187:January 12,
6029:. Regnery.
5018:January 13,
2716:Br J Radiol
1785:February 1,
1052:Emily's Law
955:Medications
732:malpractice
702:To patients
684:Forgiveness
552:ADHD or ADD
404:stereotypes
363:July effect
139:Definitions
7848:Categories
7055:January 6,
6805:2262/66780
5783:(2): 142.
5116:8186593909
4411:(1): 3–9.
4105:: 629469.
3268:August 11,
3242:August 11,
2936:Geriatrics
2468:August 29,
1252:: 126–37.
1098:References
864:Prevention
840:it depends
828:it depends
690:To oneself
544:depression
508:orthorexia
351:root cause
266:See also:
245:negligence
194:iatrogenic
103:of care ("
6997:April 22,
6949:April 22,
6936:NASHP.org
6240:April 25,
6214:March 17,
6177:266946352
6125:1369-6513
5885:April 21,
5270:229332634
5221:0961-7671
5150:April 16,
5108:2301-9123
5092:: 41–42.
4748:CNS Drugs
4731:3 January
4621:March 30,
4550:205110504
4240:206910205
4218:: i2139.
4010:March 23,
3406:March 23,
3169:March 23,
3101:March 13,
2997:1750-1172
2981:(1): 69.
2948:0016-867X
2913:2168-6262
2634:2044-6055
2595:240154096
2569:1742-481X
2527:April 21,
2517:169364817
2509:2516-0435
2388:April 21,
2338:April 21,
2282:1365-2923
2193:206910205
2171:: i2139.
1438:cite book
1380:1553-7250
1337:1538-3679
1293:0003-9926
1047:Biosafety
1014:avoidable
979:unit dose
523:hypomanic
419:near miss
302:recalled
238:of seven
133:infection
113:treatment
109:diagnosis
61:talk page
7650:Concepts
7607:24803770
7541:71701489
7404:(2002).
7384:15867408
7335:Archived
7214:: 34–35.
7193:28977687
7143:July 17,
7137:archived
7133:21328749
7106:10720368
7023:Archived
6984:19388488
6914:26921157
6865:27512177
6814:54178056
6769:10720354
6720:10720367
6663:Archived
6659:Medscape
6611:10720361
6529:10068390
6432:36889006
6424:10610651
6389:15769969
6348:17473944
6299:53090205
6291:15809467
6250:cite web
6234:Archived
6181:Archived
6143:37452516
6134:10632635
6010:12597752
5928:16954486
5879:Archived
5854:15681676
5797:16418416
5623:29006252
5615:17015866
5577:June 22,
5568:Archived
5566:: 14–1.
5533:11101708
5481:17724943
5446:10720336
5319:17662088
5229:32844477
5183:June 19,
5174:Archived
5141:Archived
5120:Archived
5061:25077248
4988:26112061
4980:18415882
4912:43475267
4904:25653302
4869:25077268
4861:22086712
4825:27032954
4776:22522914
4768:22650381
4707:12876249
4658:16292119
4615:Archived
4597:11141528
4554:Archived
4542:27806170
4503:18440350
4462:23173397
4427:23536732
4386:27928712
4335:17449754
4266:Archived
4232:27143499
4189:Archived
4185:28186008
4131:34177444
4080:31293407
4020:cite web
3985:12387650
3944:18258931
3895:31774520
3843:17194188
3792:15509817
3750:34759813
3705:April 3,
3699:Archived
3672:17194188
3640:PLOS Med
3621:20464765
3569:19638766
3547:Acad Med
3520:Archived
3484:Archived
3457:20512532
3400:Archived
3396:17901458
3357:40037135
3349:12674412
3262:Archived
3214:22206854
3206:17224775
3186:Med Care
3144:16585665
3095:Archived
3069:11418700
3015:30898118
2921:31553423
2875:Archived
2850:Archived
2828:10854389
2779:53758271
2771:30475443
2736:18628322
2701:30457880
2652:32819954
2614:BMJ Open
2587:34713964
2521:Archived
2462:Archived
2439:10720365
2382:Archived
2332:Archived
2290:31509277
2227:Archived
2185:27143499
2150:14573739
2115:12826639
2074:15109337
1970:10720365
1916:10698861
1865:June 22,
1859:Archived
1855:25077248
1779:Archived
1761:11466119
1723:17610445
1672:July 17,
1666:Archived
1643:25756542
1634:10799669
1592:March 2,
1586:Archived
1578:"Cancer"
1529:34822165
1472:July 17,
1466:Archived
1430:26803862
1388:24730204
1345:19901140
1301:16009864
1258:17095810
1231:11466119
1194:June 11,
1184:11151522
1030:See also
1025:itself.)
990:policy.
966:barcodes
876:aviation
624:posology
447:interact
437:Examples
129:behavior
125:syndrome
55:You may
7598:4009652
7341:June 6,
7184:6485628
7097:1117775
6905:4835383
6856:4966365
6711:1117774
6602:1117768
6490:8601210
6339:2219725
6086:9436897
6077:1497204
5969:8279153
5960:1022346
5845:1734098
5805:2927435
5734:1275366
5699:2725617
5664:9593791
5524:1743540
5437:1117748
5389:1506949
5354:6690918
5310:2253693
4816:4860193
4698:1738593
4418:3609674
4377:5265198
4300:2262792
4122:8226024
4071:6603246
4054:: 213.
3935:2258399
3886:6902829
3834:1705824
3742:9673625
3663:1705824
3612:4160007
3526:July 9,
3448:2896592
3314:2013929
3060:1281594
3006:6427854
2956:9484285
2819:1070928
2692:6540865
2643:7440713
2578:9013580
2430:1117772
2065:1492243
2022:3101439
2014:1987460
1961:1117772
1907:1117638
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